A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

Chapter 18 presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in the author-date style, including both reference list entries and parenthetical citations. If you are not familiar with this citation style, read that chapter before consulting this one.

This chapter provides detailed information on the form of reference list entries (and, to a lesser extent, parenthetical citations) for a wide range of sources. It starts with the most commonly cited sources—books and journal articles—before addressing a wide variety of other sources. The sections on books (19.1) and journal articles (19.2) discuss variations in such elements as authors’ names and titles of works in greater depth than sections on less common sources.

Examples of electronic versions of most types of sources are included alongside other types of examples. Electronic books are discussed at 19.1.10. Websites, blogs, and social-networking services are discussed in 19.7.

Most sections include guidelines and examples for reference list entries (identified with an R). Since most parenthetical citations follow the basic pattern described in chapter 18, they are discussed here (P) only for clarification or if unusual elements might cause confusion in preparing a parenthetical citation (for example, when a work has no author).

If you cannot find an example in this chapter, consult chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition (2010). You may also create your own style, adapted from the principles and examples given here. Most instructors, departments, and universities accept such adaptations, as long as you use them consistently.

19.1 Books

Citations of books may include a wide range of elements. Many of the variations in elements discussed in this section are also relevant to other types of sources.

19.1.1 Author’s Name

In your reference list, give the name of each author (and editor, translator, or other contributor) exactly as it appears on the title page, and in the same order. If a name includes more than one initial, use spaces between them (see 24.2.1). Put the first-listed author’s name in inverted order (last name first), except for some non-English names and other cases explained in 18.2.1.2. Names of any additional authors should follow but should not be inverted.

R: Murav, Harriet. 2011. Music from a Speeding Train: Jewish Literature in Post-revolution Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Barker-Benfield, G. J. 2010. Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kinder, Donald R., and Allison Dale-Riddle. 2012. The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

In parenthetical citations, use only the author’s last name, exactly as given in the reference list. For works with three or more authors, see figure 18.1.

P: (Murav 2011, 219–20)

(Barker-Benfield 2010, 499)

(Kinder and Dale-Riddle 2010, 47)

19.1.1.1 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR. If a title page lists an editor or a translator in addition to an author, treat the author’s name as described above. Add the editor or translator’s name after the book’s title. If there is a translator as well as an editor, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the original.

In reference list entries, insert the phrase Edited by or Translated by before the editor’s or translator’s name.

R: Elizabeth I. 2000. Collected Works. Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 2010. The Science of Logic. Edited and translated by George di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jitrik, Noé. 2005. The Noé Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature. Edited by Daniel Balderston. Translated by Susan E. Benner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

When a title page identifies an editor or translator with a complicated description, such as “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” you can simplify this phrase to edited by or translated by and follow the above examples. In general, if a foreword or an introduction is written by someone other than the author, you need not mention that person unless you cite that part specifically (see 19.1.9).

In parenthetical citations, do not include the name of an editor or translator if the work appears in your reference list under the author’s name.

P: (Elizabeth I 2000, 102–4)

(Hegel 2010, 642–43)

(Jitrik, 189)

19.1.1.2 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN PLACE OF AN AUTHOR. When an editor or a translator is listed on a book’s title page instead of an author, use that person’s name in the author’s slot. Treat it as you would an author’s name (see above), but in the reference list, add the abbreviation ed. or trans. following the name. If there are multiple editors or translators, use eds. or trans. (singular and plural) and follow the principles for multiple authors shown in figure 18.1.

R: Heaney, Seamus, trans. 2000. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W. W. Norton.

Makhulu, Anne-Maria, Beth A. Buggenhagen, and Stephen Jackson, eds. 2010. Hard Work, Hard Times: Global Volatility and African Subjectivities. Berkeley: University of California Press.

P: (Heaney 2000, 55)

(Makhulu, Buggenhagen, and Jackson 2010, viii–ix)

19.1.1.3 ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR. If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation has no personal author’s name on the title page, list the organization itself as author, even if it is also given as publisher. For public documents, see 19.9.

R: American Bar Association. 2010. The 2010 Federal Rules Book. Chicago: American Bar Association.

P: (American Bar Association 2010, 221)

19.1.1.4 PSEUDONYM. Treat a widely recognized pseudonym as if it were the author’s real name. If the name listed as the author’s is known to be a pseudonym but the real name is unknown, add pseud. in brackets after the pseudonym in a reference list entry, though not in a parenthetical citation.

R: Twain, Mark. 1899. The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Centinel [pseud.]. 1981. “Letters.” In The Complete Anti-Federalist, edited by Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P: (Twain 1899, 34)

(Centinel 1981, 2)

19.1.1.5 ANONYMOUS AUTHOR. If the authorship is known or guessed at but omitted from the book’s title page, include the name in brackets (with a question mark if there is uncertainty). If the author or editor is unknown, avoid the use of Anonymous in place of a name and begin the reference list entry with the title. In parenthetical citations, use a shortened title (see 18.3.2).

R: [Cook, Ebenezer?]. 1730. Sotweed Redivivus, or The Planter’s Looking-Glass. Annapolis.

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. 1610. London.

