NOTES

PREFACE

  1. 1.    Other authors have previously discussed many of the same topics, sites, and archaeologists, of course; I find the various books written or edited by Brian Fagan and by Paul Bahn to be among the most useful and accessible. Relevant volumes are Bahn 1995, 1996a, b, c, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014; Bahn and Cunliffe 2000; Bahn and Renfrew 1996; Catling 2012, 2013; Catling and Bahn 2010; Fagan 1994, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2004a, b, 2007a, b, 2014; Fagan and Durrani 2014, 2016; Renfrew and Bahn 2012, 2015; see also Hunt 2007; Pollard 2007.

DIGGING DEEPER 1

  1. 1.    For concise discussions of much of the material covered in this chapter, see Fagan and Durrani 2014: 120–49 (chapter 8). The following will also be of interest to those seeking information beyond what is presented in this chapter: Banning 2002; Collins and Molyneaux 2003; Conyers 2013; Howard 2007; Leach 1992; White and King 2007.

  2. 2.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 92.

  3. 3.    See ibid., 87, for more on these definitions of artifacts and features, as well for definitions of structures and ecofacts.

  4. 4.    The following section on surveys and surveying is based on, and indebted to, the discussion in ibid., 126–36. PRAP was directed by, among others, Professor Jack Davis of the University of Cincinnati.

  5. 5.    Ibid., 126–29, 144–45, 157.

  6. 6.    Casana 2015; Hammer and Ur 2019; Vergano 2014.

  7. 7.    Bradford 1957.

  8. 8.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 145; Lerici 1959, 1962. Lerici’s team, including archaeologists from the University of Pennsylvania in the later years, also employed very early versions of proton magnetometers as well as electrical resistivity meters to aid them in their detection of additional tombs.

  9. 9.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 135, fig. 8.10.

  10. 10.  Blumenthal and Mashberg 2015; Cronin 2011; Parcak 2009; Said-Moorhouse 2013; see now Parcak 2019. For a clip of Sarah Parcak’s appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on January 8, 2016, see https://youtu.be/vK2t27FNJmU.

  11. 11.  Maugh 1992.

  12. 12.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 133–34.

  13. 13.  Ibid.

  14. 14.  Dunston 2016.

  15. 15.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 136. On LiDAR and Roman roads in England, see Calderwood 2016; Nagesh 2016; Webster 2015. Regarding Kabri, see Koh, Yasur-Landau, and Cline 2014. On Jezreel, see http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/biblical-archaeology-topics/jezreel-expedition-sheds-new-light-on-ahab-and-jezebel’s-city/.

  16. 16.  McNeil 2015.

  17. 17.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 141–42.

  18. 18.  Cline and Yasur-Landau 2006.

  19. 19.  Fagan and Durrani 2014.

  20. 20.  Ibid.

  21. 21.  See, e.g., Dvorsky 2014a.

  22. 22.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 130–31; Keys 2014. See also Dvorsky 2014b.

  23. 23.  Keys 2014; Dvorsky 2014b; Moss 2015. See further http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/09/07/superhenge-discovery-at-stonehenge/71846436/; http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-34156673?ocid=socialflow_twitter%3FSThisFB%3FSThisFB.

  24. 24.  Keys 2016; Knapton 2016.

  25. 25.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 126.

  26. 26.  Ibid., 125–26.

  27. 27.  Ibid., 129–30.

  28. 28.  Yasur-Landau, Cline, and Pierce 2008.

DIGGING DEEPER 2

  1. 1.    See also the discussion, with a detailed list of tools, in Fagan and Durrani 2014: 160–61.

  2. 2.    Ibid., 88.

  3. 3.    Ibid., 89.

  4. 4.    Ibid., 158–60.

  5. 5.    Ibid., 156–58.

  6. 6.    Bahn 2008: 57; Fagan 2014: 139 (within the entry on Petrie by Garry J. Shaw).

  7. 7.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 88, 98–100, 103; see also Bahn 2008: 56–57; Fagan 2014: 139 (within the entry on Petrie by Garry J. Shaw); Hallote 2006: 154–55, 181.

