1. S. George, ‘A Short History of Neoliberalism: Twenty Years of Elite Economics and Emerging Opportunities for Structural Change’, in W. Bello, N. Bullard, and K. Malhotra (eds.), Global Finance: New Thinking on Regulating Capital Markets (London: Zed Books, 2000) 27–35; G. Duménil and D. Lévy, Capital Resurgent: Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution, trans. D. Jeffers (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004); J. Peck, ‘Geography and Public Policy: Constructions of Neoliberalism’, Progress in Human Geography, 28/3 (2004), 392–405; J. Peck and A. Tickell, ‘Neoliberalizing Space’, Antipode, 34/3 (2002), 380–404; P. Treanor, ‘Neoliberalism: Origins, Theory, Definition’, http://web. inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/neoliberalism.html.
2. Treanor, ‘Neoliberalism’.
3. D. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989); J.-F. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), 66.
1. G. W. Bush, ‘President Addresses the Nation in Prime Time Press Conference’, 13 Apr. 2004; http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/0420040413–20.html.
2. Matthew Arnold is cited in R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1850 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1958), 118.
3. A. Juhasz, ‘Ambitions of Empire: The Bush Administration Economic Plan for Iraq (and Beyond)’, Left Turn Magazine, 12 (Feb./Mar. 2004), 27–32.
4. N. Klein, ‘Of Course the White House Fears Free Elections in Iraq’, Guardian, 24 Jan. 2004, 18.
5. T. Crampton, ‘Iraqi Official Urges Caution on Imposing Free Market’, New York Times, 14 Oct. 2003, C5.
6. Juhasz, ‘Ambitions of Empire’, 29.
7. G. W. Bush, ‘Securing Freedom’s Triumph’, New York Times, 11 Sept. 2002, A33. The National Security Strategy of the United State of America can be found on the website: www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.
8. M. Fourcade-Gourinchas and S. Babb, ‘The Rebirth of the Liberal Creed: Paths to Neoliberalism in Four Countries’, American Journal of Sociology, 108 (2002), 542–9; J. Valdez, Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995); R. Luders, ‘The Success and Failure of the State-Owned Enterprise Divestitures in a Developing Country: The Case of Chile’, Journal of World Business (1993), 98–121.
9. R. Dahl and C. Lindblom, Politics, Economy and Welfare: Planning and Politico-Economic Systems Resolved into Basic Social Processes (New York: Harper, 1953).
10. S. Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983); M. Blyth, Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
11. P. Armstrong, A. Glynn, and J. Harrison, Capitalism Since World War II: The Making and Breaking of the Long Boom (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991).
12. G. Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
13. G. Duménil and D. Lévy, ‘Neoliberal Dynamics: Towards A New Phase?’, in K. van der Pijl, L. Assassi, and D. Wigan (eds.), Global Regulation: Managing Crises after the Imperial Turn (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) 41–63. See also Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy, American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality (American Political Science Association, 2004); T. Piketty and E. Saez, ‘Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2003), 1–39.
14. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 1999 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 3.
15. See the website http://www.montpelerin.org/aboutmps.html.
16. A judicious review can be found in H.-J. Chang, Globalisation, Economic Development and the Role of the State (London: Zed Books, 2003). But as Peck, ‘Geography and Public Policy’, points out, neoliberalism has often absorbed other elements within its frame so that it is hard to conceive of it as a ‘pure’ theory.
17. The story of Thatcher’s path to neoliberalism is outlined in D. Yergin and J. Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and Market Place that is Remaking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999).
18. L. Panitch and S. Gindin, ‘Finance and American Empire’, in The Empire Reloaded: Socialist Register 2005 (London: Merlin Press, 2005) 46–81.
19. D. Henwood, After the New Economy (New York: New Press, 2003), 208.
20. L. Alvarez, ‘Britain Says U.S. Planned to Seize Oil in ’73 Crisis’, New York Times, 4 Jan. 2004, A6. On the Saudi agreement to recycle petrodollars through the US see P. Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999), 20.
21. D. Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); N. Smith, American Empire, Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); N. Smith, The Endgame of Globalization (New York: Routledge, 2005).
22. Panitch and Gindin, ‘Finance and American Empire’.
23. The many debt crises of the 1980s are covered extensively in Gowan, The Global Gamble.
24. J. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002).
25. G. Duménil and D. Lévy, ‘The Economics of U.S. Imperialism at the Turn of the 21st Century’, Review of International Political Economy, 11/4 (2004), 657–76.
