A
AALL (American Association of Law Libraries), 14
AASL (American Association of School Librarians), 64
AAUP (American Association of University Professors), 54
Abram, Stephen
“Future World: Strategic Challenges for Reference in the Coming Decade,” 133–145
overview of chapter by, xiv
Stephen’s Lighthouse, 143
academic arts libraries
challenges to reference services, 111–116
conclusion about, 117–118
overview of, 107–108
reference definition, 108–109
state of reference services, 109–111
value of art libraries, 116–117
academic library
changes in, 49–50
future for, 58–60
handhelds/mobile computing, 50–51
higher education, ecosystem of, 56–58
self-service/ubiquitous access, 51–52
state of academic libraries, 50
student demographics, 52–54
teaching faculty, 54–56
Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Arum & Roksa), 53–54
access
accessibility of reference services, 31–32
accessibility of virtual library, 64–65
challenges of in new millennium, 17–19
digital divide, 52
digitization of arts collections and, 114–115
evolution of technology and, 124–126
in future, 144
to library resources via web, 39
self-service/ubiquitous access, 51–52
ACRL
See Association of College and Research Libraries
Age of Enlightenment, 126
AI
Aitchison, Jean, 131
ALA
See American Library Association
ALCTS (Association for Library Collections and Technical Services), 36
Alexander, Linda B., ix
Alexandria, library at, 4–5
ALSC (Association for Library Service to Children), 75
Amazon Kindle, 103
American Association of Law Libraries (AALL), 14
American Association of School Librarians (AASL), 64
American Association of University Professors (AAUP), 54
American Council on Education, 56–57
American Library Association (ALA)
“Code of Ethics of the American Library Association,” 14–17, 23
code of ethics on intellectual freedom, 21
code of ethics on privacy, 19–20
definition of reference transactions/reference work, xii
delivery of digital reference, 102–103
on Library Awareness Program, 21
on public libraries in shopping malls, 35
reference in professional library associations, 9
on reference librarian, 8
as source for data, 138
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 18
Amodeo, Anthony J., 9
Anderson, Katie Elson, vii–xiv
Andretta, Susie, 97
Andronicus of Rhodes (librarian), 4
Angelotti, Ellyn, 102
Antonucci, Nicole, 71
apps (applications), 52
Arar, Yardena, xii
Arndt, Theresa S., 109
Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA), 113
artificial intelligence (AI)
future of reference and, 128–129
arts information professional
budget challenges for, 112
collaboration challenges, 115–116
connection with patrons, 117–118
digitization of unique arts collections, 114–115
diverse skill sets of, 112–114
state of reference services, 109–111
use of term, 108
arts libraries
Arum, Richard, 53–54
Ashcroft, John, 21
Asher, Andrew, 55–56
Ask a Librarian website, 76
“Ask Gary” widget, 128
Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS), 36
Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), 75
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)
on arts libraries, effect of, 117
definition of information literacy, 55
“Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education,” 113
information literacy standards, 59
as source for data, 138
top trends identified by, 108, 111
Value of Academic Libraries, 117
“Visual Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education,” 114
Association of Research Libraries (ARL)
on digitization, 114
on job satisfaction of reference librarians, 33
John Lombardi at Fall Forum, 117
on library budgets, 58
as source for data, 138
survey on reference services, 40
Atkinson, Robert, 51
audiobooks, 74–75
Auletta, Ken, 148
automation, library, 28–29
B
baby boomers, 24
Baker, Stephen, 150
Beck, Susan J.
