Citations to documents from the French archives I consulted generally include, in this order, the following information: a document description; the date, if known; the collection abbreviation; series abbreviation; carton number; and dossier number (see the bibliography for definitions).
1. Lambolez and Coeur créole, Saint-Pierre-Martinique, 330–31. Bulletin de la Société astronomique de France, 304–5.
2. “Last Days of Saint-Pierre,” 610–33.
3. André Fagel, “Courrier de Paris: La Catastrophe,” L’Illustration: Journal universel, tome 119 (1902): 342.
4. Mauch and Pfister, Natural Disasters, Cultural Responses.
5. Davis, Ecology of Fear.
6. Azoulay, “Citizens of Disaster,” 105–37.
7. Étienne, Les compagnies de colonisation, 13.
8. Renard, “Labour Relations,” 37–57; Sainton, Les nègres en politique; Heath, Sugar, Wine, 55.
9. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, 64–65.
10. Dubois, Avengers of the New World; Hunt, Inventing Human Rights.
11. Garrigus, “Vincent Ogé Jeune,” 33–62; Fick, Making of Haiti; Adélaïde-Merlande, Les origines du mouvement ouvrier en Martinique.
12. Dumont, L’amère patrie, 4.
13. Dumont, L’amère patrie, 4.
14. Bulletin officiel de la Martinique, Année 1882, 37.
15. At roughly 83,560 constituents per representative in 1891, Martinique’s representation in the French state was on par with many departments within metropolitan France: the departments of Loire (87,961); Indre-et-Loire (84,510); Nord (82,683); Haute-Marne (81,198); and Loire-Inférieure (80,472) all had comparable representative-to-constituent ratios. While the average for France was 66,204 constituents per representative, Martinique’s representation fell within the normal distribution of citizens per deputy, and Guadeloupe’s only just below it. Both Antillean colonies had more rights than colonies such as Senegal, which had suffrage limited to certain members of the Four Communes and a population of nearly two hundred thousand people represented by a single deputy.
16. Dubois, Colony of Citizens; Nicolas, L’insurrection du sud à la Martinique.
17. Lara and Hennique, Contribution de la Guadeloupe à la pensée française, 192.
18. Knight and Palmer, Modern Caribbean, 91–92.
19. Burton, La famille colonial; Burton and Réno, French and West Indian; Périna, Citoyenneté et sujetion aux Antilles francophones; Sainton, Les nègres en politique; Mam Lam Fouck, L’histoire de l’assimilation.
20. Boittin, Colonial Metropolis; Wilder, French Imperial Nation-State; Edwards, Practice of Diaspora; Peabody and Stovall, Color of Liberty; Chapman and Frader, Race in France; Keaton, Sharpley-Whiting, and Stovall, Black France/France Noire.
21. Cottias, “Le silence de la nation,” 21–45.
22. Heath, Wine, Sugar, and the Making of Modern France.
23. Richardson, Economy and Environment in the Caribbean.
24. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 492.
1. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, 44–45.
2. Dislère, Notes, 5.
3. Dislère, Notes, 13.
4. Nellis, Shaping the New World, 31.
5. See Williams, Capitalism and Slavery.
6. While Dislère and other contemporaries, particularly members of the Parti Colonial, argued that the new colonies were financially beneficial to the French state, historians doubt they significantly contributed to the French economy. Most likely the colonies never absorbed more than 10–15 percent of French exports, and trade with the colonies never made up more than 10 percent of French commerce. See Caron, Economic History, 109; Spruyt, Ending Empire, 68.
7. A popular weekly periodical similar to National Geographic with a focus on the French empire. The French Ministry of Education had a subscription to the journal for its use as a pedagogical tool. Notes to pages 8–18
8. Nardal, Guide des colonies françaises, 5.
9. Garrigus, Before Haiti, 1–20; also see Debbasch, Couleur et liberté, and the collected volume by Brunet, Mariage et métissage.
10. Heuer, “One-Drop Rule,” 515–48.
11. Conklin, Mission to Civilize, 164–72.
12. See the incorporation of mixed-race orphans in West Africa in White, Children of the French Empire, 1–9, 111; as well as what Emmanuelle Saada calls “inclusive racism” in Indochina in Empire’s Children, 180–81.
13. Jennings, Curing the Colonizers, 1–9.
14. Betts, Assimilation and Association, 106–32; Prochaska, Making Algeria French, 1–28.
15. While the term “mulatto” is considered offensive in anglophone countries today, the French usage of the word is preserved here, as it was used by historical contemporaries and is still used by French Antilleans today.
16. Daniel, “Mars 1900,” 76.
17. Irénée Blanc, “Notre programme,” La Liberté colonial, 26 June 1888.
18. G.F., “La Guadeloupe en 1899,” 524–25.
19. Dreyfus and Berthelot, “Guadeloupe,” La Grande encyclopédie, vol. 19, 485–86.
20. Rey, Étude sur la colonie de la Guadeloupe, 7.
21. FM SG GUA 267, d.1628, ANOM.
22. Malte-Brun, La France illustrée, 23–36.
23. The emancipation of 1848 has a contentious history in Martinique, as French politicians today stress the humanitarianism of the mother country while underplaying the role of Antillean maroons and slave rebellions in securing emancipation. See Reinhardt, Claims to Memory; Nicolas, La Révolution antiesclavagiste de mai 1848 à la Martinique; Schloss, Sweet Liberty.
24. Blackburn, Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 477, 493–506; Johnson, Fear of French Negroes, 133–56; Schmidt, Abolitionnistes de l’esclavage et réformateurs des colonies, 340–48.
25. Nicolas, Histoire de la Martinique, 36; Lara, La liberté assassinée.
26. Renard, “Labour Relations in Martinique and Guadeloupe,” 37–57.
27. Renard, “Labour Relations in Martinique and Guadeloupe,” 52.
28. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 55.
29. Martinique and Guadeloupe each received one deputy in the chamber following the ratification of the Constitution of 1875. The law of 28 July 1881 increased that number to two deputies each.Notes to pages 19–25
30. Reisch, “French Experience with Representative Government in the West Indies,” 480.
31. FM SG GUA 21, d.228, ANOM; quoted in Sainton, Nègres, 152.
32. Mam Lam Fouck, L’histoire de l’assimilation, 9–26.
33. Isaac, Question coloniales, 151.
34. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 71.
35. Schnakenbourg, “La création des usines en Guadeloupe,” note 45.
36. Schnakenbourg, “La création des usines en Guadeloupe,” 21–115.
37. Burac and Calmont, La question de la terre, 123.
38. Buffon, “La crise sucrière de 1882–1886 à la Guadeloupe,” 311–31.
39. Schnakenbourg, “La création des usines en Guadeloupe,” 23l; Fallope, Esclaves et citoyens, 529.
40. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 21–30; Burac and Calmont, La question de la terre, 126.
41. Fallope, Esclaves et citoyens, 529.
42. Burac and Calmont, La question de la terre, 126.
43. Schnakenbourg, “La disparition des ‘habitation-sucreries’ en Guadeloupe,” 257–309.
44. Nicolas, Histoire de la Martinique, 151.
45. Schnakenbourg, “La création des usines en Guadeloupe,” 21–115; Schnakenbourg, “From Sugar Estate to Central Factory,” 83–91.
46. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 21–30.
47. Pluchon and Abénon, Histoire des Antilles et de la Guyane, 419.
48. Northrup, “Indentured Indians in the French Antilles,” 246–71.
49. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 37.
50. Quoted in Schnakenbourg, Histoire de l’industrie sucrière, 75.
51. Pichevin, “Bulletin de l’Union coloniale française,” 151–52.
52. Peck, Report of the Commissioner-General, 394; Heath, Wine, Sugar; Tomich, Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar; Schnakenbourg, Histoire de l’industrie sucrière.
53. Quoted in Louisiana Sugar Planters’ Association et al., “The French Colonies at the Paris Exhibition,” The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, 8.
54. Peck, Report, 394; Tisserand, Statistique agricole, 118.
55. Blancan, La crise de la Guadeloupe.
56. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 257–58.
57. Reisch, “French Experience,” 485. Notes to pages 25–31
58. “Miscellaneous,” Beet Sugar Gazette, 109; Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900, 330; Hélot, Le sucre de betterave en France, 214.
59. “Miscellaneous,” 109; Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900, 330; Hélot, Le sucre de betterave en France, 214.
60. France, Bulletin: 1889, 183; Hélot, Le sucre de betterave en France, 214.
61. Sonthonnax, Deux mois, 4–5.
62. “Séance du 17 Novembre 1910,” Annales du Sénat 78 (1911): 77–89.
