IndexPage references in bold indicate an illustration; page references followed by t indicate a table.
Abelard, Peter, 81
abolition movements: American, 339–49; British, 349–53, 360, 362–63, 364, 409n.73; conditions leading to, 338–39; French, 353–56; Marxism counterexplanation of, 353, 360–65; Marxist notions regarding, 353; role of Quakers in, 325, 337, 340–42, 346–47, 349, 350, 352–53, 360; role of religion in, 343–49; Spanish/Latin American, 356–59. See also slavery
Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America (Donald), 294
Adagia (Erasmus), 77
Adrian, Pope, 69
African slave trade: lithograph of slave caravan of, 306; as source of Islamic slaves, 303
Against Heresies (Irenaeus), 27
Agassiz, Louis, 174
Agobard, Saint, 228
De agricultura (Cato the Elder), 296
d’Ailly, Cardinal Pierre, 122
Albigensians (Cathars), 53–56, 61
Albright, William Foxwell, 324
Alcidamas, 327
Alexander VI (pope), 69
Alexius, Saint, 57
Allah: freedom to act by, 154–55; morality associated with, 374; scientific development and idea of, 154–56. See also Islam; Muslims
Allport, Gordon W., 19
d’Amboise, Cardinal, 112
American abolition movement, 339–49. See also American slavery
American Anti-Slavery Society, 342–43
American Civil Liberties Union ads (1925), 190–91
American Journal of Science, 174
American Men and Women of Science, 192
American Men of Science, 193
American Quakers, 325, 337, 340–42, 346–47
American Roman Catholic Church, 343–44
American slavery: agricultural/industrial use of, 319–20; influence of Code of Barbados on, 320; origins and development of, 318–20. See also American abolition movement
American slaves: cultural assimilation of, 320; as legally defined property, 320–22; state/territory populations (1790) of, 321t
American South: adoption of Code Noir and Código Negro Espan˜ol of, 322, 334; free black in (1830), 322–23t; slavery regarded as matter of self-interest in, 347; state/territory slave populations (1790) of, 321t
Anastasius I (pope), 34
Anglican Church, 88, 89–90, 91
Anselm, Saint, 329
anti-Semitic violence: as collateral result of religious conflicts, 210; links between persecution of witches, heretics and, 232–34; variations in governance and, 251. See also Jews
Apapetus I (pope), 34
Apes, Angels and Victorians (Irvine), 188
Apostolic Letter to the Provincial Council of American Bishops (1839), 343–44, 348
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint
Aragon Inquisition: executions stopped (1549) by, 260; number of executions (1540–1640), 258t; witchcraft charges by, 259
Aristotle: on creation of universe, 153; empiricism used by, 126; familiarity of European scholar with, 130, 142, 143, 156; “God” of infinite scope posit by, 152; notion regarding projectile motion by, 136; scholarly repudiation of works by, 157; slavery justification by, 326–27
Asbury, Francis, 345
Ashworth, John, 364
Asimov, Isaac, 161
Assayer (Galileo), 164
Assemblies of God, 19
Aston, Margaret, 82
astrology/divination, 226, 228
astronomical observatories building campaigns (19th century), 173–74
Augustine, Saint, 36, 38, 80, 148–49, 174, 228, 325, 327
Augustus (Roman emperor), 226
Auping, John A., 343
Averroës (Ibn Rushd), 156
Avignon papacy (1305–1378), 112
Azzolini, Fra Girolamo, 236–37
“Babylonian Captivity” (1305–1378), 112 The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Luther), 84
Bacchus (Mocetto painting), 21
Bacon, Francis, 160
Bainton, Roland Herbert, 100
Baptist abolitionists (Great Britain), 351, 352
Barbados slave trade, 318
Barberini, Cardinal Matteo (Urban VIII), 164, 165
Barbour, Ian, 197
Barlow, Jerome, 88
Barrett, Justin, 371
Bartholin, Thomas, 271
Barton, Ralph, 373
Bateson, William, 182
Bathilde, Saint, 329
Battista, Don Gian, 237
Battle of Lepanto (1571), 303
Battle of Tours (or Poitiers) [732], 130–31
Bayly, Robert, 210
Beard, Charles, 346
Beecher, Lyman, 342
Beghards, 59
Beguines, 59
Bekker, Balthasar, 286
Bell, E. T., 170
Benedict, Saint, 41
Benedict VIII (pope), 34
Benedict XII (pope), 70
Benedict’s Rule, 41
Bentley, Richard, 168
“Bentley Letters” (Newton), 168, 169
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman, 211, 214–15
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 52, 54
Bernard of Tiron, 50
Besant, Annie, 186
Bethlehem Chapel, 65
Bible: Catholic Church’s claim to exclusive interpreting of, 175; distributed for popular reading, 74–75; King James Version of, 88; “new criticism” studies on, 190; printing/translation of, 73–75; Protestant need to interpret, 175. See also New Testament
Bibliothèque nationale (Paris), 157
Biographical Encylopedia of Science and Technology (Asimov), 161
Biographical Register of Early English Protestants c. 1525–1558, 88
biological science: Darwinian Crusade and, 124, 176–77, 185–92, 395n.211; Darwinian theory on, 178–85; Evolutionary Creationists of, 192; fossil record inconsistencies and, 180; genetic mutations and, 182–83; Lamarck’s theory of evolving, 181; Linnaeus’s nested categories of, 178; natural selection principle and, 179, 181; Natural Theologians’ interest in, 178–79. See also evolution theory; science
Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 169
Bird, Steven, 195
Blackburn, Robin, 334
black magic. See maleficia (black magic)
Bloch, Marc, 125, 130, 299, 300
Bodin, Jean, 222, 223, 288, 305
“body snatchers,” 390n.74
Bohemian Brethren, 67
Bonaventure, Saint, 149
Boniface VIII (pope), 68, 112, 241
“Borderlands” witch-hunts, 263–64
Braudel, Fernand, 119
Brazil: abolitionism in, 357–59; slavery in, 316–18
Brewster, David, 169
Briggs, Robin, 206, 215, 231, 250, 282, 285, 404n.203
British Association (Oxford), 187, 189
British Quakers, 349, 350, 352–53, 360, 362–63, 364
Brøndsted, Johannes, 105
Brun, Geoffrey, 97
Bruno (bishop of Toul), 44
Bryan, William Jennings, 189, 191
Buber, Martin, 196
bubonic plague (1347–1350), 60
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 129
Buddha, 24
Buddhism, 6
Budé, Guillaume, 157
Buridan, Jean, 126, 136–37, 138, 143, 156
Burkert, Walter, 22
Burley, Walter, 136
Burnett Lectures (Smith), 371
Burr, George Lincoln, 221
Cajetan (cardinal), 83
Caligula (Roman emperor), 226
Calvin, John, 27, 93–98, 127, 142, 175, 327
Calvinism: persecution of French “Huguenots,” 99–100; printing of tracts/pamphlets to spread, 97–98; secret missionaries preaching, 95–97; theological basis for popular appeal of, 95
Cambridge Medieval History (Davies), 299
Cambridge University, 62
Caribbean slavery: British colonies and, 312–14, 315–16; French colonies and, 309–11; origins of, 309; Portuguese colonies and, 314–16; Spanish colonies and, 311–12, 314–16
Carnegie Commission (1969), 194
Cathar fortress ruins, 109
Cathars (Albigensians), 53–56, 61, 234–35, 241, 251–52
Catherine of Aragon (queen of England), 91
Catholic countries: church attendance in, 107; early scientists of, 161–62t; governance and remaining a, 108–12, 110t; royal self-interest in remaining Catholic in, 112–14, 117t
Catholic Reformation: debate over origins of, 116–18; initiated by Pope Paul III, 331, 333; positive/negative results of, 118–19; reforms during, 16. See also Protestant Reformation; Roman Catholic Church reform
Cato’s Letters (Trenchard), 19
Cautio criminalis (Spee), 286
Celsius, 143
Charles II (king of England), 159
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 91, 98, 113, 144, 146, 247, 303, 332
Charles X (Holy Roman Emperor), 269
Charles XI (king of Spain), 249, 269–70
Charney, Geoffroi de, 235
Chartres Cathedral, 14
Chazan, Robert, 46
China: failure of scientific development in, 146, 150–51; “Godless” religions of, 150–51; Gods of, 6; gunpowder discovery in, 133; prayer practice in, 375
Chinese Gods, 6
Christian III (king of Denmark), 271
Christian clergy: Roman privileges granted to, 34; status of Donatists traditors. 36–38. See also Roman Catholic clergy
