NOTES

NOTES TO CHAPTER 2

1. E. Abbott, Flatland (London: Seeley, 1884).

2. S. Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, trans. James Strachey (Oxford, UK: W. W. Norton, 1965), 202.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 3

1. M. Seligman, D. Chirot, and J. Albert, “Graduation,” Fish and Pumpkin 22 (1960): 5. My only published poem.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 4

1. A. Whitehead and B. Russell, Principia mathematica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910).

2. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus logico-philosophicus (London: Kegan Paul, 1922).

3. D. Edmonds and J. Eidinow, Wittgenstein’s Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers (New York: Perennial, 2002).

4. M. E. P. Seligman and B. A. Campbell, “Effect of Intensity and Duration of Punishment on Extinction of an Avoidance Response,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59 (1965): 295–297.

5. Alessandra Stanley, “Poet Told All; Therapist Provides the Record,” New York Times, July 15, 1991, http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/books/poet-told-all-therapist-provides-the-record.html.

Sexton’s moving poem opens:

You, Doctor Martin, walk

from breakfast to madness. Late August,

I speed through the antiseptic tunnel

where the moving dead still talk

of pushing their bones against the thrust

of cure.

6. Peter told me in the 1980s that he burned it, along with all the other life stories he spent so much effort compiling. His concern was our privacy, but like Anne Sexton, I wish he had preserved mine.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 5

1. W. James, “Does Consciousness Exist?,” Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods 1 (1904): 477–491.

2. Pavlov called it the “conditional reflex,” marking the fact that the mechanism was future oriented, but the American W. Horsley Gantt egregiously mistranslated this as the “conditioned reflex,” crucially omitting its forward-looking orientation. I. P. Pavlov, Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes: Twenty-Five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity, trans. W. Horsley Gantt with G. Volbroth (New York: International Publishers, 1928).

3. D. Coon, “Eponymy, Obscurity, Twitmyer, and Pavlov,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 18 (1982): 255–262.

4. J. B. Watson, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” Psychological Review 20 (1913): 158–177.

5. E. L. Thorndike, “Some Experiments on Animal Intelligence,” Science 7 (1898), 813–818.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 6

1. J. B. Overmier and R. C. Leaf, “Effects of Discriminative Pavlovian Fear Conditioning upon Previously or Subsequently Acquired Avoidance Responding,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60 (1965): 213–217.

2. N. Chomsky, “A Review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior,” Language 35 (1959): 26–54.

3. B. F. Skinner, Verbal Behavior (Boston, MA: Copley, 1957).

4. U. Neisser, Cognitive Psychology (Appleton, WI: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966).

5. M. Seligman and S. Maier, “Failure to Escape Traumatic Shock,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 74 (1967): 1–9.

6. Seligman and Maier, “Failure to Escape Traumatic Shock.”

7. S. Maier, M. Seligman, and R. Solomon, “Pavlovian Fear Conditioning and Learned Helplessness,” in Punishment, ed. B. A. Campbell and R. M. Church. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969 (299–343).

8. M. E. P. Seligman, S. F. Maier, and J. Geer, “The Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in Dogs,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 73 (1968): 256–262.

9. P. Singer, The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981).

10. M. A. Visintainer, J. R. Volpicelli, and M. E. P. Seligman, “Tumor Rejection in Rats After Inescapable or Escapable Shock,” Science 216 (1982): 437–439.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 7

1. For a history, see M. Seligman, E. Walker, and D. Rosenhan, Abnormal Psychology, 4th ed. (New York: Norton, 2001).

2. S. Freud, “Analysis of a Phobia of a Five-Year-Old Boy,” in Case Histories 1, Pelican Freud Library vol. 8, (Harmondsworth, UK: Pelican, 1977; orig. 1909), 169–306.

3. J. Wolpe, Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958).

4. S. Maier, “Failure to Escape Traumatic Electric Shock: Incompatible Skeletal-Motor Responses or Learned Helplessness?,” Learning and Motivation 1 (1970): 157–169.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 8

1. I. Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry (New York: International Publishers, 1941).

2. N. R. F. Maier, Frustration (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949).

3. J. Garcia and R. Koelling, “Relation of Cue to Consequence in Avoidance Learning,” Psychonomic Science 4 (1966): 123–124.