63. “Le Coin des Rieurs,” L’Aurore, 27 February 1910.
64. “Les journaux du matin,” L’Aurore, 7 March 1910.
65. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 257–65.
66. Mote, Industrial Arbitration, 102.
67. Saint-Real, “L’Anniversaire de la commune,” Le Gaulois, 28 May 1900.
68. Picard, Exposition universelle, 181; Maurice Normand, “Coup d’oeil sur l’exposition,” L’Illustration 2981 (14 April 1900), 222.
69. Boyd, Paris Exposition of 1900, 457–60.
70. Peck, Report, 394.
71. Louisiana Sugar Planters’ Association et al., Louisiana Planter 4, 1890: 8.
72. Terrier, “Le Journal des voyages,” 332.
73. Alexandre, “Les femmes de l’exposition,” 232–33.
74. Terrier, “Le Journal des voyages,” 333; “Exposition Universelle de 1900: Martinique,” Journal Officiel de la République Française, 29 October 1900.
75. Alexandre, “Les femmes de l’exposition,” L’Illustration, 20 October 1900, 242–43.
76. Alexandre, “Les femmes de l’exposition,” L’Illustration, 13 October 1900, 232–33.
77. Chotard, Quelle peut être la garantie, 9-10.
78. La Martinique républicaine à la France républicaine, 1–12.
79. “Conseil du contentiuex—Elections municipales de Fort-de-France,” 271.
80. Dislère, Notes, 39.
81. Pluchon, Toussaint Louverture, 449–50; quoted in Laurent Dubois, Avengers, 259.
82. Exposition universelle international de 1900 a Paris: Rapports, 639.
83. Picard, Exposition universelle: Rapport général administratif et technique, 108.
84. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 162.
85. Harris, West Indies as an Export Field, 310.
86. Nardal, Guide des colonies françaises, 1.
87. Nardal, Guide des colonies françaises, 2.Notes to pages 31–39
88. Nardal, Guide des colonies françaises, 2.
89. Lucrèce, Histoire de la Martinique, vii.
90. Fouret quoted in Lucrèce, Histoire de la Martinique, v–vi.
91. Lucrèce, Histoire de la Martinique, ix.
92. Lucrèce, Histoire de la Martinique, 151.
93. Lucrèce, Histoire de la Martinique, 156.
94. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 89.
95. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 92.
96. Garaud, Trois ans, 86.
97. Garaud, Trois ans, 227.
98. Périna, Citoyenneté et sujétion, 98–99.
99. Mam Lam Fouck, Histoire de l’assimilation, 100–101.
100. Corre, Nos Créoles, 1.
101. Corre, Nos Créoles, 222.
102. Corre, Nos Créoles, 229.
103. Corre, Nos Créoles, 1.
104. Claude Blanckaert argues that the discussion of racial mixing in France followed its own scientific progression separate from political aims. Though he does not deny that this discourse followed a colonial logic and that it was appropriated for imperialist aims, he argues that it should also be situated within a scientific problematic and not seen as strictly the transposition of colonial events. For more about the scientific discussion of racial mixing during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Claude Blankaert, “Of Monstrous Métis?,” 42–70.
105. The idea that the Antilles were the younger children of France characterized the relationship of the colonies to the metropole, and it also largely shaped the movement for assimilation. With respect to the old colonies, France’s role as the motherland was to raise these children to maturity. This familial rhetoric was commonplace and is the topic of Richard Burton’s analysis of colonial relations in Burton, La famille coloniale.
106. Deniker, “Race,” 26.
107. Delavaud, “Martinique,” 345.
108. Garaud, Trois ans, 242.
109. Garaud, Trois ans, vii–viii.
110. Garaud, Trois ans, 216.
111. “Base de données des députés français depuis 1789,” online.
112. Mismer, Souvenirs, 11. Notes to pages 39–48
113. Mismer, Souvenirs, 7–8.
114. Mismer, Souvenirs, 104.
115. Both educational underachievement and birth out of wedlock were prevalent in Martinique during the Third Republic. In 1894 only 47,600 people of a population of 187,692 could read and write. That same year it was estimated that three-fourths of children were born out of wedlock. By 1910 the number who could read and write had grown to 69,170 out of a population of 180,428. See Annuaire de la Martinique, 630; Reisch, “French Experience with Representative Government,” 310.
116. Garaud, Trois ans, 221.
117. Verschuur, Voyage, 13.
118. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 95–103.
119. Monet, La Martinique, 11–12.
120. Rossignol, “Séance du lundi 23 mai 1898,” 306.
121. Godefroy et al., “Assessment of Seismic Hazard,” 455–60.
122. “Tropical Cyclone Climatology,” online.
123. Romer, Les Cyclones de la Martinique, 3.
124. Schwartz, “Hurricanes,” 381–409; Schwartz, Sea of Storms.
125. Schwartz, “Hurricanes,” 386.
126. Richardson, Igniting, xi.
127. “Renseignements complémentaires sur les effets du cyclone du 9 7bre—tremblement du terre à la Martinique,” 29 September 1875, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM; Godefroy et al., “Assessment of Seismic Hazard,” 455–60.
128. Godefroy et al., “Assessment of Seismic Hazard,” 455–60.
129. Verschuur, Voyage, 14.
130. Cuzent, Epidémie, 3–4.
131. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 44–45.
132. Cuzent, “Ouragan,” 261–62.
133. Cuzent, Eau thermo-minérale, 107–9.
134. Breton, Relations, 31.
135. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 17, 41.
136. Osborne, Nature, xii–xvi.
137. For an account of how the French colonial policy of “association” informed the development of urban colonial architecture in the early twentieth century, see Wright, Politics of Design. For the British context of how European imperial ideals were replicated in colonial architecture in India, see Metcalfe, An Imperial Vision.Notes to pages 48–58
138. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 11–12.
139. Dreyfus and Berthelot, “Guadeloupe,” La grande encyclopédie, 19: 487.
140. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 90–91.
141. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 69.
142. Bérenger-Féraud, Traité clinique, 473.
143. Hélénon, French Caribbeans, 77–96.
144. Bérenger-Féraud, Traité clinique, 473.
145. Garaud, Trois ans, 270.
1. Germain Casse, “Le Gouverneur de la Martinique a adressé au Sous-secrétaire d’Etat des Colonies les renseignements suivants sur sujet de l’incendie de Fort-de-France,” 2400COL 92, ANOM; “La Martinique,” Le Temps, 30 June 1890; “La Martinique: L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” Le Temps, 25 June 1890.
2. E. Peyron, “Comité de secours aux Incendiés de Fort-de-France (Martinique) et de Port-Louis (Guadeloupe), 2400COL 92, ANOM; “Choses de l’incendie,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890; Pelet, Nouvel Atlas, xxiv; Janin, “Nos gravures: L’incendie de Fort-de-France,” L’Illustration, 26 July 1890.
3. “Souscription en faveur des victimes de l’incendie de Fort-de-France,” Le Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 23 June 1890.
4. “Gouvernement de la Guadeloupe,” Le Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 30 June 1890; M. Carnot, “Nouvelles générales,” Le Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 1 July 1890; “Projet de loi allouant, sur l’exercice 1890, une nouvelle subvention de 300.000 francs à la colonie de la Martinique et une subvention de 100.000 francs à la colonie de la Guadeloupe pour venir en aide aux incendiés de Fort-de-France et de Port-Louis,” 8 July 1890, 2400COL 92, ANOM.
5. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 130.
6. Schafer, Children, 37.
7. Chamoiseau, Texaco, 178.
8. Report on the earthquake of 1897, FM SG GUA 61, d.430, ANOM.
9. “La Martinique: L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” Le Temps, 25 June 1890.
10. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques, Sismicité historique, online data set.
11. Report, FM SG GUA 61, d.430, ANOM. Notes to pages 58–66
12. Report of the municipal council of Pointe-à-Pitre on a rebuilding project, 18 October 1871, FM SG GUA 38, d.326, ANOM; correspondence, 1879, FM SG GUA 11, d.105, ANOM.
13. Richardson, Igniting, 64.
14. “Une catastrophe à Fort-de-France,” Le Petit Journal, 25 June 1890.
15. Letter from the governor of Guadeloupe to the undersecretary of state, 10 July 1890, FM SG GUA 65, d.470, ANOM; “Au Port-Louis,” Le Progrès de la Guadeloupe, 2 July 1890.