Christianity: Biblical Humanism’s goal to restore, 76; doctrine connecting nature and God in, 157–58; as dualistic monotheism, 11; historical significance of, 2; impact on development of science by, 147–50; magic beliefs/practices denounced by, 228–30; use of “magic” by, 229–30; Marcionite sect of, 25, 28–29; Montanist sect of, 28–29; mythical “Dark Ages” and, 128–34; Pelagian sect of, 38; reasoning used in theology of, 148–49; slavery abolition and role of, 3, 291; on slavery condemned by, 291, 305, 307; theological assumptions and scientific development, 3. See also early Christian Church; monotheism; Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church
Christianization: correlation between church attendance and era of, 107; correlation between remaining Catholic and length of, 107; process of early, 105; of specific Western Europe countries, 107
Christian monasticism: as Church of Piety institutional base, 40; Jewish asceticism roots of, 41
Christina (queen of Sweden), 286
Chrysippus, 153
Church of England: Clapham Sect of, 349; denying baptizable status of slaves, 337; lack of participation in abolitionist movement, 351; Westminster Assembly (1643–1652) call for reform of, 274. See also England; Great Britain
Church property: confiscated by Protestant rulers, 114–16; English Crown’s income from, 91; Francis I (France) takes control over, 112–13; of late medieval era, 71–72; as temptation to state, 114
church-sect dimension, 19
Cicero, 142
Cisneros, Ximenez de, 101
City of God (Augustine), 228
The Civilization of the Middle Ages (Cantor), 300
Clapham Sect (Church of England), 349
Clement I (pope), 174
Clement III (pope), 53
Clement VI (pope), 60
Clonmacnois University (Ireland), 382n.171
Code Noir (Black Code) [French colonies], 309–11, 322, 334, 335
Code of Barbados (or Act of Barbados) [British], 312–14, 320, 326, 335
Código Negro Espan˜ol (Spanish Black Code), 311–12, 317, 322, 334, 335, 337
Cohen, I. Bernard, 139
Cohn, Norman, 59, 61, 209, 213, 219, 223–24, 237
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 309–10
Collins, Randall, 160
Colloquies (Erasmus), 77
Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublime (Bodin), 222
Columbia Encyclopedia (1975), 334
Columbus, Christopher, 120, 121–22
Commissum nobis bull (Urban VIII), 332
Compendium maleficarum (Guazzo), 200
Concordat of Bologna (1516), 112–13
Condorcet, Antoine de, 354, 360
Conduitt, Catherine, 169
Congregation of the Holy Office (Roman Inquisition), 261, 286, 332
Congress of Vienna (1815), 343
Constable, Giles, 52
Constantine (Roman emperor), 33–34, 35
Constantinople fall (1453), 142, 247
Contributions to the Natural History of the United States (1857–1862) (Agassiz), 174
Copernican “revolution,” 135–40, 139
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 3, 125, 135, 138–40, 153, 156, 160, 175
Coulton, G. G., 220
Council of Constance (1414–1415), 65–66
Council of Malines (1607), 228
Council of Nicaea (325), 38
Council of Rheims (1049), 44
Council of Sardica (341), 34
Council of Trent (1562–1563), 78, 117
Counter-Reformation. See Catholic Reformation
Cragg, Gerald R., 170
Craven, Avery O., 346
Crosby, Alfred W., 135
The Crowd (LeBon), 223
Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 247
Crusades: attacks against Jews during, 48–50; declared against Prague Hussites, 67; impact of on Christian/Islam religious intolerance, 246–47; reform movements during, 50–52; religious conflict between Islam and, 246–48; as source of Church revenue, 81; Urban II’s speech triggering the, 49–50. See also religious conflicts; Religious Wars
Crusius, Martin, 267
Cuban emancipation (1886), 357
Cum sicuit bull (Gregory XIV), 317
Currie, Elliot, 218
Curtin, Philip, 308
Dahmus, Joseph, 300
Dalok, Elena, 210
Daly, Mary, 202
Dana, James Dwight, 174
“Dark Ages”: Battle of Tours (732), 130–31; cavalrymen of, 131–32, 133; invented during the Enlightenment, 166; myth of, 128–30, 134; “rediscovery” of classical knowledge during, 134; slavery rejected during, 130; technological advancements/adaptations during, 133–34
Darrow, Clarence, 191
Darwin, Charles, 125–26, 176, 179–82, 187, 188, 192
Darwinian Crusade, 124, 176–77, 185–92, 395n.211
Darwinian theory: atheism and, 186–87; debate over, 178–85. See also evolution theory
Davis, David Brion, 310, 315, 341, 347, 348, 361, 362, 363–64
Dawkins, Richard, 123, 176, 185
Death Ship (lithograph), 308
Defenestration of Prague (1618), 249
De La Ramée, Pierre, 157
Del Col, Andrea, 101
Democritus, 126
Demonomania of Witches (Bodin), 222
Denmark: early scientists of, 161; slave trading abolished (1803) in, 316; wars between Sweden (17th century) and, 269; witch-hunt theory applied to, 270–72
Dennett, Daniel C., 184
Desmond, Adrian, 189
deterrence theory, 217
Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World
Systems (Galileo), 165
Diet of Nuremberg (1522), 71
Diodorus, 297
Dionysos (Greek god), 22
Dionysius Exiguus, 136
The Discoverers (Boorstin), 128
The Discoverie of Witchcraft (Scot), 284–85
divination/astrology, 226, 228
Divine Watchmaker, 173
Domras, 372
Donald, Leland, 294
Donatus (bishop of Carthage), 37
Doré, Gustave, 43
Douglas, Mary, 373
Druid human sacrifice rites, 225, 226, 227
dualism: Cathars’ symmetrical, 53–54, 55; of good and evil, 11
Duchy of Lorraine, 264
Durant, Will, 79
Durkeim, Emile, 8, 12, 368, 371, 376
Dutch slave trade, 316
Dworkin, Andrea, 202
early Christian Church: attacks against “false” religions, 35–36; the “curse” of Constantine and, 33–36; slavery condemned by, 291. See also Christianity; Roman Catholic Church
early Christian sects: Marcionites, 27–28; Montanists, 28–29; Pelagians, 38
Edward VI (king of England), 90, 275
Egyptian religious ritual, 366
Egyptian slaves, 326
Einstein, Albert, 196
Einstein’s God talk, 196
Eldredge, Niles, 177, 178, 183, 184
Elizabeth I (queen of England), 90–91, 274
Elkins, Stanley M., 314
Emancipation Act (Great Britain), 352–53, 355
Empedocles, 126
empirical science, 143–47, 151–52
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 209
Engels, Friedrich, 61, 170, 295
Engerman, Stanley L., 315
England: Druid rites of ancient, 225, 226; early scientists of, 161; “Pilgrimage of Grace” (1536) rebellion, 90, 248; prohibition of slavery (1772) in, 307; punishments of condemned witches in, 204; Puritan Revolution (1640), 249; social change explanation for witch-hunts in, 215; Spanish Armadas (1588, 1597), 249; witch-hunt death toll in, 203; witch-hunts (1300–1499) of, 253t, 254; witch-hunt theory applied to, 273–75. See also Church of England; Great Britain
England, Bishop John, 344
“English House” (Antwerp), 88
English Reformation: historic study of, 15; Lollards as paving way for, 63–65; papal authority as issue of, 89–90, 91; persecution during, 89–91; spread and development of, 87–92
“Enlightenment”: initially conceived as propaganda ploy, 123–24; invention of “Dark Ages” during, 166; Newton deified and falsified during, 167–72; Scholastics discredited during, 166–67; slavery and intellectuals of, 359–60
An Epistle of Caution and Advice, Concerning the Buying and Keeping of Slaves (Yearly Meeting of Quakers), 340–41
Erasmus, Desiderius: Humanism movement and, 75–79; impressions of Rome by, 80; indulgences questioned by, 81; satires of clerical immorality by, 69, 70, 77–78; search for innovations impact on, 142
Erikson, Kai T., 216
Essenes: attitudes of toward other Jewish sects, 32; beliefs/practice of, 26; slavery outlawed by, 328, 329; social class of, 27
L’Estrange Ewen, C., 273
Eugene IV (pope), 330
Eugenius III (pope), 52
Eugenius IV (pope), 68
Euripides, 327
Europe: Christian condemnation/abolition of slavery in, 305, 307; Christianization of specific countries of, 107; misconceptions regarding religion of medieval, 17; Muslim devshirme (tribute) from, 301, 303; religious conflicts between Islam and, 246–48