overview of chapter by, xiii
“The Real Reference Revolution: The Digital Library User,” 27–42
redefinition of “reference,” 31
on role of reference librarian, 84–85, 86
benchmarking data, 138
Bergmann, Donna Mae, 54–55
Berkowitz, Bob, 83
Betamax, 67
bibliographic control, 29
bibliographic management tools, 38
Big6 approach, 83
Bishop, W. W., 3
Blake, Norma, 78
blogs, 102
books, 71
Bordonaro, Fran, 94
Bosch, Stephen, 96
Bradford, Jane T., 36
brand, of library, 142–143
Brenner, Joanna, 40
Brett, W. H., 6
British Museum, 7
Brock, Thomas, 55
Brown, Jeanne, 113
Brown, Ruth, 20–21
budget
of academic arts libraries, 117
challenges of academic arts libraries, 112
See also funding
Busque, Justin, 99
C
Cahill, Thomas, 125–126
California Digital Library, 125
Calkins, Kaijsa, 110
card catalog, 126
Carlisle, Brian A., 116
Carlson, Jake, 109
Carnegie, Andrew, 7
Carter, Thomas L., 9
Castro, Daniel, 51
CDs, 67–68
cell phone
for Internet access, 19, 50–51
ownership statistics, 96–97
“The Central Image: The Future of Reference in Academic Arts Libraries” (Harrington), xiv, 107–118
Chad, Ken, 129
Ch’eng Chu, 5
Chicago Public Library
reference department, development of, 6
YOUmedia, 98–99
Child, William B., 6
Childers, Thomas, 32
China, early libraries in, 5
Christie, Les, 24
Clark, Tanna M., 80
Cleland, Ethel, 7
Cleveland Public Library, 6
cloud computing
library access to online sources via, 128
as storage problem solution, 50–51
tools for collaboration with, 95–96
“Code of Ethics of the American Library Association” (ALA)
on equitable access, 18
on equitable service policies and access, 23
for guidance in future, 24
on intellectual freedom, 21
on privacy, 19–20
collaboration
for arts library collections, 115–116
changes to reference from technology, 134
with cloud computing, 95–96
with digital resources, 125
for school libraries, 75–76
Collaborative Digital Reference Service, 35
Collaborative Imperative (Raspa & Ward), 116
college
ecosystem of higher education, 56–58
student demographics, 52–54
teaching faculty, 54–56
College and Reference Committee of the ALA, 8
College of New Jersey, 74
commons, 138–139
community
public library reference advocacy, 97
reference librarian as resource for, 94
reference librarian’s interactions with, 97–98
Complete College America, 53
computer
desktop PC, 50
digital natives/digital immigrants and, 68
limitations to technology, 70–71
teacher’s knowledge of, use of, 80–82
See also technology
computer commons, 138–139
computer literacy
of school librarian, 79
of teachers, 80–81
Cooperative Digitization Project, 125
Cooperative Online Resource Catalog (CORC), 125
ALA code of ethics and, 16
digitization of unique collections and, 114–115
DRM legislation/regulation, 127–128
Corbett, Nic, 78
CORC (Cooperative Online Resource Catalog), 125
cost
budget challenges of academic arts libraries, 112
of college, 57
of digital reference resources, 37
of print reference, 100
of self-service apps, 52
Costello, Barbara, 36
COUNTER (Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources), 137
Cox, Crystal, 102
The Critic (journal), 7
Croud, J. J., 72
crowd-sourcing information, 129–130
Crowley, Terence, 32
curriculum agenda, 143
customer satisfaction data, ForeSee, 137–138
Cvetkovic, Vibiana Bowman
introduction, vii–xiv
overview of chapter by, xiii
“Terrorism, Privacy, and Porn: Reference Ethics in the Twenty-First Century,” 13–25
D
Dark Ages, 125–126
Dart programming language, 128, 150
data
ForeSee customer satisfaction data, 137–138
GPS, 136–137
ILS search patterns, 136
normative data, census/national data sets, 138
opportunities for data-driven decisions, 135
search statements, 137
website traffic analytics, 136
database
digital reference delivery, 101–102
ForeSee customer satisfaction data, 137–138
search statements, 137
See also digital resources
Davis, Bette, 21
Davis, Donald G., Jr., 3
Davis, Mary Ellen, 9
Desk Set (movie), ix
The Development of Reference Services through Academic Traditions, Public Library Practices and Special Librarianship (Rothstein), 3–4
Dewey, Melvil, 7
Dickson, Andrea, 58–59
digital divide
cell-only access to Internet, 19
digitization of arts collections and, 115
student demographics and, 52
digital reference
definition of, 33–36
delivery approaches, 101–103
move toward online subscriptions only, 96
evolution of technology and, 124–126
impact of digital formats on reference, 36–42
job satisfaction of reference librarians and, 33
school library, redesign of space/services for, 72–75
virtual library as device to access, 68–70
virtual school library, effect on existing collections/librarians, 66–68
The Digital Revolution and Higher Education (Pew Internet and American Life Project), 59–60
digital rights management (DRM)
in the future, 150
issues of, 127–128
digitization
of books, importance of, 88
large digitization projects, 125
process of, 144
of unique arts collections, 114–115
disabilities, persons with
access to higher education for, 18
access to web for, 19
diversity, 24
Dowd, Robert, 22–23
Drexel University’s College of Information Science and Technology, 35
DRM
Duke, Lynda, 55–56
E
East Mooresville (North Carolina) Intermediate School
as pilot program, 75
use of MacBooks, 69–70
e-books
demand for, 24
for information sharing, 102–103
library access to, 75
EBSCO, 96
Eckel, Peter, 56–57
eClicker, 77
education
access challenges for reference librarians, 17–19
by arts information professionals, 112–113
educator role of reference librarian, 98
history of reference in library education, 8–9
reference librarian as trainer, 93–95
social media for, 76–78
teaching information and technology skills, 82–84
See also instruction
Edwards, Mark, 69–70
Eisenberg, Mike, 83
Elizabethtown College, 66
e-mail, library e-mail reference services, 34–35
embedded librarianship
for arts information professionals, 112
description of, 109–110
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 85
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences (Bates & Maack), 28, 39–40
Ennis, Lisa A.
