Index

absence epilepsy, 135

abstract ideas, 142

adrenaline, 95–6, 98

affective circumplex, 98–9

alarm systems, 147, 235, 236

Allport, D. A., 157, 163, 238

American flag, 117–18

analogy, 9, 152–3, 215–17

Anderson, J. A., 234

Anna Karenina, 1–5, 14, 22–4

Aristotle, 25, 168

Aron, A., 102–34

artificial intelligence, 26–8, 30, 35, 127, 178, 203, 217–19

arts, 34

attentional focus, 60

attention as interpretation, 140

automatic mental processes, 146

autonomic nervous system, 156

back door to the mind, 152

background processing, 138, 159

Bartlett, F., 235

behavioural economics, 122

benzene ring, 166

big data, 219

billiard ball model of gases, 216

Boer, E., 169

bottleneck of attention, 134

boundary of consciousness, 175, 185

brain-scanners, 8, 155

brain-style modelling, 11

brain surgery, 131

bridge-crossing experiment, 102

Broadbent, D. E., 236

broad vs narrow gambles, 121

building-blocks of knowledge, 30

Capablanca, J. R., 192–3, 195, 202, 242

Carlsen, M., 2002

Cathode Ray Tube model of imagery, 231

central processor, 130

character, 201

characters of our own creation, 10

charades, 210

Chater, N., 120, 171, 225–8, 233, 242

chess, 28, 192–5, 202, 241

choice blindness, 112–16

Chomsky, N. 32, 227

choosing vs rejecting, 118–21

Christiansen, M. H., 226, 228, 242

Churchland, P. M., 225–6

Churchland, P. S., 225–6

colour vision, 40, 231

common sense, 7, 32

{s}theories, 25–7

{s}psychology, 14

{s}physics, 28

computation, 14

computer chess, 193

cone cells, 40

confabulation, 30, 220, 241

connectionism, 11–12

conscious attention, 131

conscious awareness, 180

conscious experience, 143

conscious mind, 166

conscious vs unconscious thought, 185–6

consciousness, 141, 173, 175, 186

construction grammar, 227–8

contradiction, 1, 24, 31–4, 37–8, 52, 201

in perception, 38, 76, 80–82, 84–5

cooperative computation, 12, 35, 128–30, 132, 140, 156, 163, 165, 176, 178, 187

core affect, 99

corpus callosum, 109–12

cortex, 140

Cover, T., 242

cow image, 162, 166, 180

creative struggle, 168

creatures of habit, 202

Crompton, R., 22

cross-over wiring of the brain, 110

cube, 77–82

Culicover, P. W., 227

culture as shared canon of precedent, 221

cycle of thought, 9, 127–45, 153, 156, 158, 172, 175, 180–81, 186, 191, 208, 237–8

dalmatian image, 162, 166, 180

Dayan, P., 240

Debussy, C., 218

deep brain structures, 134, 137

deep neural networks, 12

Dennett, D., 1, 13, 225, 226, 229–30, 231

digital computers, 11, 127

direct perception, 179, 240

disengaging attention, 48, 70–71

disruption of consciousness, 133, 181

Ditchburn, R. W., 47

dividing the brain, 156

Don Quixote, Picasso’s image of, 200

dreams, 84–6, 238–9

Dreyfus, H., 225

Driver, J., 155, 237

driving, 168–171

duck-rabbit image, 93, 98

Duncan, J., 65, 230

Dürer, A., 62–3

Dutton, D., 102–3

economics, 32

effort after meaning, 235

elastic imagination, 217

election, 112–13, 117

electical stimulation of the brain, 134

emotion, 91–106

engaging attention, 70

engine of improvisation, 9, 35, 220

engine of precedent, 201

entrainment, 132

epilepsy, 131, 136

equilibrium, 216

Ericsson, K. A., 241

Evans, J. S. B., 228, 240

evolution by natural selection, 212

extinction effect, 42

eye movements, 43, 55–8, 181

eye tracker, 68

gaze-contingent, 44–6

E–Z Reader model of reading

false feedback, 117

feel of a physical object, 53

feelings, 91–106, 144

fiction, 2, 4, 6, 9, 21–4, 31, 37, 86, 184, 226

figure/ground, 62

Fischer, R., 202

flash of inspiration, 173

flash of suspicion, 173–4

flight simulator, 149–50

flow of consciousness, 6, 187 see also stream of consciousness

found faces, 195–6, 207–8, 215

fovea, 40

fragments of sensory information, 60

freedom, 11, 33, 222

Frege, G., 31

Freud, S., 3, 8, 87–9, 106, 185, 187, 228, 231

Freudian theory, 8, 88, 131

Frith, C., 155, 237

Gazzaniga, M., 110–11, 232

generative grammar, 32

geometric inferences, 177

Gibson, J. J., 225

Goldberg, A., 227

Gormenghast (M. Peake), 21, 24, 31–3, 35, 51–2

‘grabbiness’ of perception, 235

Graf, H., 86–9

Graf, M., 87, 89

grand illusion, 52–3, 59, 70–71, 74, 100, 143, 153–4, 168, 182, 190

grandmasters, 28, 194, 202

grouping see perceptual grouping

Hall, L., 112–16, 232, 233

Haines, R., 149–50

handwriting recognition, 207

Hart, P., 242

Hayes, P. J., 226–7

heads-up display, 150–51

head vs heart, 99–100

Hebrew, 45

Helmholtz, see von Helmholtz, H.

