Page numbers in italics denote illustrations and tables.
activists, disabilities, 49
Administration building, Kansas State Hospital for the Insane (photo), 60, 61
Administration building, Letchworth Village (Bourke-White) (photo), 69, 70
Administration building, Minnesota State Asylum (photo), 57, 57
Advertisement for Dr. Brown’s eye treatments (photo), 111, 111
Advertisement for Forster Artificial Limbs (photo), 105–6, 106
advertising photographs, 99–114; for artificial limbs, 104–6, 105, 106, 107, 109; before-and-after images, 106, 107; in catalogs, 106–7, 107n6, 109; for disability products, 104–9; for fraudulent disability products, 107–11, 110, 111; giants in, 103–4, 104; for healers, 111–14, 112, 113; little people in, 99, 100–103, 101, 102, 102n3; for retail sales, 100–104, 101, 102; social forces and, 176; for wheelchairs, 108–9, 110
aesthetics, 129–30, 132, 133, 140
African American man with crutches (photo), 172, 172
African Americans, 172–73; art photography of, 136, 139–40; freak show images of, 15, 17–18, 19; portraits of, 172, 172; in Veterans Homes, 171, 172; in work settings, 161, 162
African tribes, customs of, 17, 170
aggrandized mode, 11, 11–15, 14, 15, 17, 18–19, 20, 21
“American Legion Convention, Dallas, Texas, 1964” (Winogrand) (photo), 132, 132–33
American Photography: A Critical History 1945 to the Present (Green), 140
American with Disabilities Act, 100n1
Amputee rural delivery postman (photo), 161, 162, 172
amputees: African American, 172, 172; art photography of, 141, 141, 142; studio portraits of, 152, 152; in work settings, 147–48, 148, 149, 161–62, 162. See also legless people
“Ancient Aztecs” (Eisenmann) (photo), 8, 8, 10, 15–16
“Ancient Ethics, The” (Eisenmann) (photo), 16, 18
Anderson, Donald, 46, 46n8, 48n8
A. Niehans (company), 105, 105
“Ann E. Leak Thompson and family” (Eisenmann) (photo), 12, 12
Anxious Object concept, 143
armless people: concealing disabilities by, 163, 163; freak show images of, 7, 7–8, 10, 11, 11–12, 13, 14. See also amputees
“Armless Wonder, The” (Eisenmann, 1884) (photo), 10, 11
“Armless Wonder, The” (Eisenmann, 1885) (photo), 7, 7–8, 11
Army Office of the Surgeon General, Artificial Limb Laboratory, 107
Artificial leg advertisement (photo), 105, 105
Artificial Limb Laboratory (Army Office of the Surgeon General), 107
artificial limbs, 104–6; advertising photographs for, 105, 106, 107, 109; before-and-after images for, 106, 107, 108; for Civil War veterans, 105, 105nn4–5; government-issued, 107–8, 170, 171; laws on, 105, 105n5; manufacturing of, 105, 105n4, 170, 171; for World War I veterans, 107–8, 108n7
artists: on begging cards, 32, 32–34, 33, 34; photographers as, 130, 142–43
art photography, 129–43; aesthetic vs. social content of, 129–30, 132, 133, 140; of African Americans, 136, 139–40; of amputees, 141, 141, 142; Anxious Object concept and, 143; by Arbus, 133–36, 142; by Avedon, 136, 142; of beggars, 22–23, 22n3; copyright and, 129, 130; by D’Alessandro, 140–42, 141, 142; descriptions of, 129–30, 129n1; early period of (1900–1915), 130–32, 131; by famous artists, 22, 22n3; freaks in, 134, 134n6, 135–36; by Krims, 139–40; of legless people, 132, 132–33, 139–40, 141, 141–42; by Mark, 136–38, 137, 138; by Meatyard, 138–39, 142; of mental institutions, 134–35; by Winogrand, 132, 132–33, 133nn4–5, 142
art world, 129, 129n2, 133, 135, 139, 142–43
“Asylum Mongol” and “Racial Mongol” (photo), 86, 87
asylum photographs: of exterior buildings and grounds, 69, 70; as institutional propaganda, 57, 66–72, 69n11, 74; of Letchworth Village, 4, 4n8; as muckraking images, 57, 72–74, 72nn12–14, 72n16, 72–73n17, 73, 74; people in, 69–72, 70, 71; printing technology for, 66, 66n6
asylum postcards, 57, 58, 59–66; bird’s eye view, 60, 63; captions on, 60; collections of, 59–60, 59n3; colored, 66, 66n5; conventions of, 65–66; exterior buildings and grounds on, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60–61, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65; features of, 60, 60; human services and, 176; interior scenes on, 61–64, 64, 65; people on, 60, 64, 65; popularity of, 59; printed, 66; real photo type, 63, 65, 66
asylums, 57–74; annual reports of, 67, 68, 69n11, 70; conditions in, 59, 64, 64, 71–74, 72nn12–13; craft industries in, 70, 71; farm work in, 70–71, 71; history of, 58–59; institutional reports of, 66–67, 68, 69n11; names of, 59–60n4; size of, 60
“At the Looms,” Letchworth Village (Bourke-White) (photo), 70, 71
Avedon, Jacob Israel, 136
“Aztecs from Mexico” exhibit, outside talker for (photo), 16, 18
Band with one player who has a deformed limb (photo), 149, 150
Barnardo, Thomas, 55n15
Barney Brooks (photo), 29–30, 30
Barnum, P. T., 13–14
Barnum & Bailey Circus, 15, 18
Barr, Martin, 77; “Case B, Profound, Excitable Idiot,” 81, 82; “Case C, Cretinoid,” 75, 77, 87; “Case C, Mongolian Type,” 83, 84; “Case D, Ademona Sebaceum,” 81, 81; “Case D, Idiot Savant,” 93–94, 94; “Case F …, Moral Imbecile–Low Grade,” 78, 78; “Echolalia,” 93, 93; hydrocephalic individuals juxtaposed with microcephalic individual, 86, 86; “Idiots: Profound Apathe,” 89, 90; “Idiots–Superficial Apathetic,” 84, 86; “Idiots: Superficial Excitable,” 87, 91; “Imbeciles: High Grade,” 90–91, 92; Mental Defectives, 77; Types of Mental Defectives, 77, 89–90, 89n9
