1. “27 Cities Have Reached Peak Greenhouse Gas Emissions Whilst Populations Increase and Economies Grow,” Global Climate Action Summit, September 13, 2018, https://www.globalclimateactionsummit.org/27-cities-have-reached-peak/.
2. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment (Washington, DC: Author, 2018), https://nca2018.globalchange.gov.
3. “27 Cities Have Reached Peak Greenhouse Gas Emissions Whilst Populations Increase and Economies Grow,” Global Climate Action Summit, September 13, 2018, https://www.globalclimateactionsummit.org/27-cities-have-reached-peak/.
4. Ibid.
5. “Looking Forward: Chief Resilience Officers Share Their Hopes for the Next 5 Years,” 100 Resilient Cities, May 15, 2018, http://www.100resilientcities.org/looking-forward-chief-resilience-officers-share-their-hopes-for-the-next-5-years/.
6. “Five Milestones of Emissions Management,” ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability, http://icleiusa.org/programs/emissions-management/5-milestones/.
7. Compiled from Natural Capital Solutions, Climate Protection Manual for Cities (Eldorado Springs, CO: Author, 2007); American Planning Association, Policy Guide on Planning and Climate Change (Washington, DC: Author, 2008); National Wildlife Federation, Guide to Climate Action Planning: Pathways to a Low-Carbon Campus (Reston, VA: Author, 2008); International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement: Climate Action Handbook, http://www.seattle.gov/climate/docs/ClimateActionHandbook.pdf; International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, ICLEI Climate Program, http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=800.
8. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Climate Action Plan,” City of Hoboken, New Jersey, https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/greenhouse-gas-emissions-inventory-and-climate-action-plan.
9. The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, https://ghgprotocol.org/greenhouse-gas-protocol-accounting-reporting-standard-cities.
10. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/.
11. Local Government Operations Protocol (LGO Protocol), http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/.
12. City of Cincinnati, Climate Protection Action Plan: The Green Cincinnati Plan (Cincinnati, OH: Office of Environmental Quality, 2008).
13. New York Climate Change Science Clearinghouse, https://nyclimatescience.org.
14. California Adaptation Clearinghouse, https://resilientca.org/.
15. California Adaptation Planning Guide, http://resources.ca.gov/climate/safeguarding/local-action/.
16. Stephen M. Wheeler, “State and Municipal Climate Change Plans: The First Generation,” Journal of the American Planning Association 74, no. 4 (2008): 481–96; American Planning Association, Policy Guide on Planning and Climate Change (Washington, DC: Author, 2008); International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement: Climate Action Handbook, http://www.seattle.gov/climate/docs/ClimateActionHandbook.pdf.
17. “Knoxville—Knoxville Extreme Energy Makeover,” C40 Cities, https://www.c40.org/awards/2017-awards/profiles/130.
18. “Organization,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.htm.
19. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf.
20. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, vol. 2, ed. D. R. Reidmiller, C. W. Avery, D. R. Easterling, K. E. Kunkel, K. L. M. Lewis, T. K. Maycock, and B. C. Stewart (Washington, DC: Author, 2018), 1515, doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.
21. “What Will Climate Change Mean to Alaska?,” State of Alaska, http://www.climatechange.alaska.gov/cc-ak.htm.
22. State of South Carolina, Department of Natural Resources, Climate Change Impacts to Natural Resources in South Carolina, http://www.dnr.sc.gov/pubs/CCINatResReport.pdf.
23. Fredrich Kahrl and David Roland-Holst, California Climate Risk and Response, Research Paper No. 08102801 (Berkeley: University of California, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2008).
24. “Climate Change,” Miami-Dade County, https://www.miamidade.gov/green/climate-change.asp.
25. City of Aspen, Canary Initiative: Climate Action Plan (2007).
26. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data for the Period 1990–2007 (2009), http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/sbi/eng/12.pdf.
27. See various reports from C2ES at https://www.c2es.org/.
28. Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer, Resilient Cities: Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009).
29. Lawrence D. Frank, Sarah Kavage, and Bruce Appleyard, “The Urban Form and Climate Change Gamble,” Planning 73, no. 8 (2007): 18–23.
30. Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow, “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies,” Science 305, no. 5686 (2004): 968–72.
31. The source for this case is the City of Des Moines “Sustainability Efforts” website, https://www.dmgov.org/Departments/CityManager/Pages/SustainabilityEfforts.aspx.