4. J. Watson, Behaviorism, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930).

5. The dialogues with my students and with others in this book are only my reconstructions of conversations and events. They are not verbatim and may be inaccurate in the detail of time and place. They are meant to capture the gist of the events and the personae of the speakers as closely as possible.

6. M. Seligman and J. Hager, The Biological Boundaries of Learning (Appleton, WI: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972). M. Seligman, “On the Generality of the Laws of Learning,” Psychological Review 77 (1970): 406–417.

7. T. Sowell, Inside American Education (New York: Free Press, 1993).

8. T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

9. Sagan, Contact (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985).

10. M. E. P. Seligman and D. Groves, “Non-transient Learned Helplessness,” Psychonomic Science 19 (1970): 191–192.

11. A. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Achievement,” Harvard Educational Review 39 (1969): 1–123.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 9

1. A. T. Beck, Depression (New York: Hoeber, 1967).

2. A. T. Beck et al., Cognitive Therapy of Depression (New York: Guilford, 1979).

3. M. E. P. Seligman, “Depression and Learned Helplessness,” in The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research, ed. R. J. Friedman and M. M. Katz (New York: Winston-Wiley, 1974).

4. M. E. P. Seligman, “On the Generality of the Laws of Learning,” Psychological Review 77 (1970): 406–418.

5. Ultimately gathered together in R. Rescorla, “Pavlovian Conditioning: It’s Not What You Think It Is,” American Psychologist 43 (1988):151–160.

6. M. E. P. Seligman, “Phobias and Preparedness,” Behavior Therapy 2 (1971): 307–320.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 10

1. J. Weiss, “Effects of Coping Responses on Stress,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 65 (1968): 251–260.

2. J. V. Brady, “Ulcers in Executive Monkeys,” Scientific American 199 (1958): 95–100.

3. J. L. Kavanau, “Behavior of Captive White-Footed Mice,” Science 155 (1967): 1623–1639.

4. E. Langer and J. Rodin, “The Effects of Choice and Personal Responsibility for the Aged: A Field Experiment in an Institutional Setting,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976): 191–198.

5. R. White, “Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence,” Psychological Review 66 (1959): 297–333.

6. J. Rotter, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement,” Psychological Monographs 80 (1966): 1–28.

7. A. Bandura, “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,” Psychological Review 84 (1977): 191–215.

8. R. Lazarus, J. Averill, and E. Opton, “The Psychology of Coping: Issues of Research and Assessment,” in Coping and Adaptation, ed. G. V. Coehlo, D. Hamburg, and J. Adams (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 249–315.

9. S. Maier and M. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105 (1976): 3–46.

10. Maier and Seligman, “Learned Helplessness.” But keep in mind, when you read chapter 28 and find out that our dogs and rats did not learn helplessness under trauma, that animals and people certainly can, under more benign circumstances, learn that they have no control as demonstrated by the nontraumatic experiments.

11. D. Hiroto and M. Seligman, “Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (1975): 311–327.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 11

1. Joan Oliver Goldsmith’s marvelous little book How Do We Keep from Singing: Music and the Passionate Life (2002) contains a chapter titled “Tessitura,” which is my inspiration on this topic.

2. R. Solomon and L. Turner, “Discriminative Classical Conditioning in Dogs Paralyzed by Curare Can Later Control Discriminative Avoidance Responses in the Normal State,” Psychological Review 69 (1962):202–219. Do note the length of the title itself.

3. F. Irwin and W. Smith, “Value, Cost, and Information as Determiners of Decision,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 54 (1957): 229–232.

4. American Psychological Association Publication Manual (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press, 2010). This publication, perennially on the best-seller list, provided serious income to the APA.

5. R. Rescorla and R. Solomon, “Two-Process Learning Theory: Relationships Between Pavlovian Conditioning and Instrumental Learning,” Psychological Review 74 (1967): 151–187.

