Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Abplanalp, Robert, 255
Abrams, Creighton, 226–27, 353–54
Acheson, Dean, 196
Adams, Sherman, 26
Agnew, Spiro: calls for resignation of, 144–47, 158, 159–61, 162–66, 168–69; corruption allegations against, 75–78, 100–104; on destroying tapes, 128–29; Ford replacing, 178–79; grand jury investigating, 24, 113, 136, 139; Haig’s role in removal of, 139, 141, 143–47, 151, 155–61; image of, fig. 9; leaks to press regarding, 141, 162; Nixon’s support for, 152–53; Petersen’s investigation of, 145, 149; requesting House investigation, 165; resignation negotiations, 171–74; resignation of, xiv, 174; role in Nixon’s administration, 101, 103; support for, 151, 160–61
Albert, Carl, 101, 103, 165, 187, 189, 205
Allende, Salvador, 156
All the President’s Men (Bernstein and Woodward), 71–74, 75, 120–21, 123, 277–79, 302, 323
Alsop, Joseph, 203
Anderson, Dale, 75
Anderson, Jack, 8, 13, 15, 27, 80, 100, 107, 131, 240–41, 255
Ap Gu, battle of (Vietnam War), 4–5
Armstrong, Scott, 75, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125
Ash, Russell, 256
Assad, Hafez, 296
Baker, Howard: and Butterfield’s testimony, 122, 124–25; and Dean’s testimony, 108; Deep Throat’s accusations against, 72, 73; and Ehrlichman’s testimony, 134–35, 136; interviewing Stewart, 132, 255; investigating spy ring, 135, 136, 175, 215–16; and Stennis compromise, 179, 183
Baker, James, 357
Baltimore grand jury, 75–77, 101–2, 113, 136, 139, 160, 165. See also Agnew, Spiro
Barker, Bernard, 268
Barnett, Frank, 186
Battle of Ap Gu (Vietnam War), 4–5
Bayh, Birch, 341
Beale, Betty, 178–79
Beall, George, 76, 77, 102–3, 104, 113, 136, 139, 160, 162
Beall, J. Glenn, 76, 77, 102–3, 104
Becker, Benton, 189, 339–40, 342–45
Beckman, Aldo, 230
Bennett, John, 129, 206, 207–8, 213, 272
Ben-Veniste, Richard, 219, 261
Bernstein, Carl: All the President’s Men, 71–74, 75, 120–21, 123, 277–79, 301–2, 323; Deep Throat source, 62, 71–72, 278–79; Felt as source for, 62, 71–74, 278; The Final Days, 233, 347–53; Haig as source for, xvi, 9, 74–75, 278–79, 355; The Last of the President’s Men, 121; reporting on spy ring, 235–36, 237; stories on FBI wiretaps, 174–75; stories on hidden political funds, 120; stories on Watergate, 17, 61–62, 74–75, 208, 218, 272–73; story on Richardson’s resignation, 187–88; story on Stennis compromise, 218; Sullivan as source for, 24, 278; and taping system, 123, 208; “vigilante squad” story of, 24
Best, Judah, 139, 158, 159, 160, 164, 172, 173
Bittman, William, 272–73
Bork, Robert, 185, 194, 195–96, 199
Bradley, Omar, 197
Brady, James, xiv
Brezhnev, Leonid, 20, 82, 104, 186, 190–94, 309–11, 313
Brown, Edmund G. “Pat,” 42
Brown, George, 226–27
Buchen, Philip, 341–42, 343, 354–55
Bull, Steve: access to tapes, 213, 219; following Agnew’s resignation, 178; following Nixon’s resignation, 338; Middle East trip, 305, 307–8; and taping system, 98–99, 125, 166, 204, 206, 213, 219; testimony of, 125, 204, 206–7
Bundy, McGeorge, 4
Burdick, George, 343
Burns, Arthur, 21
Bush, George H. W., 287
Butler, M. Caldwell, 323
Butterfield, Alexander: altered memo of, 314–15, 330; and hidden political funds, 120, 124; image of, fig. 8; meeting with Watergate committee, 120–22; relationship with Haig, 314; and taping system, 33, 35, 63, 75, 113; testimony before Judiciary Committee, 313–15; testimony before Watergate committee, 35, 62–63, 75, 122–23, 126–27
Buzhardt, J. Fred: advising Nixon to destroy tapes, 128; and Agnew’s corruption charges, 141, 146, 155–56, 160, 161; and Agnew’s resignation, 155–59, 163–64, 171–74; attempts to prosecute Stewart, 109–10, 128; bad advice from, 38–41, 66, 71, 78, 89; and Butterfield’s Watergate testimony, 121–22, 125; confirming existence of taping system, 126–27; conflicts of interest, 32, 42, 65, 229–30; controlling access to evidence, 212, 277, 280–81; and Dean’s Watergate testimony, 108, 114; and Ehrlichman’s subpoena, 299; and Ehrlichman’s Watergate testimony, 136; and Ellsberg case, 107; on Ford’s testimony, 354; and Huston Plan, 69–71, 86; image of, fig. 7; joining Nixon’s defense team, 31–32, 36, 65; knowledge of Nixon’s guilt, 110–11, 233, 322–24; and missing tapes, 198–99, 202, 204–5; and Moore’s Watergate testimony, 119–20; and Nixon’s resignation, xv, 153, 204, 328; relationship with Haig, 31–32; relationship with Laird, 110–11; releasing tape transcripts publicly, 280, 284; resignation of, 340; and Ruckelshaus’s report, 59; and Senate spy ring hearings, 242–43, 255, 268–71; and spy ring cover-up, 64–65, 94, 132–34, 222, 230, 237–38, 255; spy ring discovery as threat to, 64–65, 134, 136; and spy ring news stories, 224–25, 235–36; spy ring report of, 15, 79–80, 94, 132, 210, 246, 269–71; and Stennis compromise, 175–76, 179–80, 181–86, 218; and tape gaps, 168, 206, 211, 213–14, 219–20; tapes requested by Cox, 161; tapes requested by Jaworski, 233, 322–24; and Watergate cover-up, 47, 52–54; at West Point, 2; and white paper, 80, 83–84, 89; as Woodward source, 82, 253
Byrne, W. Matthew, 24–25, 26, 30, 37, 42–43, 48, 54–55
Califano, Joseph: and Butterfield’s testimony, 126; career of, 356; on Fritz Kraemer, 4; and Nixon’s resignation, 318–20; recommending Haig, 5, 26; relationship with Haig, 3, 20, 28–29, 291–92, 356; relationship with Jaworski, 318
Cambodia bombing campaign, 7, 43, 92, 148, 207, 244
Candor, Operation, 212–13, 217
Carter, Jimmy, 355
Case, Clifford, 159
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): under Casey, 358; Dean’s work with, 105–6; and Ellsberg trial, 29–30, 37, 54–55; helping Plumbers, 29–30, 37, 54; and Huston Plan, 69, 85–86; Nixon’s staffing changes, 31; Operation Chaos, 85, 106; Project Moses, 3; under Schlesinger, 29, 37, 46–47; Sullivan’s relations with, 8; and Walters memcons, 46–48; and Walters’s Watergate testimony, 65–67, 86; and Watergate cover-up, 16–17, 46–48, 51, 68–69, 106; Woodward alleging surveillance by, 72
Chaos, Operation (CIA), 85, 106
Chile, 156
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Clark, William, 358
COINTELPRO (FBI Counterintelligence program), 4, 8, 61