26. A. Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Doubleday, 2003), provides examples.
27. Cited in Harvey, Condition of Postmodernity, 158.
28. R. Martin, The Financialization of Daily Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002).
29. This is the exclusive definition favoured in the works of Duménil and Lévy for example.
30. Chua, World on Fire.
31. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 1996 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 2, and United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 1999, 3.
32. W. Robinson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), makes an outstanding case for this argument.
33. K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1954 edn.).
34. Ibid. 256–8.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Bush, ‘Securing Freedom’s Triumph’; see also F. Zakaria, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: Norton, 2003).
1. A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Q. Hoare and G. Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971), 321–43.
2. J. Rapley, Globalization and Inequality: Neoliberalism’s Downward Spiral (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Reiner, 2004), 55.
3. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 149.
4. J. Court, Corporateering: How Corporate Power Steals your Personal Freedom (New York: J. P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2003), 33–8.
5. Blyth, Great Transformations, 155. The information in the preceding paragraph comes from chs. 5 and 6 of Blyth’s account, supported by T. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality (New York: Norton, 1985), chs, 2 and 3.
6. Court, Corporateering, 34.
7. W. Tabb, The Long Default: New York City and the Urban Fiscal Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); J. Freeman, Working Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II (New York: New Press, 2001).
8. R. Zevin, ‘New York City Crisis: First Act in a New Age of Reaction’, in R. Alcalay and D. Mermelstein (eds.), The Fiscal Crisis of American Cities: Essays on the Political Economy of Urban America with Special Reference to New York (New York: Vintage Books, 1977), 11–29.
9. Tabb, The Long Default, 28. For Walter Wriston see T. Frank, One Market Under God: Extreme Capitalism, Market Populism and the End of Economic Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 53–6.
10. Freeman, Working Class New York.
11. R. Koolhaas, Delirious New York (New York: Monacelli Press, 1994); M. Greenberg, ‘The Limits of Branding: The World Trade Center, Fiscal Crisis and the Marketing of Recovery’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27 (2003), 386–416.
12. Tabb, The Long Default; On the subsequent ‘selling’ of New York see Greenberg, ‘The Limits of Branding’; on urban entrepreneurialism more generally see D. Harvey, ‘From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation of Urban Governance in Late Capitalism’, in id., Spaces of Capital (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), ch. 16.
13. Tabb, The Long Default, 15.
14. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality, 128.
15. Court, Corporateering, 29–31, lists all the relevant legal decisions of the 1970s.
16. The accounts of Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality, followed by Blyth, Great Transformations, are compelling.
17. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality, 235.
18. T. Frank, What’s the Matter with Kansas: How Conservatives Won the Hearts of America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004).
19. D. Kirkpatrick, ‘Club of the Most Powerful Gathers in Strictest Privacy’, New York Times, 28 Aug. 2004, A10.
20. See J. Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties (New York: Norton, 2003).
21. Yergin and Stanislaw, Commanding Heights, 337; Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties, 108.
22. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality, 217.
23. Again, the account here rests heavily on Blyth, Great Transformations, and Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality.
24. M. Angell, The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What To Do About It (New York: Random House, 2004).
25. Blyth, Great Transformations; see also Frank, One Market Under God, particularly on the role of Gilder.
26. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality, 107.
27. S. Hall, Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left (New York: Norton, 1988).
28. Yergin and Stanislaw, Commanding Heights, 92.
29. T. Benn, The Benn Diaries, 1940–1990, ed. R. Winstone (London: Arrow, 1996).
30. Yergin and Stanislaw, Commanding Heights, 104.
31. R. Brooks, ‘Maggie’s Man: We Were Wrong’, Observer, 21 June 1992, 15; P. Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Fourcade-Gourinchas and Babb, ‘The Rebirth of the Liberal Creed’.
32. T. Hayter and D. Harvey (eds.), The Factory in the City (Brighton: Mansell, 1995).
33. G. Rees and J. Lambert, Cities in Crisis: The Political Economy of Urban Development in Post-War Britain (London: Edward Arnold, 1985); M. Harloe, C. Pickvance, and J. Urry (eds.), Place, Policy and Politics: Do Localities Matter? (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990); M. Boddy and C. Fudge (eds.), Local Socialism? Labour Councils and New Left Alternatives (London: Macmillan, 1984).
