APPENDIX B.¹

CACHES.

In caching or secreting his implements, prehistoric man followed no uniform method of placement, but the deposits are shown to have been intentional. The implements were laid in a circle or rectangle and were placed flat, on edge, or sometimes on end. Leaf-shaped implements have been frequently found en cache, and have been called by some “cache implements,” but arrowpoints and spearheads, grooved axes, polished stone hatchets, large chipped flints, spades, and other implements have also been found en cache. It will be seen at once that the term “cache implements” can not with propriety be applied to any particular one.

Reports of caches have been made by their discoverers, and these have been here brought together and published for the convenience of the student.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Manchester.—Cache of 40 chipped implements.²

MASSACHUSETTS.

Framingham.—“A peck of chipped implements,” cached.³

CONNECTICUT.

Stratford, Fairfield County.—Cache, number not given. Robert Curtis, in Cyrus Thomas’s Catalogue of Prehistoric Works east of the Rocky Mountains.

East Windsor Hill, Hartford County.—Cache of 14 specimens.

South Windsor, Hartford County.—Cache of 100 specimens.⁴

NEW YORK.

Dutchess County—A cache of arrowpoints was found upon the farm of Mr. George Allerton, at Green Haven, 12 miles from Fishkill on the Hudson. While employed in digging, his spade brought up a number of arrowpoints. He described them to be nicely piled up side by side edgewise, in two or three rows, 10 to 15 inches below the surface.. There were perhaps 200 or 300 in all. They are of a blue jaspery flint, and seem to be in an unfinished condition.⁵

Sheridan, Chautauqua County.—Cache of 2 bushels of specimens on farm of Mr. Williams.⁶

Allegany County.—Mr. E. M. Wilson, of Belfast, Allegany County, New York, reports that at the old “Iroquois fort,” in the town of Angelica, Allegany County, about miles north of the New York Lake Erie and Western Railroad station of Belvidere were found “many arrow and probably spear heads, unearthed from a small hole near the surface of the ground some distance south or southwest of the inclosure. This was done a few years ago.” Also, “there was another and probably similar work [fort] 2 or 3 miles south of the Belvidere ‘fort’ and on the outskirts of the village of Belmont. * * * A large number of stone implements were found in a hole or cache near by, several years ago.”

Eroome County.—A cache of arrowpoints, knives, and axes, some in perfect condition but others broken, found near Binghamton.¹

Montgomery County.—Mr. Percy M. Van Epps, of Glenville, New York, reports² a cache of 117 arrowpoints on the farm of Mr. Thomas Romeyn, in the town of Amsterdam, near a spring. They lay about 6 inches below the surface, on a bed of ashes 3 inches thick, which rested on a hearth or fireplace, about 10 feet square, of cobblestones from the drift. The arrowpoints average about 3 inches in length and are of dark-blue and gray flint, leaf-shaped. Mr. Van Epps adds: “Such hoards of arrowpoints are frequent in this vicinity. I know of four instances in a radius of as many miles.”

Cache of 120 triangular implements (Division II), straight base, concave edges, of black flint, from Amsterdam, Montgomery County, found by Mr. Percy Van Epps. (Cat. No. 169624, U.S.N.M.)

Saratoga County.—Cache of 90 leaf-shaped implements (Division I, Class B) of hornstone, from Saratoga County, New York, found by H. B. McWilliamson (Cat. Nos. 170333, 170573, U.S.N.M.), represented by 16 and 62 implements, respectively.

Oswego County.—On the line dividing the towns of Volney and Schroeppel was an earthwork on a hill. A long wall, separating the hill from a marsh on the east, still remains. Arrowpoints of flint, en cache, have been plowed up.³

NEW JERSEY.

Burlington County.—Cache of 300 triangular arrowpoints (Division II), straight base, convex edges, of gray flint. Found on the south bank of Rancocas Creek, near Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey, by W. H. Chambers. (Cat. No. 98740, U.S.N.M.) Average size, by by inches.

Mercer County.—In 1861 a farmer near Trenton, New Jersey, while plowing, discovered a cache of stone implements about 15 inches below the surface. Dr. Abbott was notified and repaired to the place, secured the collection, and made a full description of the deposit.⁴ The collection numbered about 150 specimens. They were of jasper, finely chipped, leaf-shaped, with a square base (Division I, Class B), and varied in size from to 7 inches in length, to 3 inches in width. Two-thirds of the number were arranged in a series of concentric circles, each circle fitting within the other, and they stood upright on their bases. The other third lay flat on their sides and were so placed as to form a wall on the outside.