6. M. Seligman and J. Johnston, “A Cognitive Theory of Avoidance Learning,” in Contemporary Approaches to Conditioning and Learning, ed. F. J. McGuigan and D. B. Lumsden (Washington, DC: Winston and Sons, 1973), 69–110.

7. R. Solomon, L. Kamin, and L. Wynne, “Traumatic Avoidance Learning: The Outcomes of Several Extinction Procedures with Dogs,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48 (1953): 291–302.

8. R. Rescorla, “Pavlovian Conditioning: It’s Not What You Think It Is,” American Psychologist 43 (1988): 151–160.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 12

1. H. Eysenck, obituary of Michel Gauquelin, Independent, June 20, 1991.

2. I. Marks, Fears and Phobias (New York: Academic Press, 1969).

3. A. Ohman et al., “The Premise of Equipotentiality in Human Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Electrodermal Responses to Potentially Phobic Stimuli,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105 (1976):313–337.

4. S. Rachman and M. Seligman, “Unprepared Phobias: Be Prepared,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 14 (1976): 333–338.

5. J. Durac, A Matter of Taste (London: Deutsch & Co, 1975).

6. S. J. Rachman, “A Matter of Taste: J. Durac,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 14 (1975): 94.

7. M. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975).

NOTES TO CHAPTER 13

1. J. Rotter, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement,” Psychological Monographs 80 (1966): 1–28.

2. B. Weiner, “‘Spontaneous’ Causal Thinking,” Psychological Bulletin 97 (1985): 74–84.

3. L. Abramson, M. Seligman, and J. Teasdale, “Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978): 49–74.

4. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1922).

5. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1953).

6. For the most complete statement, see Chapter 13 in M. Seligman, E. Walker, and D. Rosenhan, Abnormal Psychology, 4th ed. (New York: Norton, 2001).

7. G. Vaillant Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977).

8. W. Mischel, E. Ebbesen, and A. R. Zeiss, “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21 (1972): 204–218.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 14

1. I am reconstructing the gist of the letter from memory, since the original disappeared long ago.

2. C. Peterson et al., “The Attributional Style Questionnaire,” Cognitive Therapy and Research 6 (1982): 287–300. The references for much of the work on the ASQ can be found in C. Peterson and M. Seligman, “Causal Explanations as a Risk Factor for Depression: Theory and Evidence,” Psychological Review 91 (1984): 347–374.

3. C. Peterson and M. Seligman, “Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations: The CAVE Technique for Assessing Explanatory Style” (unpublished paper, 1984).

4. M. Seligman et al., “Depressive Attributional Style,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88 (1979): 242–247.

5. M. Seligman et al., “Attributional Style and Depressive Symptoms Among Children,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93 (1984): 235–238.

6. “Mission,” National Institute of Mental Health, accessed September 4, 2017, http://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-mental-health-nimh.

7. C. Peterson, L. Luborsky, and M. Seligman, “Attributions and Depressive Mood Shifts: A Case Study Using the Symptom-Context Method,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92 (1983): 96–103.

8. C. Raps et al., “Attributional Style Among Depressed Patients,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91 (1982): 102–103.

9. C. Peterson and M. Seligman, “Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations.”

10. G. Metalsky et al., “Attributional Styles and Life Events in the Classroom: Vulnerability and Invulnerability to Depressive Mood Reactions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1982): 612–617.

11. M. E. P. Seligman and G. Elder, “Learned Helplessness and Life-Span Development,” in Human Development and the Life Course: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. A. Sorenson, F. Weinert, L. Sherrod (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1985), 377–427.

12. L. Alloy and L. Abramson, “Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser?,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108 (1979): 441–485.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 15

1. M. E. P. Seligman et al., “Explanatory Style as a Mechanism of Disappointing Athletic Performance,” Psychological Science 1 (1990):143–146.

2. M. Visintainer, J. Volpicelli, and M. Seligman, “Tumor Rejection in Rats After Inescapable or Escapable Shock,” Science 216 (1982): 437–439.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 16

1. M. McCarthy, “The Thin Ideal, Depression and Eating Disorders in Women,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 28 (1990): 205–215.

2. For a useful review of the origins and growth of attachment theory from Konrad Lorenz to John Bowlby to Mary Ainsworth, see I. Bretherton, “The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth,” Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 759–775.

