NOTES
INTRODUCTION
  1.  Henry Luce, “The American Century,” Time, February 17, 1941.
  2.  Conrad Cherry, God’s New Israel: Religious Interpretations of American Destiny (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Stephen M. Walt, “The Myth of American Exceptionalism,” Foreign Policy, October 11, 2011.
  3.  Harry S. Stout, “Religion, War, and the Meaning of America,” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 19, no. 2 (summer 2009): 284.
1. FROM EXCEPTIONALISM TO INTERNATIONALISM
  1.  President of the United States, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, December 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, 1.
  2.  Robert D. Blackwill and Ashley J. Tellis, Revising U.S. Grand Strategy Toward China (Council Special Report No. 72) (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, March 2015).
  3.  Blackwill and Tellis, Revising U.S. Grand Strategy Toward China, 4.
  4.  Blackwill and Tellis, Revising U.S. Grand Strategy Toward China, 38.
  5.  John F. Kennedy, Commencement Address at American University, June 10, 1963, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BWC7I4C9QUmLG9J6I8oy8w.aspx.
  6.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, To Move the World: JFK’s Quest for Peace (New York: Random House, 2013).
2. EXCEPTIONALISM AS THE CIVIC RELIGION
  1.  Quoted in Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1952), chapter 3. See also Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith (New York: Random House, 2012) for an outstanding account of the role of religion in American wars and foreign policy.
  2.  John H. Coatsworth, “Liberalism and Big Sticks: The Politics of U.S. Interventions in Latin America, 1898–2004” (Columbia University Academic Commons, 2006), https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:204082 https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:204082.
  3.  G. J. Meyer, The World Remade: America in World War I (New York: Random House, 2016).
  4.  Henry Luce, “The American Century,” Time, February 17, 1941.
  5.  Niebuhr, The Irony of American History.
  6.  Niebuhr, The Irony of American History, chapter 3.
  7.  Niebuhr, The Irony of American History, chapter 3.
  8.  George Kennan, “The Problem of Eastern and Central Europe,” Russia, the Atom, and the West, BBC Reith Lectures, Lecture 3, November 24, 1957, http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/1957_reith3.pdf.
  9.  Quoted in Joe Conason, “ ‘Seven Countries in Five Years,’” Salon, October 12, 2007, https://www.salon.com/2007/10/12/wesley_clark/.
10.  President of the United States, National Security Strategy of the United States, December 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.
11.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, Building the New American Economy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).
12.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, The Price of Civilization (New York: Random House, 2012).
3. THE ERA OF GLOBAL CONVERGENCE
  1.  Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, volume 2 (Edinburgh: Doig & Stirling, 1811). The passage cited is from book four, page 488.
  2.  Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression: 1929–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
  3.  Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History?” The National Interest no. 16 (summer 1989): 3–18.
  4.  Internet World Stats, 2018, http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm.
  5.  United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition. File POP/1-1: Total population (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100 (thousands). Medium fertility variant, 2015–2100. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/.
4. EURASIA ON THE RISE, AMERICA ON THE SIDELINES
  1.  Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 2005).
  2.  People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road,” March 28, 2015, http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html.
  3.  People’s Republic of China, “Vision and Actions.”
  4.  Quoted in Jefferson Chase, “Can Europe Exploit Trump’s Protectionism?” DW News, January 24, 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/can-europe-exploit-trumps-protectionism/a-37254979.
5. RUSSIA–U.S. RELATIONS IN THE CHANGING WORLD ORDER
  1.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, To Move the World: JFK’s Quest for Peace (New York: Random House, 2013).
  2.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Poland’s First Economic Reform Plan of July 1989,” April 13, 2015, http://jeffsachs.org/2015/04/polands-first-economic-reform-plan-of-july-1989/.; Jeffery D. Sachs, The End of Poverty (New York: Penguin, 2005).
  3.  “Putin’s Prepared Remarks at 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy” [Transcript], February 12, 2007, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html.
7. ENDING THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT
  1.  Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Report to the United States Government and His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, Lausanne, Switzerland, April 20, 1946 (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1946), http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angch01.asp.
8. NORTH KOREA AND THE DOOMSDAY CLOCK
  1.  Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “2018 Doomsday Clock Statement.” https://thebulletin.org/2018-doomsday-clock-statement.
  2.  Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “2018 Doomsday Clock Statement.”
  3.  John F. Kennedy, Commencement Address at American University, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1963, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/JFK-Speeches/American-University_19630610.aspx.
9. TRUMP’S NEW NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY
  1.  President of the United States, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, December 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.
  2.  U.S. Department of Defense, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, January 2018, https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.