Colby, William “Bill,” 31, 37, 38, 41–42, 192, 309–10
Colodny, Len, 353
Colson, Charles: and Agnew’s corruption charges, 76, 77, 101, 102; indictment of, 263, 268; plea deal of, 302; possible pardon for, 334; recommending Haig, xvi; relationship with Haig, 77; on Sullivan at FBI, 27; and Vietnam War, 6
Communist Party (U.S.), 85, 196
Connally, John: and Agnew’s corruption charges, 147; desiring to be secretary of state, 44; facing indictment, 318; and Jaworski, 198; as Nixon advisor, 29, 41; on Nixon’s declining support, 297; as possible replacement for Agnew, 165, 174, 176
Copaken, Richard, 142
Cox, Archibald: appointed special prosecutor, 82–83, 90, 92; firing of, 185, 308; Haig’s concerns regarding, 83, 90–91, 99; inquiry into Nixon’s finances, 112–13; Nixon and Haig’s plan to fire, 153, 176–80, 182–85, 308; and Stennis compromise, 175–76, 179–80, 181–86; tapes requested by, 129, 130, 148, 151, 161, 166, 175–76, 179–80; and taping system discovery, 122; wiretap questionnaire from, 133. See also Senate Watergate committee; Watergate
Crewdson, John, 37, 45, 60, 306
Cuba, 3
Culebra (Puerto Rican island), 142
Cushman, Robert: December 1973 breakfast with Nixon, 226–27; FBI interviewing, 29–30, 32; helping Plumbers, 13, 29–30, 37, 54; testimony of, 30, 54, 58, 59–60, 93
Danielson, George, 293
Dash, Samuel, 40, 78, 121, 122, 225, 255
Davis, Evan, 268
Dean, John: April 15 (1973) conversation, 199, 204, 209; credibility of, 104, 117–18, 119, 274, 283–84, 286, 289; documents taken by, 30, 65, 69, 73, 81, 86, 87; February 28 (1973) conversation, 303; hush money, 96, 263; and Huston Plan, 69; March 13 (1973) conversation, 34, 97; March 21 (1973) conversation, 28, 34, 106–7, 109, 263, 266, 274, 277, 290–91, 293; March 22 (1973) conversation, 289, 320; in Mitchell’s corruption case, 274; Nixon’s firing of, 18; role in Watergate cover-up, 16–17, 47–48; Senate testimony of, 104–7, 108–9, 112; taped conversations of, 34, 96, 107, 204, 263; testimony of, 24, 96–98, 121–22; as threat to Nixon, 24, 33, 96–98; and Walters’s memcons, 47–48; Walters’s testimony on, 65–67; in Watergate news stories, 28, 59, 96–98
Deaver, Michael, 357
Deep Throat (Woodward’s source), 62, 71–74, 77–78, 181, 206, 278–79, 302
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 69
DeLoach, Cartha “Deke,” 31
DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency), 69
Dickinson, Bill, 301
Diego, Felipe de, 268
Doar, John, 225, 267, 274, 277, 293, 314–15, 321
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 10, 195, 223–24
Douglas, Kirk, 164
Downie, Len, 74
Drew, Elizabeth, 204
Dunn, Michael, 168
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 304
Egypt: Haig’s portrayal of, 350–51; in Middle East crisis, 167, 177, 186–87, 190–95, 266, 296–97, 297–98, 311; Nixon’s trip to, 301, 307, 309
Ehrlichman, John: and Agnew’s corruption charges, 75, 76–77; conviction of, 317–18; indictment of, 263, 268; interviewing Welander, 14; investigating Anderson-Radford relationship, 14–15; June 20 (1972) conversation, 166, 168, 206, 208, 211, 213–15, 218–20, 302; knowledge of taping system, 123; possible pardon for, 334; relationship with Byrne, 25; requesting CIA help, 54; resignation of, 18–19; role in Plumbers, 12–14, 37, 133, 222; role in wiretaps, 46; and Senate spy ring hearings, 243; Senate Watergate testimony of, 134–36; spy ring investigation of, 13–15, 132; in spy ring news stories, 235–36; trial of, 133–34, 291, 298–99, 300; in Walters’s memcons, 47–48; in Walters’s testimony, 65–67, 86; and Watergate cover-up, 16–17, 47–48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 106; in Watergate news stories, 74; and wiretap logs, 27, 59
Eisenhower, Dwight, 26, 94, 155, 157, 297, 354
Eisenhower, Julie Nixon, 163, 224
Ellsberg, Daniel: FBI wiretaps on, 26, 36–37; and Pentagon Papers, 12, 365n12; Plumbers’ investigation of, 12–13, 88, 222; at RAND Corporation, 365n12; trial of, 23, 24–25, 26, 29, 36–37, 42–43, 48, 54–55, 107, 222
Enterprise (aircraft carrier), 13, 238, 242, 269
Ervin, Sam: on Butterfield testifying, 122; on Buzhardt confirming taping system, 126–27; on Haig claiming executive privilege, 292; interviewing Stewart, 255; on investigating spy ring, 136, 175; Nixon pushing back against, 114, 117; Nixon underestimating, 78; opening Watergate hearings, 78; as possible special prosecutor, 42; and Stennis compromise, 176, 179, 183, 218. See also Senate Watergate committee
executive privilege, 39–41, 70–71, 89, 91, 113–14, 125–26, 127, 133–34, 138, 291–93
Faisal (king of Saudi Arabia), 243
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): anticommunist network, 85, 196; COINTELPRO program, 4, 8, 61; Felt’s resignation from, 63, 71; Ford’s background checks by, 188–89; and Huston Plan, 69, 85; Intelligence Division, 4, 114; Internal Security Division, 85, 100; interviewing Cushman, 29–30, 32; investigating Agnew, 78; investigating tape erasures, 240; Operation Solo, 85, 196; and Pentagon Papers, 12; succession tensions within, 26–27; Watergate investigation, 16–17, 47–48, 86. See also wiretap program (FBI)
Felt, Mark: accused of leaking information, 49, 55, 56, 60–61, 63, 89; leaking Watergate information, 24, 71–74, 278; leaking wiretap information, 23; resignation of, 63, 71, 89; tension between Sullivan and, 26–27, 46, 57; as Woodward source, 62, 71–74, 278
Fielding, Lewis, 13, 25, 29–30, 37, 88, 177, 268
The Final Days (Bernstein and Woodward), 233, 347–53
Finch, Bob, 19
Fleming, Peter, 283–84
Flowers, Walter, 321
Ford, Betty, 329
Ford, Gerald: in 1976 election, 355; confirmed as vice president, 215, 220–21; Haig’s role in administration of, 337, 354; image of, fig. 6; knowledge of Agnew’s guilt, 140–41; knowledge of Nixon’s guilt, 331; negotiating Nixon’s resignation, 325–26, 327–30, 334–35, 338–39, 340; pardoning Nixon, xiv, 341–42, 345–46; pardoning options, 327–30, 334–35, 338–39, 340; political maneuvering of, 221; as potential vice president, 174, 176, 178; relationship with Laird, 140–41, 299–300; supporting Nixon, 271–72, 296; taking presidential oath of office, 336–37; tensions between Nixon and, 299–300; testimony before Judiciary Committee, 328, 354–55; A Time to Heal, 140–41; vice presidential confirmation hearings, 188–89; and Watergate, 264, 277, 293