3. P. Brickman, D. Coates, and R. Janoff-Bulman, “Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917–927.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 17

1. M. Seligman, Learned Optimism (New York: Knopf, 1990).

2. M. Sandmaier, “Don’t Worry, Be Happy,” New York Times Book Review, January 20, 1991.

3. M. Seligman et al., The Optimistic Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996).

4. M. Seligman, What You Can Change and What You Can’t (New York: Knopf, 1994).

5. M. Seligman, “The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports Study,” American Psychologist 50 (1995): 965–974. M. Seligman, “Science as an Ally of Practice,” American Psychologist 51 (1996):1072–1079.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 18

1. P. Nathan and J. Gorman, eds., A Guide to Treatments That Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

NOTES TO CHAPTER 19

1. An etymological digression: Mike is a lineal descendant of Genghis Khan, and the surname derives from his family’s town of origin in Hungary: St. Michael of Csiks. It is pronounced “cheeks sent me high.”

2. D. Clifton and P. Nelson, Soar with Your Strengths (New York: Dell, 1992).

3. D. Chirot and M. Seligman, eds., Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Solutions (Washington, DC: APA Books, 2001).

4. J. Gillham, The Science of Optimism and Hope: Research Essays in Honor of Martin E. P. Seligman (Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2000).

5. J. Templeton, Worldwide Laws of Life (Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 1997).

NOTES TO CHAPTER 20

1. See B. Kuklick, Churchmen and Philosophers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985), especially Chapter 15, for the narration and implications of the Haymarket Square Riot for the founding of social science.

2. G. Allport, “Personality and Character,” Psychological Bulletin 18 (1921): 441–455.

3. C. Peterson and M. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues (Washington, DC: APA Press and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

4. You can take it for free at authentichappiness.org

NOTES TO CHAPTER 22

1. “Master of Applied Positive Psychology,” University of Pennsylvania, accessed September 4, 2017, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/lps/graduate/mapp. If you are so called, please do apply. It is the single best learning experience in positive psychology.

2. E. Diener and M. E. P. Seligman, “Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-being,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (2004):1–31.

3. M. Seligman, Authentic Happiness (New York: Free Press, 2002).

4. I thank a valuable member of the friends-of-PP list-serve, Judy Krings, for thinking up the catchy acronym “PERMA” and generously allowing me to use it.

5. M. Seligman, Flourish (New York: Free Press, 2011).

6. C. Wallis, “The New Science of Happiness,” Time, January 9, 2005.

7. M. Seligman, A. Parks, and T. Rashid, “Positive Psychotherapy,” American Psychologist 61 (2006): 774–788.

8. For a meta-analysis of thirty-nine studies of positive interventions, see L. Boller et al., “Positive Psychology Interventions: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies,” BMC Public Health 13 (2013): 119. For the latest, see also C. Chaves et al., “A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of a Positive Psychology Intervention and a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Clinical Depression,” Cognitive Therapy and Research 41 (2016): 1–17.

9. J. Boehm and L. Kubzansky, “The Heart’s Content: The Association Between Positive Psychological Well-being and Cardiovascular Health,” Psychological Bulletin 138 (2012): 655–691.

10. L. Harker and D. Keltner, “Expressions of Positive Emotion in Women’s College Yearbook Pictures and Their Relationship to Personality and Life Outcomes Across Adulthood,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001): 112–124.

11. D. Schkade and D. Kahneman, “Does Living in California Make People Happy?,” Psychological Science 9 (1998): 340–346.

12. M. E. P. Seligman et al., “Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions,” American Psychologist 60 (2005): 410–421.

13. V. Huta and R. Ryan, “Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives,” Happiness Studies 11 (2010): 735–762.

14. A. L. Duckworth and M. E. P. Seligman, “Self-discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,” Psychological Science 16 (2006): 939–944.