Becker, Ron, 4n7
before-and-after images: in advertising photographs, 106, 107; for artificial limbs, 106, 107, 108; for charity fund-raising, 54–55, 54n13, 55nn14–15, 56
Before-and-after photos for prosthetic device advertisement (photo), 106, 107, 108
beggars: art photography of, 22–23, 22n3; attitudes toward, 23; blind, 24n8, 28, 28–29, 33, 33–34, 34, 131, 131–32; vs. charities, 24; in comedies, 126; with disabilities, 22–23, 22n1, 24–25, 25n9; fraud by, 23, 24–25, 162n4; laws on, 26, 26n11, 40; as merchants, 37, 37–40, 38, 39, 40, 99; tactics of, 23, 23n4; traveling, 34–37, 35, 36
begging cards, 22, 22–41; analysis of, 175; artists and performers on, 32, 32–34, 33, 34; vs. charity fund-raising, 43–44, 44; children on, 27–28, 29, 29; family appeal on, 27, 27–29, 28, 30; injured workers on, 28, 29–30, 30; mailing, 24; “not licked yet” appeal on, 30–31, 31; pity approach to, 25, 25–26, 40; production of, 24, 24nn6–7; religious approach to, 26, 26–27; selling, 24, 24n5; selling merchandise on, 37, 37–40, 38, 39, 40; text on, 24; by traveling beggars, 34–37, 35, 36; by veterans, 31, 31–32; by women, 28, 28–29
Beware of Pity (film), 125–26, 126
Billy McGogan, peanut vendor (photo), 40, 40
Bird’s eye view, Hospital for the Insane, Weston, West Virginia (photo), 60, 63
birth defects, 48
Blatt, Burton, 4, 4n9; career of, 72nn15–16, 72–73n17; photographs by, 73, 74
blind people: analysis of photographs of, 174, 174; art photography of, 131, 131–32; begging cards of, 24n8, 28, 28–29, 33, 33–34, 34, 131, 131–32; in family photographs, 154, 154; town character portraits of, 168–69, 169
“Blind Willie” (photo), 174, 174
Blind woman with child (photo), 28, 28–29
blurring, controlled, 139
Body Snatcher movie ad generated from stills (photo), 119, 120
Body Snatcher, The (film), 119, 120
Bourke-White, Margaret, 68–72, 69nn10–11, 74; administration building, Letchworth Village, 69, 70; “At the Looms,” 70, 71; “End of the Day,” 70–71, 71; Letchworth Village conditions and, 72n12; “School Work,” 70, 70
Bourke-White Collection. See Margaret Bourke-White Collection
Boy in wheelchair with sisters (photo), 155, 156
Boy with cerebral palsy sitting in front of Christmas tree (photo), 169, 169
“Brain of imbecile” and “brain of low-grade imbecile” (photo), 82, 83
Bregant, Mr. and Mrs., 103, 103
Bride of Frankenstein (film), 118
British laws, 40
Brother and sister in front of their home (photo), 163, 163
Brother and sister shown in illustration 10.39 four years later (photo), 163, 163
Brown, Buster, 100–102, 101, 102n3, 103
Bryce State Hospital, 60
Buddies on vacation (photo), 152, 152
Buster Brown appearance in Hartford, Wisconsin (photo), 100–101, 101
Buster Brown Shoes, 100–102, 101, 102n3, 103
cabinet cards, 5
Camera Work (journal), 131, 131
Camp Daddy Allen “thank you” postcard (photo), 53, 54
“Canning Factory at Work,” Syracuse State School for Mental Defectives (photo), 68, 68
Cantor, Eddie, 49
Capper Foundation for Crippled Children, 53
Captain Bates (photo), 167, 168
Carmel, Eddie, 134
carte de visite, 5
“Case 324. Hattie, Age 23. Mentally 3” (photo), 80, 80
“Case B, Profound, Excitable Idiot” (photo), 81, 82
“Case C, Cretinoid” (Barr) (photo), 75, 77, 87
“Case C, Mongolian Type” (photo), 83, 84
“Case D, Ademona Sebaceum” (photo), 81, 81
“Case D, Idiot Savant” (photo), 93–94, 94
“Case F …, Moral Imbecile–Low Grade” (photo), 78, 78
cats, 158
celebrities, 49–53, 50, 51, 52
Central Africa, 169–70
cerebral palsy: family photographs of, 144, 144, 145, 151, 152, 153, 153–54; religious theme and, 169, 169
Chaney, Lon, 117, 117–18, 118n3; The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 115, 116, 117–18; The Penalty, 122, 122; Phantom of the Opera, 117, 118, 118; The Unknown, 119; West of Zanzibar, 122–23, 123
Chaney, Lon, Jr., 118, 118n3, 123, 123
Chang and Eng with two of their sons (photo), 12, 12
charity fund-raising, 42–56; before-and-after images for, 54–55, 54n13, 55nn14–15, 56; vs. begging cards, 24, 43–44, 44; celebrities for, 49–53, 50, 51, 52; history of, 40–41, 42–43, 42n1, 43nn2–3; human services and, 176; postcard reminders for, 45, 47; tax deductions for, 42n1; worthy poor and, 40. See also poster child
Charity Organization Society, 43n2
“Chief Debro, the Eskimo Midget,” 19–20
children: on begging cards, 27–28, 29, 29; in charity fund-raising drives, 43; crippled, 43, 44, 55; pity approach and, 40; with siblings, 32, 33, 155, 156, 163, 163; Tom Thumb and, 14, 14n3. See also family photographs; poster child
“Children of Guss Saunders, with their grandmother” (photo), 95, 96
children’s films, 128
Child with Down syndrome (photo), 145–46, 146
Christmas Carol, A (film), 124
Christmas decorations, 64, 64, 65, 169, 169
Christmas in Purgatory (Blatt and Kaplan), 4, 73, 73, 74
Church group with man in wheelchair (photo), 150, 151
citizen portraits, 144–64; clothing in, 152–53, 153; concealing disabilities in, 162–63, 163; couple relationships in, 157–58, 158; in domestic settings, 145–46, 146, 147; family members in, 144, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153–58, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163–64, 164, 164n5; ordinary objects in, 160, 160–62, 160n3, 161, 162; pets in, 158–60, 159; in schools and civic settings, 149–50, 150, 151; studio portraits of, 144, 151–52, 152; of wheelchair-bound people, 146, 146; in work settings, 147–49, 148, 149, 150