Trenton.—Mr. Ernest Volk excavated an extensive village site in the neighborhood of Trenton, between that and Dr. Abboti’s house and between the road and the bluff. Mr. Volk cites as evidence against the theory of rejects that he found in a single cache, feet below the surface, where it had evidently been placed for safety, a pile of 15 pieces of chipped argillite, but one of which could have been a completed implement. It was somewhat leaf-shaped. All the rest would have passed, according to the theory, for rejects, but were really selected and secreted, intended, doubtless, to be used at a future time for making implements.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Chester County.—Edward T. Ingram, of Marshallton, discovered a cache of 95 leaf-shaped implements (Division I, Class B), square at the base, to 7 inches long, to 3 inches wide, and about three-eighths of an inch thick. They are the counterpart of figs. 102 and 103, and also of No. 3 on Plate 29, Class B, the Abbott specimens heretofore described, in this classification. Mr. Ingram made a division of the implements and sent 61 of them to the U. S. National Museum, where the author has set them up in the form of a cache, as they were found. It is represented in section, as though it had been cut in the center perpendicularly from top to bottom and one-half the earth taken out, leaving the implements projecting as in their original location. The cast is of plaster, reproducing the earth. The original implements are used to represent the exposed half of the cache, leaving the imagination to supply the rest, which are supposed to be within the bank of earth and not to bo seen. They were laid flat on their sides, their points to the center, overlapping each other where they came in contact. The entire cache is about 15 or 16 inches in width—a little more than twice the length of the implements. They were laid in a circle, nine or ten of them. This made nine or ten layers and was equal to a height of 11 inches. The top layer was about the depth of a furrow beneath the surface. All former plowing had escaped them, but on the present occasion a deeper furrow had turned them up, and so they were discovered. Plate 59 represents the plan of the cache and shows one layer of the implements.

Cache of 14 or more leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B) argillite implements, found near Brandywine Creek, in Chester County, about 2 miles from West Chester, Pennsylvania. A. Sharpless. (Cat. No. 62374, U.S.N.M.)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Cache of 7 stemmed, shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class B), implements of quartzite. Found in a bank 2 feet below the surface opposite the navy-yard, District of Columbia, (W. Hallett Phillips collection, Cat. No. 195926, U.S.N.M.)

MARYLAND.

Howard County.—Fifty-two specimens.

Anne Arundel County.—Five caches containing, respectively, 26, 25, 27, 11, and 4 specimens. The foregoing caches are reported by Mr. J. D. McGuire, of Ellicott City, Maryland, and the implements are in his collection.

WEST VIRGINIA.

A cache of 400 leaf-shaped implements (Class B) is reported by Dr. J. F. Snyder, of Virginia, Cass County, Illinois, as having been found in West Virginia, locality not given.¹

NORTH CAROLINA.

Caldwell and Alexander County line.—Dr. J. M. Spainhour, of Lenoir, North Carolina, found a cache of 597 leaf-shaped arrowpoints near the Caldwell and Alexander County line, North Carolina, 16 miles east of Lenoir, in a circular hole in the ground 9 inches in diameter, 25 inches deep. They occupied 13 inches of the excavation, which was filled with earth to the surface. These implements vary in length from to 4 inches, in width from to inches, and are to inch thick. The material is porphyritic felsite (called rhyolite when it shows the flow structure), used so much by the aborigines from Maine to Georgia, (Cat. No. 149662, U.S.N.M.)

Fifteen leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B) rhyolite implements, found en cache surrounding a spring, as represented in Plate 60, at the head of a rivulet near the foot of Hibriten Mountain, 2 miles east of Lenoir, were also found by Dr. Spainhour; by inches by inch.¹

PLATE 59.

PLAN SHOWING ONE OF LAYER OF CACH

PLATE 60.

PLASTER CAST (MODEL) OF A SPRING NEAR HIBRITEN MOUNTAIN, NORTH CAROLINA, SHOWING FIFTEEN LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS IN CACHE.

Lenoir, North Carolina.

Cat. No. 149662, U.S.N.M. Found by Dr. J. M. Spainnour.

Alexander County.—Cache of 96 small leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B) rhyolite implements. Average size 2 by by inches. J. D. Stephenson (Cat. No. 61950, U.S.N.M.). “This deposit [cache] was found buried in the soil against a large rock near the Catawba River in the southeastern section of Alexander County. I know of no locality nearer than 70 miles from which the material of which they are made can be obtained.”

