Page 5 Survey published 19 July 2002. Summary is shown in press release section of website.
Page 10 (i) Some will think that the fouling of today is due to the far greater sums of money now paid to footballers. They think it has corrupted a few otherwise decent people at the top of the game. But the figures show that the clubs with the most dismissals are not the leading ones at all. Between 1979 and 2001, only one of the ten worst clubs for sendings-off – Wimbledon – was in the Premier League (or the First Division, as it was before 1992/3) for more than four seasons. In contrast, four out of the five clubs with the best records enjoyed long periods in the Premier League: Ipswich, Liverpool, Derby County and Tottenham Hotspur. The least violence was where the money was biggest. The overwhelming evidence is that foul play is more common in the lower divisions where the money is far less significant. Cynicism and deliberate unfairness in modern football is not merely a reaction to huge financial gain.
Page 10 (ii) The figures come from Red – Missed: Sendings-off in English Football 1978/80 to 2000/01 (Tony Brown, Beeston, 2001), supplemented by further figures kindly supplied by Tony Brown.
Page 15 http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/
rds/pdfs/100years.xls
Page 17 Office for National Statistics, 1999, p. 155.
Page 24 Quoted in the Daily Mail, 21 March 2000.
Page 44 See footnote in Chapter 1 for further detail.
Page 63 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1950.
Page 69 Beatty, Christina et al., The Real Level of Unemployment 2002 (Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield, 2002).
Page 70 Sunday Telegraph, 1999.
Page 80 Quoted in the Daily Mail, 6 August 1997.
Page 105 In Seldon, Re-privatising Welfare.
Page 126 Blendon, Robert et al., ‘Inequities in Health Care: A Five-Country Survey’, Health Affairs, 2002, vol. 21, no. 3. The figures refer to 1998.
Page 137 Quoted in Robert Blendon et al., ‘Inequalities in Health Care’. The ratings referred to how many people in each country thought their treatment in these various respects was ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’.
Page 140 The figures relate to 2003. It is worth noting that the method of counting the number of physicians varies in different countries, and some figures, for the USA and Japan for example, are for an earlier year.
Page 163 Quoted in E.G. West, Education and the State, 3rd ed. (Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 1994).
Page 164 Ibid.
Page 189 Quoted in John Marks, Standards and Spending: Dispelling the Spending Orthodoxy (Centre for Policy Studies, London, 2002).
Page 192 Data from Oxford University information office.
Page 194 Interim report to the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, 1997. Quoted in Report 6, Widening Participation in Higher Education for Students from Lower Socio-economic Groups and Students with Disabilities. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/ncihe/r6_046.htm.
Page 195 Ibid.
Page 196 Ibid.
Page 201 HMSO, London, 1993.
Page 236 Lockheed and Jimenez, Public and Private Secondary Schools in Developing Countries (1994).
Page 263 Ermisch and Francesconi, Seven Years in the Lives of British Families (Policy Press, 2000), cited in Jill Kirby, Broken Hearts: Family Decline and the Consequences for Society (Centre for Policy Studies, London, 2002).
Page 264 Published by the Stationery Office, London.
Page 269 Manual worker earnings supplied by what was called the Employment Department (in 1994), details of personal allowances from Inland Revenue website and kindly explained by Stuart Adam at the Institute of Fiscal Studies. Manual workers, of course, were paid somewhat less than the average of all employed people, but figures for all employed people do not appear to go back that far. Also the proportion of manual workers in 1948–50 was far higher than now, probably accounting for the large majority. Table 6.5 previously incorporated some estimates of the average of all earnings. This shows that a family with the average of all earnings was not liable to tax in 1949/1950 if there were two children.
Page 271 Quoted in Frank Field et al., To Him Who Hath: A Study of Poverty and Taxation (Pelican, Harmondsworth, 1977), p. 32. This was – and remains – a very important book, showing how tax was extended to the poor in the decades after the war.