32. The sources for this case include the City of Atlanta Office of Resilience website, https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/executive-offices/office-of-resilience; City of Atlanta, Resilient Atlanta (2017), http://www.100resilientcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Atlanta-Resilience-Strategy-PDF-v2.pdf; City of Atlanta, Clean Energy Atlanta: A Vision for a 100% Clean Future (2018), https://atlantabuildingefficiency.com/clean-energy-atlanta-a-vision-for-a-100-clean-energy-future/; City of Atlanta, Atlanta Climate Action Plan (2015), https://atlantaclimateactionplan.wordpress.com.
33. City of Atlanta, Resilient Atlanta (2017), http://www.100resilientcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Atlanta-Resilience-Strategy-PDF-v2.pdf.
34. The sources for this case include the authors’ personal knowledge and “Sustainability,” City of San Luis Obispo, https://www.slocity.org/government/department-directory/community-development/sustainability.
35. The sources for this case include “Sea Level Rise Strategy,” City of Charleston, https://www.charleston-sc.gov/index.aspx?NID=1432; “Green Plan,” City of Charleston, https://www.charleston-sc.gov/index.aspx?NID=904.
36. City of Charleston, Charleston Green Plan (2010), https://www.charleston-sc.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1458.
1. J. Carlson, J. Cooper, M. Donahue, M. Neale, and A. Ragland, “City of Detroit Greenhouse Gas Inventory: An Analysis of Citywide and Municipal Emissions for 2011 and 2012” (master’s thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2014), 60, http://css.umich.edu/publication/city-detroit-greenhouse-gas-inventory-analysis-citywide-and-municipal-emissions-2011-and.
2. “What Is the RCAP?,” Southeast Florida Regional Compact (2019), http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/about-us/what-is-the-rcap/.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016 (Washington, DC: Author, 2018), 655, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/2018_complete_report.pdf.
1. Pew Partnership for Civic Change, Ready, Willing, and Able: Citizens Working for Change (Charlottesville, VA: Author, 2000), http://www.pew-partnership.org/.
2. Public opinion statements based on the following surveys: “Yale Climate Opinion Maps 2018,” Yale Program on Climate Change Communication (2018), http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us-2018/; “Majorities See Government Efforts to Protect the Environment as Insufficient,” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/14/majorities-see-government-efforts-to-protect-the-environment-as-insufficient/; “Global Warming Age Gap: Younger Americans Most Worried,” Gallup, https://news.gallup.com/poll/234314/global-warming-age-gap-younger-americans-worried.aspx.
3. E. Maibach, C. Roser-Renouf, and A. Leiserowitz, Global Warming’s Six Americas 2009: An Audience Segmentation Analysis (New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication, 2009).
4. Samuel D. Brody, David R. Godschalk, and Raymond J. Burby, “Mandating Citizen Participation in Plan Making: Six Strategic Planning Choices,” Journal of the American Planning Association 69, no. 3 (2003): 245–64.
5. U.S. Department of Energy, How to Design a Public Participation Program (Washington, DC: Author, n.d.).
6. Jeffrey M. Berry, Kent E. Portney, and Ken Thomson, The Rebirth of Urban Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1993), 55.
7. Sherry Arnstein, “A Ladder of Citizen Participation,” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35, no. 4 (1969): 216–24.
8. PublicVoice maintains a good list here: https://www.publicvoice.co.nz/lets-get-digital-52-tools-for-online-public-engagement/.
1. To help build capacity in local-level climate planning, the World Bank and global partners developed the City Climate Planner program. The program is an overarching name to represent the distinct scopes, or professional areas of practice, that aim to increase the global talent base of climate planning professionals. The areas of practice will include at minimum the following: urban greenhouse gas inventory specialist, city climate action planning specialist (mitigation), city climate action planning specialist (adaptation and resilience), and possibly additional scopes in other areas to be determined. See https://cityclimateplanner.org.
2. In addition to community-level GHG inventories, there are national, state, regional, corporate, facility, project, and product (i.e., life cycle) GHG inventories. These types of inventories are not discussed in this chapter.
3. ICLEI is the leading network of cities, towns, and regions committed to building a sustainable future. See http://icleiusa.org.
4. The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy is an international alliance of cities and local governments with a shared long-term vision of promoting and supporting voluntary action to combat climate change and move to a low-emission, resilient society. See https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency State and Local Climate and Energy Program, From Inventory to Action: Putting Greenhouse Gas Inventories to Work, EPA 430-F-09-002 (Washington, DC: Author, 2009).