P: ([Ebenezer Cook?] 1730, 5–6)

(True and Sincere Declaration 1610, 17)

19.1.2 Date of Publication

The publication date for a book consists only of a year, not a month or day, and is usually identical to the copyright date. It generally appears on the copyright page and sometimes on the title page.

In a reference list entry, set off the date as its own element with periods. In a parenthetical citation, put it after the author’s name without intervening punctuation.

R: Franzén, Johan. 2011. Red Star over Iraq: Iraqi Communism before Saddam. New York: Columbia University Press.

P: (Franzén 2011, 186)

Revised editions and reprints may include more than one copyright date. In this case, the most recent indicates the publication date—for example, 2010 in the string “© 1992, 2003, 2010.” See 19.1.4 for citing publication dates in such works.

If you cannot determine the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation n.d. in place of the year. If no date is provided but you believe you know it, you may add it in brackets, with a question mark to indicate uncertainty.

R: Agnew, John. n.d. A Book of Virtues. Edinburgh.

Miller, Samuel. [1750?]. Another Book of Virtues. Boston.

P: (Agnew n.d., 5)

(Miller [1750?], 5)

If a book is under contract with a publisher and is already titled but the date of publication is not yet known, use forthcoming in place of the date. To avoid confusion, include a comma after the author’s name in a parenthetical citation of this type. Treat any book not yet under contract as an unpublished manuscript (see 19.6).

R: Author, Jane Q. Forthcoming. Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name.

P: (Author, forthcoming, 16)

19.1.3 Title

List complete book titles and subtitles in reference list entries. Italicize both, and separate the title from the subtitle with a colon. If there are two subtitles, use a colon before the first and a semicolon before the second.

R: Goldmark, Daniel, and Charlie Keil. 2011. Funny Pictures: Animation and Comedy in Studio-Era Hollywood. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Ahmed, Leila. 1999. A Border Passage: From Cairo to America; A Woman’s Journey. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.

Capitalize all titles and subtitles headline style; that is, capitalize the first letter of the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all major words. For foreign-language titles, use sentence-style capitalization; that is, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns and proper adjectives that would be capitalized under the conventions of the original language (in some Romance languages, proper adjectives and some proper nouns are not capitalized). (See 22.3.1 for a more detailed discussion of the two styles.)

(headline style) How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians

(sentence style) De sermone amatorio apud latinos elegiarum scriptores

Preserve the spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation of the original title, with two exceptions: change words in full capitals (except for initialisms or acronyms; see chapter 24) to upper- and lowercase, and change an ampersand (&) to and. Spell out numbers or give them as numerals according to the original (twelfth century or 12th century) unless there is a good reason to make them consistent with other titles in the list.

For titles of chapters and other parts of a book, see 19.1.9.

19.1.3.1 SPECIAL ELEMENTS IN TITLES. Several elements in titles require special typography.

■ Dates. Use a comma to set off dates at the end of a title or subtitle, even if there is no punctuation in the original source. But if the source introduces the dates with a preposition (for example, “from 1920 to 1945”) or a colon, do not add a comma.

R: Hayes, Romain. 2011. Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence, and Propaganda, 1941–43. New York: Columbia University Press.

Sorenson, John L., and Carl L. Johannessen. 2009. World Trade and Biological Exchanges before 1492. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.

■ Titles within titles. When the title of a work that would normally be italicized appears within the italicized title of another, enclose the quoted title in quotation marks. If the title-within-a-title would normally be enclosed in quotation marks, keep the quotation marks.

R: Ladenson, Elisabeth. 2007. Dirt for Art’s Sake: Books on Trial from “Madame Bovary” to “Lolita.” Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

McHugh, Roland. 1991. Annotations to “Finnegans Wake.” 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

However, when the entire main title of a book consists of a quotation or a title within a title, do not enclose it in quotation marks.

R: Swope, Sam. 2004. I Am a Pencil: A Teacher, His Kids, and Their World of Stories. New York: Henry Holt.

Wilde, Oscar. 2011. The Picture of Dorian Gray: An Annotated, Uncensored Edition. Edited by Nicholas Frankel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

■ Italicized terms. When an italicized title includes terms normally italicized in text, such as species names or names of ships, set the terms in roman type.

R: Pennington, T. Hugh. 2003. When Food Kills: BSE, E. coli, and Disaster Science. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lech, Raymond B. 2001. The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis: The U.S. Navy’s Worst Disaster at Sea. New York: Cooper Square Press.

■ Question marks and exclamation points. When a title or a subtitle ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, no other punctuation normally follows (but see 21.12.1).

R: Allen, Jafari S. 2011. iVenceremos? The Erotics of Black Self-Making in Cuba. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Wolpert, Stanley. 2010. India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? Berkeley: University of California Press.

19.1.3.2 OLDER TITLES. For titles of works published in the eighteenth century or earlier, retain the original punctuation and spelling. Also retain the original capitalization, even if it does not follow headline style. Words in all capital letters, however, should be given in upper- and lowercase. If the title is very long, you may shorten it, but provide enough information for readers to find the full title in a library or publisher’s catalog. Indicate omissions in such titles by three ellipsis dots. If the omission comes at the end of a title, use a period and three ellipsis dots.