on digital reference resources, 37
on information literacy, 41
on job satisfaction of reference librarians, 33
on reference service quality, 32
access issues, 17–19
conclusion about, 23–25
frameworks, 14–17
intellectual freedom issues, 21–23
privacy issues, 19–21
values of librarianship, 13–14
“Ethics and the Reference Librarian” (Bunge), 16–17
Ethnographic Research in Illinois Academic Libraries (ERIAL) Project, 55–56
Evans, G. Edward, 9
Evernote, 95
evidence-based reference strategies
ForeSee customer satisfaction data, 137–138
GPS, 136–137
ILS search patterns, 136
normative data, census/national data sets, 138
opportunities for, 135
search statements, 137
website traffic analytics, 136
experience-based portals, 138–139
Ezell, Stephen, 51
F
Fabian, Carole Ann, 113–114
for information search, 102
for promotion of reference services, 142, 143
for virtual library communication, 130
faculty, 116
Falmouth (Massachusetts) Public Library, 94
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 20, 21
feedback, 111
Fenton, Dorothy Maie, 8
55 percent reference rule, 32–33
Finks, Lee, 13
Fisher, Edgar A., 7
Foerstel, Herbert, 20
ForeSee customer satisfaction data, 137–138
Fox, Susannah, 40
frameworks, 14–17
Franco, Alejandro, 81
Freking, Kevin, 18
French cataloging code, 126
Fulton, Camilla, 19
funding
of academic arts libraries, 117
budget challenges of academic arts libraries, 112
for college teaching faculty, 54–55
for higher education, 57–58
future
for academic library, 58–60
writing about, xii–xiii
See also academic arts libraries; public library reference, future of
future challenges for reference
changes for libraries with technology, 133–134
conclusion about, 145
curriculum/research agenda, 143
evidence-based reference strategies, 135–138
experience-based portals, 138–139
opportunities created by changes, 134–135
people-driven strategies, 142–143
quality strategies, 140–141
services and programs, 144
transliteracy strategies, 141–142
“The Future of Public Library Reference” (Hoenke), xiv, 91–103
future of reference
artificial intelligence, 128–129
conclusion about, 131
crowd-sourcing information, 129–130
evolution of technology, reference and, 124–126
legislation/regulation, 127–128
technologies in the future, 130–131
University of Memphis, innovations at, 123–124
“Future World: Strategic Challenges for Reference in the Coming Decade” (Abram), xiv, 133–145
G
Gale Cengage Learning, 137–138
Garnett, Richard, 7
Garrison, Dee, 6
Garrison, Julie, 150
Gartner, 51
geographical and global positioning system (GPS), 136–137
Gerke, Jennifer, 149
Gers, Ralph, 32
Ghezzi, Lawrence V., xiv, 63–88
Gibson, John
“Coda,” 147–150
overview of chapter by, xiv
“Whither Libraries? User-Driven Changes in the Future of Reference,” 123–131
AI systems, integration with, 128
Dart programming language, 150
database search combined with, 102
implications for libraries, xi
librarian as guide for, 129–130
Picasa image editor, 148
quality strategies for reference services and, 140–141
student research using, 85–86
student search abilities and, 56
Google Analytics, 136
Google Blog Search, 102
Google Docs, 95
Gorman, Michael, 13–14
GPS (geographical and global positioning system), 136–137
graduation rates, 53
Greece, early libraries in, 4–5
Green, David, 55–56
Green, John, xii–xiii
Green, Samuel Swett
on assistance for library users, 39
on principles of reference services, 30
Greene, Mark A., 114
Griffin, Michael, 24
Gross, Zach, 71
“Guidelines for Information Services” (RUSA), 15
“Guidelines for the Behavioral Performance of Reference and Information Service Providers” (RUSA), 36
H
Hamilton, Buffy, 94
handhelds, 50–51
Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, xiii
Hansen, Andrew, 9
Harrington, Sara, xiv, 107–118
Harrison, William Henry, 5
Harry Potter book series (Rowling), ix
Hauptman, Robert, 22–23
Hayes, Robert B., 28
Head, Alison, 56
Henderson, Kittie, 96
Herzog, Brian, 92
Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 149
Heyboer, Kelley, 74
higher education, 56–58
See also college
Hill, Michael, 75
Hill, Rebecca, 96–97
“A History of Reference” (Still), xiii, 3–10
Historypin, 98
Hoenke, Justin
“The Future of Public Library Reference,” 91–103
overview of chapter by, xiv
on social media to connect with teens, 103
Holley, Robert, 58–59
Hopkins, Judith, 126
Horton, Lia, 91
Housewright, Ross, 56
How the Irish Saved Civilization (Cahill), 125–126
How to Train Your Dragon (Cowell), ix
Howard, Jennifer, 117
Hutchins, Margaret, 8
I
ILS search patterns, 136
image
education about, 112–113
image collections, issues regarding, 107
visual literacy, 113–114
IMLS (Institute of Museum and Library Services), 138
index
print indexes in reference departments, 30
switch from paper-based reference to digital, 36
information
boundaries of, 124
crowd-sourcing information, 129–130
evolution of technology and access to, 124–126
librarian as translator for, 92–93
“Information Competencies for Students in Design Disciplines” (ARLIS/NA), 113
information freedom, 148
information literacy
design of programs for, 53
education of teenagers about technology, 97
future of academic library instruction, 59
integration into teaching curricula, 54–56
teaching information and technology skills, 82–84
transliteracy and, 142
visual literacy, 113
“Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education” (ACRL), 113
information sharing
crowd-sourcing information, 129–130
online tools for, 95–96
information technology
See technology
Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), 138
instruction
impact of digital formats on library instruction, 37–38
student demographics and, 53–54
See also education
intellectual property, 127–128
Internet
access challenges for reference librarians, 17–19
accessibility of virtual school library, 64–65
changes in reference services with, 30
digital divide, 52
digital reference, defining, 34–36
digital rights issues, 127–128
in the future, 148–149
information literacy of students and, 55–56
information seekers, changes with digital resources, 39–42
library instruction changes with, 37–38
mobile computing, rise of, 50–51
public library reference changes with, 91–92
reference, evolution of technology and, 124–126
self-service/ubiquitous access, 51–52
student demographics and, 53–54
See also World Wide Web
Intner, Sheila S., 125
Introduction to Library Public Services (Evans, Amodeo, & Carter), 9
Introduction to Reference Work (Hutchins), 8
Introduction to Reference Work (Katz), 9
ipl2, 35
Ipri, Tom, 141–142
Ithaka S+R, 56
J
Jackson, Sidney L., 6
Janes, Joseph
ipl2 and, 35
on job satisfaction of reference librarians, 33
use of “digital reference” term, 34
Jefferson, Thomas, xiv
The Jetsons (Hanna-Barbera cartoon series), xiii
job satisfaction, 33
John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, 54
Johnson, Marilyn, x
Johnson, Peggy, 125
Jones, Leslie Weber, 5
Jones, Philippa, 52
Journal Storage (JSTOR), 125
K
Kaplan, Louis
on article by Samuel Swett Green, 9
on library reference training, 8
on work of reference librarians, 7
Kasprowski, Rafal, 127
Katz, William, 9
Kearney, Christine, 85
Kelley, Michael
on delivery of digital reference, 102–103
Kennedy, Scott, 118
Kern, M. Kathleen, 34
Kesselman, Martin A., 35
Klusendorf, Heather, 96
Kneale, Ruth, 109
Koch, Theodore W., 7
Kvenild, Cassandra, 110
Kyrillidou, Martha, 40
L
Lamberton, E. V., 5
Lancaster, F. W., 49
Lang, Fritz, xiii
LC
Lee, Timothy B., 148
legislation, 127–128
Lenholt, Robert, 36
Lerner, Fred, 4
Levin, Doug, 68
LHsee application, 149
LibGuides portal, 38
librarian
ALA code of ethics, 14–17
changes in reference service role, 29
at core of reference services, 27
image of, viii–x
reference services, redefining, 30–31
See also reference librarian; school librarian
Librarian Wardrobe (website), x
library
changes to/reinvention of, 133–135