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Aiken County.—Dr. Roland Steiner, of Grovetown, Georgia, reports, April 27, 1895, that “I send a cache of rhyolite or schist arrowpoints, 65 in number, triangular and rudely stemmed, found in North Augusta on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River, opposite Augusta, Georgia.” These were received in due course by the U. S. National Museum, and are catalogued as No. 170768.

GEORGIA.

Col. Charles C. Jones, jr., makes a somewhat elaborate description of the primitive manufactures of spear and arrow heads. He quotes at length from Catlin the methods observed by him and reported in his “Last Rambles amongst the Indians.”²

The McGlashan collection (Cat. Nos. 131966–132250, U.S.N.M.) contains 20,000 specimens of arrowpoints or spearheads, all gathered by a single person from a single locality, and largely of one material. They belong to Division III, stemmed, sometimes shouldered and barbed. These were not reported as en cache, but it is probable many of them were.

FLORIDA.

Brevard County.—Cache of 12 or 13 pendant ornaments, or “plummets, pendants, or charms,” in a mound near Melbourne, called Turkey Creek mound, reported by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in “Certain aboriginal mounds of the coast of South Carolina.”³

Hernando County.—Cache of 24 implements, stemmed, shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class B), of white flint (chalcedony), found 2 feet below the surface at Brooksville, Hernando County, Florida, by J. J. Bell. (Cat. No. 170497, U.S.N.M.,

Volusia County.—Cache of ceremonial implements (banner stones?), found in a mound near Tomoka Creek.⁴

ALABAMA.

Blount County.—Cache of 17 chipped implements.⁵

KENTUCKY.

Boyd County.—-Cache of 165 leaf-shaped (Division I, Class A) gray flint implements from Ashland. Average size by inches by of an inch. (E. J. Taylor, Cat No. 150177, U.S.N.M.)

Todd County, Dycus farm, 3 miles east of Trenton.—Cache, number not given.⁶

Uniontown, Union County.—Cache of 140 hornstone knives. Two caches, number not given,⁷ 6 miles above Caseyville.

TENNESSEE.

Carter County.—John W. Emmert, of Bristol, Tennessee, reported May 4, 1892, a cache of leaf-shaped implements of quartzite from the bank of the Watauga River, Carter County, northwestern Tennessee, consisted of 18 pieces to 9 inches in length, 3 to inches in width, and to of an inch in thickness. They were buried 2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side, and arranged in a circle with the points to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The hole in which they were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard yellow clay. Nothing was found associated with them, although there was an aboriginal cemetery in the neighborhood. (Deposited by T. W., Cat. No. 150195, U.S.N.M.)

ARKANSAS.

Plate 61 represents 5 specimens out of a cache of 14, found on the banks of the Little Missouri River, Arkansas. They were deposited together, the edges overlapping, in a layer of hard yellow clay, on the terrace hillside back from the river bank, and were unassociated with other objects. They are of milk-white chalcedony, and are from 11 inches in length down. They are classified as Division III, Class C, stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. (Deposited by T. W., Cat. No. 150196, U.S.N.M.)

MISSOURI.

Near St. Louis.—“There are also a few cache finds, notably those large spades from 12 to 18 inches in length. We have a number of other cache finds, not so large in size, but equally fine in workmanship. * * * The spades and hoes come from near St. Louis, and are usually found in the vicinity of mounds. They comprise all the known forms, and many are polished on one end, which is probably caused by digging in the earth.” (The Missouri Historical Society exhibit of St. Louis at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, under the direction of William J. Seever.)

Chariton County.—“Mr. John P. Jones, of Keytesville, Chariton County, Missouri, communicated to me some particulars of three deposits of flint implements brought to light in the neighborhood of his home. The first was a store of spearheads and arrowpoints, several hundreds in number, which he was too late to secure or satisfactorily examine. The weapons were all new, a fact conclusive that here had been the arsenal of a tribe or the secreted stock in trade of another primitive American merchant.”

Better fortune attended Mr. Jones in the discovery of a second deposit, consisting of 17 new flint knives, as the greater number of them fell into his possession.

A third deposit described by Mr. Jones was discovered in the valley or “second bottom” of Chariton River, and contained about 50 small, flat, ovoid, pointed flints. “They had been stuck into the ground, point down, in concentric circles, and were then covered with earth, forming over them a low, flat mound 12 or 18 inches in height by 5 or 6 feet in diameter. * * * Some were gapped on the edges, and all were to a certain extent polished.”¹

OHIO.