15. E. Diener and M. E. P. Seligman, “Very Happy People,” Psychological Science 13 (2002): 81–84.

16. M. Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

17. B. Fredrickson et al., “A Functional Genomic Perspective on Human Well-being,” PNAS 110 (2013): 13684–13689.

18. S. Oishi, S. Kesebir, and E. Diener, “Income Inequality and Happiness,” Psychological Science 22 (2011): 1095–1100.

19. P. Taylor, C. Funk, and P. Craighill, “Are We Happy Yet?,” Pew Research Center, February 13, 2006.

20. R. Davidson, The Emotional Life of Your Brain (New York: Penguin, 2012).

21. M. Seligman and M. Csikszentmihalyi, “Positive Psychology: An Introduction,” American Psychologist 35 (2000): 5–14.

22. A. Waterman, “The Humanistic Psychology–Positive Psychology Divide: Contrasts in Philosophical Foundations,” American Psychologist 68 (2013): 124–133.

23. C. Spielberger and L. DeNike, “Awareness in Verbal Conditioning,” Journal of Personality 30 (Supplement 3) (1962): 73–101.

24. D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011).

25. M. Nussbaum, “Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aristotelian Essentialism,” Political Theory 20 (1992): 202–246. A. Sen, Commodities and Capabilities (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1985).

26. J. Henrich, S. J. Heine, and A. Norenzayan, “The Weirdest People in the World?,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2010): 61–135.

27. A. Delle Fave, Cross-cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology (New York: Springer, 2010). See also T. Lomas, “Positive Cross-cultural Psychology: Exploring Similarity and Difference in Constructions and Experiences of Wellbeing,” International Journal of Wellbeing 5, no. 4 (2015): 60–77. P. Wong, “Cross-cultural Positive Psychology,” Encyclopedia of Cross-cultural Psychology, ed. K. Keith (Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers, 2013).

28. B. Stevenson and J. Wolfers, “Economic Growth and Subjective Well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 39 (2008): 1–102.

29. B. Ehrenreich, Bright-Sided: How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America (New York: Holt, 2009).

30. B. Ehrenreich, “Pathologies of Hope,” Harper’s Magazine, February 1, 2007.

31. “Positive Psychology Associations,” IPPA, accessed September 4, 2017, http://www.ippanetwork.org/associations.

32. I recommend Stephen Pinker’s The Better Angels of Our Nature (New York: Penguin, 2012) for those who doubt that there is less, much less, violence now than in the past, and I particularly recommend Johan Norberg’s Progress (London: One World, 2016) for a discussion of all the realms of life in which progress has been substantial in the last two hundred years. Pinker’s newest book, Enlightenment Now, will come out in February 2018. It is Better Angels on vitamin pills.

33. R. Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000).

34. S. Taylor et al., “Biobehavioral Responses to Stress in Females: Tend-and-Befriend, not Fight-or-Flight,” Psychological Review 107 (2000):411–429.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 23

1. S. Nolen-Hoeksema, J. Girgus, and M. Seligman, “Predictors and Consequences of Childhood Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992): 405–422.

2. M. Seligman et al., The Optimistic Child (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1995).

3. J. Horowitz and J. Garber, “The Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analytic Review,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2006): 401–415. S. Brunwasser, J. Gillham, and E. Kim, “A Meta-analytic Review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s Effect on Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77 (2009): 1042–1054. But for the nonsignificant results, see A. Bastounis et al., “The Effectiveness of the Penn Resiliency Programme (PRP) and Its Adapted Versions in Reducing Depression and Anxiety and Improving Explanatory Style: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Journal of Adolescence 52 (2016): 37–48.

4. A. L. Duckworth and M. E. P. Seligman, “Self-discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,” Psychological Science 16 (2005): 939–944.

5. M. Norrish, Positive Education: The Geelong Grammar School Journey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

6. R. Layard and D. Clark, Thrive (London: Penguin, 2014).

7. “Girls First | Bihar, India,” CorStone, accessed September 4, 2017, http://corstone.org/girls-first-bihar-india.