  3.  U.S. Department of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review, February 2018, https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-nuclear-posture-review-final-report.pdf.
  4.  U.S. Department of Defense, National Defense Strategy.
  5.  President of the United States, National Security Strategy.
  6.  U.S. Department of Defense, National Defense Strategy.
  7.  President of the United States, National Security Strategy.
  8.  Xi Jinping, “Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Report at 19th CPC National Congress, October 18, 2017,” China Daily, November 4, 2017, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2017-11/04/content_34115212.htm.
  9.  Xi Jinping, “Report at 19th CPC National Congress.”
10.  U.S. Department of Defense, National Defense Strategy.
11.  Gallup, “Rating World Leaders: 2018: The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia,” downloadable from Politico: https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001.
12.  Pew Research Center, “U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump’s Leadership: America Still Wins Praise for Its People, Culture and Civil Liberties,” June 26, 2017, http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/.
13.  David Vine, “Where in the World Is the U.S. Military?” Politico Magazine, July/August 2015, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/us-military-bases-around-the-world-119321. See also David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York: Metropolitan, 2015).
14.  United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text/.
15.  U.S. Department of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review.
16.  Military outlays are reported by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), using local currency converted to dollars at market exchange rates. I choose the base year 1993 because it is the first year for which SIPRI reports post-Soviet Russia’s military outlays. Note that the top-twenty military spenders in 2016 are slightly different from the top-twenty military spenders in 1993. Three countries dropped out of the top-twenty list: Taiwan (province of China), Netherlands, and Sweden. Three others joined the list: Iran, Algeria, and Pakistan. SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
17.  For this calculation, I count as allies in 1993 all NATO countries plus Australia, Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sweden, and Taiwan (province of China), leaving China, India, and Russia as non-allies. As of 2016, I designate six of the top-twenty as non-allies: Algeria, China, India, Iran, Pakistan, and Russia.
10. THE ECONOMIC BALANCE SHEET ON “AMERICA FIRST”
  1.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, The Price of Civilization (New York: Random House, 2012).
  2.  Jeffrey D. Sachs, Building the New American Economy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).
  3.  Sachs, New American Economy, especially chapter 7.
  4.  Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Worldwide Activities of U.S. Multinational Enterprises: Preliminary Results From the 2014 Benchmark Survey,” “Table II.G1. Employment of Affiliates, Country by Industry,” https://bea.gov/international/usdia2014p.htm, last accessed April 2, 2018.
13. WILL TRUMP HAND CHINA THE TECHNOLOGICAL LEAD?
  1.  National Academy of Sciences, Rising Above the Gathering Storm (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007).
15. FROM DIPLOMATIC LEADER TO ROGUE NATION
  1.  Pew Research Center, “Favorable Views of the UN Prevail in Europe, Asia and U.S.” September 20, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/20/favorable-views-of-the-un-prevail-in-europe-asia-and-u-s/.
  2.  Nikki Haley, “Remarks Before a UN General Assembly Vote on Jerusalem,” December 21, 2017, https://usun.state.gov/remarks/8232.
  3.  “Turkey Says U.N. Jerusalem Vote Showed Dignity, Sovereignty ‘Not for Sale,’” Reuters, December 21, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-un-turkey/turkey-says-u-n-jerusalem-vote-showed-dignity-sovereignty-not-for-sale-idUSKBN1EF2HJ.
16. THE ETHICS AND PRACTICALITIES OF FOREIGN AID
  1.  Letter to congressional leaders Ryan, Pelosi, McConnell, and Schumer, February 27, 2017, http://www.usglc.org/downloads/2017/02/FY18_International_Affairs_Budget_House_Senate.pdf.
17. MANAGING MIGRATION
  1.  “Trump’s Speech to Congress,” New York Times, February 28, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/28/us/politics/trump-congress-video-transcript.html.
  2.  Pew Research Center, “Public Remains Conflicted Over Islam,” August 24, 2010, http://www.pewforum.org/2010/08/24/public-remains-conflicted-over-islam.
  3.  James Q. Whitman, Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 45–46.
18. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
  1.  Kerry A. Dolan and Luisa Kroll, “Forbes Billionaires 2018: Meet The Richest People On The Planet,” Forbes, March 6, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2018/03/06/forbes-billionaires-2018-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet/#57465ba56523
  2.  Sustainable Development Solutions Network, SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2017, http://sdgindex.org/.
  3.  John Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs, eds., World Happiness Report 2018 (New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2018).
  4.  John Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs, eds., World Happiness Report 2017 (New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2017).
  5.  Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Peace Index 2017, http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/06/GPI17-Report.pdf.