  8. 8.    See, e.g., Fagan 2014: 139 (within the entry on Petrie by Garry J. Shaw).

  9. 9.    Bahn 2008: 61; Fagan 2003: 144–47; Fagan and Durrani 2014: 90; see also the entry on Wheeler by Martin Carver in Fagan 2014: 152–56.

  10. 10.  See http://www.harrismatrix.com/.

  11. 11.  Bahn 2008: 74–75; Fagan 2003: 140–43; see also the entry on Kenyon by Miriam C. Davis in Fagan 2014: 220–23.

DIGGING DEEPER 3

  1. 1.    For concise discussions of much of the material covered in this chapter, see Fagan and Durrani 2014: 96–118 (chapter 7).

  2. 2.    See, e.g., Aitken 1990; Fagan and Durrani 2014: 111–17; Taylor and Aitken 1997.

  3. 3.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 111–12.

  4. 4.    See, e.g., the explanation at http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae403.cfm, which states that it is “fairly simple to determine how many total carbon atoms should be in a sample given its weight and chemical makeup.”

  5. 5.    Manning et al. 2009.

  6. 6.    For an example of radiocarbon dating used as part of academic discussions, see, e.g., Levy and Higham 2014.

  7. 7.    See Fagan and Durrani 2014: 108–111; also, e.g., Baillie 2014 with earlier references.

  8. 8.    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8058185.stm.

  9. 9.    Ibid.

  10. 10.  Manning et al. 2009.

  11. 11.  See Fagan and Durrani 2014: 62–69.

  12. 12.  She subsequently published a book about them (Barber 1999), as did he (Mallory and Mair 2000). See also Hudson in Bahn 1996c: 152–53.

  13. 13.  Demick 2010; Wade 2010; see also Hudson in Bahn 1996c: 152–53; http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat62/sub406/item2567.html.

  14. 14.  Demick 2010; Wade 2010; see also Hudson in Bahn 1996c: 152–53; http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat62/sub406/item2567.html.

  15. 15.  Bahn 1995: 84–85, 1996c: 140–45; Fagan and Durrani 2014: 68, 302–3; Pollard 2007: 232–35; Scarre in Fagan 2007a: 40–41; and http://www.iceman.it/en/; see also http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html.

  16. 16.  Bahn 1996c: 140–45. For the story of the years immediately following the initial discovery, see Spindler 1995, written by the archaeologist in charge of the initial scientific studies.

  17. 17.  See http://www.iceman.it/en/s with further references; also http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html.

  18. 18.  See http://www.iceman.it/en/, with further references; also http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html.

  19. 19.  Bogucki in Bahn 1995: 156–57; Bogucki in Bahn 1996c: 146–51; Liesowska 2014; Pollard 2007: 236–39; Polosmak 1994; also http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/. See also discussions in Hall 2015; Mayor 2014.

  20. 20.  Bogucki in Bahn 1995: 156–57; Bogucki in Bahn 1996c: 146–51; Liesowska 2014; Pollard 2007: 236–39; Polosmak 1994. See also http://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/.

  21. 21.  https://www.nationalgeographic.com/contributors/r/photographer-johan-reinhard/; Schreiber in Bahn 1996c: 160–61.

  22. 22.  Reinhard 2005.

  23. 23.  Clark 1998; Reinhard in Fagan 2007a: 100–105; Schreiber in Bahn 1996c: 160–61.

  24. 24.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 63–64; Kaner in Bahn 1996c: 164–69; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 114–15; see, e.g., Aldhouse-Green 2015 and Glob 2004.

  25. 25.  Kaner in Bahn 1996c: 164–69; Pollard 2007: 212–17; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 114–15; https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=808672&partId=1.

  26. 26.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 63–64; Kaner in Bahn 1996c: 164–69; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 114–15; http://www.tollundman.dk.

  27. 27.  http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=119824.