Europe’s Reformations, 1450–1650 (Tracey), 15
Evennett, H. O., 117
evil/good dualism, 11–12. See also Satan; sin
Evolutionary Creationists, 192
evolution theory: American Protestant divinity school surveys (1920s) on, 396n.230; biological scientists disagreeing with, 191–92; contributions of Wallace, Lamarck, and Mendel to, 181–82; fossil record inconsistencies and, 180; genetic mutation phenomenon and, 182; “missing links” problem of, 183–84; natural selection principle and, 179, 181; punctuated equilibrium principle and, 183–84; Scopes Monkey Trial over teaching of, 189, 191. See also biological science; Darwinian theory
Farel, Guillaume, 94
Felix III (pope), 34
Ferdinand (king of Spain), 4, 101, 330
Finley, Moses I., 296, 299, 315
Finney, Charles Grandison, 342, 344
Finnish Christianization, 107
First War of Religion (1562) [France], 248
Fish, Simon, 88
Fisher, Bishop John, 90
flagellant movement, 60
Fletcher, Richard, 34
Fogel, Robert William, 315, 365
Forsyth, John, 344
Fortune, Reo, 372
Foscarini, Paolo Antonio, 175
fossil record: inconsistencies in, 180; punctuated equilibrium explanation for, 183
Four Articles of Prague (1420), 66–67
Fox, Charles, 350
France: abolition movement of, 353–56; Concordat of Bologna (1516) on crown authority over papacy in, 112–13; early scientists of, 161; First War of Religion (1562) in, 248; persecutions against Huguenots, 99–100, 248, 249; Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 100, 248; witch-hunts (1300–1499) of, 252, 253t, 254, 398n.2; witch-hunt theory applied to, 262–63
Francis I (king of France), 98, 112
Franklin, Benjamin, 342
Frederick (German elector), 83
Free Imperial Cities, 108, 110–12, 115–16
Freezing in Hell (de Predis painting), 375
French colony Code Noir (Black Code), 309–11, 322, 334, 335
French Inquisition, 398n.2
French Wars of Religion. See Religious Wars
Fried, Morton, 294
Fromageau, Germain, 305
fundamentalist affilitations, 195
Fundamentalist Movement (1910), 190
The Fundamentals booklets, 190
Galen, 143
Galileo (Galileo Galilei), 128, 140, 157, 163–66
Garia (New Guinea), 373
Garrison, William Lloyd, 342, 361
Geertz, Clifford, 369
“General Scholium” (Newton), 167, 169
General Social Survey (1973), 195
genetics: “hopeful monster” mutation theory, 182–83; mutation phenomenon in, 182
Geneva Company of Pastors, 96–97
Genovese, Eugene, 334
Gerdil, Cardinal Hyacinthe, 337
German Reformation: diversity of, 15; Luther’s initiating of, 16–17, 79–87; nationalism appeal of, 84; popular support of, 85–87. See also Lutheranism
Germany: early scientists of, 161; punishments of condemned witches in, 204; religious civil war (1546) in, 248; as witch-hunt center, 239; witch-hunts (1300–1499) of, 252, 253t, 254; witch-hunt theory applied to, 267; witch trials (1500–1750) in, 244–45
Gesta pontificum cenomannensium, 51
Glanvill, Joseph, 222
God: Christian connection of nature and, 157–58; the Demiurge concept of, 152, 153, 157; Divine Watchmaker image of, 173; modern scientists with belief in, 192–97, 194t; Newton’s demonstration on existence of, 167–68; relationship between 19th-century science and, 172–76; when social science abandoned, 367–70
God and the New Physics (Davies), 197
“Godless” religions: attractions of, 5; of China, 150–51; defining, 4
Gods: ancient Greek conception of, 152, 373–74; Chinese, 6; defining, 4; general preference for religion with, 5–6; implications of belief in immoral vs. moral, 12; morality and, 324–25; as psychological construct, 11; Puritan on world as handiwork of, 158
Goldschmidt, Richard, 182
Gordon, Mary L., 297
Gould, Stephen Jay, 177, 180, 183, 184, 185
governance: anti-Semitic violence and variations in, 251; heresy movements and variations in, 251–52; Protestant conversion and royal self-interest, 112–16, 117t; torture forbidden under stronger, 274, 283; witch-hunts and impact of, 251–55, 275
“A Grandmother’s Tales” (popular magazine article), 188
Gray, Asa, 185
Great Britain: abolition movement in, 349–53, 360, 362-63, 364, 409n.73; abolition movement of, 349–53, 360; Emancipation Act of, 352–53, 355; Quakers and abolition in, 349, 350, 352–53, 360, 362–63, 364; slavery in colonies of, 312–14, 315–16. See also Church of England; England
Greco-Roman classical world: astrology and divination of, 226, 228; beliefs on solar system motion by, 136, 138; conception of Gods in, 152, 373, 374; human dissection prohibited in, 143; impact on Scholastics by, 156–57; lack of scientific development in, 151–54, 156; Roman slave market of, 298; slavery in the, 295–99; translation into Latin of works from, 142–43; witch-craft/magic of, 225–26. See also Roman Empire
Gregory the Great (pope), 34, 35, 39, 41–42, 229
Greogry VI (pope), 42, 44, 348
Gregory VII (pope) [Hildebrand], 44–45
Gregory IX (pope), 53
Gregory XIV (pope), 317
Gruber, Howard, 179
Guazzo, Fra Francesco Maria, 200
gunpowder, 133
Gustavus I (king of Sweden), 115
Gutenberg, Johannes, 74
Hadrian IV (pope), 52
Haeckel, Ernst, 187
Halley, Edmund, 163
Hamilton, Patrick, 275
Hammond, John, 344
Hansen, Joseph, 221
Haskell, Thomas, 364
Hayes, Carlton, 71
von Helfenstein, Count Sebastian, 265
von Helfenstein, Count Ulrich, 265 heliocentric solar system, 134–40, 139, 146
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 361
Henry III (German king), 44–45
Henry II (king of England), 54
Henry IV (king of England), 65
Henry VII (king of England), 72
Henry VIII (king of England), 71, 88, 90, 91, 98
Henry the Monk (the Petrobrusian), 51–52
heretical movements: Arianism, 38–39; astrology pronounced as, 228; Beguines and Beghards, 59; calling for Church reform, 52–62; Cathars, 53–56, 61, 234–35, 241, 251–52; Catholic reformers persecuted as, 52–53; Crusades and end of tolerance of, 49; Donatism, 36–38, 39; Free Spirit, 58–59; Hussites, 67–68, 248, 252; impact of governance variations and, 251–52; institutional threats of 12th century, 52, 232–34; lack of Church action against 6th–11th century, 38; links between persecution of witches, Jewish, and, 232–34; Lollards, 63–65, 74, 88; perceived as witchcraft, 234–35; scholarship and, 62–68; sexual improprieties of, 235; similar geographies of witch-hunts and, 209–10, 252; during 6th–11th centuries, 38–40; tolerance of Aldebert, 46–47; Waldensians, 56–58, 61, 73, 74, 234–35, 241, 252, 282. See also Protestant Reformation; sin
Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 201
“hidden imām” expectations (Islam), 31
Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII), 44–45
Hirschi, Travis, 217
History of Civilization in England (Buckle), 129
History of the Admiral (Columbus), 122
The History of the Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire (Gibbon), 129
A History of the Middle Ages (Dahmus), 300
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (White), 122
Hobbes, Thomas, 123, 222, 231, 359, 402n.119
Hoffer, Eric, 177
d’Holbach, Baron, 170
Holy Roman Empire, 113
Hooke, Robert, 157
Hooker, J. D., 188
“hopeful monster” genetic mutation, 182–83
Horace, 142
Hormisdas (pope), 34
Horsley, Samuel, 169
Hoyle, Fred, 184
Hughes, Pennethorne, 202
Huizinga, Johan, 75
human dissection, 143–44, 145, 390n.74
human sacrifice (Druid), 225, 226, 227
Hume, David, 33, 166, 167, 170, 359, 360
Hus, Jan, 15, 16, 63, 65–66, 81, 142
Hussite wars (15th century), 248
Hutchinson, Francis, 219
Hutton, Charles, 169
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 176, 178, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189
Hyslop, Theo B., 203
Ibn Quadama, 30
Iliad (Homer), 20
imām (exemplary leader), 31
indulgences: introduction of, 69, 72–73; Luther’s condemnation of, 69, 80–81; as source of Church revenue, 81–82; Zwingli’s opposition to, 92. See also purgatory
Inferno (Dante), 43
Inherit the Wind (play/film), 190
Innocent I (pope), 34
Innocent II (pope), 52