R: Ray, John. 1673. Observations Topographical, Moral, and Physiological: Made in a Journey Through part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy, and France: with A Catalogue of Plants not Native of England … Whereunto is added A Brief Account of Francis Willughby, Esq., his Voyage through a great part of Spain. [London].

Escalante, Bernardino. 1579. A Discourse of the Navigation which the Portugales doe make to the Realmes and Provinces of the East Partes of the Worlde.… Translated by John Frampton. London.

19.1.3.3 NON-ENGLISH TITLES. Use sentence-style capitalization for non-English titles, following the capitalization principles for proper nouns within the relevant language. If you are unfamiliar with these principles, consult a reliable source.

R: Gouguenheim, Sylvain. 2008. Aristote au Mont-Saint-Michel: Les racines grecques de I’Europe chrétienne. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.

Piletić Stojanović, Ljiljana, ed. 1971. Gutfreund i eški kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene umetnosti.

Kelek, Necla. 2006. Die fremde Braut: Ein Bericht aus dem Inneren des türkischen Lebens in Deutschland. Munich: Goldmann Verlag.

If you add the English translation of a title, place it after the original. Enclose it in brackets, without italics or quotation marks, and capitalize it sentence style.

R: Wereszycki, Henryk. 1977. Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’ League]. Warsaw: PWN.

Yu Guoming. 2011. Zhongguo chuan mei fa zhan qian yan tan suo [New perspectives on news and communication]. Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she.

If you need to cite both the original and a translation, use one of the following forms, depending on whether you want to focus readers on the original or the translation.

R: Furet, François. 1995. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. Translated by Deborah Furet as The Passing of an Illusion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

Furet, François. 1999. The Passing of an Illusion. Translated by Deborah Furet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published as Le passé d’une illusion (Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995).

19.1.4 Edition

Some works are published in more than one edition. Each edition differs in content or format or both. Always cite the edition you actually consulted (unless it is a first edition, which is usually not labeled as such).

19.1.4.1 REVISED EDITIONS. When a book is reissued with significant content changes, it may be called a “revised” edition or a “second” (or subsequent) edition. This information usually appears on the book’s title page and is repeated, along with the date of the edition, on the copyright page.

When you cite an edition other than the first, include the number or description of the edition after the title. Abbreviate such wording as “Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged” as 2nd ed.; abbreviate “Revised Edition” as Rev. ed. Include the publication date only of the edition you are citing, not of any previous editions (see 19.1.2).

R: Foley, Douglas E. 2010. Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. 2006. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Rev. ed. New York: William Morrow.

19.1.4.2 REPRINT EDITIONS. Many books are reissued or published in more than one format—for example, in a paperback edition (by the original publisher or a different publisher) or in electronic form (see 19.1.10). Always record the facts of publication for the version you consulted. If the edition you consulted was published more than a year or two after the original edition, you may include the date of the original (see 19.1.2) in parentheses in the reference list entry.

R: Jarrell, Randall. 2010. Pictures from an Institution: A Comedy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Orig. pub. 1954.)

P: (Jarrell 2010, 79–80)

If the reprint is a modern printing of a classic work, you should still cite the reprint edition, but if the original publication date is important in the context of your paper, include it in brackets before the reprint date in both your reference list and your parenthetical citations.

R: Dickens, Charles. 2011. Pictures from Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Orig. pub. 1846.)

P: (Dickens 2011, 10)

R: Dickens, Charles. [1846] 2011. Pictures from Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

P: (Dickens [1846] 2011, 10)

19.1.5 Volume

If a book is part of a multivolume work, include this information in your citations.

19.1.5.1 SPECIFIC VOLUME. To cite a specific volume that carries its own title, list the title for the multivolume work as a whole, followed by the volume number and title of the specific volume. Abbreviate vol. and use arabic numbers for volume numbers.

R: Naficy, Hamid. 2011. A Social History of Iranian Cinema. Vol. 2, The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

If the volumes are not individually titled, list each volume that you cite in the reference list (see also 19.1.5.2). In a parenthetical citation, put the specific volume number immediately before the page number, separated by a colon and no intervening space.

R: Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. 1981. The Lisle Letters. Vols. 1 and 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P: (Byrne 1981, 4:243)

Some multivolume works have both a general editor and individual editors or authors for each volume. When citing parts of such works, put information about individual editors or authors (see 19.1.1) after the titles for which they are responsible. This example also shows how to cite a volume published in more than one physical part (vol. 2, bk. 3). In a parenthetical citation, list only the author of the part cited.

R: Mundy, Barbara E. 1998. “Mesoamerican Cartography.” In The History of Cartography, edited by J. Brian Harley and David Woodward, vol. 2, bk. 3, Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, edited by David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis, 183–256. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P: (Mundy 1998, 233)

19.1.5.2 MULTIVOLUME WORK AS A WHOLE. To cite a multivolume work as a whole, give the title and the total number of volumes. If the volumes have been published over several years, list the full span of publication dates in both your reference list and your parenthetical citations.

R: Aristotle. 1983. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tillich, Paul. 1951–63. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

P: (Tillich 1951–63, 2:41)

For works that include individual volume titles or volume editors (see 19.1.5.1), it is usually best to cite each volume in the reference list individually.

