Plates

2.1: Map of the Eastern Desert, and northern end of the Red Sea.

2.2: View of Egypt's Red Sea coast.

2.3: Cross-section of the Nile Valley and the Red Sea area.

2.4: Multi-hued granite mountains in the Eastern Desert.

3.1: Via Nova Hadriana near Antinoopolis.

3.2: Remains at Makhareg east of Antinoopolis.

3.3: Early Roman fort in Wadi Safaga, southwest of Safaga.

3.4: Reconstruction of Gebel Zeit, south of Ras Gharib.

4.1: Manzal al-Seyl in the Eastern Desert.

4.2: Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites.

4.3: Quarries at Mons Porphyrites.

4.4: Mons Porphyrites bathtub or sarcophagus in Northwest Village.

4.5: Ramp connecting Lykabettus quarries to wadi floor below.

4.6: Serapis temple at Mons Porphyrites.

4.7: Well-preserved praesidium at Umm Balad.

4.8: Quarry complex at Mons Claudianus.

4.9: Unfinished tub or basin in quarry at Mons Claudianus

4.10: Large fort at Mons Claudianus.

4.11: Small fort and tower near Mons Claudianus.

4.12: Quarry settlement at Umm Huyut.

4.13: Possible shrine or administrative building at Umm Huyut.

4.14: Fort at Badia’.

4.15: Deir al-Atrash:  gate with flanking towers made of mud brick.

4.16: Deir al-Atrash:  corner tower made of stacked stone.

4.17: Al-Heita fort with mud-brick superstructure; unfinished fort above.

4.18: Signal tower on the Quseir–Nile road.

4.19: Reconstruction of a signal tower on the Quseir–Nile road.

4.20: Praesidium at al-Zarqa.

4.21: Interior stairway in the praesidium at al-Zarqa (ancient Maximianon).

6.1: Temple at al-Kanaïs, built by Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

6.2: Drawing of the temple at al-Kanaïs.

6.3: Bedouin guides at the Ptolemaic-era temple at Bir Abu Safa.

6.4: Drawing by F. Cailliaud of the larger rock-cut temple at Sikait.

6.5: Drawing by F. Cailliaud of the smaller rock-cut temple at Sikait.

6.6: Rock-cut temple, Roman beryl/emerald mining community, Sikait.

6.7: Interior of the large rock-cut temple at Sikait with broken column.

6.8: Fragment Greek inscription over entrance of small rock-cut temple, Sikait.

6.9: Berenike, inscribed stone slab carved during Nero's reign.

6.10: Bronze statue set on an inscribed stone base.

6.11: Textile cross found in the principia/church at Abu Sha'r.

6.12: Inscription from the north gate of the fort at Abu Sha'r.

6.13: Oil lamps and cross-shaped handle found in Berenike.

7.1: Remains of Myos Hormos.

7.2: Berenike and surroundings.

7.3: Red Sea port of Myos Hormos.

7.4: Berenike, large round-bottomed clay jars made in India.

7.5: Peppercorns found in Indian-made jar at Serapis Temple, Berenike.

7.8: Bead from Jatim, Eastern Java, found at Berenike.

7.6: Warehouse in Berenike with amphorae from about AD 400.

7.7: Fifth century AD cotton resist-dyed Indian textile found at Berenike.

7.10: Fragments of terra sigillata bowls with makers’ marks.

7.9: Stamped plaster amphora stopper found at Berenike.

7.11: First-century Tamil-Brahmi graffito on Roman amphora fragment.

7.12: Ostraca found at Berenike in the early Roman trash dump.

7.13: Ostracon, inkwell, and reed writing pen found at Berenike.

7.14: Papyrus bill of sale, Berenike.

7.15: Eastern Desert ware.

8.1: Skeleton missing its head, Ptolemaic industrial area, Berenike.

8.2: Grave in the large cemetery at Taw al-Kefare.

9.1: Large circular ore-grinding facilities at the site of Daghbag.

9.2: Large circular ore-grinding facilities at the site of Daghbag.

10.1: Reconstruction of buildings at goldmining area, Bir Umm Fawakhir.

10.2: Well-preserved structure at Sikait.

10.3: Barracks blocks in the late Roman fort at Abu Sha'r.

10.4: Interior of late Roman fort looking northwest, Abu Sha‘r.

10.5: Reconstruction of two late Roman houses, Berenike.

10.6: Reconstruction of house near Serapis temple, Berenike.

11.1: Building the ‘Ababda abode.

11.2: Jabana: jug with handle and serving cups.

11.3: ‘Ababda woman making coffee in jabana.

11.4: ‘Ababda girl with goat.

11.5: ‘Ababda man traveling with long stick, the mahjani al-jamal.

11.6: A mahjani al-jamal hanging in an acacia tree.

11.7: Camels on their way to market.

11.8: The use of swords and shields on special occasions.

11.9: ‘Ababda women in colorful dresses and shawls.

11.10: Loza, decorated container to keep perfumed sheep's fat.

11.11: ‘Ababda woman with gold jewelry in nose and on her forehead.

12.1: Interior of the Administration Building at Sikait.

12.2: Structure at Roman-era beryl/emerald mining settlement, Nugrus.

12.3: Fayyum mummy portrait c. AD 100.

13.1: Qalt near Umm Disi, west of Hurghada.

13.2: Ptolemaic-Roman praesidium at al-Kanaïs.

13.3: Large praesidium in Wadi Kalalat, with well to right.

13.4: Reconstruction of the large praesidium in Wadi Kalalat.

13.5: Water tank at the extensive hydraulic facilities at al-Saqqia.

13.6: Tethering lines/accommodations for animals at Bab al-Mukhenig.

14.1: Samut station on the Berenike–Apollinopolis Magna road.

14.2: Praesidium of al-Dweig.

14.3: Praesidium of al-Dweig.

14.4: Vetus Hydreuma when very dry and with abundant vegetation.

15.1: Overview of the Ptolemaic-early Roman fortress at Abraq.

15.2: Aerial view of the hilltop fort of Abraq.

15.3: Small fort in Wadi Kalalat, northeast of the larger praesidium.

15.4: Figurine of a Roman soldier found in the early Roman trash dump at Berenike.

15.5: Inscription block from the praesidium at Siket in situ in the gate, just after excavation.

15.6: Artist's reconstruction of the small praesidium at Siket.

15.7: Artist's reconstruction of the gate at Siket.

15.8: View of the late Roman-era settlement in Wadi Shenshef.

15.9: Reconstruction of the late Roman-era settlement in Wadi Shenshef.

15.10: Ruins of first century BC–first century AD fort, Shenshef.

15.11: Aerial view of the hilltop fort at Shenshef.