Innocent III (pope), 53, 56, 74, 234
Innocent VIII (pope), 68–69, 330
Innocent XII (pope), 163
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Lefèvre d’Etaples), 94
institutional threats: Crusades against Islam and, 48–52; described, 46; religious conflicts and, 232–34; tolerance of heresies not seen as, 46–48; 12th-century heresies as, 52
Irenaeus, 27
Irvine, William, 188
Isabella (queen of Spain), 101
Islam: as dualistic monotheism, 11; early sects, 29–31; historical significance of, 2; human dissection prohibited in, 143; Khârijî movement and, 30–31; limited scientific advances in, 146, 154–58; religious conflicts between Europe and, 246–48; religious conflicts between Spain and, 261; religious diversity of, 30–31; slavery and, 301, 302, 303–4; slavery and monotheism of, 338; witch-hunts as never developing in, 287. See also Allah; monotheism; Muslims
Ismā‘īlī (Seveners) [Islam], 31
Issues in Science and Religion (Barbour), 197
Italian Inquisition, 102–3, 261, 262
Italy: Christianization of, 107; early scientists of, 161; public dissections (1404), 144, 145; witch-hunts (1300–1499) of, 253t; witch-hunt theory applied to, 261–62
Jaki, Stanley L., 154
James, E. O., 22
James, William, 7
Jerome, Saint, 74
Jesuit Republic of Paraguay, 332, 335–37
Jews: attacks on during Crusades, 48–50; exiled from Spain (1492), 49; Muslim violence against, 49; Reformation as triggering violence against, 47–48; Spanish persecution of, 256–57; and tolerance of Christian society (5th–11th centuries) of, 46. See also anti-Semitic violence; Judaism
Joan of Arc, 209
Johansen, Jens Christian V., 270, 271
John VI (king of Portugal), 357
John X (pope), 42
John XII (pope), 42
John XIX (pope), 34
John of Sacrobosco, 122
Johnson, Benton, 19
Journal (Columbus), 122
Journal for Interdisciplinary History (1970–1971) [Swanson], 108
Judaism: authority of Mishnah in, 5–6; as dualistic monotheism, 11; early sects, 25–27, 32, 328, 329; historical consequences of, 2; organizational pluralism within, 32; slavery and, 327–29. See also Jews; monotheism
Julius Exclusus (Erasmus), 78
Justinian (Roman emperor), 29
Das Kapital (Marx), 186
Kearney, H. F., 159
Kepler, Johannes, 140, 146, 157
Keynes, Geoffrey, 171
Kieckhefer, Richard, 238, 240–41, 242
King James Version of Bible, 88
Knox, John, 275
Kwakiutl slavery practices, 294
Lafayette, marquis de, 354
Lambert, Malcolm, 47, 57–58, 181, 182
Lang, Graeme, 151
Lao-tzu, 4
Laplace, Pierre, 167
Larner, Christina, 218
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 337
latifundia (Roman plantations), 296
Latin American abolition movement, 353–56
La Tour, Imbert de, 70
laxity: by religious monopolies, 33; religious tolerance and, 46–48
Lazanby, George, 90
Lea, Henry Charles, 203, 219, 220, 256, 279, 284
LeBon, Gustave, 223
Lecky, W.E.H., 220
Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques, 87, 94
Leff, Gordon, 58
Leo V (pope), 42
Leo VI (pope), 42
Leo X (pope), 69, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85
Leon Cathedral, 240
Lerner, Robert, 58
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 99
Leuba, James, 193
Levack, Brian P., 204, 264, 273, 283
Leviathan (Hobbes), 222
Libanus, 35
The Liberator (newspaper), 342
Lincoln, Abraham, 346
London Meeting for Sufferings, 349
Lorenzo de’ Medici, 69
Louis XIV (king of France), 100, 249, 282
Louis Philippe (king of France), 355
love magic/potions, 262, 403n.141
Low Countries witch-hunts (1300–1499), 252, 253t
Luther, Katherine von Bora, 86
Luther, Martin: as Biblical Humanist, 76; Catholic Church’s response to, 83, 84–85; doctrinal conflict leading to dissent by, 80–84; early life of, 80; excommunication of, 85; Greek learning condemned by, 157; Ninety-five Theses by, 3, 69, 80; Protestant Reformation initiated by, 16–17, 79–87; provoked by practice of indulgences, 69, 80–81; rejection of heliocentric solar system by, 140; search for innovations impact on, 142; university professorship of, 63
Lutheranism: among Italian upper classes, 102; introduced to England, 88–92; popular support of, 85–87, 95; theological doctrines of, 87; widespread persecution of, 98–99. See also German Reformation Lyell, Charles, 188
Macfarlane, Alan, 215
McFarlane, K. B., 64
McSheffrey, Shannon, 64
magic: Christianity denunciation of, 228–30; Church use of religious, 229–30; defining, 8; distinctions between religion and, 10–11; of Greco-Roman classical world, 225–26; instrumental nature of, 8; medical efficacy of, 230–32; Muslim protection against, 287; satanism associated with, 237–39, 240; witchcraft charges of maleficia or black, 205, 206, 210, 226, 268, 271, 274. See also non-Church magic; sorcery
maleficia (black magic): building suspect’s reputation as source of, 271; described, 205, 206; English witch-trials and accusations of, 274; Greco-Roman world beliefs in, 226; Sweden belief in, 268; witch-hunt accusations on practice of, 210
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 372
Malleus maleficarum (Hammer of Witches) (15th-century manual): Bodin’s adaptation for secular courts, 222–23; for detecting/prosecuting witches, 212; influence on Icelandic witch-hunt by, 272; lack of English editions of, 274; regarding proportion of female witches, 213; tremendous impact of, 239. See also witch-hunts
Manichaeans, 25
Manus (New Guinea), 372
Map, Walter, 57
Margaret (queen of Scotland), 91
Marion doctrines, 6
Marozia’s “pope-making” activities, 42
Martin, Benjamin, 167
Martin V (pope), 67
Marxism counterexplanation of abolitionism, 353, 360–65
Mary I (“Bloody Mary”; queen of England), 90, 249, 273
“mass psychosis” of witch-hunts, 223–25
Mather, Cotton, 239
Maximilla, 29
Mayr, Ernst, 183
de’ Medici, Lorenzo, 142
medieval globe, 120
medieval universities, 140–43, 382n.171
Meltzer, Milton, 301
Mendel, Gregor, 182
Men of Mathematics (Bell), 170
Mensurius (bishop of Carthage), 36, 37
Mersenne, Friar Marin, 159
Merton, Robert K., 158–59, 160, 161, 391n.111, 392n.114
Methodist abolitionists (Great Britain), 351, 352, 356
Midelfort, H. C. Erik, 224, 239, 244, 250, 263–64, 265, 267, 277
Mills, J. P., 372
Mirabeau, comte de, 359
miracle “works,” 8
“missing links” problem, 183–84
Mithra cult, 23
Mocetto, Girolamo, 21
Modena Inquisition, 262
Molay, Jacques de, 235
Mondino de’ Luzzi, 144
monotheism: dualistic, 10–12; historical significance of, 1; intolerance linked to power of factions of, 32–33; morality demands by God in, 324–25; organizational pluralism as normal within, 32; problem of supernatural beings to, 10–11; religious intolerance as inherent in, 32; rituals and, 371–72; sect formation in, 23–31; slavery and Catholic, 329–37; slavery and Islam, 338; slavery and Jewish, 327–29. See also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
Monter, E. William, 244, 245, 250, 284
Monter, William, 257
Montesquieu, Baron, 359
Mont-Saint-Michel library (12th century), 142
morality: Gods and, 324–25; religion to sustain, 371–76; of slavery and Islam, 338; Torah on slavery and, 327–28
Moravians, 67
More, Sir Thomas, 90
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 182
Mormons, 19
Moses, 338
Mu‘âwiyah (caliph), 30
Munby, A.N.L., 170
Murray, Margaret, 209
Muslims: attacks against Europe by, 247–48; devshirme (tribute) from Europe to, 301, 303; impact of Crusades on religious intolerance of, 246–47; religious conflict between Spain and, 261; security against forms of magic/sorcery by, 287; slavery among, 301, 302, 303–4; Spanish persecution of, 256. See also Allah; Islam
Naess, Hans Eyvind, 272
Napier, John, 161
Napoleon, B., 354
natural selection principle, 179, 181
Natural Theology: astronomical observatories building campaigns and, 173–74; beliefs associated with, 173; interest in biological categories and, 178–79; modern theologians following tradition of, 197; response to The Origin of Species by, 185; scriptural interpretation origins of, 174–75