8. M. White and S. Murray, Evidence-Based Approaches to Positive Education (New York: Springer, 2016).

9. D. Cooperrider and D. Whitney, Appreciative Inquiry (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2005).

10. “PESA: Updates from Positive Education Schools Association,” IPEN, May 29, 2015, http://www.ipositive-education.net/pesa-updates-from-positive-education-schools-association. Basedon thePESA model, the International Positive Education Network (IPEN) held its first “festival” in Dallas, from July 17 to 20, 2016. More than eight hundred people from thirty nations attended. Sir Anthony Seldon was the president, and Lord James O’Shaugnessy was the chair. The festival was sponsored by Success Magazine and Live Happy Magazine. The second festival will be held in Dallas in June 2018.

11. M. Seligman, Building a State of Well-Being (Adelaide: Department of Premier and Cabinet, 2013).

12. A. Adler, “Teaching Life Skills Increases Well-being and Academic Performance: Evidence from Bhutan, Mexico, and Peru” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2016).

13. Adler, “Teaching Life Skills.”

14. Adler, “Teaching Life Skills.”

NOTES TO CHAPTER 24

1. J. Kaye, “NYT Misses Full Story on Mitchell-Jessen,” Firedoglake, August 13, 2009.

2. J. Mayer, “Mayer on Seligman,” Atlantic, July 17, 2008.

3. See J. Mayer, The Dark Side (New York: Doubleday, 2008). See also J. Mayer, “The Experiment,” New Yorker, July 11, 2005.

4. G. Bloche, The Hippocratic Myth: Why Doctors Are Under Pressure to Ration Care (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011).

5. D. Hoffman et al., “Report to the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of the American Psychological Association: Independent Review Relating to APA Ethics Guidelines, National Security Interrogations, and Torture,” APA, 2015, http://www.apa.org/independent-review/APA-FINAL-Report-7.2.15.pdf.

6. J. Kaye, “Top US Psychologist Allegedly Met with James Mitchell in Days Before Zubaydah Torture,” Firedoglake, December 8, 2013.

7. Hoffman “Report to the American Psychological Association,” 48–49.

8. T. Shaw, “Learned Helplessness and Torture: An Exchange,” New York Review of Books, April 7, 2016.

9. J. Risen, Pay Any Price: Greed, Power and Endless War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014).

10. J. Mitchell, Enhanced Interrogation (New York: Penguin, 2016). For those interested in the details of this program, I highly recommend this book.

11. For a detailed example, see M. Apuzzo, S. Fink, and J. Risen, “How U.S. Torture Left Legacy of Damaged Minds,” New York Times, October 9, 2016.

12. Shaw, “Learned Helplessness.”

13. “Press Release and Recommended Actions: Independent Review Cites Collusion Among APA Individuals and Defense Department Officials in Policy on Interrogation Techniques,” APA, July 10, 2015, http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2015/07/independent-review-release.aspx.

14. “Information and Resources Regarding the ‘Hoffman Report’ Independent Review,” Division 19, accessed September 4, 2017, http://www.division19students.org/hoffman-report.html.

15. Electronically filed, Court of Common Pleas, February 16, 2017, 12:31:28 p.m., Case Number: 2017 CV 00839 Docket ID: 30555815, Gregory A. Brush, Clerk of Courts, Montgomery County, Ohio.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 25

1. P. Lester et al., “The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program Evaluation: Report Number 3: Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Master Resilience Training on Self-reported Resilience and Physical Health,” University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 2011, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=pdharms.

2. P. Harms et al., “The Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness Evaluation: Report Number 4. Evaluation of Resilience Training and Mental and Behavioral Health Outcomes,” University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 2013, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/pdharms/10.

3. D. Vergun, “Study Concludes Master Resilience Training Effective,” Army.mil, January 24, 2012.

4. R. Eidelson, M. Pilisuk, and S. Soldz, “The Dark Side of Comprehensive Soldier Fitness,” The Psysr Blog, April 5, 2011, http://www.psysr.org/blog/2011/04/05/the-dark-side-of-comprehensive-soldier-fitness.

5. S. M. Brunwasser, J. E. Gillham, and E. S. Kim, “A Meta-analytic Review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s Effect on Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77 (2009): 1042–1054.

6. L. Denning, M. Meisnere, and K. Warner, Preventing Psychological Disorders in Service Members and Their Families: An Assessment of Programs (Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, 2014).