16. Janin, “Nos gravures: L’incendie de Fort-de-France,” L’Illustration, 26 July 1890.
17. “La catastrophe du chef-lieu,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
18. Germain Casse, “Le Gouverneur de la Martinique à M. le Sous-Secrétaire d’Etat,” 27 June 1890, printed in “Incendie de Fort-de-France,” La Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 4 July 1890.
19. “La catastrophe du chef-lieu,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
20. “Choses de Fort-de-France,” Les Antilles, 8 July 1890.
21. “La catastrophe du chef-lieu,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
22. Germain Casse, “Le Gouverneur de la Martinique à M. le Sous-Secrétaire d’Etat,” 27 June 1890, printed in “Incendie de Fort-de-France,” La Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 4 July 1890. The fire destroyed the boulevard Dourzelot, rue Blondel, rue Isambert, rue du Bord-de-la-Mer, rue Saint-Laurent, rue Victor-Hugo, rue Blenac, rue Saint-Louis, rue Sainte-Catherine, and rue des Fossés. The fire also consumed three-quarters of the rue du Gouvernement and rue Perrinon.
23. “L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” L’Univers illustré, 5 July 1890; “L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” Le Temps, 27 June 1890.
24. “La Martinique: L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” Le Temps, 25 June 1890.
25. “Une catastrophe à Fort-de-France,” Le Petit Journal, 25 June 1890.
26. “La Guadeloupe,” Le Temps, 2 July 1890.
27. Investigating judge to the attorney general, 3 July 1890, FM SG GUA 65, d.470, ANOM.
28. Revue francaise de l’etranger, 185.
29. “Ce qui se passe: Echoes politiques,” Le Gaulois, 2 July 1890; “L’incendie de la Guadeloupe,” Le Matin, 2 July 1890.
30. Letter from A. Le Boucher, 18 September 1890, FM SG GUA 65, ANOM.
31. Janin, “Nos gravures: L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” L’Illustration, 26 July 1890.Notes to pages 66–70
32. “Appel à la France,” Les Tablettes Coloniales, 6 July 1890.
33. “Catastrophe du chef-lieu,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
34. “Les choses de l’incendie,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890.
35. “Gouvernement de la Guadeloupe,” Le Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 27 June 1890; “Tombola du 14 Juillet,” Le Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 1 July 1890.
36. Governor of Guadeloupe to the undersecretary of state, 10 July 1890, FM SG GUA 65, d.470, ANOM.
37. L. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport au sujet des secours et des vivres distribués à Fort-de-France après l’incendie du 22 juin 1890,” 4 February 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
38. Donations made to fire victims of Point-à-Pitre, FM SG GUA 52, d.383, ANOM.
39. “Extraits du Moniteur du mercredi,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890.
40. “Collectes paroissiales,” Les Antilles, 12 July 1890.
41. “Seance du 29 Décembre 1891,” Annales de la Chambre des Deputés: 1892, 1269–70.
42. “Derniers renseignments,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
43. “Nouvelles generals,” La Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 4 July 1890.
44. “Les choses de l’incendie,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890; Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport.”
45. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport.”
46. Germain Casse, “Le Gouverneur de la Martinique a adressé au Sous-secrétaire d’Etat des Colonies les renseignements suivants sur sujet de l’incendie de Fort-de-France,” FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
47. “Dernier heure,” Les Antilles, 19 July 1890.
48. “La Martinique,” Le Temps, 26 June 1890; “Le Sinistre de Fort-de-France,” Le petit journal, 26 June 1890. Also, “Le Sinistre de Fort-de-France,” Le petit journal, 27 June 1890.
49. “Peyron, Alexandre,” Dictionnaire des parlementaires, vol. 4, 612; “Etienne, Eugène,” Dictionnaire des parlementaires, vol. 2, 576.
50. E. Étienne, “Le S.S d’Etat à Monsieur le Vice Amiral Peyron,” FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
51. Donation sheets, FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
52. Letters between the director of the General Transport Company and the undersecretary of state, 22 November 1890, FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
53. Amiral Peyron, “Rapport fait au Comité sur les opérations de son Bureau et les résultats obtenues,” FM 2400COL 92, ANOM. Notes to pages 70–74
54. Salaires et durée du travail, vol. 4, 16–17.
55. “Loi qui accorde, sur l’exercice 1890, une subvention à la colonie de la Martinique pour secours aux victims de l’incendie de Fort-de-France du 23 juin,” in Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, 446.
56. M. Carnot, “Projet de loi allouant, sur l’exercice 1890, une nouvelle subvention de 300.000 francs,” 8 July 1890, FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
57. “Séance du vendredi, 11 Juillet 1890,” Chambre des députés, 5e legislature, session de 1900, C/I/448, ANPS.
58. Senator Peyron to the undersecretary of state for the colonies, 25 July 1890, FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
59. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport.”
60. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport.”
61. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport.”
62. Commercial Relations of the United States, 562.
63. “Affaires coloniales: la Martinique,” Le Temps, 17 August 1890.
64. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport,” FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
65. “Commune du Port-Louis,” Le Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 29 July 1890.
66. Desnier, “Martinique,” 135.
67. Daughton, An Empire Divided, 6.
68. General Catalog: Archival Collection Description, 26J1, ADM; Hélénon, French Caribbeans in Africa, 4.
69. Inspector of the Colonies E. Chaudié to the undersecretary of state for the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
70. Andrieu, Bibliographie générale, 145; Bangou, Le Parti socialiste français, 39; Corre, Nos créoles, 222.
71. Lara and Hennique, Contribution de la Guadeloupe, 190–95.
72. Lara and Hennique, Contribution de la Guadeloupe, 190.
73. “Nouvelles de la semaine: Une nouvelle épuration en persepective,” La Gazette agricole, 31 August 1890; Pierre Véron, “Courrier de Paris,” Le Monde illustré, 9 April 1887.
74. “Antilles,” Le Temps, 6 July 1890.
75. E. Peyron, “Comité de secours aux incendiés de Fort-de-France (Martinique) et de Port-Louis (Guadeloupe),” FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
76. “L’incendie de Fort-de-France,” Les Tablettes Coloniales, 29 June 1890.
77. “L’incendie de Fort-de-France.”
78. “À la cité bordelaise,” Les Antilles, 26 July 1890.Notes to pages 74–80
79. F. M., “L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” L’Illustration, 5 July 1890.
80. “L’incendie de Fort-de-France,” Les Tablettes Coloniales, 29 June 1890.
81. F. M., “L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” L’Illustration, 5 July 1890.
82. F. M., “Les sinistres du monde: L’Incendie de Fort-de-France,” Journal des voyages et des aventures de terre et de mer, no. 684 (17 August 1890).
83. Chambre de Commerce de Marseille, Compte rendu de la situation commerciale, 208.
84. Mines and Quarries, 395.
85. “Nouvelles Scientifiques,” La Nature: Revue des sciences et de leurs applications aux arts et à l’industrie, no. 1254, 5.
86. “Social, Demographic, and Educational Data for France, 1801–1897,” ICPSR00048-v1, Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), accessed 20 February 2009.
87. Harp, Learning to Be Loyal, 3–18.
88. “Dernier heure,” Les Antilles, 19 July 1890.
89. E. Étienne, “S.S. d’Etat à M. Le Préfet de Meurthe-et-Moselle à Nancy,” FM 2400COL 92, ANOM. “Le Feu,” Les Colonies, 11 April 1891.
90. “Nouvelles du mardi,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
91. “Derniers renseignements,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
92. “Nouvelles du mardi,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890; “Choses de l’incendie,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890.
93. Cole et al., “Making Sense of a Hurricane”; Tierney, Bevc, and Kuligowski, “Metaphors Matter.”
94. Anderson and Dynes, “Civil Disturbances and Social Change.”
95. Miles, “Levees, Looters, and Lawlessness”; Potter, “Reframing Crime in a Disaster”; Anderson and Dynes, “Civil Disturbances and Social Change.”
96. Drabek, Human System Responses to Disaster, 133.
97. Singer, “An Introduction to Disaster,” 137.
98. Quarantelli, “Panic Behavior,” 336–50; Quarantelli and Dynes, “Response to Social Crisis and Disaster.”
99. Tierney, Bevc, and Kuligowski, “Metaphors Matter.”
100. “Extraits du Moniteur de mercredi,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890; Germain Casse, “Le Gouverneur de la Martinique à M. le Sous-Secrétaire d’Etat,” 27 June 1890, printed in “Incendie de Fort-de-France,” Journal officiel de la Guadeloupe, 4 July 1890.
101. “Le feu,” Les Colonies, 15 April 1891.