Fortas, Abe, 340
Fox, Alonzo (Haig’s father-in-law), 2
Fox, Patricia (Haig’s wife), 2
Garment, Leonard “Len,” 41; and Agnew’s corruption charges, 141; and Butterfield’s testimony, 120, 125, 126; and Cox’s firing, 182, 184–85; and Dean’s testimony, 108; and Ehrlichman’s testimony, 136; on Haig’s control, 32; and Haig’s testimony, 219; lobbying Jaworski, 199; as Nixon’s assistant, 230; and Nixon’s pardon, 340, 341; on pardoning Nixon’s aides, 335; as possible Woodward source, 82; recusal from Watergate, 227–28; and Stewart’s complaints, 64–65, 109–10; suggesting Nixon resign, 204; and taping system, 84, 128; and white paper, 86, 88
Garner, John, 155
Garrison, Sam, 268
Gayler, Noel, 11
George Burdick v. United States, 343
Gergen, Dave, 178
Gettlin, Robert, 353
Glanzer, Seymour, 120
Gold, Victor, 162
“Golden Boy” memo, 108
Goldwater, Barry, 160–61, 224, 270–71
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 302
Gradison, Willis, 267
Gray, L. Patrick, 27, 47–48, 52–53, 58, 61, 80, 278
Griffin, Robert, 330, 333, 354
Gromyko, Andrei, 311
Gurney, Edward, 109
Haig, Alexander, Sr. (Haig’s father), 1
Haig, Alexander Meigs, Jr.: appointed chief of staff, 25–26; appointed NATO commander, 353–55; bad advice from, 38–41, 89, 91; childhood of, 1–2; conflicts of interest, 42; control over Nixon’s defense team, 219, 277, 280–81, 291, 333; control over White House, xiv, 61, 62, 93, 145, 152, 169, 333; death of, 359; Distinguished Service Cross award, 5; dual status of, 95; early military career, 2–5; education of, 2; ending of political career, 358–59; as Ford’s chief of staff, 337; images of, fig. 4, fig. 5, fig. 6; Inner Circles, 35, 338–39, 353, 359; isolating Nixon, 32, 139, 143–44, 152, 173, 179–80, 190, 191–94, 207, 211–12; as Kissinger’s chief military aide, 5–6; knowledge of Nixon’s guilt, 295, 322–24; marriage of, 2; mentors of, 3–4; negotiating Nixon’s pardon, 334–35, 338–39, 340, 341–46; negotiating Nixon’s resignation, 322, 324–26; New York Times profile on, 264; Nixon’s reliance on, xiv–xvi, 11, 84, 96–97, 118–19, 169; and Nixon’s staffing changes, 28–29, 30–32, 41–42, 93–94; as possible SACEUR, 273; pressure on, 307–8, 333; promotions, 9, 10, 17; in Reagan’s administration, xiii–xiv, 356–58; recommended for chief of staff, 19–23; relationship with Woodward, 188, 348–49, 352–53, 358; retiring from army, 355; role in Agnew’s removal, 139, 155–59, 162–66, 169; role in Nixon’s removal, xiv–xvi, 57, 93, 136–37, 153–54, 186, 205–6, 264, 274–75, 295, 346; Senate confirmation hearings, 356–57; as source for Woodward, 72–75, 77–78, 82, 188, 278–79, 347–53; undermining Nixon, 32, 153–54, 205–6, 264, 274, 311–12; work ethic, 6
Haig, Frank (Haig’s brother), 1
Haig, Patricia Fox (Haig’s wife), 2
Haig, Regina (Haig’s mother), 1–2
Haig, Regina (Haig’s sister), 1
Haldeman, H. R. “Bob”: advising Nixon, 41, 50–51, 53, 83, 128; and Agnew’s corruption charges, 75–77, 101, 146; and Butterfield hiding political funds, 120, 121, 124; and Higby’s Watergate interview, 113–14; and Huston Plan, 105; indictment of, 263; June 20 (1972) conversation, 166, 168, 206, 208, 211, 213–15, 218–20, 302; June 23 (1972) conversation, 109, 225, 286, 288, 294, 321, 322–24, 328, 331–33; knowledge of taping system, 33–34; possible pardon for, 334; recommending Haig, xvi, 19–20; resignation of, 18–19; and spy ring, 13–14; tapes checked out by, 206–7; testimony of, 138; threat of wiretaps exposure, 323; and Walters’s Watergate memcons, 47–48, 53, 58; and Walters’s Watergate testimony, 65–67, 86; and Watergate cover-up, 16–17, 28, 50–51, 52, 80
Halperin, Morton, 7, 12, 37, 56, 314–15
Hammerman, I. H. “Bud,” 158
Hantman, Alfred, 139–40
Harlow, Bryce: advising Ford, 330; and Agnew’s corruption charges, 102, 104, 143–44, 161; knowledge of Nixon’s guilt, 110–11; lobbying Jaworski, 199; and Richardson, 183–84; as White House aide, 93–95, 100
Harriman, Averell, 8
Hartmann, Robert, 325–26, 327–28, 329–30
A Heartbeat Away (Cohen), 77–78
Heath, Edward, 178
Helms, Richard, 17, 29, 47, 50–52, 54, 58, 80, 138
Hersh, Seymour: Haig as source of, 236–37; interviewing Radford, 253; and Nixon’s resignation, 329; on possible pardons, 334–35; The Price of Power, 59; and Stewart’s alleged blackmail, 242; stories on Plumbers, 29–30, 222, 265; stories on spy ring, 234–35, 236–37, 238–39, 247–48, 260, 265; stories on tape transcripts, 296; stories on Watergate, 17, 210, 265; stories on wiretaps, 59, 80–81, 304; Sullivan as source of, 59, 80–81, 304
Higby, Larry, 33, 65–66, 113–14
Hinckley, John W., xiv
Hoffmann, Martin, 127–28, 223, 241, 243, 251, 253–54
Hoffmann, Walter, 174
Hogan, Larry, 321
Hoover, J. Edgar: alleged blackmailing by, 27, 64, 115; in Butterfield’s memo, 314–15; death of, 27; declining to investigate Pentagon Papers, 12; and FBI wiretaps, 7–9, 45–46, 55, 56, 116; and Huston Plan, 67; relationship with Sullivan, 4, 26–27. See also FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
House Judiciary Committee: Butterfield’s testimony before, 313–15; considering impeachment motions, 187; Ford’s testimony before, 328, 329–30, 354–55; hiring Doar as chief counsel, 225; hiring Jenner as counsel, 232; impeachment closing arguments, 320–21; impeachment investigation, 251, 262, 264, 267–68, 274, 279–80, 300, 313–15; investigating Cox’s firing, 308; scheduled impeachment date, 329; tapes requested by, 277, 279–80, 289; on tape transcripts, 293, 317; use of All the President’s Men, 302; voting to support impeachment, 321, 323; and Watergate grand jury report, 264, 272, 293, 304. See also Watergate
House of Representatives: Agnew requesting impeachment inquiry by, 165; confirming Ford as vice president, 215, 220. See also House Judiciary Committee
Howe, Jonathan, 192
Hughes, Harold, 244, 248, 258, 260, 271, 292
Humphrey, Hubert, 5
Hunt, E. Howard, 12–13, 16, 29, 37, 54, 268, 290