Civil War veterans, 170–71; artificial limbs for, 105, 105nn4–5; begging cards of, 31, 31–32; charity fund-raising for, 42n1
Civil war veterans’ begging card (photo), 31, 31–32
Clark’s Spinal Apparatus, 109–10, 110
classification systems, 89–94, 89nn8–9, 90, 92, 93, 94
Class picture with one child in a wheelchair (photo), 150, 150
clinical photographs, 4, 5, 57, 98. See also eugenics photographs and texts
Coleman, A. D., 142–43
collection canisters, 49, 49n12
comic fools, 18–19
Coney Island, Dreamland, 15
constitutional inferiority, 84, 85
“Constitutional inferiority. Note jug handle ears” (photo), 84, 85
Coolidge, Calvin, 51, 51, 166–67, 167, 167n2
corporate donors, 43
Council of National Defense, 107
counterculture, 142
couple relationships, 157–58, 158
craft industries, 70
“Cretin imbecile, Age, 39 years, A” (photo), 89, 89
cretins: in eugenics texts, 75, 77, 78, 84, 87, 88, 89; tongue of, 83, 83, 84
Criminal Man (L’homme criminal) (Lombroso), 77
Crookshank, Francis G., 86, 87
Crosby, Bing, 125n4
Curtis, Billy, 126
Dade County Society for Crippled Children, 45, 47
D’Alessandro, Robert, 140–42, 141, 142
Daniel Rose in a wheelchair with his sister (photo), 32, 33
“Deborah Kallikak, as she appears to-day at the Training School” (photo), 97, 97
Degeneracy: Its Causes, Signs, and Results (Talbot), 77
Democratic National Convention (1968), 142n19
developmental disabilities: art photography of, 134–35; Aztecs and, 16; citizen portraits of, 146, 147; freak show images of, 10, 18–19; state schools for, 4
Developmentally disabled young man on the porch (photo), 146, 147
Dick Cavett Show, 74
“Did you forget?” (photo), 45, 47
disabilities activists, 49
disability photographs: analysis of, 173, 173–75, 176–77; captions of, 3, 5, 24; collection of, 3–4; definition of, 1–2, 1n1; formats of, 5; genres of, 2, 165, 173; government-issued, 170; historical and cultural context of, 2–3, 2n3; mixed-genre, 175; reproduction quality for, 5; review of, 3, 3nn5–6; scholarship on, 1–2, 2n2; selection of, 4; sources of, 3–4; visual rhetorical techniques in, 2–3
disability products, 104–11, 110, 111. See also artificial limbs
Disabled American Veterans, 51
disabled people. See people with disabilities
Disney films, 128
Dix, Dorothea, 72n13
documentary photographers, 141, 173
Dodd, Jocelyn, 129n1
dogs: on begging cards, 36, 36; in Buster Brown Shoe advertisements, 100, 101; guide, 168–69, 169; as pets, 158–59, 159
domestic settings, 94–96, 95, 145–46, 146, 147
“Dorothy” (Kasebier) (photo), 131, 131
Dorothy with the Munchkins in The Wizard of Oz (photo), 126, 127
Down syndrome: citizen portraits of, 145–46, 146; clinical photographs of, 78; in eugenics texts, 84, 86–89, 87, 88; family photographs of, 154, 155, 156, 156, 164, 164, 164n5; tongue and, 83
Dr. Adrian and the Ape (film), 119
Dr. Brown’s eye treatments, 111, 111
Dr. Clark’s Spinal Apparatus (photo), 109–10, 110
Dreamland (Coney Island), 15
dress. See clothing
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film), 117, 117
Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (film), 126–28, 127
Dwarf and giant juxtaposed (photo), 10, 10
Dwarf playing Buster Brown, Cherokee, Iowa (photo), 101, 101
dwarfs: in advertising photographs, 100–103, 101, 102, 102n3, 103; art photography of, 140; in comedies, 126, 127; definition of, 100nn1–2; in freak show images, 10, 10, 13–14, 14n3, 19; as hunters, 161, 161; stereotype of, 101–2. See also little people
Dwarf with dead deer (photo), 161, 161
dying, portraits of, 136
“Ear Anomalies” (photo), 83–84, 84
ears, 83–84
Easter Seals poster child (photo), 46, 47
Easter Seals poster child at appearance at newspaper reporter and photographer luncheon (photo), 45, 46
Edith Fellows as Winnie and Leo Carrillo as Uncle Joe in City Streets (photo), 125, 125
Eisenmann, Charles, 7–9; “Ancient Aztecs,” 8, 8, 10, 15–16; “The Ancient Ethics,” 16, 18; “Ann E. Leak Thompson and family,” 12, 12; “The Armless Wonder” (1884), 10, 11; “The Armless Wonder” (1885), 7, 7–8, 11; “Eisenmann with Colonel Goshen,” 8, 9, 9n2, 10; “Human Skeleton,” 15, 17
“Eisenmann with Colonel Goshen” (Eisenmann) (photo), 8, 9, 9n2, 10
Eli Bowen with his family (photo), 13, 13
Elizabeth Kenny Foundation, 44–45, 44–45n6, 45
Elks (organization), 42
Elvis Presley with March of Dimes poster child (photo), 50, 50
“End of the Day,” Letchworth Village (Bourke-White) (photo), 70–71, 71
Engel, Max, 36
eugenics: on feeblemindedness, 75–77, 75nn1–2, 76n3; genetic control policies for, 89; history of, 75–76; intelligence tests and, 76n4
eugenics photographs and texts, 75–98; on abnormal body parts, 83, 83–84, 83n7, 84, 86; brains in, 82, 82–83; on classification systems, 89–94, 89nn8–9, 90, 92, 93, 94; on cretins, 75, 77, 78, 84, 87, 88, 89; on custodial care, 96–97, 97; on Down syndrome, 84, 86–89, 87, 88; on feeblemindedness, 76n3, 76n5, 77; helping hands in, 80–82, 81, 82; on hovels, 94–96, 95; institutional propaganda photographs in, 79–80; measurements in, 80, 80, 81; on microcephaly, 79, 79, 84–86, 86; nude photos in, 78, 78; portraits in, 75, 77–80, 78; on showcased syndromes, 84–89