102. “Echos du jour,” Les Colonies, 2 July 1890. Notes to pages 82–92
103. “Dernier renseignements,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
104. “Choses de l’incendie,” Les Antilles, 28 June 1890; “Aux électeurs de Fort-de-France,” FM 2400COL 92, ANOM.
105. “Le Feu,” Les Colonies, 11 April 1891.
106. “Echos du jour,” Les Colonies, 2 July 1890.
107. “Dernier renseignements,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
108. “Dernier renseignements,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
109. In 1885 the Republican Party split when Marius Hurard reached out to the wealthy békés who sought autonomy for Martinique, and Ernest Deproge continued to advocate for full assimilation into France. Cleaving the Republican Party in twain, Hurard created the Progressive Republican Party, and Deproge the Radical Socialist Party. See Nicolas, Histoire de la Martinique de 1848 à 1939, 141–46.
110. Klein, Shock Doctrine, 3–26.
111. “Souscription en faveur des incendiés de Fort-de-France et de Port-Louis,” FM 2400COL92, ANOM.
112. “Dernier renseignements,” Les Antilles, 25 June 1890.
113. “L’Enquête,” Les Antilles, 20 August 1890.
114. “L’Enquête,” Les Antilles, 20 August 1890.
115. “Affaires colonials,” Le Temps, 25 August 1890.
116. “Le rapport de la commission d’enquete,” La Petite France, 6 December 1890, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
117. “Another Mining Disaster, Loss of 200 Lives,” Press, 6 July 1889, 5.
118. “Explosion de grisou: 200 victimes,” Le Figaro, 4 July 1889.
119. “Note sur l’explosion de grisou du puits Verpilleux,” Annales des mines, 397–408.
120. “Le explosion de grisou,” Le Figaro, 6 July 1889.
121. “Note sur l’explosion,” Annales des mines, 401–3.
122. “Dernière heure,” Le Patriote savoisien, 31 juillet 1890.
123. “1890: Le puits Pélissier de la Compagnie de Villeboeuf,” retrieved from Mémoire et actualité en Rhône-Alpes on 16 April 2012 at http://www.memoireetactualite.org/dossiers/catastrophes-minieres/1890-le-puits-pelissier-de-la-compagnie-de-villeboeuf/.
124. “La Catastrophe de Saint-Étienne,” L’Univers, 31 July 1890. Depending on the source, estimates on the dead ran between 113 and 120, while estimates on the wounded ran from thirty-five to forty.
125. “The Late Mining Disaster: The Explosion at Saint Etienne—Terrible Loss of Life,” New York Times, 22 February 1876.Notes to pages 93–99
126. “Catastrophe à Saint-Étienne,” Le Temps, 31 July 1890; L’Illustration: Journal universel, 13 July 1889.
127. “Nos gravures,” L’Illustration, 11 July 1889.
128. Massing, “From Greek Proverb to Soap Advert.”
129. Hale, Races on Display, 24–28.
130. Neville, “The Courrières Colliery Disaster, 1906,” 33–52.
131. Wright, Twelfth Special Report, 183.
132. Letters from the Society of Harmony of the Familistère of Guise, December 1890, FM 2400COL, d.92, ANOM.
133. Simon et al., Faisons la chaine, preface; FM 2400COL, d.92.
134. Simon et al., Faisons la chaine, preface.
135. Port-Louis, lists of subscriptions, FM SG GUA 57, d.404, ANOM.
136. Letters from donors, 26 November 1890 to 4 May 1891, ANOM FM 2400COL, d.92.
137. “Un juste tribute,” La Verité de la Guadeloupe, 6 July 1890.
1. Cole, Power of Large Numbers, 1–20.
2. Rappaport and Fernandez-Partagas, “Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,” online.
3. Rappaport and Fernandez-Partagas, “Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,” online; Romer, Les Cyclones de la Martinique, 7, 13–14.
4. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on damages of the hurricane of 18 August 1891, November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
5. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on damages of the hurricane.
6. Annales de la Chambre des Députés, 38, 76–77.
7. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on damages of the hurricane.
8. “Gouverneur Martinique à Colonies, Paris. Télégramme no. 11,” 20 August 1891, FM SG MAR 76, d.620, ANOM.
9. “Proces verbal constatant les pertes occasionnées par le cyclone du 18 août 1891,” 20 September 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
10. Eugene Étienne, “Du Moniteur du 21 août,” Les Antilles, 25 August 1891.
11. “Gouverneur Martinique à Colonies, Paris. Télégramme no. 18,” 28 August 1891, FM SG MAR 76, d.620, ANOM; L. Blanchard, “Extrait d’un rapport au sujet des secours et des vivres distribués à Fort-de-France après l’incendie du 22 juin 1890,” 4 February 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM. Notes to pages 99–111
12. Undersecretary of the colonies to president of the colonial section of the council of state, 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
13. Undersecretary of the colonies to governor of Martinique, telegram, 23 August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.583, ANOM.
14. “État des ordres de recettes emis au compte sources en faveur des victimes du Cyclone du 18 aout 1890,” FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
15. Americus, “Le Travail à la Martinique.”
16. Schoelcher, La vérité aux ouvriers, 294.
17. “Echoes du jour,” Les Colonies, 29 August 1891.
18. There are conflicting copies of the telegram: one that says “populations annihilated” and another “plantations annihilated.” While it is likely that the real telegram said plantations, the slippage is interesting, because it suggests the tension between attention to the economy and to human suffering.
19. Governor to undersecretary of the colonies, 23 August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM; “Parvenir au département par les soins de M. le Gouverneur,” August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
20. Louisiana Geographic Information Center, “Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale,” accessed 5 April 2017, http://lagic.lsu.edu/hurricanes/saffir-simpson.htm.
21. Pielke et al., “Normalized Hurricane Damage,” 29–42; Elsner and Kara, Hurricanes of the North Atlantic, 23.
22. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on the damages of the hurricane of 18 August 1891.
23. National Hurricane Center (NOAA), “Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,” accessed 5 April 2017, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php.
24. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on the damages of the hurricane.
25. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
26. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies.
27. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies.
28. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies.
29. “Commission coloniale Martinique à Colonies, Paris. Télégramme no. 19,” 28 August 1891, FM SG MAR 76, d.620, ANOM.
30. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on the damages of the hurricane of 18 August 1891.Notes to pages 111–118
31. Jules Roche and Maurice Rouvier, “Project de loi portant ouverture, au Ministre du Commerce, de l’Industrie et des Colonies (3e section—Service coloniale), sur l’exercice 1892, d’un credit extraordinaire de 3.000.000 francs à titre d’avance à la colonies de la Martinique,” FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
32. Minister of finance to undersecretary of the colonies, 26 August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.583, ANOM.
33. Deliberations of the Colonial Commission, 26 August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
34. Salaires et durée, 16–17.
35. “Seance du 26 mars 1900,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés 60, 1232; Annales Des Mines: Mémoires, 473.
36. Circular to the mayors from the directorate of the interior, 5 September 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
37. “Extrait d’une lettre du Contre-Amiral Gouverneur de la Martinique,” 5 October 1875, FM SG MAR 103, d.931, ANOM; Governor Moracchini to undersecretary of the colonies, 29 October 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
38. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
39. Communal reports, 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
40. “La Martinique,” Le Peuple, 3 September 1891.
41. Minutes of the Central Commission for the Relief of Victims of the Cyclone of 18 August 1891, 27 August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
42. Deliberations of the Colonial Commission, 26 August 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
43. Governor of Martinique to undersecretary of the colonies, 28 September 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
44. “La Martinique,” Le Peuple, 3 September 1891.
45. “Le Cyclone du 18 Aout 1891 à la Martinique,” Les Antilles, 25 August 1891.
46. B. Guliet, “Le Cyclone de la Martinique,” Journal des Voyages et des aventures de terre et de mer, no. 750, 22 November 1890.
47. David Northrup, “Indentured Indians,” 245–71.
48. J. M., “La Question du travail aux colonies: Immigration,” Bulletins de la Société Bretonne de Géographie, no. 24–25 (May–August 1886), 125.
49. “Correspondances,” Les Colonies, 29 August 1891.
50. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM. Notes to pages 118–124
51. Minutes of the Central Commission for the Relief of Victims of the Cyclone of 18 August 1891, Third Meeting, 26 September 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
52. E. Chaudié, Report on distribution of food in the Gros-Morne commune, 20 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
53. Minutes of the Central Commission for the Relief of Victims of the Cyclone of 18 August 1891, Third Meeting, 26 September 1891; E. Chaudié, Report on distribution of food in the Sainte-Marie commune.