Ross County.—Messrs. Squier and Davis,² during their survey of the earthworks of Ohio, opened a broad but low mound of “Clark’s Works,” in Ross County, of that State. They made an excavation 6 feet long and 4 feet wide, from which they took about 600 specimens of flint disks, en cache, placed in two layers edgewise. The deposit extended beyond the limits of their excavation on every side, and hence the actual number of specimens was not ascertained by them. The implements are described as ovoid or roundish, or terminating in a blunt point at one end. They were of various sizes, but on an average 6 inches long, 4 inches wide, and an inch thick in the center (Plate 62, fig. 1). Some were rudely blocked out; in others the circumference was chipped to a more or less defined edge. The material is flint or hornstone of fine texture, generally of a gray color, and showing sometimes concentric bands, in the center of which is a nucleus of blue chalcedony, thus demonstrating that the flint was formed in nodules and not in strata or layers.

PLATE 61.

PLATE 62.

FLINT DISKS MADE FROM CONCRETIONARY FLINT NODULES.

(Upper specimen) Illinois; (lower) Ohio.

Cat. Nos. 139924, 27587, U.S.N.M.

PLATE 63.

PILE OF 7,382 CHIPPED FLINT DISKS, CACHED IN MOUND 2, HOPEWELL FARM.

Anderson Station, Ross County, Ohio.

Prof. Warren K. Morehead, 1891.

PLATE 64.

LARGE SPEARHEADS OF CHALCEDONY.

College Corners, Ohio.

In October, 1891, Prof. Warren K. Moorehead, while working for the Department (M) of Ethnology, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, continued the suspended excavations of Squier and Davis, and opened what he has described as Mound No. 2, on Hopewell farm, Anderson Township, Ross County, near Chillicothe. In three days’ work Professor Moorehead took out 7382 of these flint disks. Others found in the immediate neighborhood increased this number to 8185.¹ Plate 63 is from a photograph of the tent, and in front of it are the flint disks as they were piled after being taken from the mound.

Summit County.—A cache of 197 leaf-shaped implements was found under the stump of a tamarack tree 3 miles west of Akron. Mr. Thomas Rhodes sent 5 of them to the U. S. National Museum, December, 1878 (Cat. Nos. 34584–34588, U.S.N.M.). They were from 5 to 7 inches long, to 3 inches wide, and to inch thick. Cat. No. 34584, No. 2, Plate 29, Class B, with rounded base, represents one of these specimens. Their fine chipping and exceeding thinness are to be remarked.

Buchtel College, Akron, exhibited at the Cincinnati Exposition of 1887 a cache of leaf-shaped implements similar in appearance to those found by Mr. Rhodes, whether part of the same is not known.

Scioto County.—Mr. Thomas Kinney, of Portsmouth, had 125 leaf-shaped implements belonging to a cache discovered in his neighborhood, which he exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition.²

Lake County.—Colonel Whittlesey reported a cache of leaf-shaped implements found by Mr. J. C. Huntingdon near Painesville.³

Ashland County, Sullivan Township.—In 1872 Mr. S. W. Briggs discovered, while plowing, a cache of 201 implements about 18 inches beneath the surface. They were leaf-shaped, about 4 inches long, 2 to inches wide and inch thick. They were deposited in a keg-like vessel of the bark of the red elm, 10 or 12 inches in diameter and 13 inches in height. No signs of use.⁴ Figs. 105 and 106 are specimens from this cache. As will be seen, both are thin, finely chipped, with rounded base and of the form of Class B.

Clarke County.—Cache of flint implements, number not given.⁵

Holmes County, Washington Township.—On the farm of Mr. Daniel Kick, 96 leaf-shaped implements of Class B. They were found in the alluvial deposit at the bottom of a pond, 3 feet beneath the surface. The U. S. National Museum possesses 2 of these specimens (Cat. Nos. 28345–46, U.S.N.M.) sent by Mr. H. B. Case. The average sizes were to inches long, to inches wide, and to inch thick, very thin and finely chipped and of chalcedonic flint of the color of dirty beeswax.⁶

Butler County.—Prof. J. S. McFetridge, of College Corner, reports August 7, 1895, a cache of 7 beautiful white flint arrowpoints, more chalcedony than flint. They were all stemmed and shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class B), about inches long and inches wide (Plate 64).