19.1.6 Series

If a book belongs to a series, you may choose to include information about the series to help readers locate or judge the credibility of the source. Place the series information after the title (and any volume or edition number or editor’s name) and before the facts of publication.

Put the series title in roman type with headline-style capitalization, omitting any initial The. If the volumes in the series are numbered, include the number of the work cited following the series title. The name of the series editor is often omitted, but you may include it after the series title. If you include both an editor and a volume number, the number is preceded by vol.

R: Hausman, Blake M. 2011. Riding the Trail of Tears. Native Storiers: A Series of American Narratives. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Lunning, Frenchy, ed. 2010. Fanthropologies. Mechademia 5. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Stein, Gertrude. 2008. Selections. Edited by Joan Retallack. Poets for the Millennium, edited by Pierre Joris and Jerome Rothenberg, vol. 6. Berkeley: University of California Press.

19.1.7 Facts of Publication

The facts of publication usually include two elements: the place (city) of publication and the publisher’s name. (A third fact of publication, the date, appears as a separate element following the author’s name in this citation style; see 19.1.2.)

R: Gladwell, Malcolm. 2000. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little, Brown.

For books published before the twentieth century, or for which the information does not appear within the work, you may omit the publisher’s name.

R: Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 vols. London.

19.1.7.1 PLACE OF PUBLICATION. The place of publication is the city where the book publisher’s main editorial offices are located. If you do not see it listed on the title page, look for it on the copyright page instead. Where two or more cities are given (“Chicago and London,” for example), include only the first.

Los Angeles: Getty Publications
New York: Columbia University Press

If the city of publication might be unknown to readers or confused with another city of the same name, add the abbreviation of the state (see 24.3.1), province, or (if necessary) country. When the publisher’s name includes the state name, no state abbreviation is needed.

Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press
Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Use current, commonly used English names for foreign cities.

Belgrade (not Beograd)
Milan (not Milano)

When the place of publication is not known, you may use the abbreviation N.p. before the publisher’s name. If the place can be surmised, include it with a question mark, in brackets.

N.p.: Windsor.
[Lake Bluff, IL?]: Vliet and Edwards.

19.1.7.2 PUBLISHER’S NAME. Give the publisher’s name for each book exactly as it appears on the title page, even if you know that the name has since changed or is printed differently in different books in your reference list.

Harcourt Brace and World
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Harcourt, Brace

You may, however, omit an initial The and such abbreviations as Inc., Ltd, S.A., Co., & Co., and Publishing Co. (and the spelled-out forms of such corporate abbreviations).

University of Texas Press
instead of
The University of Texas Press

Houghton Mifflin
instead of
Houghton Mifflin Co.

Little, Brown
instead of
Little, Brown & Co.

For foreign publishers, do not translate or abbreviate any part of the publisher’s name, but give the city name in its English form (as noted in 19.1.7.1). When the publisher is unknown, use just the place (if known).

19.1.8 Page Numbers and Other Locators

Page numbers and other information used to identify the location of a cited passage or element generally appear in parenthetical citations but not in reference lists. One exception: if you cite a chapter or other section of a book in a reference list, give the page range for that chapter or section (see 19.1.9 for examples).

For guidelines for expressing a span of numbers, see 23.2.4.

19.1.8.1 PAGE, CHAPTER, AND DIVISION NUMBERS. The locator is usually the last item in a parenthetical citation. Before page numbers, the word page or the abbreviation p. or pp. is generally omitted. Use arabic numbers except for pages numbered with roman numerals in the original.

P: (Arum and Roksa 2011, 145–46)

(Jones 2010, xiv–xv)

Sometimes you may want to refer to a full chapter (abbreviated chap.), part (pt.), book (bk.), or section (sec.) instead of a span of page numbers.

P: (Datar, Garvin, and Cullen 2010, pt. 2)

Some books printed before 1800 do not carry page numbers but are divided into signatures and then into leaves or folios, each with a front side (recto, or r) and a back side (verso, or v). To cite such pages, include the relevant string of numbers and identifiers, run together without spaces or italics: for example, G6v, 176r, 232r–v, or (if you are citing entire folios) fol. 49.

19.1.8.2 OTHER TYPES OF LOCATORS. Sometimes you will want to cite a specific note, a figure or table, or a numbered line (as in some works of poetry).

■ Note numbers. Use the abbreviation n (plural nn) to cite notes. If the note cited is the only footnote on its page or is an unnumbered footnote, add n after the page number (with no intervening space or punctuation). If there are other footnotes or endnotes on the same page as the note cited, list the page number followed by n or (if two or more consecutive notes are cited) nn and the note number(s).

P: (Grafton 1997, 72n)

(Bolinger 1980, 192n23, 192n30, 199n14, 201nn16–17)

■ Illustration and table numbers. Use the abbreviation fig. for figure, but spell out table, map, plate, and names of other types of illustrations. Give the page number before the illustration number.

P: (Sobel 1993, 87, table 5.3)

■ Line numbers. For poetry and other works best identified by line number, avoid the abbreviations l. (line) and ll. (lines); they are too easily confused with the numerals I and II. Use line or lines, or use numbers alone where you have made it clear that you are referring to lines.