Huston, Tom Charles, 67, 69, 85
Huston Plan, 67, 69–71, 73, 84, 85–86, 87–88, 105
Hutchinson, Edward, 274, 279, 286
India-Pakistan war, 13, 79, 100, 132, 134, 206, 238, 242
Inner Circles (Haig), 35, 338–39, 353, 359
Intelligence Division (FBI), 4, 114
Intelligence Evaluation Committee, 69, 87, 105, 114
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 78
Internal Security Division (FBI), 85, 100
Internal Security Division (Justice Department), 27, 114–15
IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 78
Israel: Haig’s portrayal of, 350–51; in Middle East crisis, 167, 177, 186–87, 190–95, 266, 296–98, 300; Nixon’s trip to, 301, 309
Javits, Jacob, 220
Jaworski, Leon: on declining support for Nixon, 297; Haig giving evidence to, 263–64, 274, 315–16, 317, 333; on Haig’s role, xv; on indicting Nixon, 340–41; and June 23 transcript release, 331–33; and Kalmbach’s plea bargain, 260; on Kissinger’s role in wiretaps, 306–7; meetings with Haig, 209–11, 222–23, 225–26, 233, 245–46, 263–64, 284–85, 293–95, 318–19; meeting with Becker, 342; meeting with Califano, 318–20; on national security claims, 206; and Nixon’s pardon, 343; and Nixon’s resignation, 318–19, 324–26, 335–36; and spy ring, 239; Supreme Court hearing, 316–17, 322; and tape gap, 213, 240; tapes and documents requested by, 233, 281–82, 284–85, 289, 294–95, 296, 297, 316–17, 322; as Watergate special prosecutor, 197–98, 199, 203, 263–64. See also Senate Watergate committee; Watergate
JCS (Joint Chiefs of Staff). See Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Jenner, Albert, 232, 267–68, 274, 354–55
Johnson, Lyndon, 4–5, 33, 56, 68, 95, 106, 318, 340
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): covering up spy ring, 13–16, 23–24, 79, 94, 246–47; December 1973 breakfast with Nixon, fig. 5, 226–27; leaks from, 6–7; and liaison office, 9–10, 13, 15, 94, 132, 232, 236, 265; and Nixon’s secrecy, 6; and Nixon’s summit with Brezhnev, 309–10; spy ring investigation, 13, 131–32, 256–57; in spy ring news stories, 234–39; spy ring of, 9–11, 36, 256–57
Jones, Jerry, 272, 323, 337, 338
Jordan: Nixon’s trip to, 301
Joulwan, George, 32
Justice Department, 65, 159; and Agnew’s resignation negotiations, 171–72; declining to prosecute Stewart, 139–40, 237; Internal Security Division, 27, 114–15
Kalmbach, Herbert, 260
Kastenmaier, Robert, 280
Kay, Howard, 240
Keating, William, 267
Kennedy, John F., 3, 33, 56, 68, 176, 221, 232
Kennedy, Robert, 3
Kerner, Otto, 77
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 4, 8, 85, 196
Kissinger, Henry: and Agnew’s corruption charges, 75, 77; breakfast meetings with Schlesinger, 265–66, 283; and CHAOS program, 106; and China, 257, 282, 307; and FBI wiretaps, 7–8, 23, 26–27, 43, 45–46, 55, 56–57, 59, 64, 68, 80–81, 87, 147–48, 161–62, 302–3, 323, 334; February 28 (1973) conversation, 303; frustration with Nixon, 252, 254–55, 262–63, 274, 282, 296–97, 298, 303, 325; on Haig as chief of staff, 21–22; Haig’s portrayal of, 350–51; image of, fig. 6; Laird monitoring, 11, 92, 234, 238, 250; and Middle East crisis, 170–71, 172–73, 177–78, 183, 186–87, 190–95, 262, 266, 273, 296–98, 300, 307; Middle East trip, 301, 305–6; as national security advisor, 5–6; and national security policy, 265–66; in news stories on spy ring, 234–36; in news stories on wiretaps, 304–5, 306–7, 308–9; Nobel Peace Prize of, 297; nominating Haig NATO commander, 354; nomination for secretary of state, 152; and oil embargo, 243–44, 251–52, 254; in Reagan’s administration, 356; relationship with Haig, xiv, 5–6, 9, 14, 20, 21, 22; relationship with Kraemer, 4; relationship with Nixon, 34, 43–45, 173, 223–24; Senate confirmation hearings, 147, 152, 159, 161–62; and Soviet Union, 223–24, 262, 273, 283, 307, 309–10, 311, 313; and spy ring, 9–11, 23–24, 232, 241–43, 246–47, 249, 250; sworn in as secretary of state, 164; and taping system, 123–24, 344; and Vietnam War, 16, 307
Knoizen, Arthur, 240
Korean War, 2–3
Kraemer, Fritz, 4, 5, 10, 22, 196–97
Kraemer, Sven, 256
Kraft, Joseph, 49
Krogh, Egil: and documents needed for defense, 200–201, 206, 209–10; and Ellsberg break-in, 38; guilty plea, 215, 221; indictment for perjury, 177, 182; as Plumbers team member, 13; resignation of, 38, 63; rivalry between Young and, 222; as unindicted coconspirator, 268
Laird, Melvin: and Agnew’s resignation, 104, 140–41, 151, 155–60, 162; and Buzhardt’s spy ring report, 15, 79, 132, 269; and Cambodia bombings, 148; and FBI wiretaps, 7, 87; finding Agnew’s replacement, 174; following Nixon’s re-election, 17; and Ford administration, 335; on Haig-Woodward relationship, 9; images of, fig. 4, fig. 7; leaving White House, 215; and liaison office, 15; lobbying Jaworski, 199; monitoring Kissinger, 11, 92, 234, 238, 250; Nixon’s bypassing, 11, 79, 92, 111; on Nixon’s guilt, 110–11; relationship with Baroody, 108; relationship with Buzhardt, 110–11; relationship with Ford, 140, 221, 299–300; and spy ring, 9–10, 15, 79, 94, 128, 132, 134, 222, 243, 247, 269; and taping system, 130; as White House aide, 93–95, 100
Landauer, Jerry, 141–42
LaRue, Fred, 272–73
Lasky, Victor, 352
The Last of the President’s Men (Woodward and Bernstein), 121
Latta, Delbert, 268
Leibman, Morris, 3, 4, 196–97, 209, 214, 225, 227, 232, 355
Lenzner, Terry, 119
liaison office, 10, 13, 15, 94, 132, 232, 236, 265
Liddy, G. Gordon, 12–13, 16, 106, 268
Liebengood, Howard, 132
Lott, Trent, 331
Luken, Thomas, 267
MacArthur, Douglas, 2–3
Magruder, Jeb, 314–15
Mann, James, 321
Mansfield, Mike, 281
Mardian, Robert, 27, 55, 64, 115–16, 180, 263
Martinez, Eugenio, 268
McClory, Robert, 267
McCord, James, 16, 59, 72, 85, 100
McGowan, Richard, 181
McKenna, Joseph, 343
Meany, George, 276
Meese, Edwin, 357
Meir, Golda, 296
Middle East: Nixon’s trip to, 305–6, 307–8, 309
Middle East crisis, 167, 169–70, 177–78, 296; cease-fire, 186; cease-fire violations, 190–93; ending of, 300; Haig’s portrayal of, 350–51; impact on Soviet Union, 273, 311; Kissinger’s role during, 169–73, 183, 186–87, 191–95, 273, 296–97, 297–98, 300; Nixon’s role during, 169–73, 186–87, 191–95; nuclear alert during, 192–95, 350–51; oil embargo during, 207; Soviet Union’s role in, 170–73, 177–78, 183, 186–87, 191–95, 224, 266