Putnam County.—Mr. Harry B. Maple, Columbus Grove, Ohio, under date of February 28, 1893, reports:

“Early this fall a farmer living about 2 miles west of town related that about seven years ago, he plowed into a nest of flints. I and a friend of mine went there and dug them out. They were mostly in the clay about 2 feet deep. They nearly all consisted of a reddish material, although some were a light gray. I sent by mail to-day some samples of them.”

These were duly received by the U. S. National Museum and are catalogued as No, 149611. The material appears as though from Flint Ridge. They were leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B).

Franklin County.—Cache on Wetmore farm, northwest one-half of section 2, township 1, range 18. Number not given.¹

Montgomery County.—Two miles west of Centerville, on farm of Mr. W. Whitman. Cache of 640 leaf-shaped implements, Class B, rounded base. They were placed edge up and thus about two dozen were broken by the plow. The weight of the cache was 49 pounds.²

Columbiana County.—Mr. I. L. Kite, in a letter of February 25, 1878, published in the Cleveland Herald, describes a find near Damascus. “The deposit would fill a bushel basket. They were all placed on the broad end, enough set up to fill a certain circle, then another on top, and then another until a perfect cone was formed.”

INDIANA.

Thirty miles south of Chicago.—Cache of 96 leaf-shaped implements pointed at both ends (Division I, Class A), from to 4 inches long, of dark grayish-brown jaspery flint, buried under a stump. Discovered and reported August 2, 1895, by Dr. Daniel B. Freeman, 4080 Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois.

Cache of 82 specimens found near Blue River by Mr. Ira Williams of Borden, Indiana. These are similar to the flints found by Dr. Snyder in Illinois and Professor Moorehead in Ohio, slightly pointed at both ends, made from similar nodules of black flint. The largest is about 6 inches long and 5 inches wide, while the smallest is about 3 inches long and 2 inches wide.

Franklin County.—Small caches of flint disks have been found, one cache containing 12, another 80 or 90 disks.³

ILLINOIS.

White and Jefferson counties.—“In the Smithsonian Report for 1876⁴ is cited a remark of Messrs. Squier and Davis relating to the disks of black flint. There have been two deposits found in this country, one in the county south of us (White), and one in the county west (Jefferson). The first one contained 13 of them, of which I obtained 8, and the other contained 46, of which I obtained several.”⁵

Jackson County.—A cache of 100 implements made from chert nodules found in calcareous rocks near Carbondale, Jackson County, Illinois. Size from 7 by inches to 4 by , inches. Donated by Mr. John G. Sims; collected by Mr. J. D. Middleton. Cat. No. 88451, U.S.N.M.

Union County.—Eight hornstone disks, large, from Union County, Illinois. T. M. Perrine, Cat. Nos. 27853–27860, U.S.N.M. (Plate 62, fig. 2).

Schuyler County.—A few years ago, at Bluff City, Illinois, some hogs confined in a pen at the foot of the bluffs rooted out of the ground a deposit of 16 polished-stone axes, all of which bore marks of use. They were of hard, compact diorite, and varied in size from 6 to 16 inches in length, and from 2 to 7 inches in width. Considering the probable uses to which these tools had been applied, and the location of the deposit, in a spur of the bluff near the (Illinois) river, it was plain that here, in ages past, a canoe had been constructed. The work completed, the tools were cached at the foot of the bluff, until they should again be needed for similar work.⁶

In the year 1860 a similar deposit of hornstone was discovered in this vicinity, in the town of Frederickville, Schuyler County, on the west side of the Illinois River. This locality was a favorite abiding place of the Indians and the center of a dense population. Relics of their work are still found in abundance throughout this region. A small ravine near the foot of a bluff, one day after a heavy rain, caved in on one side, and the displacement of a large quantity of earth in consequence exposed to view a few strange-looking flints. They had been buried about 5 feet below the surface of the hillside, laid together on edge, side by side in long rows, forming a single layer of unknown extent. The discovery of such novel objects attracted some of the villagers to the place, who dug out about 3,500 of the unique implements, and, their curiosity satisfied, abandoned the work without reaching the limits of the deposit. * * * The stone of which these disks are made is a dark, glossy hornstone, undistinguishable from the disks of the sacrificial mound in Ohio.¹