Page 273 Rowlingson, Karen, ‘The Social, Economic and Demographic Profile of Lone Parents’, in Jane Millar and Karen Rowlingson (eds), Lone Parents, Employment and Social Policy: Cross-national Comparisons (Policy Press, Bristol, 2001), p. 179, quoting Karen Rowlingson and Stephen McKay, Lone Parent Families: Gender, Class and State (Prentice Hall, Harlow, 2001), based on government figures from the Family and Working Lives Survey conducted for the Department for Education and Employment in 1994–5.
Page 274 ‘Social Class and Socio-economic Differentials in Divorce in England and Wales’, Population Studies, 1984, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 419–38 (1984). It was written a while ago but the welfare state was in full swing and I know of no reason to think that similar findings would not be discovered if a similar analysis was made today.
Page 275 (i) Social Trends 2003, p. 46. The drastic decline in first marriage is shown in fig. 2.10.
Page 275 (ii) Marriage, Divorce and Adoption Statistics (Series FM2), 1990, no. 16; Population Trends, 2002, no. 110; and Marriage and Divorces 1985–98.
Page 279 Stationery Office, London, 2001, p. 21.
Page 286 Whelan, Robert, Broken Homes and Battered Children (Family Education Trust, London, 1994).
Page 310 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
Page 311 With £18,001 of savings, Mavis is ‘deemed’ to have an income of £25 a week (far above actual returns on capital). Therefore her ‘net income’ is £25 plus £77.45 (her basic state pension), making £102.45. This is just above the ‘appropriate amount’ of £102.10 for a single person. She is therefore not eligible for the ‘guarantee credit’ element of pension credit. However, she is eligible for the ‘savings credit’ element. Her ‘qualifying income’ of £102.45 (state pension plus ‘deemed’ interest) is £25 above the ‘savings credit starting point’ of £77.45. She gets 60 per cent of this £25 up to a maximum of £14.79. Her real income is therefore her state pension of £77.45 plus her actual interest on £18,001 of £15.54 plus her pension credit of £14.79, making a total of £107.78. If she had no savings or £6,000 of savings, she would be eligible simply for the ‘guarantee credit’ element of the pension credit, namely the difference between the state pension and the ‘appropriate amount’ (£102.10 minus £77.45 = £24.65).
Page 313 Halsey and Webb, Twentieth-century British Social Trends, p. 342.
Page 317 John Macnicol, The Politics of Retirement in Britain 1878–1948 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998); Department for Work and Pensions for latest figure.
Page 318 Smeaton, Deborah and McKay, Stephen, Working after State Pension Age: Quantitative Analysis (Department for Work and Pensions, Research Report 182, 2003).
Page 323 Quoted in Macnicol, Politics of Retirement in Britain.
Page 332 (i) Social Trends 30. For 1890, 1895, 1900, figures from Economic Trends, October 1987.
Page 332 (ii) Total Managed Expenditure from HM Treasury website, 19 September 2003 and 29 November 2005 (Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses). Forecast figures for 2004/5 and 2005/6. It is a pity that the government has stopped making the long-established series of figures for general government expenditure readily available. That is why it has been necessary to convert to total managed expenditure for the final figures. The new measure rarely differs from the old by a large margin.
Page 334 Crafts, Nicholas, Britain’s Relative Economic Performance 1870–1999 (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2002) p. 41.
Page 335 Many thanks for the research and calculations by Christian Wignall which form the basis of this chart. He used per capita GDP figures from the Office of National Statistics in Britain and from Henry C. Y. Ho, ‘Growth of Government Expenditure in Hong Kong’, Hong Kong Economic Papers, 1974, no. 8, together with various Hong Kong government publications including the Hong Kong Census and Statistics website for figures from 1980 to 2001.
Page 363 The coverage of the Laura Touche case shown for the Daily Telegraph would be even longer but it seemed fair not to include coverage by the legal correspondent primarily concerned with whether the legal system with regard to coroners should be changed.