The Armenian Genocide

Contents

Part I Young Turks and Armenians Intertwined in the Opposition (1895–1908)

1 Abdülhamid and the Ottoman Opposition

2 The December 1907 Second Congress of the Anti-Hamidian Opposition: Final “Preparations for a Revolution”

Part II Young Turks and Armenians Facing the Test of Power (1908–12)

1 Istanbul in the First Days of the Revolution: “Our Common Religion is Freedom”

2 Young Turks and Armenians Facing the Test of “The 31 March Incident” and the Massacres in Cilicia

3 The Ottoman Government’s and the Armenian Authorities’ Political Responses to the Massacres in Cilicia

4 The CUP’s First Deviations: The 1909, 1910, and 1911 Congresses

5 Armenian Revolutionaries and Young Turks: The Anatolian Provinces and Istanbul, 1910–12

Part III Young Turks and Armenians Face to Face (December 1912–March 1915)

1 Transformations in the Committee of Union and Progress after the First Balkan War, 1913

2 The Armenian Organizations’ Handling of the Reform Question

3 The Establishment of the Ittihadist Dictatorship and the Plan to “Homogenize” Anatolia

4 Destruction as Self-Construction: Ideology in Command

5 Turkey’s Entry into the War

6 The Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa on the Caucasian Front and the First Military Operations

7 The First Acts of Violence

8 Putting the Plan into Practice, and the “Temporary Deportation Law”

Part IV In the Vortex of the War: The First Phase of the Genocide

1 The Armenian Population of the Empire on the Eve of the War: The Demographic Issue

2 The Ottoman Armenians’ Socio-Economic Situation on the Eve of the War

2.1 The Eradication of the Armenian Population in the Provinces of the Ottoman Empire: Reasons for a Regional Approach

3 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Erzerum

4 Resistance and Massacres in the Vilayet of Van

5 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Bitlis

6 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Dyarbekir

7 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Harput/Mamuret ul-Aziz

8 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Sıvas

9 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Trebizond

10 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Angora

11 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Kastamonu

12 Constantinople in the Period of the Deportations and Massacres

13 Deportations in the Vilayet of Edirne and the Mutesarifat of Biğa/Dardanelles

14 Deportations in the Mutesarifat of Ismit

15 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Bursa and the Mutesarifat of Kütahya

16 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Aydın

17 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Konya

18 The Deportees on the Istanbul-Ismit-Eskişehir-Konya-Bozanti Route and Along the Trajectory of the Bagdadbahn

19 Deportations from Zeitun and Dörtyol: Repression or Genocidal Program?

20 Deportations in the Mutesarifat of Marash

21 Deportations in the Vilayet of Adana

22 Deportations in the Sancaks of Ayntab and Antakya

23 Deportations in the Mutesarifat of Urfa

Part V The Second Phase of the Genocide Fall 1915–December 1916

1 The Aleppo Sub-Directorate for Deportees: An Agency in the Service of the Party-State’s Liquidation Policy

2 Displaced Populations and the Main Deportation Routes

3 Aleppo, the Center of the Genocidal System and of Relief Operations for the Deportees

4 The Camps in Suruc, Arabpunar, and Ras ul-Ayn and the Zones of Relegation in the Vilayet of Mosul

5 The Concentration Camps along “The Euphrates Line”

6 The Deportees on the Hama-Homs-Damascus-Dera’a-Jerusalem-Amman-Maan Line

7 The Peculiar Case of Ahmed Cemal: The Ittihad’s Independent Spirit or an Agent of the Genocide?

8 The Armenian Deportees on the Bagdadbahn Construction Sites in the Taurus and Amanus Mountains

9 The Second Phase of the Genocide: The Dissolution of the Armenian Patriarchate and the Decision to Liquidate the Last Deportees

Part VI The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire: The Executioners and Their Judges Face-to-Face

1 Grand Vizier Talât Pasha’s New Turkey; or, Reanimating Pan-Turkism

2 The Refounding of the Young Turk Party Shortly Before and Shortly After the Armistice

3 The Debates in the Ottoman Parliament in the Wake of the Mudros Armistice

4 The Mazhar Governmental Commission of Inquiry and the Creation of Courts Martial

5 The Armenian Survivors in their Places of “Relegation” in the Last Days of the War

6 The Great Powers and the Question of “Crimes Against Humanity”

7 The First Trial of the Young Turk Criminals Before the Istanbul Court-Martial

8 The Truncated Trial of the Main Young Turk Leaders

9 The Trial of the Responsible Secretaries and the Vicissitudes of the Subsidiary Trials in the Provinces

10 Mustafa Kemal: From the Young Turk Connection to the Construction of the Nation-State