hemispheres of the brain, 109–12, 140

higher forms of consciousness, 183–4

Hindemith, P., 160, 164, 167, 238–9

Hinton, G. E., 234, 239

Hitchcock, A., 92

hoax, 53–4, 67, 220–21

Hofstadter, D. R., 241

Hopfield, J. J., 238

Huang, L., 61–7

humanities, 34

Hume, D., 183, 240

iceberg, 185–6

Idesawa, M., 176–8, 180

illusion

of mental depth, 7, 30–31, 34, 82, 123

of explanatory depth, 29, 225

of richness of the visual field, 52–3, 67

imageless thought controversy, 235

imagery, see mental imagery

imagination, 73, 211–15

imaginative jumps, 208

imposing meaning, 219

impossible objects, 38–9, 52, 85, 228

improvising mind, 7, 9–10, 75–6, 82, 145, 220

inattentional blindness, 147–51, 236

inattentional deafness, 236

incoherence, 29

incubation in problem solving, 238

information processing, 14

inner copy, 74–6

inner self, 183

inner world, 6, 8–9, 30, 51, 81

inner oracle, 30, 105

insight, 161–2, 166–8

intelligence, 211–15

intelligent machines, 217

intelligence test, 213–15

intensifier, 96

interference, 128–9

intermediate steps, 188

interpretation of emotion, 100–101

interpretation of sensory information, 141, 144

introspection, 6, 225

irony, 101

Jackendoff, R., 227–8

James, H., 97

James, W., 97, 232

Jasper, H. H., 234

Johansson, P., 112–16, 232, 233

Johnson, M., 243

Jones, G. V., 171, 239

Joyce, J., 188

judgement and decision making, 122

justification, 12, 30

Kahneman, D., 233, 240

Kekulé, A., 166, 173

Keil, F., 225, 227

knowledge vs consciousness, 184

Kolodner, J., 242

Kosslyn, S. M., 231

Kuleshov, L., 91, 207

Kuleshov effect, 91–5, 98, 104, 180, 207

Külpe, O., 235

Lakoff, G., 243

late-selection theory of attention, 236

layers of precedent, 221

left-brain interpreter, 111–12

level of arousal, 99

levels of consciousness, 185

Levy, J., 169–70, 239

like–dislike dimension, 99

limited visual window, 42

Little Hans, 86–9, 106

locking on to perceptual information, 48, 55, 70, 150, 181

Logan, G. D., 242

logical structure, 31

love, 102–6

machine learning, 15, 27, 234, 242

machine vision, 178

Mack, A., 147–8

magic, 53–4

market research, 32, 116

mask see visual mask

mathematical abstractions, 183

Maylor, E. A., 171, 231, 239

McCarthy, J., 226

McClelland, J. L., 234

McCulloch, W., 234

meaning of life, 106–8, 189–91

meaningful units, 49

memory search, 172

memory traces, 9, 197–8

Mendelsund, P., 22, 226

mental archive, 171

mental bedrock, 108

mental cul-de-sac, 165

mental elasticity, 218

mental focus, 146

mental imagery, 73–86, 142, 144

mental leaps, 212

mental rotation, 60–63

mental surface, 31

Mercier, H., 225

Merker, B., 134–5, 139–40, 142, 234–5

metaphor, 208–10, 216–17

Mexican wave, 132–3, 135

microprojector, 47

Mill, J. S., 188, 241

mirror of nature, 39

misdirection, 53

mobile phone, 170

Mooney, C., 205

Mooney faces, 205–8, 218

Moray, N., 236

motor system, 137

Mozzhukhin, I., 91–4, 180

multiple constraints, 178

multiple decision-making systems, 185

multiple systems cognitive theories, 228

multitasking, 169

myth of unconscious thought, 160–74, 187–8

narrow channel of consciousness, 146

Neisser, U., 151–2, 235, 236

neural network, 234

neurons, 127–8, 130

Newell, B., 241

Ninio, J., 42

nodding, 101

Noë, A., 229–30, 235

Oaksford, M., 225–5

object of perception, 60

Olduvai Gorge, 218

one colour at a time, 64–7

one object at a time, 70–71

one perceptual organization at a time, 50

one problem at a time, 139

one word at a time, 45

open-endedness, 204

O’Regan, J. K., 230, 235

overflow and perceptual awareness, 46

Paley, W., 210

parallel distributed processing, 234

Pashler, H., 61–7, 169–70, 230, 239