54. Chaudié’s letters, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
55. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
56. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 14 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
57. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
58. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 22 December 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
59. L. Blanchard, Extract of a report on the subject of foodstuffs distributed in Fort-de-France after the fire of 22 June 1890, 4 February 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
60. Governor Moracchini to undersecretary of the colonies, 30 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
61. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
62. Messina, “Assessment of Hurricane Charley’s Impact of Cuba,” 1–8; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Roots, Tubers, Plantains, and Bananas in Human Nutrition, 7; Otero and Marti, Impacts of Natural Disasters on Developing Economies, 11–15.
63. Bayliss-Smith et al., Islands, Islanders, and the World, 85; United Nations Environment Programme, Environmental Guidelines for Settlements Planning and Management, 6.
64. “Seance du 29 Décembre 1891,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés, 1269–70.
65. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés 38, 76–77.
66. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés 38, 76–77.Notes to pages 126–132
67. “Renseignements complémentaires sur les effets du cyclone du 9 7bre—tremblement du terre à la Martinique,” FM SG MAR 103, d.931, ANOM.
68. Zébus, “Paysannerie et économie de plantation,” 2–20.
69. Vibert, La colonisation pratique et comparée, 281.
70. Vibert, La colonisation pratique et comparée, 281.
71. Denise, “Une histoire évolutive de l’habitat Martiniquais,” 1–11.
72. Garaud, Trois ans, 167–216.
73. August Terrier, “Le Journal des voyages à l’exposition universelle,” Journal des voyages et des aventures de terre et de mer, 21 October 1900; Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 71.
74. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 168–85.
75. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on the damages of the hurricane of 18 August 1891, November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
76. Allègre to Undersecretary Étienne, 9 November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
77. Allègre to Undersecretary Étienne.
78. Fort-de-France to undersecretary of the colonies, telegram, 18 November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.583, ANOM.
79. Martinique’s director of the interior to undersecretary of state, 19 November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
80. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés 38, 76–77; M. Chautemps, “Rapport fait au nom de la commission du budget chargée d’examiner le project de loi portant ouverture, au Ministre de la Marine et des Colonies (2e section.—service colonial), sur l’exercise 1892 d’un crédit de 3,000,000 de francs à titre d’avances à la colonie de la Martinique,” Chambre des députés, 5e législature, session de 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
81. Report to the Chamber of Deputies on the damages of the hurricane of 18 August 1891.
82. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892.”
83. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892.”
84. Notes from the General Council regarding the earthquake in Alpes-Maritime, 22 July 1887, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
85. Undersecretary of the Colonies to Senator Allègre, 21 November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
86. Crédit Foncier de France to undersecretary of state, 25 November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM. Notes to pages 132–137
87. Crédit Foncier de France to undersecretary of state.
88. Director general of the Caisses d’Amortissements to undersecretary of state, 16 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
89. Undersecretary of state to Caisses des Dépôts, 27 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
90. Director general of the Caisses d’Amortissements to undersecretary of state,” 29 February 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
91. Head of the Third Bureau to Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux, 29 September 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
92. President of Chamber of Commerce of Marseille to undersecretary of the colonies, 7 November 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
93. Saint-Félix, Rapport de la Commission spéciale du Conseil Général sur le cyclone du 18 aout 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
94. Austin, World’s Sugar Production, 2607. Rutter, International Sugar Situation, 58.
95. Governor Moracchini to undersecretary of state, transmittal of a letter from representatives of the sugar industry, 4 March 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
96. Governor Moracchini to undersecretary of state.
97. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
98. Minutes of the Central Commission for Relief of Victims of the Cyclone of 18 August 1891, fourth session, 13 Novembre 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.582, ANOM.
99. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés 38, 76–77.
100. “Annexe No 2125. Séance du 31 Mai 1892,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés 38, 76–77.
101. “Loi portant ouverture au ministre de la marine et des colonies (2e section—Service colonial), sur l’exercice 1892, d’un crédit de 3 millions à titre d’avance à la colonie de la Martinique,” Journal officiel de la République Française, no. 196 (21 July 1892).
102. Hobsbawm, Age of Capital, 16.
103. See Smith, Tariff Reform in France.
104. Duigan and Gann, “Introduction,” 9
105. Schnakenbourg, Histoire de l’industrie sucrière, 23.
106. Schnakenbourg, Histoire de l’industrie sucrière, 23.Notes to pages 137–143
107. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 29 April 1899, ADG, 1 Mi 677.
108. Légier, La Martinique et la Guadeloupe, 178.
109. Levasseur, La France et ses colonies, 322–24.
110. Levasseur, La France et ses colonies, 322–24.
111. Chaudié to undersecretary of the colonies, 15 January 1892, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
112. See Cole, Power of Large Numbers.
113. Hunt, French Revolution and Human Rights, 101–18.
1. Sainton, Nègres en politique, 190–249.
2. Nicolas, Histoire de la Martinique, 124.
3. Letter from Senator Gerville-Reache, 1897, FM SG GUA 61, d.430, ANOM.
4. Letter from A. Isaac, 1897, FM SG GUA 61, d.430, ANOM.
5. See Thiébaut. Guadeloupe 1899.
6. Bulletin officiel du ministère des colonies, 1899, 1251.
7. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
8. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 29 April 1899.
9. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” Annales du Sénat 54–55, 797.
10. Jacques Prolo, “Haine de Races,” Le Peuple, 7 October 1899.
11. Prolo, “Haine de Races.”
12. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 79–80.
13. “M. Isaac Sur-Directeur de l’Intérieur à la Guadeloupe du 20 Mars 1879 au 24 Aout 1882,” 1 Mi 677, ADG.
14. List of condemnations, 1879–82, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
15. Bouinais, Guadeloupe, 80.
16. Le Courrier de la Guadeloupe, 30 May 1899, quoted in Thiébaut, Guadeloupe 1899, 18.
17. “L. Girard, Procureur général, au Gouverneur de la Guadeloupe: Au sujet des incendies 11 et 15 Juin 1898 à Pointe-à-Pitre,” 1 Mi 677, ADG.
18. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 22 June 1898, 1 Mi 677, ADG; report of attorney general on fires in Port-Louis, 29 June 1898, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
19. La Sucrerie Indigène et Coloniale, 64:622.
20. Northrup, “Indentured Indians,” 246. Notes to pages 143–151
21. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 251.
22. Report of attorney general, March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
23. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic, 26 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
24. Thiébaut, Guadeloupe 1899, 194.
25. Report of attorney general, 19 December 1898, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
26. Banque de Consignations to minister of the colonies, 10 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
27. Governor to minister of the colonies, 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
28. Attorney general to governor of Guadeloupe, 14 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
29. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic, 26 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
30. Attorney general to governor of Guadeloupe, 11 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
31. Séisme du 29 avril 1897 à la Guadeloupe, 1–4.
32. Schnakenbourg, “La Banque de la Guadeloupe et la crise de change,” 31–95.
33. Bangou, La Guadeloupe, 34; Légier, La Martinique et la Guadeloupe, 33.
34. Schnakenbourg, “La Banque,” 89–95.
35. Qtd. in Légier, “La Martinique et la Guadeloupe: Notes de voyage,” 680.
36. Légier, La Martinique et la Guadeloupe, 33.
37. Governor of Guadeloupe to attorney general, 15 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
38. Governor of Guadeloupe to attorney general, 15 March 1899.
39. Légier, La Martinique et la Guadeloupe, 21.
40. Schnakenbourg, “La Banque,” 76–77.
41. Governor of Guadeloupe to attorney general, 15 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
42. France, Annuaire statistique 15, 734; Rolph, Something about Sugar, 242.
43. France, Annuaire statistique 15, 734; Rolph, Something about sugar, 242.
44. “Séance du 30 Mars 1898,” Débats parlementaires. Comte Rendu in Extenso, 459.
45. Governor of Guadeloupe to attorney general, 15 March 1899, in 1 Mi 677, ADG.
46. Report of attorney general on fires in Grande-Terre, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
47. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” Annales du Sénat, 793; “Séance du 8 Février 1898,” Annales: Débats parlementaires 54: 623.Notes to pages 151–159
48. “Immigration: Circulaire,” Le Moniteur de la Martinique, 27 April 1880.
49. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 30 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
50. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
51. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic, 26 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
52. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic.