P: (Nash 1945, lines 1–4)

19.1.9 Chapters and Other Parts of a Book

In most cases, you should cite the main title of any book that offers a single, continuous argument or narrative, even if you actually use only a section of it. But sometimes you will want to cite an independent essay or chapter if that is the part most relevant to your research. By doing so, you help readers see how the source fits into your project.

R: Demos, John. 2001. “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose.” In Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other), edited by Mark C. Carnes, 132–45. New York: Simon and Schuster.

P: (Demos 2001, 137)

instead of

R: Carnes, Mark C., ed. 2001. Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other). New York: Simon and Schuster.

P: (Carnes 2001, 137)

19.1.9.1 PARTS OF SINGLE-AUTHOR BOOKS. If you cite a chapter or other titled part of a single-author book, the reference list should include the title of the part first, in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. After the designation In, give the book title, followed by the full span of page numbers for that part.

R: Greenhalgh, Susan. 2010. “Strengthening China’s Party-State and Place in the World.” In Cultivating Global Citizens: Population in the Rise of China, 79–114. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Some books attributed to a single author include a separately authored part with a generic title such as preface or afterword. To cite such a part, add that term before the title of the book in roman type without quotation marks, and capitalize the first word only. Parenthetical citations mention only the part author’s name.

R: Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, by Tariq Modood, ix–xv. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

P: (Calhoun 2005, xii)

If the author of the generic part is the same as the author of the book, however, cite the book as a whole in the reference list, not just the part.

19.1.9.2 PARTS OF EDITED COLLECTIONS. In a reference list, if you cite part of an edited collection with contributions by multiple authors, first list the part author, the date, and the part title (in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks). After the designation In, give the book title, the name of the editor, and the full span of page numbers for that part. Parenthetical citations mention only the part author’s name.

R: Binkley, Cameron. 2011. “Saving Redwoods: Clubwomen and Conservation, 1900–1925.” In California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression, edited by Robert W. Cherny, Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson, 151–74. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

P: (Binkley 2011, 155)

If you cite two or more contributions to the same edited collection, you may use a space-saving shortened form. In your reference list, provide a full citation for the whole book and shortened citations for each individual part. For the latter, provide the full author’s name, the publication date, and the full title of the part; after the designation In, add the shortened name of the book’s editor, the publication date, and the full span of page numbers for that part.

R: Keating, Ann Durkin, ed. 2008. Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bruegmann, Robert. 2008. “Built Environment of the Chicago Region.” In Keating 2008, 76–314.

Reiff, Janice, L. 2008. “Contested Spaces.” In Keating 2008, 55–63.

If you use this form, your parenthetical citations should refer to the parts only, not to the book as a whole.

P: (Bruegmann 2008, 299–300)

not

(Keating 2008, 299–300)

(Reiff 2008, 57)

not

(Keating 2008, 57)

19.1.9.3 WORKS IN ANTHOLOGIES. Cite a short story, poem, essay, or other work published in an anthology in the same way you would a contribution to an edited collection with multiple authors. Give the titles of most works published in anthologies in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. An exception is the title of an excerpt from a book-length poem or prose work, which should be italicized (see 22.3.2).

R: Allende, Isabel. 1997. “The Spirits Were Willing.” In The Oxford Book of Latin American Essays, edited by IIan Stavans, 461–67. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wigglesworth, Michael. 2003. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. In The New Anthology of American Poetry, vol. 1, Traditions and Revolutions, Beginnings to 1900, edited by Steven Gould Axelrod, Camille Roman, and Thomas Travisano, 68–74. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

P: (Allende 1997, 463–64)

(Wigglesworth 2003, 68)

If the original publication date of a work is important in the context of your paper, include it in brackets before the anthology’s publication date in both your reference list and your parenthetical citations.

R: Wigglesworth, Michael. [1662] 2003. Excerpt from …

P: (Wigglesworth [1662] 2003, 68)

19.1.10 Electronic Books

Electronic books are cited like their printed counterparts, as discussed throughout 19.1. In addition, you will need to include information about the format you consulted. If you read the book online, include both an access date and a URL. If a recommended URL is listed along with the book, use that instead of the one in your browser’s address bar. If you consulted the book in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. If you downloaded the book in a dedicated e-book format, specify the format and do not include an access date. See 15.4.1 for more details.

R: Pattison, George. 2011. God and Being: An Enquiry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed September 2, 2012. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588688.001.0001.

Quinlan, Joseph P. 2010. The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It. New York: McGraw-Hill. Accessed November 1, 2011. ProQuest Ebrary.

Hogan, Erin. 2008. Spiral Jetta: A Road Trip through the Land Art of the American West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Adobe PDF eBook.

Gladwell, Malcolm. 2008. Outliers: The Story of Success. Boston: Little, Brown. Kindle.

P: (Pattison 2011, 103–4)

(Gladwell 2008, 193)

Some e-book formats have stable page numbers that are the same for every reader (for example, PDF-based e-books), but in formats that allow individual readers to adjust type size and other settings, page numbers will vary from one person’s version to another’s. Including the name of the format or database you used will help your readers determine whether the page numbers in your citations are stable or not. Another option if the page numbers are not stable is to cite by chapter or another numbered division (see 19.1.8.1) or, if these are unnumbered, by the name of the chapter or section (see 19.1.9). The following source also lacks the original facts of publication.