history of early libraries, 4–5
history of reference in library education, 8–9
as place, 29–30
reference in future, 147–150
See also academic arts libraries; academic library; reference; school libraries
Library as Incubator Project, 95–96
library automation, 28–29
Library Awareness Program, 20, 21
Library Company of Philadelphia, 5
Library Journal
article by Samuel Swett Green in, 9
e-books survey, 24
Periodicals Price Survey, 96
library media center, 87–88
Library of Congress (LC)
digitization projects, 125
QuestionPoint, 35
Library Partnerships (Squires), 76
library patron
of arts library, 117–118
balance of traditional/trendy in reference, 96–98
development of connection with, 103
evidence-based reference strategies for, 135–138
of future, 98–99
reference changes for information seekers with digital resources, 39–42
reference librarian as trainer for, 93–95
reference librarian as translator of information for, 92–93
See also users
Lichtbau, Eric, 21
Listening to the Customer (Hernon & Matthews), 117
Lombardi, John, 117
Long Branch (New Jersey) middle school system, 87
Lowry, Charles B., 58
M
Madaus, Joseph, 18
Maness, Jack M., 149
marketing, 115–116
Martin, Lowell A., 9
Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District (Monmouth County, New Jersey), 71, 75
Matthews, Joseph R., 117
Maxwell, Robert, 29
McAlister, John, 7
McCarthy, Charles, 8
McCarthy era, 20–21
McClure, Charles R., 32
McColvin, Lionel R., 8
McPherson, Michael, 18
Medical Library Association (MLA), 14
“Meeting Users’ Needs through New Reference Service Models” (Cassel), 109
Mehlinger, Howard D., 78
Meissner, Dennis, 114
memristors, 149
Metropolis (Lang), xiii
Middletown Township (New Jersey) Public Library, 74, 76
Miller, Paul, 129
Miller, Rebecca, 24
Miller, Wayne K., 18
Miller, William, xi
MLA (Medical Library Association), 14
mobile computing, 50–51
mobile devices, 50–51
mobile librarianship, 109
mobile phone
See cell phone
money
Morgan, Candace, 21
Morris County (New Jersey) East Hanover School District, 78
N
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 57, 138
near-field wireless (NFW) communications, 130
Needham, George, 67
NetLibrary, 75
New Jersey, use of social media for education, 76, 77, 78
New York Library Association, 21
New York Public Library (NYPL), 66
New York Times, 21
1984 (Orwell), xiii
“No Teacher Left Behind,” 81
Nooks, 71
normative data, 138
O
Oakleaf, Megan, 59
Obama, Barack, 20
OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), 35, 75
Oglesby, Amanda, 76
Oklahoma Library Association’s Social Responsibility Roundtable, 21
online learning, 59–60
open source movement, 129–130
Orwell, George, xiii
O’Toole, James, 51
Our Enduring Values (Gorman), 13–14
OverDrive, 75
P
Pace, Andrew, 34
Padover, Saul K., xiv
paper-based reference collections, 36–37
See also print collection
Paris business school, Essec, 77
partnerships, 75–76
Party Girl (movie), ix
patron
See library patron
Pavlovsky, Tara, 74
PayPal, 130
Pearson Learning Solutions, 77
Peckham, Howard H., 5
Pentlin, Floyd, 64
people-driven strategies, 142–143
Peresie, Michelle, ix
Periodicals Price Survey (Library Journal), 96
Perle Meche (Lot, France), 118
Peterson, Marion, 92–93
Pew Internet and American Life Project, 19, 59–60
Phelps, Rose B., 9
physical spaces
of libraries in the future, 149
school librarian’s involvement in design of, 87–88
school libraries, changes in, 63–64
school library, redesign of space/services, 72–75
University of Memphis, innovations at, 123–124
virtual library for greater utilization of space, 67–68
Pince, Irma (librarian in Harry Potter series), ix
Pinterest, 95–96
PIPA (PROTECT IP Act), 148
“Pivot Points for Change” (Hamilton), 94
PLA (Public Library Association), 9
Poole, William Frederick, 6
portals, experience-based, 138–139
Portico of Octavia, 4
Portland Public Library, 102
Pratchett, Terry, ix
Prensky, Marc, 68
Princeton University, 7
print collection