34. Thatcher’s failure to reach several of her macro-economic policy goals is well documented in P. Hall, Governing the Economy.
1. Chang, Globalisation; B. Jessop, ‘Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Urban Governance: A State-Theoretical Perspective’, Antipode, 34/3 (2002), 452–72; N. Poulantzas, State Power Socialism, trans. P. Camiller (London: Verso, 1978); S. Clarke (ed.), The State Debate (London: Macmillan, 1991); S. Haggard and R. Kaufman (eds.), The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); M. Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
2. Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties won his Nobel Prize for his studies on how asymmetries of information affected market behaviours and outcomes.
3. See Harvey, Condition of Postmodernity; Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982).
4. P. Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); R. Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); M. Woo-Cummings (ed.), The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
5. J. Henderson, ‘Uneven Crises: Institutional Foundation of East Asian Turmoil, Economy and Society, 28/3 (1999), 327–68.
6. Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties, 227; P. Hall, Governing the Economy; Fourcade-Gourinchas and Babb, ‘The Rebirth of the Liberal Creed’.
7. I. Vasquez, ‘The Brady Plan and Market-Based Solutions to Debt Crises’, The Cato Journal, 16/2 (online).
8. M. Piore and C. Sable, The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
9. See Harvey, Condition of Postmodernity.
10. V. Navarro (ed.), The Political Economy of Social Inequalities: Consequences for Health and the Quality of Life (Amityville, NY: Baywood, 2002).
11. P. McCarney and R. Stren, Governance on the Ground: Innovations and Discontinuities in the Cities of the Developing World (Princeton: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2003); A. Dixit, Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
12. R. Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969).
13. N. Rosenblum and R. Post (eds.), Civil Society and Government (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); S. Chambers and W. Kymlicka (eds.), Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
14. K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of the Regional Economies (New York: Touchstone Press, 1996).
15. Court, Corporateering.
16. D. Healy, Let Them Eat Prozac: The Unhealthy Relationship Between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Depression (New York: New York University Press, 2004).
17. W. Bello, N. Bullard, and K. Malhotra (eds.), Global Finance: New Thinking on Regulating Speculative Markets (London: Zed Books, 2000).
18. K. Schwab and C. Smadja, cited in D. Harvey, Spaces of Hope (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 70.
19. H. Wang, China’s New Order: Society, Politics and Economy in Transition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 44.
20. J. Mann, The Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York: Viking Books, 2004); S. Drury, Leo Strauss and the American Right (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999).
21. R. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996 edn.).
22. Harvey, The New Imperialism, ch. 4.
23. Chang, Globalisation, 31.
24. M. Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity, 1999), 130.
25. Frank, What’s the Matter with Kansas.
26. Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965– 2000 (New York: HarperCollins, 2000).
1. Peck, ‘Geography and Public Policy’.
2. World Bank, World Development Report 2005: A Better Investment Climate for Everyone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
3. Gowan, The Global Gamble.
4. Duménil and Lévy, ‘The Economics of US Imperialism’.
5. Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties.
6. R. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: The US in the World Economy (London: Verso, 2002).
7. S. Corbridge, Debt and Development (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
8. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 57.
9. Chua, World on Fire.
10. Henderson, ‘Uneven Crises’; Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 99, concurs with this view: ‘capital account liberalization was the single most important factor leading to the crisis’.
11. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 129–30.
12. Ibid.
13. Vasquez, ‘The Brady Plan’.
14. D. MacLeod, Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico (University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 2004).
15. C. Lomnitz-Adler, ‘The Depreciation of Life During Mexico City’s Transition into “The Crisis”’, in J. Schneider and I. Susser (eds.), Wounded Cities (New York: Berg, 2004) 47–70.