6. California Air Resources Board, California Climate Action Registry, ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability, and The Climate Registry, Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Version 1.1 (May 2010).
7. Access to all listed protocols is available through ICLEI USA (http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols).
8. The California Climate Registry and The Climate Registry protocols are not discussed separately, as their general reporting protocol for governments is the Local Government Operations Protocol.
9. The California Climate Action Registry was a program of the Climate Action Reserve and served as a voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) registry to protect and promote early actions to reduce GHG emissions by organizations. The California Climate Action Registry accepted its last emissions inventory reports and officially closed in December 2010.
10. Established in 2007, The Climate Registry (TCR) was formed to continue the work of the California Climate Action Registry. TCR is a nonprofit collaboration among North American states, provinces, territories, and Native Sovereign Nations that sets consistent and transparent standards to measure, report, and verify greenhouse gas emissions into a single registry.
11. World Resources Institute, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability, Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (2014), https://ghgprotocol.org/greenhouse-gas-protocol-accounting-reporting-standard-cities.
12. California Air Resources Board, California Climate Action Registry, ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability, and The Climate Registry, Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Version 1.1 (May 2010).
13. Portions of this section were modified from Michael R. Boswell, Adrienne I. Greve, and Tammy L. Seale, “An Assessment of the Link between Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and Climate Action Plans,” Journal of the American Planning Association 76, no. 4 (2010): 451–62.
14. United Nations, Paris Agreement (2015), https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement.
15. Johan Rockstrom, Will Steffen, Kevin Noone, Asa Persson, F. Stuart Chapin, Eric F. Lambin, Timothy M. Lenton, et al., “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity,” Nature 461, no. 7263 (2009): 472–75.
16. CO2Now.org, accessed July 31, 2010, http://www.co2now.org/.
17. Malte Meinshausen, Nicolai Meinshausen, William Hare, Sarah C. B. Raper, Katja Frieler, Reto Knutti, David J. Frame, and Myles R. Allen, “Greenhouse-Gas Emission Targets for Limiting Global Warming to 2°C,” Nature 458, no. 7242 (April 30, 2009): 1158–62; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, and C. E. Hanson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 776.
18. The Climate Group, Under2Coalition, https://www.under2coalition.org.
19. For examples of state and international targets, see pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/targets.
20. California Air Resources Board, California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan (2017), https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf.
21. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Warming of 1.5°C, special report (2018), https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.
22. “The CURB Tool: Climate Action for Urban Sustainability,” World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/the-curb-tool-climate-action-for-urban-sustainability.
23. California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA), Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures (Sacramento, CA: Author, August 2010), 3.
24. Ibid., 33–34.
25. Ibid., 3.
26. Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson, eds., Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
27. California produces periodic scientific assessments on the potential impacts of climate change in California and reports potential adaptation responses. Required by Executive Order #S-03-05, these assessments influence legislation and inform policy makers. See https://www.climatechange.ca.gov/climate_action_team/reports/climate_assessments.html.
1. Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Pathways to Deep Decarbonization (2015), http://deepdecarbonization.org.
2. County of Santa Barbara, Energy and Climate Action Plan (2015), https://www.countyofsb.org/csd/asset.c/173.
3. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks.
4. Cambridge Systematics, Moving Cooler: An Analysis of Transportation Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2009), http://www.movingcooler.info/.
5. Ibid., 17.
6. Ibid., 2.
7. For additional information, see the National Complete Streets Coalition at https://smartgrowthamerica.org/program/national-complete-streets-coalition/.
8. Regina R. Clewlow and Gouri S. Mishra, Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, Research Report UCD-ITS-RR-17-07 (2017).
9. A. Henao and W. E. Marshall, “The Impact of Ride-Hailing on Vehicle Miles Traveled,” Transportation 45, no. 5 (2018): https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9923-2.
10. R. Lal, “Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security,” Science 304 (2004): 1623–27.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
12. H. Steinfeld, P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006), 26.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
1. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, vol. 2, ed. D. R. Reidmiller, C. W. Avery, D. R. Easterling, K. E. Kunkel, K. L. M. Lewis, T. K. Maycock, and B. C. Stewart (Washington, DC: Author, 2018), 1515, doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.
2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, and L. L. White (Geneva, Switzerland: Author, 2014).