  28. 28.  Ballard 2008; Krause 2000; Søreide 2011. See also https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/black-sea-shipwreck-discovery/.

  29. 29.  See Ballard 2008; Krause 2000; Ryan and Pittman 1998; Søreide 2011. See also https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/black-sea-shipwreck-discovery/.

  30. 30.  Pollard 2007: 154–57; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 128–31. For book-length accounts, see, e.g., Bruce-Mitford 1979 and Williams 2011.

  31. 31.  Pollard 2007: 154–57; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 128–31.

  32. 32.  Pollard 2007: 154–57; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 128–31.

  33. 33.  Ibid.

  34. 34.  Ibid.

  35. 35.  Ibid.

  36. 36.  Ibid.

  37. 37.  Cohen 2011; Kennedy 2011; Ravilous 2012.

  38. 38.  Cohen 2011; Kennedy 2011; Ravilous 2012.

  39. 39.  Cohen 2011; Kennedy 2011; Ravilous 2012.

DIGGING DEEPER 4

  1. 1.    Kaner in Bahn 1996c: 164–69; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 114–15; https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=808672&partId=1.

  2. 2.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 63–64; Kaner in Bahn 1996c: 164–69; Tarlow in Bahn 1995: 114–15; http://www.tollundman.dk.

  3. 3.    Bahn 1996c: 140–45. See http://www.iceman.it/en/, with further references; http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html. For an excellent, and brief, explanation of strontium isotope analysis, see http://archive.archaeology.org/0705/abstracts/isotopes.html.

  4. 4.    See again http://www.iceman.it/en/, with further references; also http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html.

  5. 5.    Barzilay 2016, reporting on an article published in Science by Maixner et al. 2016. See also Rosen 2016; http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/ancient-icemans-h-pylori-genome-hints-at-ancient-migrations-to-europe/.

  6. 6.    On European migrations, see, e.g., Cooper and Haak 2015, with references to the original publications in Science and Nature; for Richard III, see, e.g., Kennedy 2014 and Sample 2015, reporting on the initial publication by King et al. 2014.

  7. 7.    See Samadelli et al. 2015; Scallan 2015; also http://www.iceman.it/en; http://www.celebritytattoodesign.com/brad-pitt-tattoos.

  8. 8.    http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html.

  9. 9.    See http://www.iceman.it/en/, with further references; also http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html.

  10. 10.  In the lost-wax method, a sculptor creates a statue in wax, then encases it in a harder material and heats it up so that the wax melts and runs out a hole in the bottom. This leaves a cavity in the exact shape of the wax within the harder material, into which molten bronze can then be poured, which creates the same shape in metal as had originally been created in wax.

  11. 11.  Stewart 2006.

  12. 12.  Clinton 2013; Glover 2013; Griffiths 2015; Sheldon 2017.

  13. 13.  Povoledo 2015; Woollaston 2015.

  14. 14.  See, e.g., Gates 2011: 356–67; MacKendrick 1960: 196–223.

  15. 15.  Fuller 2014.

  16. 16.  Ibid.

  17. 17.  See Koh, Yasur-Landau, and Cline 2014. For media reports, see Jaggard 2014; Lemonick 2014; Levitan 2013; McIntyre 2014; Naik 2013; Netburn 2013; Wilford 2013.

  18. 18.  Ben Zion 2019a.

  19. 19.  See Fagan and Durrani 2014: 234–59 (chapter 13).

  20. 20.  Ibid., 235.

  21. 21.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 238–41.

  22. 22.  Ibid., 223–24.

  23. 23.  Ibid., 248–51.

  24. 24.  Kaniewski et al. 2011; Drake 2012; Kaniewski et al. 2013; Langgut et al. 2013; Cline 2014: 145–47; Kaniewski, Guiot, and Van Campo 2015; Kaniewski et al. 2019.

  25. 25.  The following discussion is based upon material published in Cahill et al. 1991; Reinhard and Warnock 1996; see also previous discussions in Marcus 2000: 157; Cline 2004: 60–61; Cline 2009: 52–53.