16. D. Davis, Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
17. MacLeod, Downsizing the State, 90–4.
18. Ibid. 71.
19. J. Nash, Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization (New York: Routledge, 2001).
20. J. Forero, ‘As China Gallops, Mexico Sees Factory Jobs Slip Away’, New York Times, 3 Sept. 2003, A3. ‘Mexico, long the king of the low-cost plants and exporter to the United States… is fast being supplanted by China and its hundreds of millions of low wage workers… In all, 500 of Mexico’s 3,700 maquiladoras have shut down since 2001, at a cost of 218,000 jobs, the Mexican government says.’ Recent reports suggest that maquila employment has been recovering as industries have become more efficient and more flexible, able to use proximity to the US to ensure a steady flow of deliveries that permits retailers to minimize inventories. See E. Malkin, ‘A Boom Along the Border’, New York Times, 26 Aug. 2004, W1 and W7.
21. MacLeod, Downsizing the State, 99–100; Chua, World on Fire, 61–3, provides a brief account of the activities of Carlos Slim.
22. S. Sharapura, ‘What Happened in Argentina?’, Chicago Business Online, 28 May 2002, http://www.chibus.com/news/2002/05/28/Worldview.
23. J. Petras and H. Veltmeyer, System in Crisis: The Dynamics of Free Market Capitalism (London: Zed Books, 2003), 87–110.
24. S. Soederberg, Contesting Global Governance in the South: Debt, Class, and the New Common Sense in Managing Globalisation (London: Pluto Press, 2005).
25. J. Salerno, ‘Confiscatory Deflation: The Case of Argentina’, Ludwig von Mise Institute, http://www.mises.org? fullstory.aspx? control=890.
26. Petras and Veltmeyer, System in Crisis, 86.
27. V. Chibber, Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
28. Ibid. 245.
29. R. Wade and F. Veneroso, ‘The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street–Treasury–IMF Complex’, New Left Review, 228 (1998), 3–23.
30. M. Woo-Cummings, South Korean Anti-Americanism, Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper 93 (July 2003).
31. Ibid. 5.
32. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents.
33. Ibid. 130.
34. Woo-Cummings, South Korean Anti-Americanism, 4.
35. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 130, 206–7.
36. Blyth, Great Transformations, 205.
37. Ibid. 238–42.
38. Ibid. 229–30.
39. Ibid. 231–3.
40. P. Bond, Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa (London: Pluto Press, 2000); id., Against Global Apartheid: South Africa Meets the World Bank, the IMF and International Finance (London: Zed Books, 2003)
41. World Bank, World Development Report 2005.
42. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, frequently returns to this point.
43. J. Mittelman, The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 90–106.
1. N. Lardy, China’s Unfinished Economic Revolution (Wasington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998); S.-M. Li and W.-S. Tang, China’s Regions, Polity and Economy (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2000),
2. I lean somewhat to the latter interpretation, though not quite as strongly as Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, whose work I rely on here quite extensively. See M. Hart-Landsberg and P. Burkett, China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle (New York, 2004;=Monthly Review, 56/3).
3. L. Cao, ‘Chinese Privatization: Between Plan and Market’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 63/13 (2000), 13–62.
4. This point is emphatically made in Y. Huang, ‘Is China Playing by the Rules?’, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, http://www. cecc.gov/pages/hearings/092403/huang.php.
5. Wang, China’s New Order, 66.
6. D. Hale and L. Hale, ‘China Takes Off’, Foreign Affairs, 82/6 (2003), 36– 53.
7. J. Kahn and J. Yardley, ‘Amid China’s Boom, No Helping Hand for Young Qingming, New York Times, 1 Aug. 2004, A1 and A6.
8. J. Yardley, ‘In a Tidal Wave, China’s Masses Pour from Farm to City’, New York Times, Sept. 12, 2004, Week in Review, 6.
9. Kahn and Yardley, ‘Amid China’s Boom’.
10. C. Stevenson, Reforming State-Owned Enterprises: Past Lessons for Current Problems (Washington, DC: George Washington University), http: www.gwu.edu/~ylowrey/stevensonc.httml.
11. Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, China and Socialism, 35; Li and Tang, China’s Regions.
12. Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, China and Socialism, 38.
13. See ibid., and Global Policy Forum, Newsletter ‘China’s Privatization’, http:www.globalpolicy.org.socecon/ffd/fdi/2003/1112chinaprivatization.
14. Li and Tang, China’s Regions, ch. 6.
15. Ibid. 82.
16. China Labor Watch, ‘Mainland China Jobless Situation Grim, Minister Says’, http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/en/web/article.php? article_id= 50043, 18 Nov. 2004.