3. California Natural Resources Agency, Safeguarding California Plan: 2018 Update—California’s Climate Adaptation Strategy (2018), accessed on December 1, 2018, http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/safeguarding/update2018/safeguarding-california-plan-2018-update.pdf.
4. National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration, National Coastal Population Report—Population Trends from 1970 to 2020 (2013), accessed on December 1, 2018, https://aamboceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanservice-prod/facts/coastal-population-report.pdf.
5. J. A. Ekstrom and S. C. Moser, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise: An Assessment for the City of Hermosa Beach (Hermosa Beach, CA: City of Hermosa Beach, 2014), 88, http://www.hermosabch.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=9181.
6. “Japan Heatwave Declared Natural Disaster as Death Toll Mounts,” BBC World News, July 24, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44935152.
7. “Deaths Rose 650 above Average during UK Heatwave—with Older People Most at Risk,” Guardian, August 3, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/aug/03/deaths-rose-650-above-average-during-uk-heatwave-with-older-people-most-at-risk.
8. “Estimated 70 Deaths Linked to Canada’s Heat Wave,” NPR, July 10, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/07/10/627687639/estimated-70-deaths-linked-to-canadas-heat-wave.
9. “Ground Level Ozone Pollution,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed on December 1, 2018, https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution.
10. California Energy Commission, Cal-Adapt (2018), http://cal-adapt.org/.
11. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Limited English Proficiency Plan 4 Factor Analysis (2012), 38, http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/sustainability/images/Climate_Action_Plan.pdf.
1. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Local Mitigation Planning Handbook (Washington, DC: Author, 2013), 162.
2. U.S. Congressional Budget Office, Potential Cost Savings from the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program, Pub. No. 2926 (2007), 20; Multihazard Mitigation Council, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves 2017 Interim Report: An Independent Study, principal investigator K. Porter; coprincipal investigators C. Scawthorn, N. Dash, J. Santos; investigators M. Eguchi, S. Ghosh, C. Huyck, M. Isteita, K. Mickey, T. Rashed; and director, MMC, P. Schneider (Washington, DC: National Institute of Building Sciences, 2017).
3. B. Smit, I. Burton, R. J. T. Klein, and J. Wandel, “An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability,” Climatic Change 45 (2000): 223–51; R. de Loe, R. Kreutzwiser, and L. Moraru, “Adaptation Option for the Near Term: Climate Change and the Canadian Water Sector,” Global Environmental Change 11 (2001): 231–45; B. Smit and J Wandel, “Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability,” Global Environmental Change 16 (2006): 282–92.
4. “What Is a Pathways Approach to Adaptation?,” Coast Adapt, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (2017), accessed on December 5, 2018, https://coastadapt.com.au/pathways-approach.
5. “Ground-Level Ozone Basics,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2018), accessed on December 5, 2018, https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution/ground-level-ozone-basics.
6. A. Kingsborough, E. Borgomeo, and J. W. Hall, “Adaptation Pathways in Practice: Mapping Options and Trade-Offs for London’s Water Resources,” Sustainable Cities and Society 27 (2016): 386–97.
7. B. Smit, I. Burton, R. J. T. Klein, and J. Wandel, “An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability,” Climatic Change 45 (2000): 223–51; J. B. Smith, J. M. Vogel, and J. E. Cromwell III, “An Architecture for Government Action on Adaptation to Climate Change: An Editorial Comment,” Climate Change 95 (2009): 53–61.
8. California Emergency Management Agency and California Department of Natural Resources, California Adaptation Planning Guide—Planning for Adaptive Communities (Sacramento, CA: Author, 2012), 60.
9. New York City, “Appendix G,” in New York City Building Code (2008), accessed on December 15, 2018, https://www2.iccsafe.org/states/newyorkcity/Building/PDFs/Appendix20G_Flood-Resistant%20Construction.pdf.
10. New York City, PlaNYC: A Stronger, More Resilient New York (New York: Author, 2013), 445, http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/sirr/SIRR_singles_Lo_res.pdf.
1. 100 Resilient Cities, “100 Resilient Cities” (2019), http://www.100resilientcities.org/our-impact/.
2. Maggie Hernandez, “Fort Lauderdale Creates Groundbreaking Climate Training for Employees,” Dream in Green, July 14, 2015, http://dreamingreen.org/fort-lauderdale-conducts-groundbreaking-climate-training-for-employees/.
3. Brent Toderian (@BrentToderian), Twitter, February 28, 2016, 7:37 p.m., https://twitter.com/BrentToderian/status/704148379182366720.