Eugenics Record Office, 89n8
European photographs, 169–70
evil characters, 121–23, 122, 123
exotic mode, 15–20, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
expatriate photographers, 169–70
“Expert Whittler” (photo), 32, 32
Fake Beggar (film), 126
Family outside their home (photo), 154, 155, 156
family photographs: analysis of, 174, 174–75; on begging cards, 27, 27–29, 28, 30; blind people in, 154, 154; citizen portraits as, 144, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153–58, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163–64, 164, 164n5; on farms, 146, 147; freak show images of, 12, 12–13, 15; selection of, 4; social forces and, 176; studio portraits as, 153, 153–54; wheelchair-bound people in, 144, 144, 145, 147, 153–54, 155, 156–57, 157
Family photo with blind people included (photo), 154, 154
Family portrait (photo), 153–54, 154
Family studio portrait (photo), 153, 153–54
Farmer with his ditching plow (photo), 161–62, 162
farms: asylum, 70–71; family pictures on, 146, 147; work settings on, 147, 148, 161–62, 162
feeblemindedness, 75–98; and abnormal body parts, 83, 83–84, 83n7, 84; brains and, 82, 82–83; classification systems for, 89–94, 89nn8–9, 90, 92, 93, 94; descriptions of, 75–76, 75nn1–2, 76n3; diagnosis of, 76–77, 76n5; natural habitat for, 94–96, 95; portraits of, 75, 77–80, 78; syndromes associated with, 84–89; terminology for, 75nn1–2
Feeblemindedness: Its Causes and Consequences (Goddard), 77
Fellows, Edith, 125, 125, 125n4
“First Public Building Erected in America to Care for the Feeble-Minded.” Syracuse State School for Mental Defectives (photo), 67, 67
“Flushing, NY, 1972” (D’Alessandro) (photo), 141, 141, 142
folktales, 116n2
foreign photographs, 169–70
Forester Artificial Limb Company, 105–6, 106
Fountain in the park at the insane asylum in Salem, Oregon (photo), 61, 63
“Fourteenth Street, NYC, 1971” (D’Alessandro) (photo), 140, 141, 141–42
Frances O’Connor, “armless wonder” (photo), 13, 14
Frankenstein movies, 118–19, 119
Frankenstein’s monster with Fritz in Frankenstein (photo), 118, 119
fraud: before-and-after images as, 55n15; by beggars, 23, 24–25, 162n4; disability products and, 107–11, 110, 111; freak show images as, 9, 9–11, 10; by healers, 111–14, 112, 113; Kallikak family photographs and, 95
Fraudulent conjoined twins (photo), 9, 9
Freaks (film), 13, 18, 119, 120
freaks: in art photography, 134, 135–36; counterculture of, 142; definition of (1960’s), 134n6
freak shows and images, 7–21; African Americans in, 15, 17–18, 19; aggrandized mode of, 11, 11–15, 14, 15, 17, 18–19, 20, 21; Eisenmann and, 7, 7–9, 8, 9, 9n2; exotic mode of, 15–20, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; family pictures and, 12, 12–13, 15; fraudulent, 9, 9–11, 10; giants in, 10, 10, 15; legless people in, 9–10, 10, 12–13, 13; little people in, 10, 10, 13–15, 14, 14n3, 15, 16, 19–20; microcephaly and, 8, 8, 10, 15–16, 17, 170; mocking mode of, 20; as offensive, 5; popularity of, 7; presentations of, 9–11; publicity images from, 11; social forces and, 176; sources of, 4, 4n7
Fredrick March in his Oscar-winning role in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (photo), 117, 117
Fred Vaillancourt (photo), 36, 36
Front and profile view of a “low-grade microcephalic imbecile, chronological age 25, mental age 3” (photo), 79, 79, 85
fund-raising. See charity fund-raising
Fund-raising postcard for orphanage for “crippled children” (photo), 43, 44
Gaff, woman with missing legs (photo), 9, 10
gangster movies, 115
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie, 129n1
Gate at the entrance of the West Virginia Hospital for the Insane, Weston, West Virginia (photo), 61, 64
genetic control, 89
“George Harton, Cripple for Life” (photo), 29, 29
George Washington (photo), 30–31, 30n13, 31
giants: in advertising photographs, 103–4, 104; art photography of, 134; in freak show images, 10, 10, 15; town character portraits of, 167, 168
Gifford, Dennis, 119
“Gift Enterprises” (photo), 38, 38
Girl in wheelchair with companion in studio with seaside backdrop (photo), 151–52, 152
Girl with disability on porch with doll (photo), 160, 160, 160n3
Glory (D’Alessandro), 141, 141, 142
goat carts, 22, 23, 34–35, 35, 40, 40
Goddard, Henry: “Case 324. Hattie, Age 23. Mentally 3” (photo), 80; “Children of Guss Saunders, with their grandmother,” 95, 96; “Deborah Kallikak, as she appears to-day at the Training School” (photo), 97, 97; on feeblemindedness, 76n3, 77; Feeblemindedness: Its Causes and Consequences, 77; great-grandchildren of “Old Sal,” 95, 96; The Kallikak Family, 95, 96, 97, 97
Golding, Nan, 135
Goshen, Ruth (Colonel), 8, 9, 10
Gould, Steven J., 95
Government artificial limb shop (photo), 170, 171
Gowanda State Mental Hospital, Collins, NY (photo), 62, 63, 64, 64, 65
Grand Army of the Republic, 170–71, 172
Grand Army of the Republic members in Veterans Home (photo), 171, 171
Grandmother in a wheelchair holding her grandchild (photo), 156, 157
grandmothers, 95, 96, 156, 156, 157
grave robbers, 119
Great-grandchildren of “Old Sal” (photo), 95, 96
Great-grandmother and family (photo), 156, 157
Gregory Peck as Captain Ahab, straddling Moby Dick (photo), 123, 124
“Group of Mongolian Imbeciles, A” (photo), 87, 88