17. J. Kahn, ‘China Gambles on Big Projects for its Stability’, New York Times, 13 Jan. 2003, A1 and A8; K. Bradsher, ‘Chinese Builders Buy Abroad’, New York Times, 2 Dec. 2003, W1 and W7; T. Fishman, ‘The Chinese Century’, New York Times Magazine, 4 July 2004, 24–51.
18. H. French, ‘New Boomtowns Change Path of China’s Growth’, New York Times, 28 July 2004, A1 and A8.
19. K. Bradsher, ‘Big China Trade Brings Port War’, International Herald Tribune, 27 Jan. 2003, 12.
20. S. Sharma, ‘Stability Amidst Turmoil: China and the Asian Financial Crisis’, Asia Quarterly (Winter 2000), www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/haq/2000001/0001a006.htm.
21. Hale and Hale, ‘China Takes Off’, 40.
22. H. Liu, ‘China: Banking on Bank Reform’, Asia Times Online, atimes. com, 1 June 2002.
23. K. Bradsher, ‘A Heated Chinese Economy Piles up Debt’, New York Times, 4 Sept. 2003, A1 and C4; K. Bradsher, ‘China Announces New Bailout of Big Banks’, New York Times, 7 Jan. 2004, C1.
24. Liu, ‘China: Banking on Bank Reform’.
25. C. Buckley, ‘Let a Thousand Ideas Flower: China Is a New Hotbed of Research’, New York Times, 13 Sept. 2004, C1 and C4.
26. J. Warner, ‘Why the World’s Economy is Stuck on a Fast Boat to China’, The Independent, Jan. 24, 2004, 23.
27. C. Buckley, ‘Rapid Growth of China’s Huawei Has its High-Tech Rivals on Guard’, New York Times, 6 Oct. 2003, C1 and C3.
28. K. Bradsher, ‘GM To Speed Up Expansion in China: An Annual Goal of 1.3 Million Cars’, New York Times, 8 June 2004, W1 and W7.
29. Z. Zhang, Whither China? Intellectual Politics in Contemporary China (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001).
30. K. Bradsher, ‘China’s Factories Aim to Fill Garages Around the World’, New York Times, 2 Nov. 2003, International Section, 8; id., ‘GM To Speed Up Expansion in China’; id., ‘Is China The Next Bubble?’, New York Times, 18 Jan. 2004, sect. 3, 1 and 4.
31. K. Bradsher, ‘Chinese Provinces Form Regional Power Bloc’, New York Times, 2 June 2004, W1 and W7.
32. H. Yasheng and T. Khanna ‘Can India Overtake China?’, China Now Magazine, 3 Apr. 2004, www.chinanowmag.com/business/business.htm.
33. P. Dicken, Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century, 4th edn. (New York: Guilford Press, 2003), 332.
34. T. Hout and J. Lebretton, ‘The Real Contest Between America and China’, The Wall Street Journal on Line, 16 Sept. 2003; interestingly, this is exactly the point that Marx makes about the differential application of technology between the US and Britain in the nineteenth century: see Capital (New York: International Publishers, 1967), i. 371–2.
35. See Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, China and Socialism, 94–5; K. Brooke, ‘Korea Feeling Pressure as China Grows’, New York Times, 8 Jan. 2003, W1 and W7.
36. J. Belson, ‘Japanese Capital and Jobs Flowing to China’, New York Times, 17 Feb. 2004, C1 and C4.
37. See Forero, ‘As China Gallops’.
38. K. Bradsher, ‘China Reports Economic Growth of 9.1% in 2003’, New York Times, 20 Feb. 2004, W1 and W7.
39. K. Bradsher, ‘Taiwan Watches its Economy Slip to China’, New York Times, 13 Dec. 2004, C7.
40. W. Arnold, ‘BHP Billiton Remains Upbeat Over Bet on China’s Growth’, New York Times, 8 June 2004, W1 and W7.
41. M. Landler, ‘Hungary Eager and Uneasy Over New Status’, New York Times, 5 Mar. 2004, W1 and W7; K. Bradsher, ‘Chinese Automaker Plans Assembly Line in Malaysia’, New York Times, 19 Oct. 2004, W1 and W7.
42. K. Bradsher, ‘China’s Strange Hybrid Economy’, New York Times, 21 Dec. 2003, C5.
43. Volcker’s remarks are cited in P. Bond, ‘US and Global Economic Volatility: Theoretical, Empirical and Political Considerations’, paper presented to the Empire Seminar, York University, Nov. 2004.