Natural Theology (Paley), 173
Nature (journal), 184
Neapolitan Inquisition, 102
Needham, Joseph, 151
Netherlands: early scientists of, 161; religious warfare in, 249
Newsweek, 196
New Testament: Erasmus’s revised Greek, 78; Luther’s translation of, 85. See also Bible
Newton, Sir Isaac, 125, 157, 167–72, 190, 196, 393n.148, 394n.170
Newton’s First Law of Motion, 136, 137
“Newton, the Man” (Keynes), 171
New World: origins and development of, 305–8; Spanish and Portuguese efforts to control, 307
New World slavery: Brazilian, 316–18; Caribbean, 309–16; Code of Barbados (or Act of Barbados) [British] and, 312–14; Code Noir (Black Code) of French colonies in, 309–11; Código Negro Espan˜ol (Spanish Black Code) on, 311–12; comparisons between Islam and, 303–4; Dutch role in, 316; Jesuit Republic of Paraguay and, 332, 335–37; North American, 318–23t, 321t; origins and expansion of, 307–8; slave ships and, 303, 308; Spanish and Portuguese, 311–12, 314–16, 317, 322, 330–37
Nicholas of Cusa, 138
Nieboer, H. J., 295
Niebuhr, H. Richard, 24, 25, 61
Ninety-five Theses (Luther): Church response to, 83; doctrinal disputes leading to, 80; impact of, 3, 69; printing and spread of, 82–83
Nix of Norwich (bishop), 89
nobility: Calvinism missionaries and focus on, 96–97; Cathar support by, 55–56; control over Church by Polish, 114; entering religious orders, 59; “Pilgrimage of Grace” (1536) led by English, 90; support of German Reformation by, 85
Noëttes, Lefebvre des, 132
non-Church magic: Church and problem of, 235–37, 245–46; deducing satanism of, 237–39, 240; as dilemma for clergy, 236–37; harsh penalties for love magic crime, 262, 403n.141; practiced by “Wise Ones,” 230–31, 232, 235–37; Spanish Inquisition treatment of offenders, 258–59, 260–61; witch-hunts and persistence of, 245–46. See also magic
North American slavery. See American slavery
Northwest Coastal Indian slave practices, 293–95
Noyes, John Humphrey, 342
Odyssey (Homer), 20
Oldcastle, Sir John, 64
One True God (Stark), 49, 105, 232, 234, 370
“On Magic” (Weyer), 284
On the Cosmos (Chrysippus), 153
On the Heavens (Aristotle), 153
An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate (Luther), 83–84
d’Oresme, Nicole, 137, 138, 143, 147, 156 The Origin of Species (Darwin), 176, 179, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190
Ormsby, Eric, 29
Orpheus, 22
Osiris (journal), 158
Ottoman invaders (15th–16th centuries), 247–48
Overseers of the Press, 340
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, 15
Oxford University, 62
Ozment, Steven, 103
Panegyrick on the Newtonian Philosophy (Martin), 167
papacy: Aldebert’s attack on the, 47; attempt to impose authority over secular state by, 44–45; “Babylonian Captivity” of Avignon (1305–1378), 112; Concordat of Bologna (1516) on crown’s authority over, 112–13; English Reformation resistance to authority of, 89–90, 91; immoral climate of, 41–42, 43, 68–71; Luther’s appeal to German exploitation by, 83–84; reform attempts by, 40–41, 44. See also Roman Catholic Church
Papal Inquisition (1233), 56
Parlement (High Court of Paris), 262, 263
Parmenides, 153
Paschal II (pope), 45
Pastor, Ludwig, 69
Pastoral Care treatise (Pope Gregory the Great), 41
Patmore, Coventry, 1
Paul II (pope), 68
Paul III (pope), 291, 329, 331–32, 333
Peace of Westphalia (1648), 269, 281–82
Pearson, Karl, 193
Pedro I (Brazil), 357
Pelagians, 38
Pemberton, John, 342
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 342
perfecti (Catharism), 54, 55–56
persecution: anti-Semitic, 210, 232–34, 251; of Catholic Church against early reformers, 52–62; as collateral result of religious conflicts, 210; of Donatism by Catholic Church, 36–38, 39; during English Reformation, 89–91; of French Huguenots, 99–100, 248, 249; of Jews during Crusades, 48–50; leading antireligious voices supporting witch-craft, 222–23; links between witches, heretics, and Jewish, 232–34; of the Lollards, 65; of Lutherans, 98–99; ruins of Cathar fortresses as monument to, 109; of Spanish Jews, 256–57; theological rationale/political power required for, 39. See also witch-hunts
Persephone (Greek goddess), 22
the Petrobrusian (Henry the Monk), 51–52
Pharisees: attitudes of toward other Jewish sects, 32; beliefs/practices of, 26; social class of, 27
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Quakers, 340–41
Philemon, 327
Philip (king of France), 112
Philip II (king of France), 56, 146
Philip IV (king of France), 218, 235, 241
Philo of Alexandria, 328
Physics (Albert of Saxony), 138
Physics (Aristotle), 126
Pictet, François Jules, 181
piety, 19
“Pilgrimage of Grace” (1536) [England], 90, 248
pilgrimage practice, 72
Pirenne, Henri, 130
Pius VII (pope), 343
Plato: on creation of universe, 153; Demiurge concept of, 152, 153, 157; familiarity of European scholars with, 130, 142, 143, 154, 156; on slavery, 130, 326
Pliny the Younger, 298
pluralism, 17
Poland: early scientists of, 161; Protestantism of, 113–14
Poliakov, Léon, 46
Politics (Aristotle), 153
Polkinghorne, John, 197
polytheism: rituals of, 366, 370–71; sects within, 20–23; slavery and, 325–27
Poor Men of Lyons (Waldensians), 57
Popper, Karl, 191
Portsmouth Collection, 169, 170
Portugal: crown control of the Church in, 113; efforts to exploit/control New World by, 307; first arrival of black slaves (1441) in, 305
Portuguese colonial slavery: in the Caribbean, 314–16; Roman Catholic Church and, 330–37
“Postcript: Psycho-Historical Speculations” (Cohn), 223
The Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 77 preacherships (Pra¨dikaturen), 92–93
Predis, Cristoforo de, 375
Price, S.R.F., 369
Priscilla, 29
Principia (Newton), 167, 170 Principia Mathematica (Whitehead and Russell), 147
Principles of Sociology (Spencer), 368
printing industry: Calvinist conversion efforts and, 97–98; distribution of Ninetyfive Theses and, 82–83; impact of on popular reading of Bible, 74–75
“The Prison of Christian Dogma” (Boorstin), 128–29
The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Davis), 315
Protestant cities: city governance and becoming, 111t–12; Free Imperial Cities as, 108, 110–12; three-step process of conversion by, 387n.312
Protestant clergy surveys, 396n.230, 397n.257
Protestant countries: church attendance in, 107; early scientists of, 161–62t; governance and becoming a, 108–12, 110t; local Catholic weakness in, 105–7; royal self-interest and becoming, 114–16, 117t; theological appeal of Protestantism in, 103–5; witch-hunts in, 203, 204, 215, 221–22
Protestantism: examining success/failure factors of, 103–12, 114–16; French, 98–100; Italian, 101–3; local Catholic weakness and, 105–7; regarding satanism, 269, 273; response of state to, 108–12; restored to England by Elizabeth I, 90–92; royal self-interest and, 112–16; Swiss, 92–98; theological appeal of, 103–5; three-step process of city conversion to, 387n.312; witch-hunting in Scandinavia linked to, 273. See also Christianity; Roman Catholic Church
Protestant Reformation: accurately defining the, 15–16; capitalism and, 118–19; Erasmus’s unwillingness to support, 78; forced upon Iceland, 271–72; French experience with, 98–100; Italian experience with, 101–3; Luther’s initiating of, 16–17, 79–87; as major cause of witch-hunts, 250–51; popular support of, 85–87; Spanish experience with, 100–101; spread of to England, 87–92; Swiss experience with, 92–98; tracing development and significance of, 2–3. See also Catholic Reformation; heretical movements; Reformations
psychohistory of witch-hunts, 223–25
Ptolemy, 138
Puerto Rican abolitionism, 357
punctuated equilibrium, 183–84
purgatory, 72, 81. See also indulgences
Puritan Revolution (1640) [England], 249
Puritans: rise of science and, 158–60; Westminister Assembly (1643–1652) call for reform by, 274
Pythagoras, 22