Carroll County.—In the town of York, on section 7, is a deposit of flint chippings. On the top of a high sand ridge; for a space of a mile long and half a mile wide, flint chippings are exposed. In some places they occur in masses of a peck or half a bushel; in other places they whiten the ground for yards. The material is a cream-colored chert, breaking with a smooth conchoidal fracture. It was all brought there, as no stone is found in situ in the whole ridge. Here was a great manufactory of arrowpoints and other flint implements. Pieces of arrowpoints and fragments of the flint in all stages of manufacture strew the ground. Perfect arrowpoints are sometimes found in clusters. Twenty-six were recently picked up in one nest—rough, but well-nigh finished.²

Cass County.—“In the spring of 1880, Mr. George W. Davis, farmer in Monroe precinct, Cass County, Illinois, 10 miles east of the Illinois River, while plowing, observed a few sharp-pointed flints, and found that they formed part of a deposit of 32 small implements which had been carefully placed in the ground on edge, side by side, with their points toward the north. They seem to have been buried. With one exception they are of a cherty, muddy-looking siliceous stone, of a grayish color streaked with white; a flinty formation occurring in all lead-bearing strata of Illinois, and identical with the cherty nodules and seams in the subcarboniferous outcrops of the upper Mississippi and southwestern Missouri. They had been buried new, showing no marks of use, and their peculiar style of workmanship and similarity of design leave little doubt that they are the product of the same artisan. The exceptional one in the deposit is a well-proportioned and perfect spearhead nearly 3 inches in length, neatly chipped, of opaque milk-white flint, strongly contrasting in material, shape, and finish with the others, and evidently manufactured by some other hand, perhaps in a different and remote workshop. Fourteen of the lot are laurel-leaf or lanceolate pattern, pointed at one end and rounded at the other, with edges equally curved from base to point, averaging three-eighths of an inch in thickness in the middle and evenly chipped to a cutting edge all around. They are uniform in shape, but differ in size; the smallest measuring inches in length by inches in width at the center; and the largest one 6 inches long and nearly 2 inches wide. They are of a type common in all parts of the Mississippi Valley, and are supposed to have been used as knives or ordinary cutting tools. The remaining 18 are shaped alike, differ in size, but are of the same average thickness. They, too, are sharp-pointed at one end, but in outline from base to point their sides are unequally convex, one being slightly curved and the other curved but little from a straight line, giving them an ungainly and lopsided form. Their broad ends, originally rounded, probably like the first 14, have been chipped away on each side for a half or three-fourths of an inch from the extremity, forming a broad, rudimentary shank, (See Chap. IX, p. 946.)

A deposit of flints was turned up by the plow, on March 28, 1882, on the southern border of Cass County, 26 miles east of the Illinois River. Its location was on the brow of the hills overlooking Indian Creek to the south. In this cache were 35 elegant flint implements entirely different in form, material, and finish, from those before described. Their position in the ground was vertical and closely packed together, but otherwise without any peculiar arrangement. The 35 beautiful flints of this Indian Creek deposit are the perfection of ancient stone-chipping art. In form they are of the broad or lilac-leaf pattern, pointed more or less obtusely at one end and regularly semicircular at the other; the length but little exceeding the width; scarcely more than three-eighths of an inch thick, they are smoothly chipped to an even, sharp edge all around. They vary a little in size and somewhat in proportions; the smallest of them is inches long by inches broad at the base, and the largest one measures 5 inches in length and inches across the widest part. Six of them are made of mottled red and brown glossy jasper, and the remaining 29 of ordinary white flint shading in texture from the compact translucent glassy to the opaque milk-white varieties. The rounded edge of each is smooth and worn, and the sides of some are gapped, testifying to long and hard usage before their interment, and indicating conclusively that the broad circular edge of the tool was the one chiefly used.¹