military spy ring. See spy ring
Miller, Herbert “Jack,” 119, 340–41, 343–45
Millican, Manyon, 272–73
Mitchell, John: acquittal of, 283–84; approving wiretaps, 56, 57; corruption case against, 274; in Dean’s testimony, 105; and FBI wiretaps, 7, 27, 55, 56, 57, 115; and Huston Plan, 67; indictment of, 263; on Nixon’s declining support, 297; and spy ring, 13–14; and Watergate, 76, 109, 116; in wiretap news stories, 24
Moorer, Thomas: December 1973 breakfast with Nixon, fig. 5, 226–27; images of, fig. 3, fig. 5; as JCS chairman, 239–40; and Middle East crisis, 192–93; on military operations in Laos, 148; and Nixon’s summit with Brezhnev, 309–10; and Senate spy ring investigations, 132, 242–43, 248–49, 258–59; and Soviet arms negotiations, 313; in spy ring, 10, 13–14, 222, 246; spy ring exposure as threat to, 36, 79–80; in spy ring news stories, 131, 234; and Vietnam War, 16; Woodward working for, 9, 142
Moose, Richard, 7
Morton, Rogers, 328
Moses, Project (CIA), 3
Moss, John, 149
National Security Agency (NSA): duplicating tapes request, 222–23; and Huston Plan, 69, 85; monitoring Kissinger, 11, 92, 234, 238, 250
national security argument, 74–75, 84, 88, 133, 134–36, 175, 210, 224–25, 234, 265
National Security Council (NSC): and liaison office, 9–10, 13, 15, 94, 132, 232, 236, 265; Nixon’s restructuring of, 5–6, 21; and Nixon’s summit with Brezhnev, 309–10; spy ring inside, 9–11; spy ring investigation, 23–24, 131–32, 256–57; in spy ring news stories, 80–81, 131–32, 234–39; wiretaps targeting, 7, 80–81
Nedzi, Lucien, 30
Negroponte, John, 256
Nixon, Richard: and 1968 election, 95; anti-Semitism of, 44; appointing Haig chief of staff, 18–23, 25–26; appointing new vice president, 174, 178; approval ratings, 204, 217, 264, 279; avoiding conflict, 143, 160–61, 164; calls for resignation of, 203–4, 295–96, 319–20, 333–34; considering resignation, 73–74, 81, 90, 322–23, 327–30, 331; declining support for, 267–68, 276, 297, 304, 330–31; and documents debate following resignation, 335–36, 339–40, 341, 343–45; drinking of, xv, 178, 224; as Eisenhower’s vice president, 155, 157; election of, 5; executive privilege claims, 39–41, 70–71, 89, 91, 113–14, 125–26, 127, 133–34, 138, 291–93; final State of the Union address, 243–44, 245; finances, 276–77; foreign policy goals, 10, 157; Haig’s isolation of, 32, 139, 143–44, 152, 173, 179–80, 190, 191–94, 207, 211–12; Haig’s portrayal of in The Final Days, 349–53; Haig’s role in removal of, 57, 136–37, 205–6; Haig undermining, 93, 122, 125–26, 179–80, 191–94, 205–6, 218, 311–12; health of, 84, 116–19, 149, 162, 217–18, 223–24, 226–27, 305–6, 316, 340, 345, 349; hospitalization of, 116–19, 122; images of, fig. 1, fig. 2, fig. 4, fig. 5, fig. 6, fig. 10; Middle East trip, 301, 305–6, 307–8, 309; named unindicted coconspirator, 303–4; national security arguments, 74–75, 84, 86, 88, 133, 134–36, 175, 210, 224–25, 234, 265; pardoned by Ford, 338–39, 340, 345–46; pardoning options, 328, 335; pension benefits, 331, 338; public opinion on, 67, 97, 112, 190, 204, 207, 213–15, 251, 272, 276, 290–91, 295–96; re-election victory, 17; reliance on Haig, xiv–xvi, 11, 84, 96–97, 118–19, 169; and Republican Party, 220–21, 267–68, 279, 330–31; resignation negotiations, 324–26; resignation of, 335–36; secrecy of, 6, 10, 67, 87; staffing changes, 5, 28–29, 30–32, 41–42, 93–95; support for, 276, 300, 301, 304, 330–31; white paper of, 70–71, 83–84, 86–89, 134–35, 292
Novak, Robert, 8
NSA (National Security Agency). See National Security Agency (NSA)
NSC (National Security Council). See National Security Council (NSC)
nuclear alert (Middle East crisis), 192–95, 350–51
nuclear weapons foreign policy, 5, 274, 283, 309–10, 313
Nussbaum, Bernard, 267
O’Connor, John, 71
October War (1973). See Middle East crisis
oil embargo, 207, 243–44, 251–52, 254, 263, 273
Okinawa, 6
Osborn, Howard, 37
Pakistan-India war, 13, 79, 100, 132, 134, 206, 238, 242
Panama Canal, 252
Paris Peace Talks, 11, 88, 95, 150
Parkinson, Kenneth, 263
Pentagon Papers, 12–13, 24, 88, 365n12
Persons, Wilton, 26
Petersen, Henry: and Agnew’s resignation, 160, 162, 164; investigating Agnew’s corruption case, 145, 149, 158; refusing to prosecute Stewart, 116, 139–40, 237, 243; and Watergate, 48
Plumbers (White House investigation team): addressed in Nixon’s white paper, 83, 88; breaking into Dr. Fielding’s office, 13, 25, 268; CIA helping, 37, 54; Cox’s authority to investigate, 100; creation of, 12–13, 88; Ehrlichman’s role in, 12–14, 37, 133; and Ehrlichman’s trial, 133, 298–99; and Ellsberg trial, 37, 54–55, 222; indictments of members of, 268; investigating alleged homosexual relationships, 14–15; investigating Ellsberg, 12–13; investigating spy ring, 13–14, 206, 222, 234–36, 268–69; and Krogh’s trial, 206, 222; poor decisions of, 91–92; reporters investigating, 135, 222, 231, 234–36; and rivalry between Young and Krogh, 222; team members, 12–13; as threat to Haig, 221–22, 268, 300; and Watergate, 16–17
Powers, Samuel J., 208–9, 211, 214
The Price of Power (Hersh), 59
“provocative weakness” theory, 4
Proxmire, William, 95
Puerto Rico, 142
Radford, Charles: FBI wiretapping of, 174–75; following spy ring discovery, 14, 94; interview with Hersh, 253; interview with Wallace, 251; interview with Woodward, 230; Moorer’s testimony regarding, 248–49; relationship with Anderson, 15; relationship with Haig, 35–36; Senate testimony of, 253, 255–57, 259, 265, 271; in spy ring, 10–11, 79; in spy ring news stories, 225, 235; Stewart’s interrogation of, 13–14; Stewart’s testimony about, 132, 255; and Watergate investigation, 210; Welander’s testimony about, 258–59
RAND Corporation, 365n12
Reagan, Ronald, xiii–xiv, 355–56, 358–59
Rebozo, Charles “Bebe,” 56, 292
Reston, James, 203
Rhodes, John, 279