Quakers: role in American abolition by, 325, 337, 340–42, 346–47, 360; role in British abolition by, 349, 350, 352–53, 360, 362–63, 364
Quaker Yearly Meetings (U.S.), 340–41
Quarterly Review, 189
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 368–69
Rasa‘il (encyclopedia of knowledge), 155, 156
Ray, John, 159
“Reductions” (Guaran¡ Indians) [Paraguay], 335–37
“Reformation of the Twelfth Century,” 52
Reformation Parliament (1529) [England], 89
Reformations: accurately defining, 16–17; Bible printing and, 73–75; Bohemian, 65–68; Catholic Reformation, 16, 116–19, 331, 333; as triggering violent attacks against Jews, 47–48; various definitions of, 15. See also Protestant Reformation; Roman Catholic Church reform “Reformation Treatises” (Luthor), 83–85
Reinhard, Anna, 93
Religion and Regime: A Sociological Account of the Reformation (Swanson), 108
Religion of Newton, 167
religions: conflict between scientific atheism and, 177; defining, 4; distinctions between magic and, 8–9; diversity within, 17–20; general preference for Godly, 5–6; “Godless,” 4–5; miracles as “works” of, 8; misconceptions regarding medieval European, 17; reformations of, 16; role of in abolishing slavery, 343–49; as social (or collective) phenomena, 7–8; social science explanation of, 367–70; to sustain morality, 371–76. See also theology
religious beliefs: appeal of Protestant, 103–5; of Cathars, 53–54, 234–35; diversity in intensity of, 18–19; of Donatists, 37; of early Christian sects, 27–29; of Free Spirit followers, 58; of Hussites, 67–68; of Khârijî sect, 30–31; of the Lollards, 64–65; as objectivist fallacy, 369–70; Puritan, 158–60; of Sir Isaac Newton, 168; willingness to pay cost of, 19
religious bodies: church-sect dimension of, 19; movement from sects into organized churches, 23–25; social roots of doctrinal differences in, 24–25; value as appeal to demanding, 19–20
religious conflicts: between Islam and Europe, 246–48; between Spain and Islam, 261; institutional threat and, 232–34; witch-hunt theory on intense/constant, 246–51, 255. See also Crusades; Religious Wars
religious demand: Lollards and Hussites as response to, 67–68; resulting external challenges to religious establishment, 32; sect formation as outlet to intense, 31–32
religious diversity: in intensity of beliefs/practices, 18–19; of Islam, 30; as rooted in social niches, 17–18; social roots of doctrinal, 24–25. See also sects
religious faith: belief on salvation through, 87; of early Jewish sects, 25–27; of founding generation of sects, 24; high cost to privileged of, 24
religious intolerance: impact of Crusades on Christian and Islam, 246–47; as inherent in monotheism, 32; linked to power of monotheistic factions, 32–33; of perceived institutional threats, 46–48, 232–34 religious monopolies: laxity on part of, 33; theological rationale/political power required for persecution by, 39
religious practices: defining, 7; diversity in, 17–18; of early Christian sects, 27–29; of early Jewish sects, 25–27; Greek and Roman, 22–23
religious rituals: precision of, 370–71; religious vs. nonreligious, 7; social science explanations of, 368–70. See also rituals/rites
religious tolerance: laxity and, 46–48; once power is fully consolidated, 32
Religious Wars: along the Borderlands, 263–64; start of French (1562), 100; Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ending, 269, 281–82. See also Crusades; religious conflict
“Renaissance”: humanists of, 75; popularization of, 166
Republican Party (U.S.), 346
revelations: defining, 5; granted through study of Torah, 5–6
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Copernicus), 3, 138, 160
Revolutions (Copernicus), 135 rituals/rites: ancient Egyptian, 366; precision of, 370–71; religious vs. nonreligious, 7; social science explanations of, 368–70. See also religious rituals
Robbins, Rossell Hope, 220
Rodney, Walter, 305
Rohner, Evelyn, 294
Rohner, Ronald, 294
Roman Catholic Church: American abolition movement and, 343–44; arrest and execution of Hus by, 66; bogus accounts of human dissections opposition by, 144, 145, 146; burdens of late medieval, 68–73; Church of Power and Church of Piety within, 40–42, 44–46, 52, 62; condemnation of enslavement of Indians by, 317; Copernican “revolution” and, 135; destruction of Donatists by, 36–38; Erasmus’s criticism of, 69, 70, 77–78; incorrect claims regarding medieval, 17; indulgences practice by, 69, 72–73, 80–82, 92; laxity and tolerance (5th–11th centuries) of, 46–48; official Bible of, 74; opposition to Columbus’s voyage by, 121; privileged background of many saints of, 24; privileges, exactions of late medieval, 71–72; property of, 71–72, 91, 112–16; Protestant success and weakness in local areas of, 105–7; reliance on the state for enforcement by, 39–40; response to challenges of authority by, 32; response to Luther’s dissent by, 83, 84–85; response to “Wise Ones” magic, 235–37; on scripture interpretation, 175; slavery and, 329–37, 413n.178; story of Galileo’s persecution by, 163–66. See also Christianity; early Christian Church; papacy
Roman Catholic Church reform: Benedict XII’s efforts toward, 70; Crusades and attempted, 50–52; flagellant movement support for, 60; focus of Scholastics regarding, 78–79; public agitation and movements supporting, 52–62; in Spain(15th century), 101. See also Catholic Reformation; Reformations
Roman Catholic clergy: Cathar support by, 55; Crusades and attempts to reform, 51; Erasmus’s satires on immorality of, 69, 70, 77–78; immorality/indolence of late medieval, 68–71; Jesuit Republic of Paraguay, 332, 335–37; Lutheranism joined by members of, 87; non-Church magic dilemma for, 236–37; status of Donatists traditors, 36–38; witch-hunts encouraged by fanatical, 219–23
Roman Empire: cavalrymen of, 131–32, 133; decline of slavery in Christendom era of, 299–301; latifundia (plantations) slave labor of, 296; slave market of, 298; Spartacus slave revolt (73 B.C.E.) in, 299. See also Greco-Roman classical world
Roman Inquisition (Congregation of the Holy Office), 261, 286, 332
Rottenburg witch-hunts, 266–67
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 166
royal self-interest: in becoming Protestant, 114–16, 117t; in remaining Catholic, 112–14, 117t
Royal Society of London, 158, 159, 160, 168, 171, 197
Roye, William, 88
Rudolph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 249
Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio, 335
Rush, Benjamin, 342
Russell, Jeffrey Burton, 11, 47, 122, 211, 250
Sadducees: attitudes of toward other Jewish sects, 32; faith/doctrine of, 26; laxity of, 33; social class of, 27
Saducismus Triumphatus, or full and plain evidence concerning witches and apparitions (Glanvill), 222
Saint Andrews, 275
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (France, 1572), 100, 248
Saint Peter’s basilica (Rome), 82
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de, 167
Salazar y Frias, Alonso de, 260, 285
Salem witch trials (1692), 288, 339, 399n.21
von Salm, Count Werner, 280
Saracen cavalrymen, 131
Sarton, George, 196
Satan: as cause of slavery, 331; as essential to rational concept of divinity, 11; as part of dualistic monotheism, 11–12. See also evil/good dualism
Satanic Adoration (engraving, 1608), 200
satanism: actual practice of, 208–11; associated with magic, 237–39, 240; deliberations on connection between sorcery and, 238–39; Protestant Sweden and notions of, 269; Protestant viewpoint on, 273; Spanish Inquisition charges regarding, 259, 260–61; witchcraft accusations regarding, 206, 208, 241–42; witch-hunt theory on, 255
Scaliger, Joseph, 160
Scandinavian Christianity, 105
Scandinavian witch-hunts, 267–73
Schachner, Nathan, 141