budget challenges of academic arts libraries, 112
digitization of unique arts collections, 114–115
disintegration of print books, 88
in the future, 150
virtual school library design and, 74
print reference
changes in, 99–101
move towards online subscriptions only, 96
privacy
challenges for reference librarians, 19–21
professional library associations, 9
“Professionalism or Culpability? An Experiment in Ethics” (Hauptman), 22
programs, library, 144
Project on Student Debt, 57
PROTECT IP Act (PIPA), 148
public libraries, collaboration with school libraries, 75–76
Public Library Association (PLA), 9
public library reference, future of
balance of traditional/trendy, 96–98
changes to reference from technology, 91
collaboration/information sharing, 95–96
conclusion about, 103
digital reference delivery, approaches to, 101–103
library patron of future, 98–99
presumed death of reference, 92
print reference, changes in, 99–101
reference librarian of today, new roles for, 92–95
Purcell, Kristen, 40
QandANJ program, 75
QR (quick response) codes, 78, 130–131
quality strategies, 140–141
QuestionPoint, 35
questions
categorization of reference questions, 139
library reference services for, 140–141
R
Radford, Marie L., 108
Rainie, Lee, 40
Raish, Martin, ix
Ranganathan, S. R., 13
Raspa, Dick, 116
Rayna, Thierry, 127
“Read to a Dog” (Reading Education Assistance Dogs program), 76
“The Real Reference Revolution: The Digital Library User” (Beck), xiii, 27–42
reference
arts libraries reference services, challenges to, 111–117
changes with technology, 91
definition of in academic arts libraries, 108–109
digital reference delivery, approaches to, 101–103
in the future, 2052, 147–150
presumed death of, 92
role of for today’s school librarian, 84–86
See also ethics, reference
reference, future challenges for
changes for libraries with technology, 133–134
conclusion about, 145
curriculum/research agenda, 143
evidence-based reference strategies, 135–138
experience-based portals, 138–139
opportunities created by changes, 134–135
people-driven strategies, 142–143
quality strategies, 140–141
services and programs, 144
transliteracy strategies, 141–142
reference, future of
artificial intelligence, 128–129
conclusion about, 131
crowd-sourcing information, 129–130
evolution of technology, reference and, 124–126
legislation/regulation, 127–128
technologies in the future, 130–131
University of Memphis, innovations at, 123–124
reference, history of
books written on, 3–4
conclusion about, 9–10
history of early libraries, 4–5
history of reference in library education, 8–9
reference desks/departments, development of, 6–8
reference in professional library associations, 9
Reference and User Services Association (RUSA)
definition of reference transactions/reference work, xii
“Guidelines for the Behavioral Performance of Reference and Information Service Providers,” 36
redefinition of “reference,” 31
reference librarian guidelines of, 14–15
on virtual reference, 33–34
“The Reference Course, or, the Use of the Library and Books” (School Libraries Section of the ALA), 8
reference departments, 6–8
reference desks
development of, 6–8
elimination of, 109
reference librarian
balance of traditional/trendy, 96–98
collaboration/information sharing, 95–96
current challenges/innovations, 127–131
definition of, 3
evidence-based reference strategies for, 135–138
future of academic reference libraries, 59–60
future role of, 144
image of, viii–x
impact of digital formats on reference, 36–42
information literacy instruction and faculty, 54–55
new roles for, 92–95
promotion/rebranding of, 142–143
strategic opportunities for in future, 134–135
transformation of reference services, 31–33
See also librarian
reference revolution
conclusion about, 42
digital formats, impact of, 36–42
digital reference, defining, 33–36
library as place, 29–30
library automation, history of, 28–29
overview of, 27–28