53. Thiébaut, Guadeloupe 1899, 43–49.
54. Prolo, “Haine de Races.”
55. Attorney general to governor of Guadeloupe, 14 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
56. Attorney general to governor of Guadeloupe, 14 March 1899.
57. Prosecutor of the Republic to attorney general, 25 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
58. Report of attorney general, 31 March 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
59. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic, 26 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
60. “Terrible Incendie à la Guadeloupe,” L’Illustration 113 (1899), 340.
61. “Terrible Incendie à la Guadeloupe,” 340.
62. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” Annales du Sénat 54–55, 789.
63. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” 789.
64. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” 789.
65. Havre Colonial Society to minister of the colonies, 11 August 1899, SG GUA 424, ANOM.
66. Thompson, “Moral Economy of the English Crowd,” 76–136.
67. Banque de Consignations to minister of the colonies, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
68. “Troubles in Guadeloupe,” New York Times, 24 August 1899.
69. “La Guadeloupe: Incendie,” Le Temps, 20 April 1899.
70. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” Annales du Sénat, 789.
71. Note from minister of the colonies, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
72. “Condamnations prononcées contres des incendiaires,” governor to minister of the colonies, 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
73. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” Annales du Sénat, 789.
74. “Séance du 29 Mai 1899,” 789.
75. “Causes des incendies à la Guadeloupe,” 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
76. “Causes des incendies à la Guadeloupe.” Notes to pages 159–164
77. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 151.
78. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic, 26 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
79. Shorter and Tilly, Strikes in France, 116–27, 142–48.
80. “Causes des incendies à la Guadeloupe,” 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
81. Republicans of Baie-Mahault to president of the republic, 26 January 1900.
82. Ramnath, Decolonizing Anarchism, 149.
83. Merriman, Dynamite Club, 1–6
84. See Charle, Social History of France, particularly 218–61; “Causes des incendies à la Guadeloupe,” 29 April 1899, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
85. Banque de Consignations to minister of the colonies, 1 Mi 677, ADG.
86. “Declaration,” La Cravache, 17 October 1899.
87. “The West India Hurricane: Much Damage in Guadeloupe,” New York Times, 9 August 1899.
88. Pointe-à-Pitre to Paris, Colonial Ministry, telegram, 15 August 1899, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
89. Pointe-à-Pitre to Paris, telegram.
90. Port-au-Prince to Paris, Colonial Ministry, telegram, 11 August 1899, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
91. Governor of Guadeloupe to minister of the colonies, 1 September 1899, SG GUA 424, ANOM.
92. “Guadeloupe, cyclone du 7 août: Délégation de crédit,” 23 September 1899, Mi 678–1, ADG.
93. “Approvisionnements, etc.,” 20 September 1899, Mi 678–1, ADG.
94. “Approvisionnements, etc.,” 20 September 1899, Mi 678–1, ADG.
95. “Approvisionnements, etc.,” 20 September 1899.
96. A. N., “Secours de la Métropole,” Le Peuple, 7 October 1899.
97. Havre Colonial Society to minister of the colonies, 11 August 1899 SG GUA 424, ANOM.
98. Transmission of claims made by various agents of Guadeloupe, 6 February 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
99. For more on this, see Tierney, “Social Inequality, Hazards, and Disasters”; Jones and Murphy, Political Economy of Hazards and Disasters; Républicains de la Baie-Mahault au président de la République, 26 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
100. Emprunt de 3,000,000 francs, 20 November 1899, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
101. Gerville-Réache to minister of the colonies, 26 February 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.Notes to pages 164–168
102. Minister of the colonies to Deputy Gerville-Réache, 15 January 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
103. U.S. Department of State, Commercial Relations, 551.
104. Havre Colonial Society to minister of the colonies, 11 August 1899 SG GUA 424, ANOM.
105. Fallope, Esclaves et citoyens, 543; Heath, Wine, Sugar, 191.
106. Heath, Wine, Sugar, 213.
107. Cherdieu, “L’échec d’un socialisme colonial,” 308–33.
108. Sainton, Nègres en politique, 605. Also see Adélaïde-Merlande, Troubles sociaux en Guadeloupe.
109. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 143–71.
110. Reisch, “Labor Relations,” 490.
111. “Incendiarism in Martinique: Rioters Set Fire to Plantations—France Sends a Warship,” New York Times, 15 February 1900; “Martinique Troubles Continue,” New York Times, 26 February 1900; “More Fires in Martinique: French Cruiser Returns to St. Pierre to Quell Trouble,” New York Times, 21 February 1900.
112. “Bulletin social: les greves,” L’Aurore, 18 February 1900; “Un ‘Fourmies’ colonial,” L’Aurore, 16 February 1900; “Un ‘Fourmies’ colonial,” L’Aurore, 15 February 1900.
113. Schnakenbourg, Histoire de l’industrie sucrière, 73–81.
114. Ministère du Commerce, Statistiques des grèves, 610.
115. Ministère du Commerce, Statistiques des grèves, 348.
116. Mote, Industrial Arbitration, 102.
117. “More Rioting in Martinique,” New York Times, 14 February 1900.
118. “Incendiarism in Martinique,” New York Times, 23 February 1900.
119. “The Martinique Situation,” New York Times, 2 March 1900.
120. “Un Fourmies Colonial,” L’Aurore, 11 February 1900.
121. Reisch, “Labor Relations,” 488.
122. P. Deschanel, “Chambre: Séance du 26 mars,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
123. “Séance du 11 décembre 1900,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés, 7me législature, 978.
124. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 141; “Les Colonies: La grève à la Martinique,” Le Figaro, 12 February 1900.
125. “Séance du 12 février 1900,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés, 7me législature, 497. Notes to pages 169–174
126. “Bombs in Paris Markets,” Chicago Daily, 14 February 1900.
127. “Les Colonies: La grève à la Martinique,” Le Figaro, 12 February 1900.
128. E. Terrée-Potino, “Le temps des grèves,” 381–82.
129. Délibérations du Conseil général, 79.
130. P. Bluysen, “Un Débat Sterile,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
131. Waldeck-Rousseau, Politique Française et étrangère, 276–77.
132. Deuxième congrès général des organisations socialistes, 77–78.
133. Nestor, “La grève générale des travailleurs agricoles,” 566.
134. P. Bluysen, “Un Débat Sterile,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
135. Saint-Réal, “L’Anniversaire de la commune,” Le Gaulois, 28 May 1900.
136. “French Labor Troubles,” New York Times, 24 December 1900; “Strike Riots at Chalon-sur-Saone,” New York Times, 4 June 1900.
137. Deuxième congrès général des organisations socialistes, 96–98.
138. “Aux travailleurs de la Martinique,” Troisième congres général des organisations socialistes françaises, 497–98.
139. Nestor, “La grève générale des travailleurs agricoles,” 568.
140. Le Courrier de la Guadeloupe, 9 May 1899, cited in Université Antilles-Guyane, La Caraïbe au tournant de deux siècles, 88–92.
141. “Renseignements Politiques,” Questions diplomatiques et coloniales: Revue de politique extérieure, 1 March 1900, 312.
142. “History of the Trouble,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 16 February 1900.
143. P., “Les Troubles de la Martinique,” L’Illustration, 17 February 1900, 101.
144. M. Landry, “Les colonies,” Le Figaro, 14 February 1900.
145. E. Terrée-Potino, “Le temps des greves,” 382.
146. In 1894 the French military falsely convicted, discharged, and imprisoned a Jewish military captain, Alfred Dreyfus, for selling military secrets to the German government. By 1896 an internal investigation led by George Picquart had uncovered evidence of Dreyfus’s innocence. This scandal split French society into two camps, the dreyfusards championing Dreyfus’s innocence, and by proxy the ability of Jews to be committed to French ideals, and the anti-dreyfusards who argued for his guilt, and by extension the inability of Jews to incorporate fully into the French nation. This scandal, only nominally resolved with Dreyfus’s reinstatement in 1906, became so politically charged that it bled into all avenues of social life.
147. “Nouvelles militaires,” Le Gaulois, 7 July 1900.
148. “Labor Disorders in Martinique,” Washington Post, 10 February 1900.
149. “The Troubles in Martinique,” New York Times, 15 February 1900.Notes to pages 174–179
150. “The Situation in France’s Colonies: Many Believe a Rebellion Is in Progress in Martinique,” New York Times, 18 February 1900.
151. J. Corenely, “Les Troubles de la Martinique,” Le Figaro, 23 February 1900; “Renseignements Politiques,” 313.
152. Bluysen, “Un Débat Sterile,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
153. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 158.