44. Wang, China’s New Order; T. Fishman, China Inc.: How the Rise of the Next Superpower Challenges America and the World (New York: Scribner, 2005).
45. K. Bradsher, ‘Now, a Great Leap Forward in Luxury’, New York Times, 10 June 2004, C1 and C6.
46. X. Wu and J. Perloff, China’s Income Distribution Over Time: Reasons for Rising Inequality, CUDARE Working Papers 977 (Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 2004).
47. Wang, China’s New Order.
48. L. Wei, Regional Development in China (New York: Routledge/Curzon, 2000).
49. L. Shi, ‘Current Conditions of China’s Working Class’, China Study Group, 3 Nov. 2003, http://www.chinastudygroup.org/index.php? action=article&type.
50. China Labor Watch, ‘Mainland China Jobless Situation Grim’.
51. Shi, ‘Current Conditions of China’s Working Class’.
52. D. Barboza, ‘An Unknown Giant Flexes its Muscles’, New York Times, 4 Dec. 2004, C1 and C3; S. Lohr, ‘IBM’s Sale of PC Unit Is a Bridge Between Companies and Cultures’, New York Times, 8 Dec. 2004, A1 and C4; S. Lohr, ‘IBM Sought a China Partnership, Not Just a Sale’, New York Times, 13 Dec. 2004, C1 and C6.
53. Wang, China’s New Order; J. Yardley, ‘Farmers Being Moved Aside by China’s Real Estate Boom’, New York Times, 8 Dec. 2004, A1 and A16.
54. C. Cartier, ‘Zone Fever. The Arable Land Debate and Real Estate Speculation: China’s Evolving Land Use Regime and its Geographical Contradictions’, Journal of Contemporary China, 10 (2001), 455–69; Z. Zhang, Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China’s Floating Population (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001).
55. C. Cartier, ‘Symbolic City/Regions and Gendered Identity Formation in South China’, Provincial China, 8/1 (2003), 60–77; Z. Zhang, ‘Mediating Time: The “Rice Bowl of Youth” in Fin-de-Siècle Urban China’, Public Culture, 12/1 (2000), 93–113.
56. S. K. Lee, ‘Made In China: Labor as a Political Force?’, panel statement, 2004 Mansfield conference, University of Montana, Missoula, 18–20 Apr. 2004.
57. Ibid.; J. Yardley, ‘Chinese Appeal to Beijing to Resolve Local Complaints’, New York Times, 8 Mar. 2004, A3.
58. E. Rosenthal, ‘Workers Plight Brings New Militancy in China’, New York Times, 10 Mar. 2003, A8.
59. E. Cody, ‘Workers in China Shed Passivity: Spate of Walkouts Shakes Factories’, Washington Post, 27 Nov. 2004, A01; A.Cheng ‘Labor Unrest is Growing in China’, International Herald Tribune Online, Oct. 27, 2004; Yardley, ‘Farmers Being Moved Aside’.
60. Lee, ‘Made In China’.
61. Cited in Cody, ‘Workers in China Shed Passivity’; see also various issues of the China Labor Bulletin.
62. Cody, ‘Workers in China’.
1. Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, pt. 2, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1969), 200.
2. J. Gray, False Dawn: The Illusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta Press, 1998).
3. Bond, ‘US and Global Economic Volatility’.
4. The two best official assessments can be found in World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2004); United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 1999; Human Development Report, 2003.
5. M. Weisbrot, D. Baker, E. Kraev, and J. Chen, ‘The Scorecard on Globalization 1980–2000: Its Consequences for Economic and Social Well-Being’, in V. Navarro and C. Muntaner, Political and Economic Determinants of Population Health and Well-Being (Amityville, NY: Baywood, 2004) 91–114.
6. G. Monbiot, ‘Punitive—and It Works’, Guardian, 11 Jan. 2005, online edition.
7. Henwood, After the New Economy; Duménil and Lévy, Capital Resurgent, fig. 17.1.
8. The literature on globalization is immense. My own views were spelled out in Harvey, Spaces of Hope.
9. Ibid., ch. 4.
10. M. Derthick and P. Quirk, The Politics of Deregulation (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1985); W. Megginson and J. Netter, ‘From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies of Privatization’, Journal of Economic Lite rature (2001), online.