  26. 26.  Haber et al. 2017; Romey 2017.

  27. 27.  Feldman et al. 2019. For media reports, see Ben Zion 2019b; David 2019; Gannon 2019; Romey 2019.

  28. 28.  Kristiansen 2014.

DIGGING DEEPER 5

  1. 1.    See, e.g., Anderson 2016; Atwood 2006; Cuno 2010, 2012; Felch and Frammolino 2011; Meyer 1973; Roehrenbeck 2010; Watson and Todeschini 2006; Waxman 2009. See also Bering 2016, as well as http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1883142,00.html for Time’s list of “Top 10 Plundered Artifacts”; and http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/may/08/greece-international-justice-regain-parthenon-marbles-uk for a recent article on the Elgin Marbles.

  2. 2.    Fagan and Durrani 2014: 20–22. See also Curry 2015; Dubrow 2014; Mueller 2016; Romano 2015; Romey 2015; Vance 2015.

  3. 3.    Casana 2015; http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/09/world/iraq-isis-heritage/.

  4. 4.    Parcak et al. 2016.

  5. 5.    Bogdanos 2005. See also Emberling and Hanson 2008; Rothfield 2008a.

  6. 6.    Bogdanos 2005.

  7. 7.    See, e.g., Andrews 2003; Emberling and Hanson 2008.

  8. 8.    George 2016.

  9. 9.    Al-Rawi and George 2014; George 2016.

  10. 10.  Horowitz, Greenberg, and Zilberg 2015; Pearce and Wunsch 2014; see also Abraham 2011. News reports, reviews, and discussions are gathered in Baker 2015; Ben Zion 2015; Hasson 2015; http://lawrenceschiffman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/jews-of-babylon.pdf; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203; http://paul-barford.blogspot.com/2015/02/babylonian-cunies-from-private.html; http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/01/new-archive-jewish-babylonian-exile-released; and http://www.ancientjewreview.com/articles/2015/2/18/pearce-and-wunsch-documents-of-judean-exiles-and-west-semites-in-babylonia-1.

  11. 11.  http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property/1970-convention/; http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13039&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.

  12. 12.  Atwood 2006; Brodie and Tubb 2011; Rothfield 2008b; Rush 2012.

  13. 13.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 355–58; Harmon and McManamon 2006; http://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/antiquities/about.htm; http://www.georgewright.org/313mcmanamon.pdf.

  14. 14.  http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/fhpl_histsites.pdf.

  15. 15.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 358; http://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/Laws/arpa.htm.

  16. 16.  See http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?

  17. storyId=106091937; http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/17/nation/na-artifacts-backlash17; http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/us/21blanding.html?_r=0.

  18. 17.  Fagan and Durrani 2014: 358; https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/index.htm.

  19. 18.  https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/2016/5/president-signs-engel-bill-stop-isis-looting-antiquities; https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1493/text.

  20. 19.  https://theantiquitiescoalition.org/the-united-states-and-the-arab-republic-of-egypt-sign-historic-agreement-to-protect-cultural-heritage/; https://theantiquitiescoalition.org/after-long-delay-us-and-egypt-sign-historic-mou-restricting-endangered-heritage-from-american-import/.

  21. 20.  Organizations that are involved in working on such measures include the US Committee of the Blue Shield (www.uscbs.org), SAFE: Saving Antiquities for Everyone (http://savingantiquities.org), the Antiquities Coalition (https://theantiquitiescoalition.org), and the American Schools of Oriental Research Cultural Heritage Initiatives (http://www.asor-syrianheritage.org/about/mission/), among others.

EPILOGUE

  1. 1.    Weisman 2007.

  2. 2.    Macaulay 1979.

  3. 3.    Ibid., 26.

  4. 4.    Ibid., 30, 52–65.

  5. 5.    Ibid., 32–33, 36–37, 68–81.

  6. 6.    See, e.g., https://archeosciences.revues.org/1781.

  7. 7.    See, e.g., http://www.sfu.ca/ipinch/project-components/community-based-initiatives.