In the summer of 1872 I received intelligence that a deposit of the same sort of flints had been found at Beardstown (Cass County). In excavating a cellar for a new building on Main street, the laborers had reached the depth of 4 feet when they struck the flints, and soon threw them all out (about a thousand in number), a large portion of which I secured. The disposition of the flints in this deposit was different from that in the Ohio mound, and that of the Frederickville deposit also. These were embedded in the bank of the river, above the reach of highest water, and about 300 yards up the bank of the stream from the large mound. An excavation about 5 feet deep had been made through the sand to the drift clay, and, instead of being placed on edge, as in the two other deposits, a layer of the disks had been placed flat on the clay, with points upstream, and overlapping each other as shingles are arranged on a roof. Over the first layer of flints was a stratum of clay 2 inches in thickness; then another layer of flints was arranged as the first, over which was spread another 2-inch stratum of clay, and so on, until the deposit comprised five series or layers of flints, when the whole was covered with sand. The area occupied by these buried flints measured in length about 6 feet, and in width 4 feet. * * * No traces of fire were visible, nor had there been within the recollection of the oldest settler of the place any mound or other external object to mark the place of deposit. The flints of this lot are identical in material, color, style of execution, and general outline and dimensions with those I have seen from deposits at Frederickville and Clark’s Works in Ohio. A few of them are almost circular in shape. Some are rough, but the majority are very accurately proportioned and neatly finished, which we may accept as proof that the implements were manufactured by several artisans who possessed unequal degrees of skill. Their average length is 6 inches, their width 4 inches, and they are three-fourths of an inch thick in the middle. Their average weight is pounds. * * * They were all made from globular or oval nodules of black or dark-gray hornstone, which were first split open and each part again split or worked down by chipping to the shape and size required. In several of the specimens the first fracture of the nodule forms the side of the implement, with but slight modification beyond a little trimming of the edges. Many of them retain in the center the nucleus around which the siliceous atoms agglomerated to form the nodule. In a few the nucleus is a rough piece of limestone; in others it consists of fragments of beautifully crystallized chalcedony, surrounded by regular light and dark circles of eccentric accretion [see Plate 62], and the exterior of the rock was incrusted with a compact, drab-colored calcareo-siliceous coating of half an inch in thickness, which in some of the specimens has not been entirely removed. Nearly all the Beardstown disks were roughened and discolored with patches of calcareous concretion almost as hard and solid as the flint itself, indicative of undisturbed repose in their clay envelopes for a great period of time.”¹

Lake County.—Cache of 12 specimens.²

Schuyler County.—Two barrels of specimens.³

Peoria County, Millbrook Township.—Cache, number unknown.⁴

St. Clair County.—“The finest Indian mound in the State of Illinois is situated 3 miles northeast of the town of Lebanon, in St. Clair County, not far from the west ern border of Looking-glass Prairie. In shape it is a truncated pyramid, or rather a parallelogram, measuring at its base 400 feet in length and 250 feet in width, and rising in perfect proportions to the height of 50 feet. The angles are still sharp and well defined and the top level, comprising (approximately) an area of 80 by 150 feet, which doubtless served as the base of some elaborate wooden structure. In the summer of 1843 the proprietor of the land, Mr. Baldwin, in sinking a well near one corner of the mound, found, a few feet below the surface, packed closely together, 18 large flint spades. These implements were broad, flat pieces of white or grayish white flint, measuring, the smallest 9 inches in length by 5 inches in width, the largest 15 by 7 inches. They are nearly an inch in thickness in the middle, neatly chipped to an edge all around, flat on one side and slightly convex on the other. One end of each flint is broader than the other, and the broad end is symmetrically rounded, and polished as smooth as glass by long-continued use in sandy soil. The narrow end is rough and not so neatly finished, showing no marks of wear, and was, in all probability, when the implement was in use, fastened in some sort of handle. It can not be doubted that these flints were in part the tools used in making the mound, and when the great work was finished they were stored away in the ground until again needed.⁵”

“In the early part of December, 1868, some laborers, while engaged in grading an extension of Sixth street, in East St. Louis, came upon a deposit of Indian relics, * * * flint tools, all of the hoe and shovel type, and * * * close by were found several bowlders of flint and greenstone, weighing from 15 to 30 pounds each, and many fragments of flint. The deposit was covered with from 18 to 24 inches of black earth. * * * The implements formed a “nest” by themselves, and instead of being packed close together were arranged with some regularity, overlapping each other or standing edgewise and covering a circular space. The whole deposit did not extend more than 7 or 8 feet on either side. The contractor neglected to count the implements, but he thinks there were from 70 to 75 in all—some 50 hoes and about 20 shovels. No other stone articles, such as arrow and spear heads, tomahawks, etc., had been deposited with the agricultural implements.⁶”

“In the summer of 1869 some children amusing themselves near the barn on the farm of Mr. Oliver H. Mullen, in the neighborhood of Fayetteville, St. Clair County, dug into the ground and discovered a deposit of 52 disk-shaped flint implements, which lay closely heaped together.⁷”

MICHIGAN.

Saginaw Valley.—Nine caches of arrow and spearheads were reported by Mr. Harlan I. Smith, of Saginaw East Side, before Section H of the American Association.¹ They were all chipped blades of chert, believed to have been made from nodules of the Subcarboniferous period, which outcrops in a circular line in Saginaw Bay near Bayport. They are as follows:

No. 3. Frazier cache No. 1, 300 pieces. (1) Large black leaf-shaped implements 8 inches long with delicate stem at tip of base (turkey tail); (2) similar implements about 3 inches long; (3) small, yellow chert, leaf-shaped; (4) a few of the same, notched. Six miles from Saginaw, on the Tittabawassee River.