4. City of Cincinnati, 2018 Green Cincinnati Plan (2018).
5. City of Atlanta, Clean Energy Atlanta (2019), http://www.100atl.com/.
6. City of San Mateo, CAP Progress Updates, https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/3962/CAP-Progress-Updates.
1. Sources for this case include the identified planning documents and an interview with Michael Armstrong, senior sustainability manager, City of Portland Office of Sustainability.
2. T. Wheeler, “Portland Will Keep Paving the Way for Action on Climate Change,” Oregonian, October 3, 2018, accessed on December 5, 2018, https://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2018/10/ted_wheeler_portland_will_keep.html.
3. “Portland’s Green Dividend,” CEO for Cities, http://www.ceosforcities.org/files/PGD%20FINAL.pdf.
4. City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability and Multnomah County Sustainability Program, City of Portland and Multnomah County Climate Action Plan (2009), 39, http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=49989&a=268612.
5. Sources for the case include the identified planning documents, the City of Evanston climate change website (https://www.cityofevanston.org/about-evanston/sustainability/climate-change), and interviews with the mayor of Evanston, Elizabeth Tisdahl; Paige K. Finnegan, chief operating officer at e-One, LLC, and cochair of the Evanston environment board; and Dr. Stephen A. Perkins, senior vice president of the Center for Neighborhood Technology.
6. “Evanston Targets 100 Percent Renewable Electricity,” City of Evanston, December 11, 2018, https://www.cityofevanston.org/Home/Components/News/News/3219/17.
7. Ibid.
8. Sources for the case include the identified planning documents and the City of Boulder’s climate program website (https://bouldercolorado.gov/climate/).
9. City of Boulder, Climate Action Tax (2018), accessed on December 5, 2018 https://bouldercolorado.gov/climate/climate-action-plan-cap-tax.
10. City of Boulder, SmartRegs Guidebook + The Rental License Handbook (Boulder, CO: Author, 2011), 68, https://www-static.bouldercolorado.gov/docs/smartregs-guidebook-rental-license-handbook-1-201601111513.pdf.
11. City of Boulder, SmartRegs (2019), accessed on January 3, 2019, https://bouldercolorado.gov/plan-develop/smartregs.
12. City of Boulder, Energy Conservation Code (Boulder, CO: Author, 2017), 97, accessed on January 3, 2019, https://www-static.bouldercolorado.gov/docs/2017_City_of_Boulder_Energy_Conservation_Code_2nd-1-201711151002.pdf?_ga=2.101686401.1214223683.1546708670-1442822913.1546614853.
13. City of Boulder, Boulder Marijuana Facility Energy Requirements (2019), accessed on January 3, 2019, https://bouldercolorado.gov/planning/boulder-marijuana-facility-energy-requirements.
14. City of Boulder, Universal Zero Waste Ordinance (2019), accessed on January 3, 2019, https://bouldercolorado.gov/zero-waste/universal-zero-waste-ordinance.
15. S. Castle, “Boulder Eyes New Car Fee to Combat Climate Change,” Daily Camera—Boulder News, October 23, 2018, accessed on December 5, 2018, http://www.dailycamera.com/news/boulder/ci_32226398/boulder-eyes-new-car-fee-combat-climate-change.
16. City of Boulder, Boulder’s Climate Commitment (Boulder, CO: Author, 2017), 60.
17. Sources for the case include the identified planning documents and an interview with Lindsay Baxter, the City of Pittsburgh sustainability coordinator.
18. City of Pittsburgh, City of Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan Version 3.0 (Pittsburgh, PA: Author, 2018), 81, https://pittsburgh.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5817176&GUID=075303EF-B062-46D5-A5EE-68A209C2B01A.
19. City of Pittsburgh, Resilient Pittsburgh, accessed January 2019, http://pittsburghpa.gov/dcp/resilientpgh.
20. Tribune Staff Wire Reports, “Philly among 4 Cities to Get Funding for Climate Change Efforts,” Philadelphia Tribune, October 22, 2018, http://www.phillytrib.com/news/philly-among-cities-to-get-funding-for-climate-change-efforts/article_f7669456-d960-5d9a-b975-00783a57cc20.html.
21. City of Pittsburgh, City of Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan Version 3.0 (Pittsburgh, PA: Author, 2018), 81, https://pittsburgh.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5817176&GUID=075303EF-B062-46D5-A5EE-68A209C2B01A.