“Group of Mongols, A” (photo), 87, 88
Group picture of workers with boss who has a disability (photo), 148–49, 149
Harriman, Mary Averell, 69
“Harry Petry … Am perfectly helpless” (photo), 25, 25–26, 26n10
“Henry Novak—Frozen in Storm Jan-29–09” (photo), 174, 174–75
Hevey, David, 3n6
Hickories family, 94
High school class picture including a young man with a disability (photo), 150, 151
Hines, Louis, 132
Hitchcock, Alfred, 121–22, 122
Holiday season on the hospital ward of Gowanda State Hospital for the Insane (photo), 63, 64, 65
Holmes, Arthur, 81
Home for Working and Destitute Lads, 55n15
home setting, 94–96, 95, 145–46, 146, 147
“Home that should be broken up, A” (photo), 94, 95
L’homme criminal (Criminal Man) (Lombroso), 77
horror films, 5, 116–21; The Body Snatcher, 119, 120; Chaney family and, 118n3; Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film), 117, 117; Frankenstein movies, 118–19, 119; Freaks, 119, 120; The House of Wax, 121, 121; The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 115, 115; The Pearl of Death, 121, 121; Phantom of the Opera, 117, 118, 118; Psycho, 121, 122
Hospital for the Insane, Weston, West Virginia (photo), 60, 63
hospitals, Shriners, 55, 55n17, 56
House of Frankenstein, The (film), 119
House of Wax, The (film), 121, 121
Huckleberry Charlie at Pine Camp, New York (photo), 166, 166
Hugo, Victor, 116
“Human Being as a Piece of Sculpture Fiction” (Krims), 139–40
human services, 176
“Human Skeleton” (Eisenmann) (photo), 15, 17
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, starring Lon Chaney as Quasimodo (photo), 115, 116, 117
Hunchback of Notre Dame, The (film), 115, 116, 117–18
Huston, Walter, 123
Hutty and Tain, 16
Hydrocephalic individuals juxtaposed with microcephalic individual (photo), 86, 86
hydrocephaly, 86, 86, 175, 175
idiots, 81, 83, 86, 89–91, 90, 91
“Idiots: Profound Apathe” (photo), 89, 90
“Idiots–Superficial Apathetic” (photo), 84, 86
“Idiots: Superficial Excitable” (photo), 87, 91
Illinois General Assembly, Investigation of Illinois Institutions, 72
Illinois General Hospital for the Insane, typical cottage (photo), 60, 61
imbeciles, 81, 83, 89–91, 92, 96
“Imbeciles: High Grade” (photo), 90–91, 92
individualism, 40
infantile paralysis. See polio
infertility, 14
Ingalls, Clyde, 18
injured workers, 28, 29–30, 30, 174, 174–75
institutional propaganda, 170, 170n5; asylum photographs, 57, 66–72, 69, 69n11, 74; in eugenics texts, 79–80
institutions. See asylums; mental institutions
intellectual impairment, 60, 81, 134–35. See also developmental disabilities
intelligence quotients, 92, 93
International Shoe Company, 104
Investigation of Illinois Institutions (Illinois General Assembly), 72
“Jacob Israel Avedon, Father of the Photographer” (Avedon), 136
Jerry Lewis with Muscular Dystrophy Association national poster child (photo), 48, 48
“Jewish Giant” (Arbus), 134
John Concilio, organ grinder (photo), 39, 39
Johnny of the “Call for Philip Morris” advertisement campaign (photo), 102, 102
John Rose, beggar in goat cart (photo), 22, 23, 34–35
John Till advertising card (photo), 111, 112
John Till’s patients (photo), 111–12, 113
“Join March of Dimes” slogan, 50, 50
Journal of Heredity, 77
Kallikak, Deborah, 96–97
Kallikak family, 95, 96, 97, 97
Kallikak Family, The (Goddard), 95, 96, 97, 97
Kansas State Hospital for the Insane, Administration building (photo), 60, 61
Kaplan, Fred, 4, 72n16, 72–73, 72–73n17, 73, 74
Karloff, Boris, 118–19, 119, 120
Kenny, Elizabeth, 44–45n6
Kenny Foundation. See Elizabeth Kenny Foundation
Kenny Foundation poster child (photo), 42, 44–45
“Kiko and Sulu, Pinheads from Zanzibar” (photo), 18, 20
Kiko and Sulu dressed up (photo), 18, 20
Kite, Elizabeth, 83n7
Knoll, James, 1n1
Kongo (film), 123
Krims, Les, 139–40
Labor Day Telethon, 48
“Last of the Ancient Aztecs” (photo), 8, 15–16
laws: on artificial limbs, 105, 105n5; British, 40; ugly, 22, 22n2
L. C. McLain Sanitarium, 111, 112
“Legless Motor Cycle Rider” (photo), 34, 35
legless people: art photography of, 132, 132–33, 139–40, 141, 141–42; freak show images of, 9–10, 10, 12–13, 13. See also amputees
Leigh, Janet, 121
Letchworth Village, 4, 4n8, 68–72; administration building, 69, 70; annual reports of, 69, 69n11, 70; conditions in, 72n12; craft industries in, 70, 71; Dick Cavett Show on, 74; farm work in, 70–71, 71; school work in, 70, 70. See also Bourke-White, Margaret
Life (magazine), 129–30
lighting, in art photography, 137–38, 138, 139
Linker, Beth, 170n5
Lionel Atwill in The House of Wax (photo), 121, 121
Little, Charles, 69
“Little Esquimaux Lady, The” (photo), 19, 21
little people: in advertising photographs, 99, 100–103, 101, 102, 102n3; art photography of, 140; in comedies, 126, 127; definition of, 100n1; in freak show images, 10, 10, 13–15, 14, 14n3, 16, 19–20; as hunters, 161, 161; midgets as, 100n2, 103; town character portraits of, 166–67, 167. See also dwarfs
Little People of America (Krims), 140
“Living Venus de Milo,” 13, 14
local characters. See town character portraits
Lon Chaney in Phantom of the Opera (photo), 118, 118
Lon Chaney in Phantom of the Opera with the imprisoned object of the Phantom’s desire (photo), 118, 118
Lon Chaney inserting knees in leather cups in The Penalty (photo), 122, 122
Lon Chaney in The Penalty (film), 122, 122