No. 4. Frazier cache No. 2, one large black leaf-shaped implement similar to those in cache No. 1, surrounded by 13 rubbed stones. A few feet from Frazier cache No. 1, about 1 foot deep.

No. 5. Merrill cache, 100 pieces, 1 foot depth.

No. 6. Cass cache No. 1, 70 pieces; leaf-shaped, 2 inches long, of dark-blue color, and different from the chert found in the other caches. Eight inches in depth, south bank of Cass River and 3 miles above Bridgeport.

Cass cache No. 2, 22 pieces and 12 nodules, with abundance of chips and flakes. South side of Cass River, 4 miles below Saginaw.

No. 8. Willie cache; 175 chipped blades, triangular, inches long. North bank of Cass River, 3 miles above Saginaw.

No. 9. Bayport cache; 47 pieces, rude leaf-shaped, laid in a roll overlapping each other, reminding one of shingles on a roof. Two feet depth.

By letter of August 10, 1894, Mr. Smith reports the extension of his discoveries to include 14 caches.

South Saginaw.—Mr. E. S. Golson, in letters of February 16 and May 9, 1892, describes two caches he found at or near his home at Green Point. One was found April 26, 1890, and consisted of 83 rude and thick leaf-shaped implements of “Bayport” stone on the “west bank of the Tittahawassee River at its mouth, about one-half mile from the mounds at Green Point.” They were buried about feet under the surface and were placed together in a hole a foot or more in depth and width. These were sent by him to Peabody Museum. He found his second cache on the day he wrote his last letter. The specimens, 58 in number, were smaller than those in the former. They were of three sizes; all were leaf-shaped except one stemmed. None were deeper than 18 inches, and they had probably been disturbed by the plow, as they were not arranged with any system, but were scattered over a space of 6 feet square. They were all of the same size.

WISCONSIN.

Racine County.—“Some workmen, in digging a ditch through a peat swamp near Racine, found a deposit of disks of hornstone, about 30 in number. They lay on the clay at the bottom of the peat about feet below the surface. Some of the disks were quite regular; they vary from half a pound to a pound in weight.”²

Dane County.—Cache of 300 leaf-shaped (Division I, Class A) implements of porphyritic felsite, found in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, by Mr. A. R. Crittenden. (Cat. No. 34255, U.S.N.M.)

Kewanee district trail.—Cache of 42 copper implements. Twenty-five of these were found at one time and described by the person who discovered them (a squaw) as a large green stone which she kicked and it fell apart, and upon picking it up she found about 25 different specimens. In going over the ground at the same spot a year or two later 17 more implements were found, and near at hand were a group of polished-stone hatchets, one very large maul with center grooved, and a half dozen flint arrowpoints, the whole having been looked upon since as a cache, and are considered by the present owner, Mr. Wyman, as a kit of ancient mining tools left on the trail from the Kewanee district. Silver is plainly discernible in many of the objects of the native copper.

Calumet County—A cache of 22 leaf-shaped flint implements averaging from 2 to inches in width and 4 inches in length and standing on edge was found under a stump in Calumet County. A cache of 5 leaf-shaped implements was found near Kachena. Another cache of 7 arrowpoints from near New Holstein. Nearly all of the arrowpoints and spearheads are of quartzite, varying from the light-colored material to that of a dark maple-sugar color, and in size from to inches. Mr. Hayssen has found a ledge of this quartzite near Black River Falls, where a large workshop is plainly indicated. (Hayssen Collection, NewHolstein, Wisconsin.)

MINNESOTA.

Mower County—Mr. Thomas B. Smith, of Rose Creek, October 8, 1895, reports that he has found in a cache on his farm 18 arrowpoints.

OREGON.

Rev. M. Eells, a veteran archæologist of Oregon,¹ speaking of stone spearheads and arrowpoints in that country, says “they were scarce, never having been made in modern times, but belonging only to ancient times. At Oregon City, about half a mile below the falls, is a perfect mine of them which had been unearthed by high water. A workshop was at the Umatilla landing, where Mrs. Kunzie has obtained many, some as beautiful as can be made. The chips aro now seen all around, though the stone of which they were made—much the same as that used at Oregon City—must have been brought long distances.”