1 Thompson, Heather Ann. “Why Mass Incarceration Matters: Rethinking Crisis, Decline and Transformation in Postwar American History,” Journal of American History. (December, 2010).
2 Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime and the Making of Modern Urban America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
3 Steven R. Donziger, ed. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: HarperCollins Books, 1996 p. 87.
4 Sabrina Jones and Marc Mauer. Race to Incarcerate: A Graphic Retelling. New York: The New Press, 2013 pp 5-6.
5 Norval Morris and David Rothman, eds. The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 105-6.
6 Norval Morris and David Rothman, eds. The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 106.
7 Ibid., 105.
8 Ibid., 107.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid., 106
11 This early iteration of solitary confinement is not to be confused with the tortuous form of solitary confinement discussed in Chapter Five.
12 Michel Foucault. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books, 1995, p. 239.
13 Norval Morris and David Rothman, eds. The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 105.
14 Christie, Nils. Crime Control as Industry: Towards Gulags, Western Style. London: Routledge, 1993.
15 Kidd, David. “The Sounds of Silence in Prison.” Governing: The State and Localities. http://www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-prison-sounds-of-silence.html Last Accessed 09/14/2015.
16 Davis, Angela. Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003, p. 84-85.
17 Davis, Mike. “Hell Factories in the Field.” The Nation. February 20, 1995.
18 Glassner, Barry. The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
19 Steven R. Donziger, ed. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: HarperCollins Books, 1996.
20 Steven R. Donziger, ed. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: HarperCollins Books, 1996 p. 85.
21 Wehr, Kevin and Elyshia Aseltine. Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex: Crime and Incarceration in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge, 2013 p. 1.
22 Ibid. p. 1.
23 Data and percentages detailed in reports from the US Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, 2010-2011.
24 Shipp, Robbin and Nick Chiles. Justice While Black: Helping African American Families Navigate and Survive the Criminal Justice System. Chicago: Bolden/Agate, 2014 p. 121.
25 Childs, Dennis. Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang to the Penitentiary. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015: p. 21.
26 Glave, E.J. In Savage Africa. 1892: p. 190.
27 Blackmon, Douglas. Slavery by Another Name.
28 Leflouria, Talitha L. Chained in Silence: Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015: p 5.
29 Jones, Sabrina, and Marc Mauer. Race to Incarcerate: A Graphic Retelling. New York: 2013: p. 19.
30 Martinson, Robert. “What works? - questions and answers about prison reform.” National Affairs. Issue No. 34, Spring 1974: p. 49.
31 Ibid.
32 “A Brief History of the Drug War.” http://www.drugpolicy.org/new-solutions-drug-policy/brief-history-drug-war. Last Accessed December 10, 2015.
33https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/paradox/htele.html Last Accessed December 10 2015.
34 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 59.
35https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/paradox/htele.html Last Accessed December 10 2015.
36http://www.drugpolicy.org/new-solutions-drug-policy/brief-history-drug-war Last Accessed December 30, 2015.
37 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 60.
38http://www.drugpolicy.org/new-solutions-drug-policy/brief-history-drug-war Last Accessed December 30, 2015.
39http://www.drugpolicy.org/new-solutions-drug-policy/brief-history-drug-war Last Accessed December 21, 2015.
40 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 65.
41 NAFTA, or the North American Free Trade Agreement, went into effect on January 1, 1994; CAFTA, the Central America Free Trade Agreement, went into effect on March 1, 2006; and TPP is the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership.
42 Goldberg, Eve and Linda Evans. The Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy. Oakland, CA: Agit Press 2009: 9.
43 As discussed a bit more in Chapter One.
44 Goldberg, Eve and Linda Evans. The Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy. Oakland, CA: Agit Press 2009: 8.
45 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 183.
46 Ibid.
47https://www.popularresistance.org/identifying-businesses-that-profit-from-prison-labor/ Last Accessed January 10, 2016.
48 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 168.
49 Cohen, Michael. “How for-profit prisons have become the biggest lobby no one is talking about.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/04/28/how-for-profit-prisons-have-become-the-biggest-lobby-no-one-is-talking-about/ Last accessed December 28, 2015.
50 Ibid., 169.
51 AFSC. http://afsc.org/resource/arizona-prison-report Last Accessed December 8 2015.
52 Owen, Jonathan. “Selfharm, drug-taking and sexual abuse more common in privately run prisons, new figures show.” Published April 4 2015. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/self-harm-drug-taking-and-sexual-abuse-more-common-in-privately-run-prisons-new-figures-show-10156397.html Last Accessed December 8th 2015.
53 Brickner, Michael and Shakyra Diaz. “Prisons for Profit: Incarceration for Sale.” Human Rights Magazine (ACLU) Summer 2011, Vol. 38 No. 3. http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol38_2011/human_rights_summer11/prisons_for_profit_incarceration_for_sale.html Last Accessed December 10, 2015.
54 Lotke, Eric. “The Real Problem with Private Prisons.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-lotke/the-real-problem-with-pri_b_8279488.html Last accessed April 11, 2016.
55 DiIullio, John K., William Bennett, and John P. Walters, Body Count: Moral Poverty and How to Win America's War on Crime and Drugs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
56 Johnson, Corey G. and Ken Armstrong. “This Boy's Life.” https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/01/04/this-boy-s-life#.tgeuG78hJ. Last Accessed August 21, 2016.
57 Wessler, Seth F. “This Man Will Almost Certainly Die.” http://www.thenation.com/article/privatized-immigrant-prison-deaths/ Last Accessed March 4, 2016.
58 http://www.afsc.org/resource/solitary-confinement-facts
59 http://www.afsc.org/resource/solitary-confinement-facts
60 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 91.
61 Steven R. Donziger, ed. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: HarperCollins Books, 1996: 74-75.
62 Ibid.
63 Jacobson, Michael. Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. New York: New York University Press, 2005: 24.
64 Ibid.
65 “The Second Chance Act.” https://csgjusticecenter.org/nrrc/projects/second-chance-act/
66 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 94.
67 Kilgore, James. Understanding Mass Incarceration: A People's Guide to the Key Civil Rights Struggle of Our Time. New York: The New Press, 2015: 91
68 Shipp, Robbin and Nick Chiles. Justice While Black: Helping African-American Families Navigate and Survive the Criminal Justice System. Chicago: Bolden/Agate, 2014: 152.
69 Davis, Angela. Are Prisons Obsolete?
70 Jacobson, Michael. Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. New York: New York University Press, 2005: 176.
71 The syllabus for this course is included in an appendix to this volume.