reference services, redefining, 30–31
transforming services, 31–33
“Reference Service Trends and Forecasts for Academic Librarianship” (Golden), xiv, 49–60
reference services
redefining, 30–31
transforming, 31–33
reference transaction
definition of, xii
RUSA’s current definition of, 31
reference work
definition of, xii
RUSA’s current definition of, 31
regulation, digital rights, 127–128
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 18
Reinventing Reference (Anderson & Cvetkovic), vii–xiv
research
case for positive impact of library, 143
changes in with Internet, 69
in the future, 148
school librarian’s reference role, 84–86
Rettig, James, 29
Richardson, E. C., 8
Richtel, Matt, 70
Ripley, Amanda, 18
Robeson Library at Rutgers University, 128
Rockenbach, Barbara, 113–114
Roksa, Josipa, 53–54
Rothstein, Samuel
on beginning of reference work, 6–8
The Development of Reference Services through Academic Traditions, Public Library Practices and Special Librarianship, 3–4
values of, 13
roving reference, 109
RUSA
See Reference and User Services Association
Rutgers University, 77
S
Salvatore, Michael, 87
Schmidt, Janine, 72
Schmidt, T., 72
Schonfeld, Roger, 56
school librarian
conclusion about, 87–88
effect of virtual library on, 67
reference’s role for today’s, 84–86
in today’s learning environment, 78–84
use of term, 64
school libraries
conclusion about, 87–88
defining school libraries/librarians, 63–64
limitations to technology, 70–71
partnerships/collaboration, planning for, 75–76
redesign of space/services, 72–75
reference’s role for today’s school librarian, 84–86
school librarian in today’s learning environment, 78–84
social media for education, 76–78
virtual libraries, listings of, 66
virtual libraries, nature of, 64–65
virtual library, definition of, 65–66
virtual school libraries, user-friendly, 68
virtual school library as device to access digital information, 68–70
virtual school library, effect on existing collections/librarians, 66–68
School Libraries Section of the ALA, 8
Schuetz, Christopher F., 77
Schwarz, Alan, 69–70
search
changes in with information technology, 29
database search, 101–102
Google search, librarian as guide for, 129
ILS search patterns, 136
library instruction in search strategies, 38
quality strategies for reference services, 140–141
reference changes for information seekers with digital resources, 39–42
school librarian’s reference role and, 84–86
search engines
Google search, librarian as guide for, 129
library reference services vs., 140–141
percent of Americans that use, 40
student research using, 85–86
search statements, 137
seating, 73
self-service, 51–52
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 20
service, quality of, 32–33
services, library, 144
Seward, Lillie J., 32
SHEEO (State Higher Education Executive Officers), 54, 58
Shera, Jesse, 13
SLA (Special Libraries Association), 14
smartphone
See cell phone
Smith, Linda C.
on electronic communication cycle, 49
on indirect instruction, 37
on information seeking guidance, 39–40
on ready reference, 41
on reference services, 30
for connection with library patrons, 103
for education, 76–78
impact on library patrons/librarians, xi
for promotion of reference services, 142–143
use of for information search, 102
for virtual library communication, 130
social networking
academic library and, 58–59
library presence on, 35–36
socioeconomic factors, 70–71
SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act), 148
special collections, 115
Special Libraries Association (SLA), 14
Springen, Karen, 98–99
Squires, Tasha, 76
Staino, Rocco, 64
Star Wars series, ix–x
State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO), 54, 58
“The State of Reference in School Libraries” (Ghezzi & Johnson), xiv, 63–88
Steig, Margaret, 39
Stephens, Michael, 94
Stephen’s Lighthouse (Abram), 143
stereotypes, of librarians, viii–x
Stetson University, 36
Stiffler, Stuart A., 5
Still, Julie M.