11. Dicken, Global Shift, ch. 13.
12. The importance of spreading risks and assuming leadership through financial derivatives is stressed in Panitch and Gindin, ‘Finance and American Empire’; S. Soederberg, ‘The New International Financial Architecture: Imposed Leadership and “Emerging Markets”’, Socialist Register (2002), 175–92.
13. Corbridge, Debt and Development; S. George , A Fate Worse Than Debt (New York: Grove Press, 1988).
14. E. Toussaint, Your Money or Your Life: The Tyranny of Global Finance (London: Pluto Press, 2003); Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 225; Wade and Veneroso, ‘The Asian Crisis’, 21.
15. J. Farah, ‘Brute Tyranny in China’, WorldNetDaily.com, posted 15 Mar. 2004; I. Peterson, ‘As Land Goes To Revitalization, There Go the Old Neighbors’, New York Times, 30 Jan. 2005, 29 and 32.
16. J. Holloway and E. Pelaez, Zapatista: Reinventing Revolution (London: Pluto, 1998); J. Stedile, ‘Brazil’s Landless Battalions’, in T. Mertes (ed.), A Movement of Movements (London: Verso, 2004).
17. D. Harvey, ‘The Art of Rent: Globalization, Monopoly and the Commodification of Culture’, Socialist Register (2002), 93–110.
18. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 73.
19. K. Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); M. Wright, ‘The Dialectics of Still Life: Murder, Women and the Maquiladoras’, Public Culture, 11 (1999), 453–74.
20. A. Ross, Low Pay High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor (New York: The New Press, 2004), 124.
21. J. Seabrook, In the Cities of the South: Scenes from a Developing World (London: Verso, 1996), 103.
22. J. Sommer, ‘A Dragon Let Loose on the Land: And Shanghai is at the Epicenter of China’s Economic Boom’, Japan Times, 26 Oct. 1994, 3.
23. C. K. Lee, Gender and the South China Miracle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); C. Cartier, Globalizing South China (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2001), particularly ch. 6.
24. The global impacts are discussed in detail in Navarro, The Political Economy of Social Inequalities; Navarro and Muntaner, Political and Economic Determinants.
25. J. Kahn, ‘Violence Taints Religion’s Solace for China’s Poor’, New York Times, 25 Nov. 2004, A1 and A24.
26. Frank, What’s the Matter with Kansas.
27. N. Myers, Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability (New York: Norton, 1993); id., The Primary Resource: Tropical Forests and Our Future/Updated for the 1990s (New York: Norton, 1993); M. Novacek (ed.), The Biodiversity Crisis: Losing What Counts (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 2001).
28. Climate Change Science Program, ‘Our Changing Planet: The US Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal Years 2004 and 2005’, http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/ocp2004–5; M. Townsend and P. Harris, ‘Now the Pentagon Tells Bush: Climate Change Will Destroy Us’, Observer, 22 Feb. 2004, online.
29. K. Bradsher, ‘China’s Boom Adds to Global Warming’, New York Times, 22 Oct. 2003, A1 and A8; J. Yardley, ‘Rivers Run Black, and Chinese Die of Cancer’, New York Times, 12 Sept. 2004, A1 and A17; D. Murphy, ‘Chinese Province: Stinking, Filthy, Rich’, Wall Street Journal, 27 Oct. 2004, B2H.
30. Petras and Veltmeyer, System in Crisis, ch. 6.
31. American Lands Alliance, ‘IMF Policies Lead to Global Deforestation’, http://americanlands.org/imfreport.htm.
32. D. Rodrik, The Global Governance of Trade: As If Development Really Mattered (New York, United Nations Development Program, 2001), 9.
33. D. Chandler, From Kosovo to Kabul: Human Rights and International Intervention (London: Pluto Press, 2002), 89.
34. Ibid. 230.
35. T. Wallace, ‘NGO Dilemmas: Trojan Horses for Global Neoliberalism?’, Socialist Register (2003), 202–19. For a general survey of the role of NGOs see M. Edwards and D. Hulme (eds.), Non-Governmental Organisations: Performance and Accountability (London: Earthscan, 1995).