7. Eidelson, Pilisuk, and Soldz, “The Dark Side of Comprehensive Soldier Fitness.”

8. Eidelson, Pilisuk, and Soldz, “The Dark Side of Comprehensive Soldier Fitness.”

9. B. Levine, “10 of the Worst Abuses of the Psychiatric and Psychological Professions in American History,” Alternet, September 24, 2015, https://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/10-worst-abuses-psychiatric-and-psychological-professions-american-history.

10. D. Tencer, Global Research, October 14, 2010.

11. See note 8, chapter 24.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 26

1. M. Seligman et al., “Positive Health and Health Assets: Re-analysis of Longitudinal Datasets,” Positive Health, 2012, http://positivehealthresearch.org/sites/positivehealthresearch.org/files/PH_Whitepaper_Layout_Web.pdf.

2. J. Boehm et al., “A Prospective Study of Positive Psychological Well-Being and Coronary Heart Disease,” Health Psychology 30 (2011):259–267.

3. J. Boehm and L. Kubzansky, “The Heart’s Content: The Association Between Positive Psychological Well-being and Cardiovascular Health,” Psychological Bulletin 138 (2012): 655–691.

4. C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, and S. C. Segerstrom, “Optimism,” Clinical Psychology Review 30 (2010): 879–889.

5. H. Tindle et al., “Optimism, Cynical Hostility, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative,” Circulation 118 (2009): 1145–1146. I reviewed all these studies in M. Seligman, Flourish (New York: Free Press, 2011).

6. G. Nikrahan et al., “Effects of Positive Psychology Interventions on Risk Biomarkers in Coronary Patients: A Randomized, Wait-List Controlled Pilot Trial,” Psychosomatics 57 (2016): 359–368.

7. E. Diener and M. Chan, “Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-being Contributes to Health and Longevity,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 3 (2011): 1–43.

8. B. Liu et al., “Does Happiness Itself Directly Effect Mortality? The Prospective UK Million Women Study,” The Lancet 387 (2015): 874–881.

9. E. Diener, S. Pressman, and S. Lyubomirsky, “Can 1 Million Women Be Wrong About Happiness and Health?” Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2015.

10. And so it does, big time. M. Seligman et al., “Catastrophic Thinking Predicts PTSD: From a New Authoritative Army Database,” submitted 2018. Soldiers who were strong catastrophizers and faced intense combat were over 300 percent more likely to come down later with PTSD. Since catastrophization can be mitigated by our resilience program and can be identified in advance, this could lead to a major reduction in PTSD.

11. N. Park and M. E. Seligman, “Christopher M. Peterson (1950–2012),” American Psychologist 68, no. 5 (2013): 403.

12. G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician’s Apology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).

13. D. Buettner, Blue Zones (New York: National Geographic, 2008).

14. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953), 43.

15. J. C. Eichstaedt et al., “Psychological Language on Twitter Predicts County-Level Heart Disease Mortality,” Psychological Science 26 (2014):159–169.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 27

1. D. Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness (New York: Knopf, 2008).

2. I am informed that the more correct Latin is Homo prospiciens. But it is too late now to change the book’s title to the grammatically correct one.

3. R. Baumeister et al., “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998):1252–1265.

4. R. Baumeister and E. Masicampo, “Conscious Thought Is for Facilitating Social and Cultural Interactions: How Mental Simulations Serve the Animal-Cultural Interface,” Psychological Review 117 (2010): 945–971. Roy held the world’s record for the number of publications in the nit-picky Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and so probably became a master of bowing and scraping to reviewers. Strangely enough, however, his is one of the most original minds I know.

5. M. E. Raichle et al., “A Default Mode of Brain Function,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (2001): 676–682. R. L. Buckner, J. R. Andrews-Hanna, and D. L. Schacter, “The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1124 (2008): 1–38. R. Buckner and D. Carroll, “Self-projection and the Brain,” Trends in Cognitive Science 11 (2007): 49–57.

6. M. White, Toward Reunion in Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956).

7. M. Seligman et al., “Navigating into the Future or Driven by the Past,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 8 (2013): 119–141.