154. See Díaz, The Virgin, the King, and the Royal Slaves of El Cobre, 1–28.
155. Klooster, “Slave Revolts, Royal Justice, and a Ubiquitous Rumor in the Age of Revolutions,” 401–24; Dubois, Colony of Citizens, 85–123.
156. “Martinique Is Jubilant,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 6 May 1900.
157. “La Séance Hier,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
158. “La Séance Hier,” Journal des débats.
159. “French Deputies in a Fight: Interpellation on Martinique Riots Leads to Fisticuffs in the Chamber,” Washington Post, 27 March 1900.
160. P. Deschanel, “Chambre: Séance du 26 mars,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
161. “La Séance Hier,” Journal des débats, 28 March 1900.
162. Waldeck-Rousseau, Politique Française et étrangère, 277.
163. L. Resse, “Les Allumettiers et l’Etat,” La Presse, 24 October 1900.
164. Letter from Guadeloupean Republicans, 1900, 1 Mi 678–1, ADG.
165. “Faits Divers,” Journal des débats, 26 July 1900.
166. Auguste Terrier, “Le Journal des voyages à l’exposition universelle,” Journal des voyages et des aventures de terre et de mer (21 October 1900): 332.
167. “Une vengeance ministérielle: Renvoi et disgrace de M. Picanon,” La Presse, 11 October 1900; “Séance du 11 décembre 1900,” 977.
168. “Le retour de M. Picanon,” Journal des débats, 29 August 1901.
169. “Senat: Séance du 19 juin,” Journal des débats, 21 June 1900; “Lieutenant to Blame: Fired Too Hastily on Strikers in the Island of Martinique,” San Francisco Call, 20 June 1900.
170. P. R., “Une affaire à éclaircir,” Le Gaulois, 9 September 1900.
171. “Le Grand Banquet pour les travailleurs de l’Exposition,” La Presse, 15 October 1900.
172. “Les interpellations a la Chambre,” La Presse, 15 December 1900.
173. “Séance du 21 décembre 1900,” Annales de la Chambre des Députés, 7me législature, 1190.
174. “Séance du 11 décembre 1900,” 982.
175. Séance du 21 décembre 1900,” 1194. Notes to pages 179–187
176. Ministère du Commerce, Statistiques des grèves, 298–300.
177. Délibérations du Conseil général: Session ordinaire, Novembre 1900, 79.
178. Adélaïde-Merlande, Origines, 171.
179. Sainton, Les nègres en politique, 189; Russo, “Grèves et socialism à la Guadeloupe,” 486–500.
180. “Protestation,” Le Temps, 12 May 1902.
1. Boyer de Peyreleau, Les Antilles françaises, 173.
2. “The Last Days of Saint-Pierre,” Century Magazine, 615.
3. Zebrowski, Last Days of St. Pierre, 82.
4. Scarth, La Catastrophe, 190.
5. Scarth, La Catastrophe, 77.
6. “Télégrammes du cable français,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 6 May 1902.
7. Quoted in Scarth, La Catastrophe, 87.
8. Zebrowski, Last Days of St. Pierre, 79–80.
9. Scarth, Vulcan’s Fury, 169.
10. “Which Eruptions Were the Deadliest?,” Cascades Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, retrieved 30 August 2013 from http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicFacts/deadly_eruptions.html.
11. Eyewitness accounts conflict about the number of survivors, and it was never entirely clear whether the story of the lone survivor, Louis-Auguste Cyparis, was actually true. It is true, however, that several eyewitnesses from the environs of Saint-Pierre, as well as from the harbor, survived. See Scarth, La Catastrophe. For more about Cyparis see Flaugh, Operation Freak Narrative.
12. “Mont Pelée, West Indies,” Cascades Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, retrieved 30 August 2013 from http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/WestIndies/Pelee/description_mont_pelee.html.
13. Telegraph service, Commandant Arrondissement and Commandant Brigade, August to September 1902, 4M11459/ C, ADM.
14. “Projet de loi tendant à ouvrir au Ministre des Colonies un crédit extraordinaire de sept millions de francs,” FM SG MAR 58, d.486, ANOM.
15. Remy Saint-Maurice, “Les désastres de la Martinique,” L’Illustration: Journal universel 119 (1902), 466–69. In 1906, two thousand pounds sterling would be equivalent to about fifty thousand francs, with a conversion rate of 24.9:1 francs to pounds. The average yearly salary was approximately 1,080 francs for a metropolitan French worker. See Diplomatic and Consular Reports, 17.Notes to pages 187–196
16. Scarth, La Catastrophe, 212.
17. “Observations suite à l’éruption,” 4M11459, ADM.
18. “Divers projets de la loi relatifs à l’ouverture de crédits extraordinaire,” FM SG MAR 58, d.486, ANOM.
19. “Souscription nationale au profit des sinistrés de la Martinique: Appel du Comité official d’assistance et de secours,” 1902, FR CAOM 9Fi30, ANOM.
20. Letters from diplomats and colonial governors, FM SG MAR 58, d.476, ANOM.
21. G. d’Oussouville au Ministre des Colonies, 17 June 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.476, ANOM.
22. Jules Cambon, French ambassador in Washington, to M. Delcassé, minister of foreign affairs, 14 May 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.477, ANOM.
23. Cambon to Delcassé.
24. Cambon to Delcassé.
25. Remy Saint-Maurice, “Les désastres de la Martinique,” L’Illustration: Journal universel 119 (1902): 466–69. Reports vary as to whether she was asked to pay 280, 320, or 350 francs. There was also quite a bit of confusion as to the nationality of the child and her governess. In any case, however, it sparked substantial criticism in the press.
26. “Commission des secours aux sinistrés: Séance du 26 juin 1902,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 12 August 1902.
27. “Remerciements et nouvel appel du comité officiel d’assistance et de secours aux sinistrés de la Martinique,” October 1902, FR CAOM 9Fi91, ANOM.
28. “Listes de souscriptions pour les sinistrés de la Martinique (suite): 123e liste,” FM SG MAR 58, d.476, ANOM.
29. “Comité d’assistance aux sinistrés, Paris, Rapport,” FM SG MAR 58, d.479, ANOM.
30. “Note,” September 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.479 ANOM.
31. “Martinique Fund in United States,” 1 November 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.477, ANOM.
32. French Ambassador to M. Delcassé, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2 November 1904, FM SG MAR 58, d.477, ANOM. Notes to pages 196–201
33. “Nos gravures: La France vient au secours de la Martinique,” Le Petit journal: Supplément du dimanche, 1 June 1902.
34. “Comité d’assistance aux sinistrés, Paris, Rapport,” FM SG MAR 58, d.479, ANOM.
35. Aid tables: FM 1AFFPOL 1091, ANOM; 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM; FM SG MAR 19, ANOM; 1AFFPOL 1100, ANOM.
36. “Comptabilité de secours accordés, demande de fonds, 1903,” FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
37. Aid tables and explicatory notes, FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
38. “Commission des secours aux sinistrés: Séance du 10 juin 1902,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 12 August 1902; “Décision fixant la ration à allouer à tous sinistrés,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 29 August 1902.
39. Tables: aid to widows, orphans, and the infirm, FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
40. Martinique relief proposals, general summary table no 10, FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
41. Lists of aid, FM 1AFFPOL 1100, ANOM.
42. Légier, La Martinique et la Guadeloupe, 20.
43. “Séance du 29 Décembre 1891,” Annales de la Chambre des Deputés, pub. 1892, 1269–70.
44. Lists of aid, orphans, FM 1AFFPOL 1100; proposals for permanent relief for orphans, 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
45. Lists of aid, orphans, FM 1AFFPOL 1100, ANOM.
46. Appended tables: proposals for relief of Martinique, FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
47. Proposals for relief of Martinique: general summary table, FM 1AFFPOL 1100, ANOM; proposal of law, no. 63, FM SG MAR 58, d.488, ANOM.
48. Lists of aid, widows, FM 1AFFPOL 1100, ANOM.
49. “Déclaration des pertes,” FM SG MAR 58, d.475, ANOM.
50. “Comité official d’assistance et de secours aux sinistrés de la Martinique,” FR CAOM 9Fi29, ANOM.
51. “Comité d’assistance aux sinistrés, Paris, Rapport,” FM SG MAR 58, d.479, ANOM.
52. “Comité d’assistance aux sinistrés, Paris, Rapport.”
53. Letters from the University of France, French Academy, and Committee of Assistance and Aid for Victims of the Catastrophe of Martinique, FM SG MAR 58, d.478, ANOM.Notes to pages 201–204
54. “Sinistrés de la Martinique dont la famille habitait la Martinique, en dehors de St. Pierre, au moment de la catastrophe,” FM SG MAR 58, d.478, ANOM.