Scholasticism/Scholastics: Bohemian Reformation and, 65–68; discredited during Enlightenment, 166–67; empiricism of, 143–47; Erasmus, Humanism movement, and, 75–79; higher education environment developed for, 62–63; impact of Greco-Roman works on, 156–57; Lollards and, 63–65, 74, 88; popular Bible study by, 73–75; revival of classical learning and, 142–43; rise of Western science rooted in, 119, 123, 134–47; scientific stars (1543–1680) of, 160–63, 198–99; “social networks” of, 159–60; translation of Greek classics into Latin and, 142; in universities, 140–43; unwillingness to back Protestant Reformation, 78–79
Scholastic universities, 140–43, 382n.171
Schwartz, Jeffrey, 184
science: abandonment of God by social, 367–70; achievements of Greek/Eastern philosophers to, 126–27; Catholic Reformation and restrictions on, 119; Christian connection between God and natural, 157–58; Christian theology as essential to rise of, 123; conflict between theology and, 121; Copernican “revolution” as normal, 135–40; defining, 124–27, 146–47; Design Argument and, 173, 175–76; genetics, 182–83; God’s “handiwork” and 19th-century, 172–76; impact of Christianity on development of, 147–50; organized nature of, 125; Puritans and rise of, 158–60; Scholastic beginnings of, 119, 123, 134–47; theological assumptions and Christianity and, 3; theory and research components of, 124–25; tracing rise of, 3. See also biological science
“Science Finds God” (Newsweek), 196 “Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England” (Merton), 158
scientific atheism, 177
scientific discoveries: Dark Ages and adaptation of, 133–34; Dark Ages “rediscovery” of classical knowledge and, 134; human dissection and, 143–44, 145, 390n.74; limited advances in China, 146, 150–51; limited advances, Greco/Roman, 151–54; limited advances in Islam, 146, 154–58; in medieval universities, 142–43; Scholastic empiricism and, 143–47, 151–52; “social networks” generating, 159–60; solar system motion, 134–40, 139, 146
“Scientific Revolution” (16th century): early scientists of, 160–63; made by “enlightened men,” 172; Merton’s theory regarding Puritans and, 158–60; misleading notion of medieval Church and, 134–35; Protestant/Catholic contributions to, 119, 160–63; Scholastic (11th century) origins of, 123
scientific stars (1543–1680), 160–63, 198–99
scientists: debate over evolutionary theory by, 191–92; early Danish, 161; Evolutionary Creationists among, 192; religiousness of modern, 192–97, 194t
Scopes, John Thomas, 191
Scotland: punishments of condemned witches in, 204; religious civil war (1560) in, 249; witch-hunts in, 203, 275–76
sects: early Christian, 27–29; early Islamic, 29–31; early Jewish, 25–27, 32, 328, 329; high-tension faith of founding generation of, 24; movement of into organized churches, 23–25; as outlet for intense religious demand, 31–32; and polytheism, 20–23; religious monopolies as preventing conflict among, 33. See also religious diversity
Segal, Ronald, 303
The Selling of Joseph (Sewall), 339
Seneca, 94
Sermons on the Ten Commandments (Calvin), 175
Servada, Catarina, 210
Servetus, Michael, 127
Seveners (Ismā‘īlī) [Islam], 31
Seventh-day Adventists, 19
Shapiro, Barbara J., 160
Shaw, George Bernard, 185
Shea, William, 165
Sicut dudum bull (Eugene IV), 330
Sigismund of Hungary (king), 65, 67
Silverius (pope), 34
simony practice: condemned by Four Articles of Prague (1420), 67; condemned in Dante’s Inferno, 43;
continuation of, 53
Simony Repaid (Doré), 43
sin: immorality charged against heretics, 28; Jewish, Christian, and Islamic identification of new, 325; slavery perceived as, 345–46; “Wise Ones” magic declared as, 237–39, 240. See also evil/good dualism; heretical movements; witchcraft
Singer, Charles, 144
Sistine Chapel, 68, 69, 72, 81
Sixtus IV (pope), 68, 69, 81, 330
skyhook, 395n.209
Slave and Citizen (Tannenbaum), 314 slave breaking chain statue (Puerto Rico), 290
slavery: African, 304–5; among Northwest Coastal Indians, 293–95; Ancient Egyptian, 326; brief historic definition of, 292–93; Christian condemnation of, 291, 305, 307; Christianity and abolition of, 3, 291; comparisons of Islam and New World, 303–4; decline in Christendom of, 299–301; Enlightenment intellectuals and, 359–60; European devshirme (tribute) to Islam as source of, 301, 303; in the Greco-Roman classical world, 295–99; Jewish monotheism and, 327–29; lack of scholarship on general history of, 291–92; Muslim, 301, 302, 303–4; Paley’s opposition to, 173; perceived as sin, 345–46; polytheism and, 325–27; rejected during European Dark Ages, 130; Roman Catholic Church and, 329–37, 413n.178; Satan as cause of, 331; Spartacus slave revolt (73 B.C.E.), 299. See also abolition movements
Slavery: A World History (Meltzer), 301
slave ships: death rates among transported in, 303; Death Ship (lithograph), 308; French-British cooperation in capturing, 355
slave trade: African, 303, 306; Barbados, 318; initiated by Ferdinand of Aragon, 4; prohibition of French (1831), 355
Smith, Adam, 33, 359, 360–61, 362
Smith, Preserved, 75
Smith, W. Robertson, 371
The Smithsonian Book of North American Indians (1986), 294
The Social Sources of Denominationalism (Niebuhr), 24
Sociedad Abolicionista Espan˜ola (Spanish Abolition Society), 356
Société de la Morale Chrétienne (the Society of Christian Morals), 354–55
Société des Amis des Noirs (the Society of Friends of Blacks), 354
Société Française pour l’Abolition de l’Esclavage (French Society for the Abolition of Slavery), 355
society: high cost of high-tension faith to priviledged of, 24; images of Gods to sustain moral order of, 371–76; impact of large vs. small witch-hunts on, 277–81; psychohistory of witch-hunts and, 223–25; religious diversity as rooted in niches of, 17–18; tranquil Christian-Jewish relations (5th–11th centuries) in Christian, 46; witch-hunts resulting from need for social solidarity of, 216–18; witch-hunts resulting from social change in, 214–16
Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, 351
Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 19
Socrates, 151
solar system motion, 134–40, 139, 146
Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes (Woolman), 340
Somersett decision (Great Britain), 409n.73
Sonthonax, Léger Félicité, 353–54
Sophia (queen of Bohemia), 65, 66
sorcery: Christianity denunciation of, 228–30; deliberations on connection between satanism and, 238–39, 240; magic and, 9; Muslim protection against, 287; witch-craft charges of, 205–6, 207. See also magic
sorcery seminar, 207
Sotheby catalog of Newton’s works, 170–71
Southern Baptists, 19
Spain: abolition movement of, 353–56; cost of witch trials in, 218; crown control of the Church in, 113; efforts to exploit/control New World by, 307; as Holy Roman Empire center, 113; persecution of Jews in, 256–57; and persecution of Muslims, 256; public dissections (1391) in, 144; treatment of non-Church magic offenders by secular authorities in, 260; witch-hunt death toll in, 203; witch-hunts (1300–1499) of, 253t; witch-hunt theory applied to, 256–61; witch-trials conducted by ecclesiastical courts in, 204–5
Spanish Armada (1588), 249
Spanish Armada (1597), 249
Spanish colonial slavery: in the Caribbean, 311–12, 314–16; Código Negro Espan˜ol (Spanish Black Code), 311–12, 317, 322, 334, 335, 337; Roman Catholic Church and, 330–37
Spanish Inquisition: charges/executions (1540–1640) in Aragon, 258t; charges/executions (1540–1700) of, 257t; initiated to replace mob actions, 204; misconceptions regarding, 13; satanism charges made by, 259, 260–61; treatment of non-Church magic offenders by, 258–59, 260–61; witchcraft trials/prosecutions opposed by, 220, 221, 283–84; witch-hunt theory applied to, 256–61
Spanish Protestant Reformation, 100–101
Spartacus slave revolt (73 B.C.E.), 299
species: contributions to evolution theory on, 181–85; Darwinian theory on evolution of, 178–85; fossil record on, 180, 183; “missing links” problem of, 183–84; natural selection principle and, 179, 181; punctuated equilibrium explanation for new, 183