“A History of Reference,” 3–10, 125
overview of chapter by, xiii
Storm Center (movie), 21
strategic plan, 139
Striukova, Ludmilla, 127
students
computer literacy of, 69
cost of higher education, 57–58
demographics of, 52–54
innovations in response to user need, 123–124
school librarian, teaching information and technology skills, 82–84
self-service/ubiquitous access, 51–52
social networking by academic library and, 58–59
virtual school libraries, user-friendly, 68
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 4
Summers, Lawrence H., 68
Surveillance in the Stacks: The FBI’s Library Awareness Program (Foerstel), 20
SUSHI (Standardized Usage Statistics Harvesting Initiative), 137
Swartz, Pauline S., 116
Swiss Army Librarian (Herzog), 92
T
tablets, 87
Tancheva, Kornelia, ix–x
Taxonomy of Values (Finks), 13
teachers
changes in teaching faculty of colleges, 54–56
collaboration with librarians, 116
computers, knowledge of/use of, 80–82
technology
access challenges for reference librarians, 17–19
artificial intelligence, 128–129
changes to libraries/reference with, 133–135
evolution of, reference and, 124–126
in the future, 130–131
impact on libraries, xi
impact on reference services, 27–28
information seekers and, 39–42
job satisfaction of reference librarians and, 33
library automation, history of, 28–29
library patron of future, 98–99
library reference in future, 147–150
limitations to, 70–71
new roles for today’s reference librarian, 92–95
public library reference changes with, 91–92
reference librarians’ use of, 110
school librarian, teaching information and technology skills, 82–84
school library, redesign of space/services for, 72–75
University of Memphis, innovations at, 123–124
virtual school library as device to access digital information, 68–70
teenagers
library patron of future, 98–99
library reference balance for, 96–98
Tenopir, Carol
on digital reference resources, 37
on information literacy, 41
job satisfaction of reference librarians and, 33
on library instruction in digital resources, 38
on reference service quality, 32
terrorism
intellectual freedom and, 23
right to privacy and, 20–21
“Terrorism, Privacy, and Porn: Reference Ethics in the Twenty-First Century” (Wilkinson & Cvetkovic), xiii, 13–25
Thibodeau, Patricia L., 150
This Book Is Overdue! (Johnson), x
This is What a Librarian Looks Like (blog), x
Thompson, James Westfall, 4–5
Time (magazine), 18
“Time Is the Enemy” (Complete College America), 53
Toffler, Alvin, 42
tools, for cloud computing, 95–96
Topeka and Shawnee County (Kansas) Public Library, 101
training, 93–95
See also education
translator, 92–93
Tucker, John Mark, 3
tuition, 57
Turnbull, D., 72
for information search, 102
for promotion of reference services, 142
for virtual library communication, 130
“2010 Top Ten Trends in Academic Libraries” (ACRL), 111
Tyrannion (librarian), 4
U
university
See college
University of Memphis, 123–124
University of Queensland (Australia), 72, 73–74
U.S. Library of Congress, 66, 71
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 141
user guides, 37–38
evolution of technology and, 124–126
innovations at University of Memphis in response to, 123–124
users
ForeSee customer satisfaction data, 137–138
quality of library reference services for, 140–141
See also library patron
“Using Social Media to Connect with Teens” (Hoenke), 103
Uyeki, E. Chisato, 116
V
value
of art libraries, 116–117
of library, promotion of, 143
Value of Academic Libraries (ACRL), 117
values, 16–17
See also ethics, reference
Vance, Mary Lee, 18
veterans, in college, 18
VHS, 67
videoconferencing, 130
Vilardell, Nick, 148
virtual libraries
conclusion about, 87–88
definition of, 65–66
as device to access digital information, 68–70
effect on existing collections/librarians, 66–68
listings of, 66
nature of, 64–65
virtual reference, 33–34
visual literacy, 113–114
“Visual Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education” (ACRL), 114
von Hoffman, Nicholas
on disintegration of print books, 88
on virtual libraries, 66–67
W
W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 56–57
Wagers, Robert, 8
Waldorf School of the Peninsula, 70
Walker, William D., 67
Walter, Frank, 8
Ward, Dane, 116
Watstein, Sarah Barbara, 35
website, library
digital reference services, development of, 34–35
library users use of, 40
website traffic analytics, 136
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 65
“What’s Right with This Picture? Chicago’s YOUmedia Reinvents the Public Library” (Springen), 98–99
“Whither Libraries? User-Driven Changes in the Future of Reference” (Gibson), xiv, 123–131
Wikipedia, 129
Williams, Sam, 123
Wilson, Hamilton, 72
Wilson, Terrie, 108
Wilton, Pete, 149
Woodward, Jeannette, 125
World Wide Web
accessibility issues, 18–19
adoption of, impact of, 40
changes in research methods with, 69
impact on reference services, 27–28
school librarian’s reference role, 84–86
See also Internet
Y
Yahoo!, 141
Yale University, 7
Yelton, Andromeda, 19
YOUmedia (Chicago Public Library space), 99
YouTube, 76