Lon Chaney in West of Zanzibar (photo), 123, 123
Lon Chaney Jr. playing Lenny in Of Mice and Men (film), 123, 123
loneliness, 140
Look (magazine), 73
“Look! I can walk again” (photo), 46, 47
looms, 70
Looney Tunes, 128
Lugosi, Bela, 118–19
“L. W. Prettyman, Shut-in-Magazine Man” (photo), 38, 39
mad scientists, 119
Magazine advertisement for cure for infantile paralysis (photo), 111, 112
magazine subscriptions, 38, 39
Main building, Northern Illinois Insane Asylum (photo), 58, 58
Main building of the New York State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women (photo), 60, 62
“Making head measurements in a mental examination. The shape of the skull is often important” (photo), 80, 81
Maloney, A. B.: “Case B, Profound, Excitable Idiot,” 81, 82; “Case D. Idiot Savant” (photo), 93–94, 94; “Echolalia,” 93, 93; “Idiots: Profound Apathe,” 89, 90; “Idiots: Superficial Excitable,” 87, 91; “Imbeciles: High Grade,” 90–91, 92; Types of Mental Defectives, 77, 89–90, 89n9
Mangebetu woman (photo), 170, 170
Man in office (photo), 147, 148
Man in wheelchair accompanied by his dog (photo), 158, 158–59
Man in wheelchair at desk (photo), 146, 146
Man standing in field (photo), 147, 148
Man with a sign, “Please Help the Blind” (photo), 33, 33–34
Man with missing leg in factory (photo), 147–48, 149
March of Dimes: celebrities for, 49, 50, 50, 51–53, 52; focus of, 48, 48n9; history of, 46, 51; major fund drive for, 43; name of, 49n11; poster child for, 45, 45, 46, 46n8, 47
March of Dimes fund-raiser with Marilyn Monroe (photo), 50, 50
Margaret Bourke-White Collection, 4, 4n8
Marion Souslin (photo), 28
Mark, Mary Ellen, 136–38, 137, 138
Marks, A. A., 104–5
marriage, 12, 13, 13, 14. See also family photographs
Martin, Dean, 48
masks, 139
Masonic organizations, 12, 42, 55
“Master Handsome” (photo), 175, 175
Max Engel and his dog, Carlo (photo), 36, 36
Maximo and Bartola, 8, 8, 10, 15–16
Max Klass, manager of “Ancient Aztecs” (photo), 16–17, 19
McCuin, Dan, 166–67, 167, 167n2
melodramatic films, 123–26, 125, 125n4, 126
Mental Defectives (Barr), 77
mental disabilities: asylums for, 59–60n4, 60; classification systems for, 89–90, 89n9, 90, 92, 93, 94; institutional images of, 71–72. See also feeblemindedness
“Mental Institution” (Avedon), 136
mental institutions, 134–35, 137, 137–38, 138. See also asylums
mental retardation, 59–60n4
Mental Retardation (Tredgold), 83–84, 84
merchants, 37, 37–40, 38, 39, 40, 99. See also advertising photographs; retail sales advertising
Merry Christmas card (photo), 37, 37, 159
microcephaly: in eugenics texts, 79, 79, 84–86, 86; freak show images of, 8, 8, 10, 15–16, 17, 170; in movie stills, 119, 120
microencephaly. See microcephaly
midgets, 100n2, 103. See also dwarfs; little people
Milton Clewell, Merry Christmas card (photo), 37, 37, 159
Minnesota State Asylum, Administration building (photo), 57, 57
Minor, Homer, 37
“Mischievous, excitable imbecile; usually grimacing as shown” (photo), 83, 83
mixed-genre disability photographs, 175
mocking mode, 20
“Mongol hands” (photo), 84, 85
“Mongolian showing fissures of the tongue, A” (photo), 87, 87
mongols. See Down syndrome
monsters, 116. See also horror films
Montgomery, H., 100
“Morning Colors,” Raising the flag, Syracuse State School for Mental Defectives (photo), 67, 68
Mother holding child with Down syndrome (photo), 156, 156
Mother in wheelchair with older daughter (photo), 156–57, 157
Mother with children (photo), 163–64, 164, 164n5
movie stills, 115–28; of adventure films, 123, 124; of children’s films, 128; of comedies, 126–28, 127; format of, 5; of gangster movies, 115; historical and cultural context of, 2n3; of horror films, 5, 115, 115, 116–21, 117, 118, 118n3, 119, 120, 121, 122; of melodramatic films, 123–26, 125, 125n4, 126; of murder mysteries and evil characters, 121–23, 122, 123
Mr. Horvath with his midget troupe (Wendt) (photo), 15, 16
Mrs. Calvin Coolidge being presented with an artificial flower by a disabled World War I veteran for a Forget-Me-Not Day fund-raising drive (photo), 51, 51
Mr. Shanahan with his famous dog (photo), 167–68, 169
muckraking images: of asylums, 57, 72–74, 72n13, 73; vs. eugenics, 130; history of, 72–73, 72n14, 72–73n17; hovels and, 130; impact of, 130; Letchworth Village and, 72n12
Munchkins, 102–3, 102n3, 126, 127
murder mysteries, 121–23, 122, 123
Muscular Dystrophy Association, 43, 43n3, 48, 48–49
Museum of Modern Art, 133–34, 143
museums, 129n1
musical instruments, 33–34, 34
musicians, 149, 150, 160, 160–61, 174, 174
Mystery of the Wax Museum (film), 121, 121
Nathan P. Van Luvanee (photo), 26, 26–27
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 44–45n6, 46
National Geographic, 17
National Lung Association Drive, 43
New York art scene, 143
New York State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women, Main building (photo), 60, 62
non-Caucasians, 172–73
Northern Illinois Insane Asylum, Main building (photo), 58, 58
“not licked yet” appeal, 30–31, 31
“Occasion for Diriment” (Meatyard), 139
Of Mice and Men (Steinbeck), 123, 123
ordinary objects, 160, 160–62, 160n3, 161, 162
Oscar Mayer advertising, 102–3
Outcault, Richard, 100
outsider art, 32–33
outsiders, people with disabilities as, 143