Spencer, Herbert, 10, 368, 372
Spiro, Melford, 367
Spitz, Lewis W., 108
Sprenger, Jacob, 239
Stanley, Steve, 177
Stephen VII (pope), 42
Stoics, 154
Strassburg witch-hunt, 280
Stukeley, William, 169
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), 149
supernatural: Christian denuncation of, 228–30; defining, 4; essence, 4, 10, 12, 150; magic and impersonal conceptions of, 8
supernatural beings: contrast of supernatural essences and, 4, 10, 12, 150; as problem of monotheism, 10–11; Satan as, 11–12
Suprema, 260. See also Spanish Inquisition
Sutri synod (1046), 44
Sweden: adoption of Protestantism in, 269; early scientists of, 161; notions of satanism in Protestant, 269; punishments of condemned witches in, 204; universal belief in magic/maleficia in, 268; wars between Denmark (17th century) and, 269; witch-hunt death toll in, 203; witch-hunt theory applied to, 268–70
Swedish “witchfinders,“ 268
Swiss Protestantism: Calvin’s role in developing, 93–98; Zwingli’s role in developing, 92–93
Switzerland: religious wars (1531) of, 248; witch-hunt executions of, 264; witch-hunts (1300–1499) of, 252, 253t, 254
Sykes, Rev. Arthur Ashley, 169
Szathmaŕy, Eörs, 184
Talmud, 328
Tannenbaum, Frank, 314
Tao: defining, 4; scientific development and, 151; supernatural conceived as essence in, 10, 150
Templar witch trials, 235, 241
Temple Loong Wah, 6
Thatcher, Margaret, 299
Theodosian Code, 131
Theodosius (Roman emperor), 35
theological appeal: analysis of Protestant, 103–5; of Calvinism over Lutheranism, 95
theology: Christian theology as essential to rise of science, 123; conflict between science and, 121; defining, 5; reasoning used in Christian, 148–49. See also religions
Theophylact, 42
Theuda, 47
Thomas, Keith, 218, 229, 274, 283
Thomas à Becket, 71
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 62, 76, 122, 136, 149, 329–30, 384n.222
Thomasius, Christian, 286
Thoughts on Slavery (Wesley tract), 349
“Thoughts on Species” (Dana), 174
Tiberius (Roman emperor), 226
Times (publication), 187
Tinh, Tran Tam, 23
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 355
torture: stronger governance prohibiting, 274, 283; used during witch-hunts, 205; witch-hunts and prohibition of, 283
Townes, Charles, 197
traditors (Donatists clergy), 36–38
A Treatise on Christian Liberty (Luther), 84
Treaty of Kutna Hora (1485), 67
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), 335
Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 269, 281–82
Trenchard, John, 19
Trethowan, W. H., 219
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 118, 203–4, 220, 221
The True Believer (Hoffer), 177
Tuchman, Barbara, 60
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, 359
Turku Academy (Finland), 273
Tylor, Edward, 372
Tyndale, William, 88
Tyndall, John, 186
ultimate meaning definition, 4
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 342
L’Univers (newspaper), 355
university institutions, 62–63
University of Prague, 66
Urban VIII (pope), 164, 165, 332, 333
Ussher, Bishop James, 189, 190
Valla, Lorenzo, 76
Van Buren, Martin, 344
Venetian Inquisition, 103, 261
Vesalius, Andreas, 144, 146, 172
Victor III (pope), 45
Vienna, 247
Virgil, 142
Virgilius of Salzburg (bishop), 122
Vitalis of Mortain, 50
Vogt, Joseph, 295
Voltaire, 123–24, 166, 167, 170, 359
Vries, Hugo de, 182
Wadström, Sir Harry, 314
Waldensians, 56–58, 61, 73, 74, 234–35, 241, 252, 282
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 181, 186
Wallace, Anthony F. C., 196
Wayward Puritans (Erikson), 216
Weeks, Elizabeth, 210
Werdenfels witch-hunt, 279
Westminster Assembly (1643–1652), 274
Weyer, Johan, 284
White, Andrew Dickson, 121, 122, 135, 144, 146, 220, 222
Whitehead, Alfred North, 147–48, 150, 151
Why Conservative Churches Are Growing (Kelley), 19
Why I Am a Socialist (Besant pamphlet), 186
Wickramasinghe, Chandra, 184
Wiesensteig witch-hunts, 264–66
Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel, 187–89, 190, 349
Wilberforce, William, 349–50, 351
William the Conqueror, 209, 329
Willis, Deborah, 213
“Wise Ones” magic: association between satanism and, 237–39, 240; Church response to, 235–37; medicine efficacy of, 230–31, 232, 236
witchcraft: associated with maleficia (black magic), 205, 206, 210, 226, 268, 271, 274; of Greco-Roman classical world, 225–26; heresy perceived as, 234–35; mentally ill as victims of, 212; practiced by real satanists, 208–11; practiced by “Wise Ones,” 230–31, 232, 235–39; similar geographies of heresy and, 209–10. See also sin
witchcraft charges: gender (1300–1499) and, 243t; gender (1300–1499) and convictions of, 244t; “ladders of accusations” leading to, 267; regarding hailstorms/bad weather, 401n.103; regarding maleficia (black magic), 205, 206, 210, 226, 268, 271, 274; satanism and, 206, 208, 241–42; sorcery and, 205–6, 207; Spanish Inquisition (1540–1700), 257t
“Witchcraft: The Forgotten Offense” (Monter), 257
witches: accounts of, 201–2; harmful misconceptions regarding, 202–5; punishments of condemned, 204–5, 242; tales of sexual degeneracy of, 235
witch-hunt explanations: fanatical clergy as, 219–23; greed as, 218–19; mental illness as, 211; psychohistory as, 223–25; real satanists as, 208–11; sexism as, 211–14; social change as, 214–16; solidarity as, 216–18; on why things didn’t get worse, 404n.203
witch-hunts: cessation by 18th century, 276–77; as collateral result of religious conflicts, 210; deaths attributed to, 202–4; differences in small vs. large, 277–81; eight faulty explanations for, 208–25; examining conditions leading to, 3, 4; first intellectual opposition to, 220, 221, 283, 283–87; fraudulent accounts/documentations on, 202–3; impact of governance on, 251–55, 275; judicious process of ecclesiastical courts during, 204–5; “ladders of accusations” during, 267; as never developing in Islam, 287; partisan historic scholarship on, 249–50; rising social costs and ending of local, 281; similar geographies of heretical movements and, 209–10, 252; theory of, 245–64. See also Malleus maleficarum (Hammer of Witches) (15th-century manual); persecution
witch-hunt theory: applied to the “Borderlands,” 263–64; applied to England, 273–75; applied to France, 262–63; applied to Germany, 267; applied to Italy, 261–62; applied to Protestant/Catholic Wiesensteig witch-hunts, 264–66; applied to Rottenburg, 266–67; applied to Scandinavia, 267–73; applied to Scotland, 275–76; applied to Spain, 256–61; on impact of governance, 251–55; on intense and constant religious conflicts, 246–51, 255; on persistence of magical activity, 245–46; on Protestant Reformation as major cause of, 250–51; on satanism, 255
witch-hunt time line: 1300–1499, 240–44t; 1500–1750, 244–45; sources of, 239–40
witch trials: charges associated with, 205–6, 207, 208; gender (1300–1499) and convictions during, 244t; gender of defendants (1300–1499), 243t; judicious process of ecclesiastical court, 204–5; location of (1300–1499), 252–53t; percentage involving satanism charges, 241–42; punishments of those condemned by, 204–5, 242; Salem (1692), 288, 339, 399n.21; socially inexpensive victims of, 281; Spanish Inquisition, 220, 221, 256–61; stronger governance prohibiting torture in, 274, 283; Templar, 235, 241; torture and, 205, 274, 283
Wolsey, Cardinal, 91
women: dangers of secular medicine to, 231; efficacy of magic for medical treatment of, 230–32; witch-hunts as attempts to control, 211–14; witch trial convictions (1300–1499) of, 244t; as witch trial defendants (1300–1499), 243t
The World Bewitched (Bekker), 286
Wulfstan, Saint, 329
Wünschelburg, Johannes, 238
Wuthnow, Robert, 114
Wyclif, John, 15, 63–65, 70, 74, 81, 142
Xavier, Francis, 94
Yankee solider cutting slave chain (illustration), 348 Yazîd, 30
Yerkes, Royden Keith, 369
Zeno, 154
Zun˜iga, Diego de, 160