R: Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 2011. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Constance Garnett. Project Gutenberg. Accessed September 13, 2011. http://gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554-h/2554-h.htm.

P: (Dostoevsky 2011, pt. 6, chap. 1)

19.2 Journal Articles

Journals are scholarly or professional periodicals available primarily in academic libraries and by subscription. They often include the word journal in their title (Journal of Modern History), but not always (Signs). Journals are not the same as magazines, which are usually intended for a more general readership. This distinction is important because journal articles and magazine articles are cited differently (see 19.3). If you are unsure whether a periodical is a journal or a magazine, see whether its articles include citations; if so, treat it as a journal.

Many journal articles are available online, often through your school’s library website or from a commercial database. To cite an article that you read online, include both an access date and a URL. If a URL is listed along with the article, use that instead of the one in your browser’s address bar. If you consulted the article in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. See 15.4.1 for more details.

19.2.1 Author’s Name

Give authors’ names exactly as they appear at the heads of their articles. Use last names in parenthetical citations. In the reference list, the name of the first-listed author is inverted. For some special cases, see 18.2.1.2 and 19.1.1.

19.2.2 Date of Publication

The main date of publication for a journal article consists only of a year. In a reference list entry, set it off as its own element with periods following the author’s name. In a parenthetical citation, put it after the author’s name without intervening punctuation.

R: Gubar, Susan. 2011. “In the Chemo Colony.” Critical Inquiry 37, no. 4 (Summer): 652–71. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660986.

Bartfeld, Judi, and Myoung Kim. 2010. “Participation in the School Breakfast Program: New Evidence from the ECLS-K.”Social Service Review 84, no. 4 (December): 541–62. Accessed October 31, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657109.

P: (Gubar 2011, 652)

(Bartfeld and Kim 2010, 550–51)

Notice that additional date information appears in parentheses later in a reference list entry, after the volume number and issue information (see 19.2.5).

If an article has been accepted for publication but has not yet appeared, use forthcoming in place of the date (and page numbers). To avoid confusion, include a comma after the author’s name in a parenthetical citation of this type. Treat any article not yet accepted for publication as an unpublished manuscript (see 19.6).

R: Author, Margaret M. Forthcoming. “Article Title.” Journal Name 98.

P: (Author, forthcoming)

19.2.3 Article Title

List complete article titles and subtitles. Use roman type, separate the title from the subtitle with a colon, and enclose both in quotation marks. Use headline-style capitalization (see 22.3.1).

R: Saskia E. Wieringa. 2011. “Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophobia and Islamophobia.” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer): 785–93. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.

Terms normally italicized in text, such as species names and book titles, remain italicized within an article title; terms normally quoted in text are enclosed in single quotation marks because the title itself is within double quotation marks. Do not add either a colon or a period after a title or subtitle that ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. But see 21.12.1.

R: Twomey, Lisa A. 2011. “Taboo or Tolerable? Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls in Postwar Spain.” Hemingway Review 30, no. 2 (Spring): 54–72.

Lewis, Judith. 1998. ““Tis a Misfortune to Be a Great Ladie’: Maternal Mortality in the British Aristocracy, 1558–1959.” Journal of British Studies 37, no 1 (January): 26–40. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/176034.

Foreign-language titles should generally be capitalized sentence style (see 22.3.1) according to the conventions of the particular language. If you add an English translation, enclose it in brackets, without quotation marks.

R: Carreño-Rodríguez, Antonio. 2009. “Modernidad en la literatura gauchesca: Carnavalización y parodia en el Fausto de Estanislao del Campo.” Hispania 92, no. 1 (March): 12–24. Accessed December 8, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40648253.

Kern, W. 1938. “Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?” [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?] Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volken-kunde 78:271–73.

19.2.4 Journal Title

After the article title, list the journal title in italics, with headline-style capitalization (see 22.3.1). Give the title exactly as it appears on the title page or on the journal website; do not use abbreviations, although you can omit an initial The. If the official title is an initialism such as PMLA, do not expand it. For foreign-language journals, you may use either headline-style or sentence-style capitalization, but retain all initial articles (Der Spiegel).

19.2.5 Issue Information

In addition to a date of publication, most reference list entries include volume number, issue number, and month or season. Readers may not need all of these elements to locate an article, but including them all guards against a possible error in one of them.

The volume number follows the journal title without intervening punctuation and is not italicized. Use arabic numerals even if the journal itself uses roman numerals. If there is an issue number, it follows the volume number, separated by a comma and preceded by no.

Include additional date information beyond the year of publication (see 19.2.2) in parentheses after the volume and issue number. Follow the practice of the journal regarding such information; it may include a season, a month, or an exact day. Capitalize seasons in journal citations, even though they are not capitalized in text.

R: Brown, Campbell. 2011. “Consequentialize This.” Ethics 121, no. 4 (July): 749–71. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.

lonescu, Felicia. 2011. “Risky Human Capital and Alternative Bankruptcy Regimes for Student Loans.” Journal of Human Capitals 5, no. 2 (Summer): 153–206. Accessed October 13, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/661744.

When a journal uses issue numbers only, without volume numbers, a comma follows the journal title.