Outside talker for the exhibit “Aztecs from Mexico” (photo), 16, 18
Outside view of home for Grand Army of the Republic veterans (photo), 171, 172
panhandling. See beggars; begging cards
Paterson, Donald G., 79
Patients waiting outside the clinic waiting to be seen by John Till (photo), 113, 113
patriotism, 170
patterns of representation, 176–77
Pearl of Death, The (film), 121, 121
peddling, vs. begging, 26, 26n11
Pennies from Heaven (film), 125n4
people with disabilities: as active participants, 2–3; concealing disabilities of, 162–63, 163; definition of, 100n1; normalization and, 145, 145n1; as outsiders, 143; severe or profoundly disabled, 175, 175–76, 176; terminology for, 1, 6; violence and, 116–17, 116n2, 121; visual representation of, 1–2, 2n2
People with disabilities on the steps of a shack (photo), 1
performers, on begging cards, 32, 32–34, 33, 34
Perkins, Anthony, 121
personal portraits. See citizen portraits
Peter Pan, 128
Peter Sellers playing Dr. Strangelove (photo), 127, 127
Petry, Harry T., 25, 25–26, 26n10
pets, 158–60, 159. See also dogs
Phantom of the Opera (film), 117, 118, 118
Philadelphia Society for Crippled Children and Adults, 53, 54
photographers: as artists, 130, 142–43; documentary, 141, 173; expatriate, 169–70; perspective of, 1–2
photographic technology, 5, 66, 72, 130, 176
“Photograph—New York” (Strand) (photo), 131, 131–32
photographs of disabilities. See disability photographs
“Photo Secession,” 131
picture postcards. See postcards
“Pigmy’s from Abyssinnia” (photo), 17, 19
“Pinheads from Zanzibar” (photo), 18, 20
“Plaster Healer,” 111–14, 112, 113
polio: Kenny treatments for, 44–45, 44–45n6; poster child for, 44–45, 45; sanitariums for, 111, 112; vaccines for, 46, 48
Popenoe, Paul, 87, 88, 91–92, 93, 93
portraits: of African Americans, 172, 172; in art photography, 136, 137, 137; in eugenics photographs and texts, 75, 77–80, 78; of feeblemindedness, 75, 77–80, 78; town character, 165–69, 165n1, 166, 167, 167n2, 168, 169. See also citizen portraits; family photographs; studio portraits
postcards: as charity fund-raising reminders, 45, 47; collections of, 59, 59n3; format of, 5; freak show images on, 13; government-issued, 170, 171; popularity of, 59, 59n2; poster child, 45, 47, 48–49, 49; text on, 3; thank you messages on, 53, 53, 54; town character portraits on, 166, 166. See also asylum postcards
poster child, 42, 44–49; definition of, 44, 44n5; for eugenics texts, 97, 97; national, 46, 46n8, 48, 48, 48n8; personification of, 44–45, 45; popularity of, 44, 44n4; postcards, 45, 47, 48–49, 49; public appearances by, 45, 46; thank you messages from, 53, 53, 54
Poster for Freaks (photo), 119, 120
Potts, W. A., 85
premature birth, 48n9
President and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt receiving veterans from Walter Reed Hospital on the White House lawn (photo), 51, 52
President Calvin Coolidge at the White House with World War I disabled veteran (photo), 51, 51
President Calvin Coolidge with Dan McCuin (photo), 166–67, 167, 167n2
presidents, 51, 51–53, 52, 166–67, 167, 167n2, 170
Price, Vincent, 121
“Princess Wee Wee” (photo), 15, 17
propaganda. See institutional propaganda
Prosthetic device salesperson displaying a sample of his wares (photo), 106, 109
prosthetic limbs. See artificial limbs
Prosthetic limbs advertisement (photo), 107, 109
public appearances, 45, 46, 99
publicity images, 11, 170, 170n5
Raabe, Meinhardt, 102–3
railroad workers, 35
Ray, William “Major,” 101, 101, 102n3
Reeves, H. T., 97
religion: on begging cards, 26, 26–27; charity fund-raising and, 40, 43; as genre, 169, 169
Re-presenting Disability (Sandell, Dodd, and Garland-Thomson), 129n1
Republican National Convention (1968), 142, 142n19
retail sales advertising, 100–104, 101, 102
Review of Reviews, 111
Ringling Bros., 18
Rivera, Geraldo, 72
Robert Wadlow and his father (photo), 103–4, 104
Robert Young with a poster child at fund-raising march to fight polio (photo), 44–45, 45
Romantic encounter (photo), 157–58, 158
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 43, 46, 51, 52
Rosenberg, Harold, 143
Rosenblum, Naomi, 133
Roventine, Johnny, 103
Sandell, Richard, 129n1
Satterfield, Lewis, 32
scholarship, on disability photographs, 1–2, 2n2
“School Work.” Girls in class reading, Letchworth Village (Bourke-White) (photo), 70, 70
Sells-Floto Circus Sideshow, 17
“Set a child free this Easter” (photo), 46, 47
Severely disabled person with loving other (photo), 175–76, 176
severe or profoundly disabled people, 175, 175–76, 176
Shade, Frank, 20
Shanahan, Mike, 168–69, 169, 169n3
Shirley Temple playing Heidi (film), 124, 125
shoe advertising, 100–102, 101, 102n3, 103–4, 104
short stature. See little people
Shriner before-and-after photographs (photo), 55, 56
Shuttleworth, George E., 85
Siblings and puppy with boy in a wheelchair (photo), 159, 159
sideshows. See freak shows and images
sisters, 32, 33, 155, 156, 163, 163
“Sixth of a family of seventeen. Feebleminded” (photo), 78, 78
“Smallest Man in New England,” 166–67, 167, 167n2
Smith, W. Eugene, 129–30, 140, 142
Snow White (film), 128
social context, 129–30, 132, 133, 140, 176
social science, 5–6
social workers, 41
songs, theme, 48
Son of Frankenstein (film), 118–19
State Insane Asylum in Salem, Oregon (photo), 61, 63