55. “Séance du 13 Mai: Comité officiel d’assistance et de secours aux victims de la catastrophe de la Martinique,” FM SG MAR 58, d.479, ANOM.
56. Passenger documents and ships’ manifests, F/5B/138 2/2 & 139 1/2, ANPS.
57. Miller, Martinique Horror and St. Vincent Calamity, 348.
58. “Commission des secours aux sinistrés: Séance du 10 juin 1902,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 12 August 1902.
59. “Société anonyme par actions de bateaux à vapeur de la Martinique,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 21 July 1903. “Société anonyme par actions de de l’usine du Lamentin,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 14 July 1903.
60. Quoted in Alwyn Scarth, La Catastrophe, 209.
61. “Commission des secours aux sinistrés,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 21 July 1902.
62. “Note,” September 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.479, ANOM.
63. Governor Lhueure to the Ministry of the Colonies, telegram, 16 May 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.483, ANOM.
64. Quoted in Royce, Burning of St. Pierre and the Eruption of Mont Pelée, 97–98.
65. “Histoire de la semaine: France,” L’Illustration: Journal universel 119 (1902), 374.
66. Desnier, “Martinique: Before and After,” 137.
67. Shorter and Tilly, Strikes in France, 43, 81–82.
68. Shorter and Tilly, Strikes in France, 43.
69. Loomis, “Mine Explosions in France,” 339–43.
70. Jannesson, Monographie et histoire de la ville de Saint-Etienne, 128–35.
71. Branciard and Gonin, Le Mouvement ouvrier, 1815–1976, 71.
72. Senator Knight to the Ministry of the Colonies, telegram, 18 May 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.483, ANOM.
73. Telegram from Governor Lemaire, 5 June 1903, FM SG MAR 58, d.483, ANOM.
74. Alexander, “Study of Natural Disasters.”
75. Alexander, “Study of Natural Disasters.”
76. “La Catastrophe de la Martinique,” Le Temps, 5 May 1902.
77. “Note,” 8 July 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.477, ANOM.
78. “Envoi du 3e proces-verbal de réunion de la Commission des pertes,” 3 July 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.488, ANOM. Notes to pages 205–211
79. Letters to and from the governor with included committee notes, June-July 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.488, ANOM.
80. “Note,” 8 July 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.477, ANOM.
81. Desnier, “Martinique: Before and After,” 135.
82. Hess, La catastrophe de la Martinique, i.
83. Knight and Palmer, Modern Caribbean, 91.
84. Lambolez and Coeur créole, Saint-Pierre-Martinique, 1635–1902, 301.
85. “La Catastrophe de la Martinique,” Le Temps, 15 May 1902.
86. “Nos gravures: La France vient au secours de la Martinique,” Le Petit journal: Supplément du dimanche, 1 June 1902.
87. André Fagel, “Courrier de Paris: La Catastrophe,” L’Illustration: Journal universel 119 (1902), 342. Italics added for emphasis.
88. G. Cerbelaud, “L’Éruption de la Martinique: Volcans et tremblements de terre; Les zones dangereuses,” L’Illustration: Journal universel 119 (1902): 423–27.
89. Scarth, La Catastrophe, 19.
90. “Eruption volcanique: Recherche d’emplacement pour la construction d’abris et proces verbaux de la commission coloniale,” 1M11454, ADM.
91. “La Catastrophe de la Martinique,” Le Temps, 10 May 1902.
92. President of the Chambre des Négociants Commissionnaires to minister of the colonies, 19 July 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.475, ANOM.
93. German consul to governor, 12 May 1902, FM SG MAR 58, d.476, ANOM.
94. “Les Congrès,” L’Aurore, 12 May 1902.
95. Ernest Vaughan, “Fêtes de charité,” L’Aurore, 13 May 1902.
96. Letter from Charles Depince, 17 February 1903, FM SG MAR 58, d.475, ANOM.
97. “Aux Antilles: La Martinique,” Journal des voyages et des aventures de terre et de mer, no. 287 (1 June 1902): 5–6.
98. “Aux Antilles: La Martinique.”
99. Heilprin, Mont Pelée, 6–8.
100. For more on the image of women of color within France, see Mitchell, “Les ombres noires de saint domingue,” 246.
101. “Une Martiniquaise,” L’Illustration: Journal universel 119 (1902), 356.
102. “Gde Fête de Bienfaissance au benefice des incendiés de la Martinique et de la Guadeloupe,” Le Courrier Français, 3 August 1890.
103. Heath, Wine, Sugar.
104. R. Pichevin, “Bulletin de l’Union coloniale française,” Quinzaine colonial, 10 March 1906, 151–52.Notes to pages 211–228
105. “Projet de loi, No. 4454,” FM 1AFFPOL 770, ANOM.
106. Royce, Burning of St. Pierre, 78.
107. Quoted in H. N. Dickson, “The Eruptions in Martinique and St. Vincent,” 50–60.
108. Lambolez, Saint-Pierre-Martinique, 1635–1902, 300–301.
109. Summary of disaster relief in France, FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
110. Summary of disaster relief in France for the elderly, FM 1AFFPOL 1092, ANOM.
111. Final list of relief, extracted from Journal Officiel of 19 January and 9 August 1904, FM 1AFFPOL 1100, ANOM.
112. Newspaper clipping included in letters, “Une autre catastrophe peut menacer Saint-Pierre,” 15 February 1922, FM 1AFFPOL 770, ANOM.
113. Notes for the minister’s office, FM 1AFFPOL 772/1 and FM 1AFFPOL 773, ANOM; “Mont Pelee Erupts; Sixth time in 2 weeks,” New York Times, 1 November 1929.
114. Telegraphic dispatches, January and February 1930; note for the director of political affairs, 25 February 1930, FM 1AFFPOL 782/2, ANOM.
115. Newspaper clipping included in letter, “Une autre catastrophe peut menacer Saint-Pierre,” 15 February 1922, FM 1AFFPOL 770, ANOM.
116. Head of the Third Office to the Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux, 29 September 1891, FM SG MAR 72, d.581, ANOM.
117. Le Progrès de la Guadeloupe, 25 July 1890.
1. Gainot, Les officiers de couleur dans les armées de la République et de l’Empire, 5–19.
2. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 292–302.
3. Georges Poulet, “Habitants de la Martinique: La guerre est déclarée,” Journal officiel de la Martinique, 4 August 1914.
4. Dumont, “La figure de l’ennemi,” 135–51; Dumont, “Conscription antillaise,” 101–16; Fallope, Esclaves et citoyens, 53.
5. Fallope, Esclaves et citoyens, 53.
6. Galmot, La Guyane française et la guerre, 21–22.
7. Cited in Douaire, “Traces et absences de la Grande Guerre aux Antilles,” 135.
8. Galmot, La Guyane française et la guerre, 1–32; Dumont, “Santé et conscription creole,” 223. Notes to pages 228–238
9. Chotard, Quelle peut être la garantie, 3–15.
10. Gallaher, General Alexandre Dumas, 97.
11. Pichevin, Rapport sur la création d’un gouvernement général des Antilles et de la Guyane, 1–53.
12. Banchelin, “La Guadeloupe,” 131.
13. Fogarty. Race and War in France, 100–103.
14. Andrivon-Milton, Lettres de poilus martiniquais, 121–22.
15. Andrivon-Milton, Lettres de poilus martiniquais, 12.
16. Andrivon-Milton, Lettres de poilus martiniquais, 12.
17. Andrivon-Milton, Lettres de poilus martiniquais, 12.
18. Andrivon-Milton, Lettres de poilus martiniquais, 109–12.
19. Andrivon-Milton, Lettres de poilus martiniquais, 131.
20. La Démocratie coloniale, 20 March 1918, cited in Dumont, “Conscription antillaise et citoyenneté,” 101–16.
21. “La Defense du Drapeau,” Le monde colonial illustré, January 1936, cited in Bangou, La Guadeloupe, 148.
22. “Voyages aux Antilles,” Le Monde illustré, 18 January 1936.
23. “Ministère des pensions—1919,” 3R1, ADG.
24. Jules Monnerot, Revue Martinique, 1935, n. 14; Dumont, L’amère patrie, 55–88.
25. Monnerot, Revue Martinique, 1935, n. 14; Dumont, L’amère patrie, 55–88.
26. Hélénon, French Caribbeans in Africa, 63.
27. Dumont, L’amère patrie, 29.Notes to pages 238–245