R: Beattie, J. M. 1974. “The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660–1800.” Past and Present, no. 62 (February): 47–95.

19.2.6 Page Numbers

For a reference list entry, give the full span of page numbers for the article (see 23.2.4). By convention, page numbers of journal articles in reference lists follow colons rather than commas.

R: Hitchcock, Tim. 2005. “Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London.” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 3 (July): 478–98. Accessed January 11, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429704.

Gold, Ann Grodzins. 1998. “Grains of Truth: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales.” History of Religions 38, no. 2 (November): 150–71. Accessed April 8, 2012. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176672.

If you cite a particular passage in a parenthetical citation, give only the specific page(s) cited, preceded by a comma (not a colon).

P: (Hitchcock 2005, 478)

(Gold 1998, 152–53)

19.2.7 Special Issues and Supplements

A journal issue devoted to a single theme is known as a special issue. It carries a normal volume and issue number. If a special issue has a title and an editor of its own, include both in a reference list entry. The title is given in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. In a parenthetical citation, give only the author of the part cited.

R: Koch, Gertrud. 2009. “Carnivore or Chameleon: The Fate of Cinema Studies.” In “The Fate of Disciplines,” edited by James Chandler and Arnold I. Davidson. Special issue, Critical Inquiry 35, no. 4 (Summer): 918–28. Accessed August 30, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/599582.

P: (Koch 2009, 920)

If you need to cite the issue as a whole, omit the article information.

R: Chandler, James, and Arnold I. Davidson, eds. 2009. “The Fate of Disciplines.” Special issue, Critical Inquiry 35, no. 4 (Summer).

A journal supplement may also have a title and an author or editor of its own. Unlike a special issue, it is numbered separately from the regular issues of the journal, often with S as part of its page numbers. Use a comma between the volume number and the supplement number.

R: Ekeland, Ivar, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim. 2004. “Identification and Estimation of Hedonic Models.” In “Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen,” Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February): S60–S109. Accessed December 23, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379947.

19.3 Magazine Articles

Articles in magazines are cited much like journal articles (see 19.2), but dates and page numbers are treated differently.

Cite magazines by date only, even if they are numbered by volume and issue. In reference list entries, put the year in the usual position and any additional date information (such as month or exact day) after the magazine title (but not in parentheses). If you cite a specific passage in a parenthetical citation, include its page number. But you may omit the article’s inclusive page numbers in a reference list entry, since magazine articles often span many pages that include extraneous material. (If you do include page numbers, use a comma rather than a colon to separate them from the date of issue.) As with journals, omit an initial The from the magazine title (see 19.2.4).

R: Lepore, Jill. 2011. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker, August 29.

P: (Lepore 2011, 52)

If you cite a department or column that appears regularly, capitalize it headline style and do not enclose it in quotation marks.

R: Walraff, Barbara. 2005. Word Court. Atlantic Monthly, June.

P: (Walraff 2005, 128)

Magazines consulted online should include an access date and a URL in the reference list entry (see also 15.4.1.3). Typically there will be no page numbers to cite.

R: Black, Robin. 2011. “President Obama: Why Don’t You Read More Women?” Salon, August 24. Accessed October30, 2011. http://www.salon.com/books/writing/index.htmI? story=/books/feature/2011/08/24/obama_summer_reading.

P: (Black 2011)

19.4 Newspaper Articles

19.4.1 Name of Newspaper

For English-language newspapers, omit an initial The in the name of the newspaper. If the name does not include a city, add it to the official title, except for well-known national papers such as the Wall Street Journal and the Christian Science Monitor. If a name is shared by many cities or is obscure, you may add the state or province in parentheses (usually abbreviated; see 24.3.1). For foreign newspapers, retain an initial article if it is formally part of the name, and add city names after titles for clarity, if necessary.

Chicago Tribune
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal
Le Monde
Times (London)

19.4.2 Citing Newspapers in Reference Lists and Parentheses

In your reference list, cite articles and other pieces from newspapers generally as you would articles in magazines (see 19.3). For an unsigned article, use the name of the newspaper in place of the author. Because a newspaper may have several editions with slightly different contents, you may clarify which edition you consulted by adding final edition, Midwest edition, or some such identifier. Articles read online should include an access date and a URL. For articles obtained through a commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. See 15.4.1 for more details.

R: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 2012. Editorial. March 31.

Ward, Christopher O. 2011. Letter to the editor. New York Times, August 28.

Gussow, Mel. 2011. Obituary for Elizabeth Taylor. New York Times, March 24. New York edition.

Gaddafi, Saif al-lslam. 2011. Interview by Simon Denyer. Washington Post, April 17. Accessed September 3, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/an-interview-with-saif-al-islam-gaddafi-son-of-the-libyan-leader/2011/04/17/AF4RXVwD_story.xhtml.

Associated Press. 2011. “Ex-IMF Chief Returns Home to France.” USA Today, September 4. Accessed September 4, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-09-04/Ex-IMF-chief-returns-home-to-France/50254614/1.