Richardson, Elliot: and Agnew’s corruption charges, 100–101, 113, 136, 139, 141, 143–44, 146–47, 151, 156–57, 158–59, 159–60; and Agnew’s resignation, 162–65, 172, 173–74; appointing Cox special prosecutor, 30, 69, 82–83, 90, 153; appointment hearings, 42; on Buzhardt as Nixon’s counsel, 40; and complaints against Cox, 130, 133; confirmed as attorney general, 90; and Cox’s firing, 153, 176–80, 182–84; and Haig limiting access to Nixon, 139; news conference on Watergate cases, 100; Nixon’s fear of, 90–91; on prosecuting Stewart, 109–10, 116, 140; resignation of, 182, 184–85, 188, 190; and Stennis compromise, 181–86; swearing in of, 91–92; and Walters’s memcons, 51–52; and William Ruckelshaus, 99; and wiretaps, 133, 159
Robinson, Rembrandt, 10–11, 35–36, 132, 246, 248, 256
Rockefeller, Nelson, 164
Rodino, Peter, 274, 286, 293, 339
Rogers, William, 21, 30, 75, 77, 147, 148, 152
Roosevelt, Franklin, 155
Rose, H. Chapman “Chappie,” 31
Roselli, Johnny, 37
Ruckelshaus, William: and Agnew’s corruption charges, 146; confronting Felt on leaks, 63; Crewdson’s call to, 60–61; and Ellsberg trial, 25, 26, 43; finding replacement for, 31; firing Felt, 89; resignation of, 184–85; and Richardson, 99; wiretap investigation ordered by, 26, 36–37, 43, 48–49; wiretap investigation report, 59, 61–62, 63–64, 306. See also FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
Rumsfeld, Donald, 354
Russo, Anthony, 25, 54–55, 365n12
Ruth, Henry, 343
Sadat, Anwar, 307
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) talks, 16, 91–92, 266, 310–11, 313
San Clemente (CA) purchase investigation, 112
Sanders, Donald, 121–22, 131–32, 150–51, 215–16, 251, 255
Sargent, Francis, 267
Saturday Night Massacre, 185–86, 187, 189–90
Saudi Arabia, 243, 252, 255, 301, 309
Saxbe, William, 199, 260, 272, 281, 341
Schlesinger, James: and aid to Israel, 296; breakfast meetings with Kissinger, 265–66, 283; December 1973 breakfast with Nixon, fig. 5, 226–27; and Haig requesting help with tapes, 222–23; image of, fig. 5; and Middle East crisis, 192–93, 273; moved from CIA to defense, 29, 30, 41; nominating Haig NATO commander, 354; ordering misconduct reports, 37, 46; shaping national security policy, 265–66; on Soviet arms deals, 309–10, 313; and spy ring investigation, 239–40, 242–43, 246–47, 270; testimony on CIA intelligence abuses, 37; and Walters’s memcons, 47
Scott, Hugh, 295–96
Scowcroft, Brent: December 1973 breakfast with Nixon, 226–27; during Middle East crisis, 186–87; and Nixon’s drinking, 178; and Nixon’s meeting with Dobrynin, 223, 224; and Nixon’s summit with Brezhnev, 309–10; and oil embargo, 243, 252; weekly breakfast meetings, 266; at West Point, 2
Senate: confirming Ford as vice president, 215, 220; confirming Richardson as attorney general, 90; and Ford’s confirmation hearings, 189; McClellan’s appropriations subcommittee of, 37; and Richardson appointment hearings, 42. See also Senate Watergate committee
Senate Armed Services Committee: Buzhardt’s testimony to, 268–71; Cambodia bombing hearings, 148; and Dean documents, 69; Huston’s testimony to, 85; Radford’s testimony to, 253, 255–57, 265; spy ring investigation of, 239, 242–43, 244, 248–51, 253, 255–57, 257–59, 268–71; Stewart as potential witness for, 251; Walters’s testimony to, 58, 65–67, 80, 86; Welander’s testimony to, 257–59
Senate Foreign Relations Committee: clearing Kissinger of perjury charges, 334; Haig’s testimony before, 324, 356; Kissinger’s confirmation hearings before, 152, 159, 161–62
Senate Watergate committee: Butterfield interview with, 62–63, 120–22; Butterfield’s testimony to, 75, 120–23, 126–27; and Cox’s tape requests, 128–30, 138, 153, 161; and Cushman’s memos, 58; and Dean’s credibility, 117–18, 119; Dean’s testimony to, 28, 104–7, 105–7, 108–9, 112; Ehrlichman’s testimony to, 134–36; and executive privilege claims, 39–41, 89, 125–26, 127, 292–93; and FBI wiretaps, 114–16, 177; first day of, 74, 78; Haig subpoenaed by, 291–93; Haldeman’s testimony to, 138; Higby’s testimony to, 113–14; and Huston Plan, 69–70, 114; impact of hearings of, 24; investigating Nixon’s finances, 292; McCord’s testimony to, 85; Mitchell’s testimony to, 116; Moore’s testimony to, 117–18, 119–20; requesting Nixon’s files, 117; and Stennis compromise, 175–76, 181–83, 218; Stewart interviews with, 251, 255; Stewart’s testimony to, 253–54; Sullivan interviews with, 150–51, 177, 180–81; uncovering spy ring connections, 175; Walters’s testimony to, 49–54, 80, 86. See also taping system; Watergate
Silbert, Earl, 120
Silent Coup (Colodny and Gettlin), 353
Sinatra, Frank, 165
Sirica, John J.: Bennett’s testimony before, 207–8; Bull’s testimony before, 204, 206–7; and Cox’s tape requests, 130–31, 151, 153, 181, 190; and Dean’s documents, 65; and erased tapes, 213–14, 302; Haig’s testimony before, 218–20; Jaworski’s tape requests, 281, 282, 296, 297; and missing tapes, 202, 207–8; and Watergate grand jury report, 264, 272; Woods’s testimony before, 208–9
Sloan, Hugh, 277–78
Smith, Hedrick, 45
Sneider, Richard, 7
Sohmer, Art, 168
Solo, Operation (FBI), 85, 196
Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 7, 33, 256
Soviet Union: and arms control, 16, 266, 274, 283, 307, 309–10, 313; and Brezhnev-Nixon meetings, 104, 309–11, 313; and Dobrynin-Nixon meetings, 223–24; Haig’s portrayal of, 350–51; impact of Middle East crisis on, 273, 311; and Middle East crisis, 170–71, 172–73, 177–78, 183, 186–87, 190–95, 224, 266; Nixon’s trip to, 309–11, 313; and Vietnam War, 10; Watergate’s impact on U.S. relations with, 274, 283
Sparkman, John, 159
Sparling, James, 279
spy ring: Anderson’s reporting on, 13, 131–32; Buzhardt’s report on, 15, 79, 246, 269–71; Buzhardt’s role in covering up, 32, 94, 132–34, 268–71; discovery of, 13–16, 100; Ehrlichman’s report on, 14, 132–34, 298–99; executive privilege claims regarding, 133–34; Haig’s role in, xv–xvi, 9–10, 14–16, 82, 132, 222; Haig’s role in covering up, 32, 35–36, 94, 133–34; Kissinger’s role in covering up, 241–42; and Krogh’s indictment, 182; Laird’s role in covering up, 94, 215; and liaison office, 9–10, 13, 15, 94; national security implications of, 135, 175, 265; Nixon’s anger toward, 79–80; in Nixon’s white paper, 88; operation of, 9–11; Plumbers’ investigation of, 100, 133, 206, 222; reason for, 247; reporters investigating, 224–25, 229, 230, 234–39, 240–41, 247–48, 253, 260, 265; Senate investigation into, 242–43, 248–51, 265, 268–71; and Stewart’s alleged blackmail, 64–65, 109–10, 116; Stewart’s investigation into, 13, 15, 128, 131–32; Stewart’s testimony about, 132, 255; threat of exposure to Haig, 64–65, 100, 200–201, 238–39, 298–99, 300; and Watergate investigation, 132–36, 175, 210; Woodward’s reporting on, 81–82, 230–32, 233–34, 235–36, 237, 253; Young’s report on, 14, 23–24, 132, 248, 270–71