pattern finding, 190

Peake, M., 21, 33

Penfield, W., 131–6, 139–40, 142, 234–5

Penrose, L., 228

Penrose, R., 228

Penrose triangle, 228

perception–memory resonance, 195–201

perceptual and action, 136–7

perceptual grouping, 60–62

perceptual inference, 179

perceptual problem, 166

perceptual psychology, 178

personality, 10

petit mal epilepsy, 135

phenomenology, 50–51, 133

philosophy, 25

physical attraction, 102

physics, 25

physiological state, 96, 98

Picasso, P., 200

pinwheel, 65–7

hexagonal, 80

Pitts, W., 234

placebo, 95

Plato, 99

pocket calculator, 175

political revolutions, 223

Poincaré, H., 160, 164–5, 171, 238

pop out, 162

precedent, 10, 192, 202–4, 221, 223

principles, 192

purpose of perception, 59

Pylyshyn, Z. W., 231

Rachman, S., 231

Rayner, K., 229, 237

reason, 26

reason-based choice, 119–23

reason-based explanation, 12

Rees, G., 154–5, 237

reflective thought, 189

reinvention of the self, 222–3

relativism, 222

religious conversion, 223

Rensink, R., 230

retinal stabilization, 48–50, 64

Reutersvärd, O., 38, 52, 85

Riggs, L. 47

risk-averse vs risk-seeking, 121–2

Rock, I., 147–8

rod cells, 40

Rorty, R., 228

Rozenblit, L., 225, 227

Rumelhart, D. E., Russell, B., 31, 104–5, 232

Russell, C., 155, 237

Russell, J. A., 99, 225, 232

Ryle, G., 225

saccade, 57

Schachter, S., 95–8

science-fiction glasses, 57–8

scintillating image, 43

search for meaning, 190

secret of intelligence, 205

self-contradiction, 28, 85

sense of perceptual potential, 59

sensory experience, 37

sequential flow of thought, 138, 143, 153

sequential nature of action, 137

shadowing, 157

Shaffer, L. H., 157, 163, 238

Shafir, E., 119, 233

Shanks, D. R., 241

Sherlock Holmes, 144, 184

shrink-wrapping in attention, 230

sight-reading, 157

Simon, H. A., 188, 241–2

simultagnosia, 70–71

Singer, J., 95–8

Skinner, B. F., 13, 225

sleep, 164

sleep vs waking, 134–5

Sloman, S. A., 227, 228, 240

smell of burnt toast, 134

smooth pursuit eye movements, 181–2

social cognition, 122

sparseness

of knowledge, 29

of sensory experience, 39, 76, 81

spatial location, 66–7

speech recognition, 207

Sperber, D., 225

spiky sphere, 176–8, 180, 188

split brain, 110–12, 144

stabilized images, 47, 50, 55, 64 retinal stabilization

stream of consciousness, 31, 52, 181, 188

sub-cortical brain structures, 134–5, 140, 142, 235, 242

subliminal perception, 8

successive vs simultaneous presentation, 66–67

super-rational agents, 32

suspecting vs finding, 173

symbolic computation, 35

symbolic explanations, 35

symbolic language of mathematics, 166

tactile perception, 54–5

tangrams, 200

thalamus, 134, 140

theories, 26

tiger’s stripes, 73–6, 83

Titchener, E., 235

tradition, 11

Tolkein, J. R. R., 21–2

Tolstoy, L., 1–2, 4–5, 14, 22–4

traditions, 201

transcendental meaning, 191

transformation of past memories, 197–8, 209, 211

transformation of past precedents, 221

Treisman, A., 237

Tsetsos, K., 120, 233

Turner, J. M. W., 218

Turvey, M. T., 225

Tversky, A., 119, 233

typing, 157

unattended information, 152

unconscious activation of memories, 171

unconscious influences of decision making, 241

unconscious thought, 131, 159, 160, 164, 241

under-specified knowledge, 28

Usher, M., 120, 233

vision as touch, 55–6

visual acuity, 41

visual field, 40

visual mask, 147

visual neglect, 68–70, 138

visual perception, 10

visual world, 143

vividness, 75

von Helmholtz, H., 179, 240

waves, 210

web of inferences, 178

window of lucidity, 60, 82

window of text, 44

Wittgenstein, L., 31

Wolpe, J., 231

Woolf, V., 187

word meaning, 107, 190

Wundt, W., 225

Yarbus, A., 56