36. L. Gill, Teetering on the Rim (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); J. Cowan, M.-B. Dembour, and R. Wilson (eds.), Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
37. A. Bartholomew and J. Breakspear, ‘Human Rights as Swords of Empire’, Socialist Register (London: Merlin Press, 2003), 124–45.
38. Ibid. 126.
39. Chandler, From Kosovo to Kabul, 27, 218.
40. Ibid. 235.
41. Marx, Capital, i. 225.
42. D. Harvey, ‘The Right to the City’, in R. Scholar (ed.), Divided Cities: Oxford Amnesty Lectures 2003 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
43. Harvey, The New Imperialism, ch. 2.
1. Cited in Vicente Navarro’s insightful critique of Sen: ‘Development as Quality of Life: A Critique of Amartya Sen’s Development as Freedom’, in Navarro (ed.), The Political Economy of Social Inequalities 13–26.
2. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 257.
3. Zakaria, The Future of Freedom; A. Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).
4. Marx, Capital, iii. 820.
5. R. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War (New York: Vintage, 2001).
6. J. Walton, ‘Urban Protest and the Global Political Economy: The IMF Riots’, in M. Smith and J. Feagin (eds.), The Capitalist City (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987) 354–86.
7. D. Jensen, The Culture of Make Believe (New York: Context Books, 2002); J. Zergan, Future Primitive and Other Essays (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 1994).
8. Kahn, ‘Violence Taints Religion’s Solace for China’s Poor’.
9. B. Gills (ed.), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance (New York: Palgrave, 2001); T. Mertes (ed.), A Movement of Movements (London: Verso, 2004); P. Wignaraja (ed.), New Social Movements in the South: Empowering the People (London: Zed Books, 1993); J. Brecher, T. Costello, and B. Smith, Globalization from Below: The Power of Solidarit y (Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2000).
10. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, and The Roaring Nineties; P. Krugman, The Great Unravelling: Losing Our Way in the Twentieth Century (New York: Norton, 2003). G. Soros, George Soros on Globalization (New York: Public Affairs, 2002); id., The Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2003); J. Sachs, ‘New Global Consensus on Helping the Poorest of the Poor’, Global Policy Forum Newsletter, 18 Apr. 2000. Says Sachs, for example, ‘I do not believe in global governance by the rich countries, or international voting weighted by money as in the IMF and the World Bank today, or permanent government by entrenched bureaucracies unencumbered by external review as has been true of the IMF, or governance by conditionality set by rich countries and imposed on the desperately poor.’
11. I cite just two: United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1999; World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, A Fair Globalization.
12. D. Held, Global Covenant: The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus (Cambridge: Polity, 2004); I reviewed some of the dilemmas of application of the cosmopolitan ethic in D. Harvey, ‘Cosmopolitanism and the Banality of Geographical Evils’, in J. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000) 271–310.
13. For Volcker see Bond, ‘US and Global Economic Volatility’; M. Muhleisen and C. Towe (eds.), US Fiscal Policies and Priorities for Long-Run Sustainability, Occasional Paper 227 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2004).
14. Duménil and Lévy, ‘Neoliberal Dynamics’.
15. Harvey, Condition of Postmodernity, 169.
16. H. Arendt, Imperialism (New York: Harcourt Brace Janovich, 1968 edn.); Harvey, The New Imperialism, 12–17.
17. D. King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
18. G. Arrighi and B. Silver, Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1999); see also the Afterword to the paperback edition of Harvey , The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
19. Cited in Harvey, Condition of Postmodernity, 168–70.
20. S. Amin, ‘Social Movements at the Periphery’, in Wignaraja (ed.), New Social Movements in the South, 76–100.
21. W. Bello, Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (London: Zed Books, 2002); Bello, Bullard, and Malhotra (eds.), Global Finance; S. George , Another World is Possible IF… (London: Verso, 2003); W. Fisher and T. Ponniah (eds.), Another World is Possible: Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World Social Forum (London: Zed Books, 2003); P. Bond, Talk Left Walk Right: South Africa’s Frustrated Global Reforms (Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2004); Mertes, A Movement of Movements; Gill, Teetering on the Rim; Brecher, Costello, and Smith, Globalization from Below.
22. Harvey, Spaces of Hope, 248–52.
23. Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy, American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality, paints a disturbing picture.
24. This is the argument to which Wang, China’s New Order, frequently returns in the case of China, for example.