8. M. Seligman et al., Homo Prospectus (New York: Oxford, 2016).

9. J. Hawkins and S. Blakeslee, On Intelligence (New York: Times Books, 2004).

10. U. Neisser and N. Harsch, “Phantom Flashbulbs: False Recognitions of Hearing the News about Challenger,” in Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of “Flashbulb” Memories, ed. E. Winograd and U. Neisser (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 9–31.

11. D. Chalmers, “Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (1995): 200–219.

12. See the “Creativity” chapter by M. Seligman, with M. Forgeard and S. Kaufman, in Homo Prospectus (New York: Oxford, 2016).

13. H. Zuckerman, Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the U.S. (New York: Free Press, 1977).

14. T. Salthouse, A Theory of Cognitive Aging (New York: Elsevier, 1985).

15. R. R. McCrae, D. Arenberg, and P. T. Costa, “Declines in Divergent Thinking with Age: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal, and Cross-sequential Analyses,” Psychology and Aging 2 (1987): 130–137.

16. J. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

17. J. Gleick, Isaac Newton (New York: Vintage, 2004).

18. A. Duckworth, J. Eichstaedt, and L. Ungar, “The Mechanics of Human Achievement,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 9 (2015): 353–369.

19. M. Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: HarperCollins, 1996).

20. J. Riemer, “Perlman Makes His Music the Hard Way,” Houston Chronicle, February 10, 2001.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 28

1. R. Grahn et al., “Blockade of Alpha 1 Adrenoreceptors in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Prevents Enhanced Conditioned Fear and Impaired Escape Performance Following Uncontrollable Stressor Exposure in Rats,” Behavioural Brain Research 134 (2002): 387–392.

2. For the details of these techniques and others that follow, see S. Maier and M. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness Revisited Fifty Years Later: Insights from Neuroscience,” Psychological Review 123 (2016):349–367.

3. M. Baratta et al., “Selective Activation of Dorsal Raphe Nucleus-Projecting Neurons in the Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex by Controllable Stress,” European Journal of Neuroscience 30 (2009): 1111–1116.

4. J. Amat et al., “Prior Experience with Behavioral Control over Stress Blocks the Behavioral Effects of Later Uncontrollable Stress: Role of the Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex,” Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006):13264–13272.

5. J. Christianson et al., “Learned Stressor Resistance Requires Extra-cellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in the Prefrontal Cortex,” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8 (2014): 348.

6. Amat et al., “Prior Experience with Behavioral Control over Stress.”

7. Maier and Seligman, “Learned Helplessness Revisited Fifty Years Later.”

8. M. White and A. Murray, eds., Evidence-Based Approaches in Positive Education: Implementing a Strategic Framework for Well-being in Schools (New York: Springer, 2015).

NOTES TO CHAPTER 29

1. “Religious Awakenings Bolster Americans’ Faith,” Gallup, January 14, 2003, http://www.gallup.com/poll/7582/religious-awakenings-bolster-americans-faith.aspx. R. Duffy and W. Sedlacek, “What Is Most Important to Student’s Long-Term Career Choices: Analyzing 10-Year Trends and Group Differences,” Journal of Career Development 34 (2007): 149–163. A. Wrzesniewski et al., “Jobs, Careers, and Callings: People’s Relation to Their Work,” Journal of Research in Personality 31 (1997): 21–33.

2. M. E. P. Seligman, “Introduction: How Are We Called into The Future?,” in Being Called: Scientific, Secular, and Sacred Perspectives, ed. D. B. Yaden et al. (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2015) xvii–xxvi. M. Seligman, “God Comes at the End,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice 1 (2014):67–70. See chapter 10 of M. E. P. Seligman et al., Homo Prospectus (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

3. R. Layard, “Promoting Secular Ethics,” in World Happiness Report Update 2016, ed. J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, and J. Sachs (New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2016), http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2016. I am in almost total agreement with this essay, with one exception: Layard argues that happiness, subjective well-being, is the unitary measure of the aim of secular ethics. I believe it is but that PERMA, which is broader and combines objective measures with subjective measures, is the path to happiness.

4. I must again recommend Johan Norberg’s Progress (London: One-World, 2016) to the doubters.