22. Sources for this case include the identified planning documents.
23. The City of San Mateo’s sustainability plans and policies are available online at https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/2738/Plans-and-Policies.
24. Accessed from a presentation and administrative report provided by city staff and their consultant team of PlaceWorks and DNV GL to the City of San Mateo Sustainability Commission during its regularly scheduled meeting on January 9, 2019, and a follow-up memo from the City to staff and the commission on January 15, 2019.
25. See the City of San Mateo website, https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/709/Sustainability.
26. In 2018, the sustainability commission and the public works commission merged to become the sustainability and infrastructure commission.
27. The California Energy Commission (CEC) requires that a cost-effectiveness study be conducted and filed in the case of local amendments to the California Energy Code. It is required that the City demonstrate to the CEC, using a cost-effectiveness study, that the amendments to the code are financially responsible and do not present an unreasonable burden to nonresidential and residential applicants. A cost-effectiveness study is not required for amendments to the green building code.
28. To be EV-ready is to have adequate electrical capacity and conduits installed to allow for EV charger installations.
29. New single-family buildings are required to have a minimum 1 kilowatt photovoltaic system, new multifamily buildings containing 3 to 16 units are required to have a minimum 2 kilowatt photovoltaic system, and new multifamily buildings containing 17 or more units are required to have a minimum 3 kilowatt photovoltaic system. New nonresidential buildings of less than 10,000 square feet are required to have a minimum 3 kilowatt photovoltaic system, and new nonresidential buildings 10,000 square feet or larger are required to have a minimum 5 kilowatt photovoltaic system. As an alternative, all projects may provide a solar hot water (solar thermal) system with a minimum collector area of 40 square feet.
30. Miami-Dade County, A Long Term CO2 Reduction Plan for Miami-Dade County, Florida (December 2006), http://www.miamidade.gov/derm/library/air_quality/CO2_Reduction_Final_Report.pdf.
31. Miami-Dade County, GreenPrint: Our Design for a Sustainable Future (2010), https://www.miamidade.gov/green/climate-change.asp.
32. Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact, http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/about-us/what-is-the-compact/.
33. Miami-Dade County, Mayor’s Response to County Commission’s Resolutions on Sea Level Rise (2016), 14, https://www.miamidade.gov/green/library/sea-level-rise-executive-summary.pdf.
34. Sources for this case include the identified planning documents.
35. Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy, https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org.
36. C40 Cities, 27 C40 Cities Have Peaked Their Emissions (n.d.), https://www.c40.org/press_releases/27-cities-have-reached-peak-greenhouse-gas-emissions-whilst-populations-increase-and-economies-grow.
37. City of Copenhagen, CPH 2025 Climate Plan (2012), https://urbandevelopmentcph.kk.dk/artikel/cph-2025-climate-plan.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
1. “Global Climate Action: NAZCA,” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://climateaction.unfccc.int.
1. “Organization,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.htm.
2. “Program Overview,” U.S. Global Change Research Program, http://www.globalchange.gov/about.
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Summary for Policy Makers,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 5.
4. Ibid.
5. “Climate Change Indicators in the United States,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Change Indicators in the United States, fact sheet, EPA 430-F-16-071 (Washington, DC: Author, October 2016), https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/climate-indicators-2016-fact-sheet.pdf.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016, EPA 430-R-18-003 (Washington, DC: Author, 2018).
8. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, R. B. Alley, T. Berntsen, N. L. Bindoff, Z. Chen, A. Chidthaisong, J. M. Gregory, G. C. Hegerl, M. Heimann, B. Hewitson, B. J. Hoskins, F. Joos, J. Jouzel, V. Kattsov, U. Lohmann, T. Matsuno, M. Molina, N. Nicholls, J. Overpeck, G. Raga, V. Ramaswamy, J. Ren, M. Rusticucci, R. Somerville, T. F. Stocker, P. Whetton, R. A. Wood, and D. Wratt, “Technical Summary,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
9. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. core writing team, R. K. Pachauri, and L. A. Meyer (Geneva, Switzerland: Author, 2014), 21.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016, EPA 430-R-18-003 (Washington, DC: Author, 2018).
11. Summary of impacts and consequences is based on the following reports: Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson, eds., Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009); National Research Council, Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010); U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment (Washington, DC: Author, 2017).
12. Compiled from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html) and California Energy Commission (https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/faq/ghg_inventory_glossary.htm).