state schools, 4. See also asylums; mental institutions
Steichen, Edward, 131
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 119, 120, 123, 124
Stieglitz, Alfred, 131, 132, 143
stigmata of degeneracy, 83
street shelters, 55n15
Studio portrait of amputee (photo), 153, 153
Studio portrait of two men whose relationship is unknown (photo), 173, 173–74
Studio portrait of young man with cerebral palsy (photo), 151, 152
studio portraits: analysis of, 173, 173–75, 174; citizen portraits as, 144, 151–52, 152; family, 153, 153–54; pets in, 158–59, 159
“The stupid and the brilliant—Can you tell them apart?” (photo), 93, 93
Sunshine Biscuits, 99, 102, 103
Sunshine dwarf bakers (photo), 99, 100, 102
Swann, Ann, 167
syndromes, in eugenics texts, 84–89
Syracuse State School for Feeble-Minded Children. See Syracuse State School for Mental Defectives
Syracuse State School for Mental Defectives: “Canning Factory at Work,” 68, 68; conditions in, 72; “First Public Building Erected in America to Care for the Feeble-Minded,” 67, 67; “Morning Colors,” 67, 68
Syracuse University Bird Library, 4, 4nn7–8
tableau vivant, 139
Talbot, Eugene, 77
“T’ank you” from Gary (photo), 53, 53
Taylor, Steven, 72n14
Teenager in braces with her dog (photo), 158, 159
Terror of Tiny Town (film), 126
Textbook of Mental Deficiency (Amentia), A (Tredgold), 77
thank you messages, 53, 53, 54
“Their only support” (photo), 27, 27
theme songs, 48
Theordore Peters (photo), 29, 30
Thompson, Ann E. Leak, 11, 11–12, 12
“Tom Thumb, Wife & Child” (Brady) (photo), 14, 15
tintypes, 5
Tiny Tim, 124
“Tomoko and Mother in the Bath” (Smith), 129–30
tongues, large, 83, 83, 87, 87
town character portraits, 165–69, 166, 167, 167n2, 168, 169
traveling beggars, 34–37, 35, 36
Treasure Island (film), 123, 124
Tredgold, Alfred: on abnormal body parts, 83; “Brain of imbecile” and “brain of low-grade imbecile,” 82, 83; “A cretin imbecile, Age, 39 years,” 89, 89; “A group of Mongols,” 87, 88; Mental Retardation, 83–84, 84; “Mischievous, excitable imbecile; usually grimacing as shown,” 83, 83; “Sixth of a family of seventeen. Feebleminded,” 78, 78; A Textbook of Mental Deficiency (Amentia), 77
Tripp, Charles, 7, 7–8, 10, 11
twins, conjoined, 9, 9, 12, 12
Types of Mental Defectives (Barr and Maloney), 77, 89–90, 89n9
Typical cottage, Illinois General Hospital for the Insane (photo), 60, 61
Unknown, The (film), 119
unsightly beggar ordinances, 22n2
Untitled (Arbus), 135
US Postal Service, 59
Van Lucanee, Nathan P., 26, 26–27
veterans, 170–71; begging cards by, 31, 31–32; charity fund-raising for, 42n1; Civil War, 31, 31–32, 42n1, 105, 170–71; in old-age homes, 171, 171, 172; World War I, 51, 51, 52, 107–8, 108n7, 169, 170, 170n5, 171
Vice President Richard Nixon participating in March of Dimes campaign (photo), 51, 52, 53
Vietnam Veterans Association, 142
Vietnam War era, 141, 141, 142, 142n19
View of an asylum from a distance, North Warren, PA (photo), 60, 62
Vineland Training School for Feeble-Minded Boys and Girls, 97, 97
visual rhetorical techniques, 2–3
Wadlow, Robert, 103–4
Wallace, James H., Jr., 95
Wallace Beery playing Long John Silver in Treasure Island (photo), 123, 124
Ward 3, Gowanda State Mental Hospital, Collins, NY (photo), 62, 64
Ward 81 (Mark), 137, 137–38, 138
Ward interior, unidentified institution (photo), 73, 73, 74
War’s Waste (Linker), 170n5
Washington, George, 30–31, 30n13, 31
Wayne, Joel, 18, 101, 106, 109
“W. C. Williams One Arm One Man Band” (photo), 34, 34
Wendt, Frank, 16
West of Zanzibar (film), 122–23, 123
West Virginia Hospital for the Insane, Weston, West Virginia (photo), 61, 64
Wheelchair advertisement (photo), 108–9, 110
wheelchair-bound characters: in horror films, 119; in melodramatic films, 124, 125, 125–26, 126; in murder mysteries, 122–23, 123
wheelchair-bound people: analysis of photographs of, 174, 174–75; art photography of, 140, 141, 141–42; citizen portraits of, 146, 146; in civic settings, 151, 151; in couple relationships, 157–58, 158; in family photographs, 144, 144, 145, 147, 153, 153–54, 155, 156–57, 157; with ordinary objects, 160, 160–61; pets with, 158, 158–59; in schools and civic settings, 150, 150; studio portraits of, 144, 151, 152; in work settings, 147, 148
wheelchair manufacturing and advertising, 105nn4–5, 108–9, 110
White House, 51
whittling, 32–33
Wienermobile, 102–3
Willowbrook State School, 72
Winogrand, Garry, 132, 132–33, 133nn4–5, 142
Wizard of Oz, The (film), 102n3, 103, 126, 127
Wolf Man, The (film), 118
Woman in wheelchair with family in cornfield (photo), 146, 147
Woman in wheelchair with husband (photo), 158, 158
Woodward’s Candy Company, 103, 103
workers: injured, 28, 29–30, 30, 174, 174–75; railroad, 35
work settings: African Americans in, 161, 162; amputees in, 147–48, 148, 149, 161–62, 162; citizen portraits in, 147–49, 148, 149, 150; on farms, 147, 148, 161–62, 162
World War I veterans, 169, 170–71, 170n5; artificial limbs for, 107–8, 108n7; European photographs of, 169; presidents meeting with, 51, 51, 52; in Veterans Homes, 170–71, 171
worthy poor, 40
Young man who has cerebral palsy with family (photo), 144, 144, 145, 151
Young woman with violin in wheelchair (photo), 160, 160–61
“Your Help Is Their Hope” (photo), 48–49, 49
Zagourski, Casimir, 169–70