Squires, Jim, 135–36, 175, 224–25, 229, 230, 234
St. Clair, James: on Dean’s credibility, 289; Judiciary Committee closing arguments, 320; and June 23 (1972) conversation, 322, 324–25, 331–33; knowledge of Nixon’s guilt, 324–25; lack of access, 277, 280–81, 294; on Nixon named unindicted coconspirator, 293–94, 304; as Nixon’s defense attorney, 227–28, 229–30; and Nixon’s resignation, 329–30; on releasing transcribed tapes, 286–87; on requested documents, 279, 291, 293–94, 316–17; ties to Leibman, 227–28
Stennis, John: burying spy ring investigation, 259, 271; and Buzhardt’s report, 269–71; hospitalization of, 40; on Kissinger, 307; meeting with Radford, 253; and Radford’s testimony, 265; spy ring investigation of, 239, 242–43, 244, 248–51, 253, 257–59, 265, 269–71; supporting Nixon, 39–40; and tape compromise, 175–76, 179–80, 218; Welander’s testimony, 257–59
Stevenson, Adlai, III, 232
Stewart, Donald: alleged blackmail, 109–10, 116, 128, 136, 139–40, 236–37, 242, 243; and Armed Services committee, 251, 259; complaints of, 64–65, 82, 107–8, 127–28; interviewing Radford, 13; interviewing Welander, 15; and Senate Watergate investigation, 132, 243, 251, 253–54, 255; spy ring investigation of, 13, 15, 131–32, 215–16; in spy ring news stories, 131–32, 234–37; Woodward interviewing, 231–32, 253
Stewart, Potter, 297
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) talks, 16, 91–92, 266, 310–11, 313
Sullivan, John, 212
Sullivan, William: as Crewdson source, 45–46; and FBI anticommunist network, 196; as Hersh source, 304; and Huston Plan, 67, 69, 70; and Internal Security Division, 85, 114–15; as potential FBI director, 31; relationship with Haig, 3–4, 60; relationship with Hoover, 8, 57; role in FBI, 3–4; role in wiretaps, 7–9, 36–37, 59, 68, 80–81, 304–5; role in wiretaps cover-up, 24; and Ruckelshaus’s investigation, 55–56; tension between Felt and, 23, 26–27, 46, 57, 61; and Watergate committee investigations, 100, 114–16, 150–51, 177, 180–81; and wiretap logs, 60, 64, 115–16; as Woodward source, 24, 278–79
Supreme Court, 297, 316–17, 321, 322, 343
Symington, Stuart, 40; on Armed Services committee, 65, 66–67, 69, 80, 81, 85–86, 239; on Haig’s dual status, 95; and Huston Plan, 67, 69, 85–86; investigating Cambodia bombings, 148, 244; on Kissinger, 307; spy ring investigations, 246, 256, 270–71
Syria: Haig’s portrayal of, 350–51; in Middle East crisis, 266, 296–97, 297–98, 300, 311; Nixon’s trip to, 301, 309
taping system: April 15 (1973) conversation, 199, 204, 209; in Butterfield’s interview, 121–22, 125–27; Butterfield’s knowledge of, 63, 75, 127; Buzhardt controlling access to, 219–20, 277, 280–81; Cox’s requests for, 129–30, 138, 148, 151, 153, 161, 166, 175–76, 179–80; and Dean’s testimony, 33–35, 98–99, 106–7; debate on post-resignation access to, 335–36, 339–40, 341, 343–45; and erased tapes, 166, 168, 206, 208, 211, 213–15, 218–20; executive privilege for, 113–14, 127; exposure as threat to Haig, 336; February 28 (1973) conversation, 303; Haig controlling access to, 219–20, 277, 280–81; Haig requesting NSA duplicate tapes, 222–23; Haig’s knowledge of, 33–35, 38, 43–45, 98, 123–24, 204, 219; Haig’s removal of, 129; in Higby’s interview, 113–14; impact of discovery of, 128–31, 217; implicating Nixon in obstruction of justice, 50; Jaworski’s requests for, 233, 281–82, 284–85, 316–17, 319, 322; Judiciary Committee requests for, 277, 282; June 4 (1973) “tape of tapes,” 98–99, 204, 233, 281; June 20 (1972) conversation, 166, 168, 206, 208, 211, 213–15, 218–20, 302; June 23 (1972) “smoking gun” conversation, 109, 225, 286, 288, 294, 321, 322–24, 328, 331–33; March 13 (1973) conversation, 34, 97; March 21 (1973) conversation, 28, 34, 106–7, 109, 263, 266, 274, 277, 290–91, 293; March 22 (1973) conversation, 289, 320; and missing tapes, 198–200, 202–9, 212; and Moore’s Senate hearing, 120; Nixon’s defense team lacking access to, 280–81; Nixon’s refusal to release, 138; and Nixon’s white paper, 83–84; potential impact on Kissinger, 33–34, 123–24; previous administrations using, 33–34; and reaction to transcripts released, 290–91, 293, 295–96; staff’s casual handling of, 206–7; Supreme Court’s ruling on, 316–17, 322; and transcripts released publicly, 280, 282, 284–89, 290–91, 293, 295–96, 317, 331–33; Watergate committee’s requests for, 225, 277, 282
Target Culebra (Copaken), 142
Tell It to Hanoi committee, 197
terHorst, Jerry, 337, 340, 345, 346
Thomasson, Dan, 135–36, 150–51, 175, 224–25, 229, 230, 234
Thompson, Fred, 119–20, 122, 125, 126, 132
Thornton, Ray, 321
A Time to Heal (Ford), 140–41
Timmons, William, 104
Truman, Harry, 3
Trump, Donald, 316
Tufaro, Richard, 64–65, 82, 110, 139
Van Atta, Dale, 140
Vance, Cyrus, 3
Vesco, Robert, 274
Vietnam War: Battle of Ap Gu, 4–5; bombing campaigns, 16; Chennault affair, 95; ending of, 297, 307; Haig’s service in, 4–5; Kissinger’s role in, 21, 297, 307; and Nixon’s POW dinner, 90; Paris Peace Talks, 11, 17, 88, 95, 150; and Pentagon Papers, 12; Tell It to Hanoi committee, 197; and U.S.-Soviet relations, 10; Vietnamization program, 94
Wallace, George, 321
Wallace, Mike, 251
Walters, Bucky, 60–61
Walters, Vernon: image of, fig. 2; impact of testimony of, 65–67, 86, 93; memcons of, 46–48, 59–60; and Schlesinger’s order, 37, 46–47; testimony of, 49–54, 57–58, 65–67, 80, 93; and Watergate cover-up, 17, 46–48, 72, 106
War Powers Act, 207
Warren, Gerald, 162, 183, 203, 240
Washington Energy Conference dinner, 254
Watergate: in All the President’s Men, 277–79; and Bennett’s grand jury testimony, 207–8; and Bork appointing special prosecutor, 195–96; break-in, 16; and Bull’s grand jury testimony, 206–7; and Butterfield’s grand jury testimony, 120; CIA in, 17, 54, 68–69; cover-up, 16–17, 59; and Cox as special prosecutor, 82–83, 90, 92, 99, 100; and Cox fired by Nixon, 185–86, 190; and Cox’s requests for tapes, 129–30, 138, 148, 151, 153, 161, 166, 175–76, 179–80; and Cushman’s memos, 54, 58, 59–60; and Dean’s cover-up allegations, 96–98; and Dean’s credibility, 117–18, 119; and Dean’s grand jury testimony, 65; defense team on Nixon’s guilt, 110–11; and executive privilege claims, 38–41, 70–71, 89, 125–26, 127, 138; FBI investigation of, 16–17, 27, 47–48, 61; and grand jury indictments, 263–64; and grand jury report, 264, 272, 293, 304; and grand jury subpoenaing tapes, 130–31; and Haig providing Jaworski evidence, 225–26, 245–46, 274; and Haig’s grand jury testimony, 218–20, 260–61; and hush money paid to burglars, 272–73; impact of Cox’s firing on, 190; impacts of on Republican Party, 266–68; and inquiry into Nixon’s finances, 112–13; and Jaworski as special prosecutor, 197–98, 199, 203; and Jaworski’s tape requests, 233, 281–82, 284–85, 289, 294–95, 296, 297, 316–17, 322; and national security argument, 74–75, 84, 86, 88, 133, 134–36, 175, 206, 210, 224–25, 234; and Nixon named as unindicted coconspirator, 303–4, 319; and Nixon’s August 1973 TV address, 148–50; and Nixon’s defense team, 30–32, 38, 291, 333; and Nixon’s white paper, 83, 84, 87–89; Plumbers’ role in, 16–17; public opinion on, 69, 112, 150; requesting Nixon’s files, 117; and resignations following burglary, 18–19; and Richardson appointing special prosecutor, 30, 42, 82–83, 90; and Richardson’s resignation, 184–85; and St. Clair as defense attorney, 227–28; as umbrella term, 54; and Walters’s memcons, 47–48, 57–58, 59–60, 65–67; and Woods’s grand jury testimony, 208–9; Woodward-Bernstein news stories on, 17, 74, 206, 208, 218, 272–73; and Woodward-Deep Throat garage meeting, 71–74. See also House Judiciary Committee; Senate Watergate committee; taping system
Weicker, Lowell, 85, 100, 108, 114–15, 177, 180–81, 307
Welander, Robert: Buzhardt’s interview of, 15, 132, 241; Ehrlichman and Young’s interview of, 14, 132, 291, 298–99; following spy ring discovery, 14, 131; meeting with Woodward, 81–82, 233; Radford’s testimony regarding, 257; role in spy ring, 13–14, 132; and Senate spy ring investigation, 242–43; Senate testimony of, 257–58, 265, 271; in spy ring news stories, 235; Stewart’s interview of, 15, 241; Stewart’s testimony on, 132
Weld, William, 267–68
Werth, Barry, 342
Westmoreland, William, 10
Whalen, Richard, 302
White, George, 76–77
White House Plumbers. See Plumbers (White House investigation team)
White House taping system. See taping system
white paper (Nixon’s), 83–84, 86–89, 134–35, 292
Wicker, Tom, 221
Williams, Edward Bennett, 28, 318
Wilson, Woodrow, 343
wiretap program (FBI): in articles of impeachment, 323; and Butterfield’s memo, 314–15; and Cambodia bombing campaign, 148; creation of, 7–9; and Ellsberg trial, 24–25, 26, 36–37, 42–43, 48, 54–55; and Foreign Relations Committee, 324, 334; Haig’s role in, xv–xvi, 8, 68, 308–9; in Kissinger’s confirmation hearings, 159, 161–62; Kissinger’s role in, 7–8, 46, 80–81, 147–48, 308–9, 334; logs of, 59, 115–16; news stories on, 24, 45–46, 68, 80–81, 174–75, 303, 304–5, 306–7, 308–9; in Nixon’s white paper, 83, 84, 87; Ruckelshaus’s investigation into, 26–27, 36–37, 48–49, 59, 61–62, 63–64, 306; and Senate Watergate committee investigation, 114–16, 177; Sullivan’s role in, 7–9; targets of, 7–8, 87; threat of exposure of, 23, 68, 133, 177, 308–9, 315–16, 324; used by previous administrations, 56, 68
Wolff, Jerome “Jerry,” 76, 158
Woods, Rose Mary: access to tapes, 213; and erased tape, 168, 206, 207–8, 211, 214, 219–20; Haig’s testimony regarding, 219–20; testimony of, 208–9; transcribing tapes, 166; White House dinners, 224
Woodward, Robert U. “Bob”: All the President’s Men, 75, 120–21, 123, 277–79, 301–2, 323; and Butterfield’s Senate interview, 63, 75, 120–21, 123; Buzhardt as source for, 253; Deep Throat source for, 62, 71–74, 77–78, 206, 278–79, 302; Felt as source for, 206, 278–79; The Final Days, 233, 347–53; Haig as source for, xvi, 74–75, 82, 124, 142–43, 188, 253, 278–79, 348–49, 355; intervening in Haig’s confirmation hearings, 356–57; The Last of the President’s Men, 121; and leaks regarding Agnew, 141; relationship with Armstrong, 116; relationship with Haig, 9, 142–43, 188, 236, 348–49, 352–53, 358; relationship with Landauer, 142; relationship with Moorer, 9, 236; relationship with Welander, 81, 236; spy ring reporting, 81–82, 229, 230–32, 233–34, 235–36, 237, 253; and Stewart’s alleged blackmail, 242; stories on hidden political funds, 120; story on Richardson’s resignation, 187–88; Sullivan as source for, 24, 181, 278–79; “vigilante squad” story of, 24; Watergate news stories, 17, 74, 206, 208, 218, 272–73; wiretap news stories, 61–62, 174–75
World War II, 2
Wright, Charles Alan, 129, 182, 190
Yom Kippur War. See Middle East crisis
Young, David: Baker interviewing, 136; interviewing Welander, 14, 132; investigating spy ring, 14, 23–24, 64, 132, 210; Kissinger on report of, 247; on Plumbers team, 13, 37; relationship with Haig, 14; rivalry between Krogh and, 222; and Senate spy ring investigation, 243, 259; in spy ring news stories, 234–36, 238–39; as unindicted coconspirator, 268
Ziegler, Ron: and Agnew’s corruption scandal, 144; announcing Cox’s firing, 185; on Haig as chief of staff, 25–26; and impeachment investigation, 279; during Middle East crisis, 172; negotiating Nixon’s pardon, 344–45; on Nixon resigning, 322; and Nixon’s hospitalization, 118–19; Nixon’s reliance on, 207; and Nixon’s white paper, 86, 88; on Post’s Watergate story, 74; on Richardson’s resignation, 190; on Walters’s Watergate testimony, 65–66; and Watergate hush money, 96; and Watergate indictments, 263; on White House tapes, 129, 293