Simon, Richard. 2011. “Redistricting Could Cost California Some Clout in Washington.” Los Angeles Times, August 28. Accessed August 30, 2011. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-california-congress-20110829, 0,1873016.story

Lepage, Mark. 2011. “Armageddon, Apocalypse, the Rapture: People Have Been Predicting the End since the Beginning.” Gazette (Montreal), May 21. Accessed December 20, 2012. LexisNexis Academic.

Omit page numbers in parenthetical citations because the item may appear on different pages or may even be dropped in different editions of the newspaper.

P: (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 2012)

(Ward 2011)

(Gaddafi 2011)

(Associated Press 2004)

Articles from Sunday “magazine” supplements or other special sections should be treated as you would magazine articles (see 19.3).

19.4.3 Citing Newspapers in Text

Instead of using a standard parenthetical citation, you can include some of the elements of the citation in your text. You should still give a full citation to the article in your reference list.

In a New York Times article on the brawl in Beijing (August 19, 2011), Andrew Jacobs compares the official responses with those posted to social media networks.

In an article published in the New York Times on August 19, 2011, Andrew Jacobs compares the official responses to the brawl in Beijing with those posted to social media networks.

19.5 Additional Types of Published Sources

There are several additional types of published material that have special requirements for citations.

19.5.1 Classical, Medieval, and Early English Literary Works

Literary works produced in classical Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, and Renaissance England are cited differently from modern literary works. These sources are often organized into numbered sections (books, lines, stanzas, and so forth) that are generally cited in place of page numbers. Because such works have been published in so many versions and translations over the centuries, the date and other facts of publication for modern editions are generally less important than in other types of citations.

For this reason, classical, medieval, and early English literary works should usually be cited only in parenthetical citations. If the author’s name and the title are not already mentioned in the surrounding text, include them along with the section number upon first reference. If subsequent citations clearly refer to the same work, list only the section number. See below regarding differences in punctuation, abbreviations, and numbers among different types of works.

The eighty days of inactivity for the Peloponnesian fleet at Rhodes (Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War 8.44.4), terminating before the end of winter (8.60.2–3), suggests …

The eighty days of inactivity reported by Thucydides for the Peloponnesian fleet at Rhodes (The History of the Peloponnesian War 8.44.4), terminating before the end of winter (8.60.2–3), suggests …

If your paper is in literary studies or another field concerned with close analysis of texts, or if differences in translations are relevant, include such works in your reference list. Follow the rules for other translated and edited books in 19.1.1.1.

R: Propertius. 1990. Elegies. Edited and translated by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library 18. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Aristotle. 1983. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

19.5.1.1 CLASSICAL WORKS. In addition to the general principles listed above, the following rules apply to citations of classical works.

Use no punctuation between the title of a work and a line or section number. Numerical divisions are separated by periods without spaces. Use arabic numerals (and lowercase letters, if needed) for section numbers. Put commas between two or more citations of the same source and semicolons between citations of different sources.

P: (Aristophanes, Frogs 1019–30)

(Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.21, 2.3.120; Tacitus, Germania 10.2–3)

(Aristotle, Metaphysics 3.2.996b5–8; Plato, Republic 360e-361b)

You can abbreviate the names of authors, works, collections, and so forth. The most widely accepted abbreviations appear in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Use these abbreviations rather than ibid. in succeeding references to the same work. In the first example, the author (Thucydides) stands in for the title so no comma is needed.

P: (Thuc. 2.40.2–3)

(Pindar, Isthm. 7.43–45)

19.5.1.2 MEDIEVAL WORKS. The form for classical references works equally well for medieval works written in languages other than English.

P: (Augustine, De civitate Dei 20.2)

(Abelard, Epistle 17 to Heloïse, in Migne, PL 180.375c–378a)

19.5.1.3 EARLY ENGLISH WORKS. In addition to the general principles listed above, the following rules apply to citations of early English literary works.

Cite poems and plays by book, canto, and stanza; stanza and line; act, scene, and line; or similar divisions. Separate the elements with commas for clarity.

P: (Chaucer, “Wife of Bath’s Prologue,” Canterbury Tales, lines 105–14)

(Milton, Paradise Lost, book 1, lines 83–86)

You may shorten numbered divisions by omitting words such as act and line, using a system similar to the one for classical references (see above). Be sure to explain your system in a footnote (“References are to book and line numbers”).

P: (Milton, Paradise Lost 1.83–86)

If editions differ in wording, line numbering, and even scene division—common in works of Shakespeare—include the work in your reference list, with edition specified.

R: Shakespeare, William. 2006. Hamlet. Edited by Ann Thompson and Neil Taylor. Arden Shakespeare 3. London: Arden Shakespeare.

19.5.2 The Bible and Other Sacred Works

Cite the Bible and sacred works of other religious traditions in parenthetical citations. You do not need to include them in your reference list.

For citations from the Bible, include the abbreviated name of the book, the chapter number, and the verse number—never a page number. Depending on the context, you may use either traditional or shorter abbreviations for the names of books (see 24.6); consult your instructor if you are unsure which form is appropriate. Use arabic numerals for chapter and verse numbers (with a colon between them) and for numbered books.

Traditional abbreviations:

P: (1 Thess. 4:11, 5:2–5, 5:14)

Shorter abbreviations:

P: (2 Sm 11:1–17, 11:26–27; 1 Chr 10:13–14)

Since books and numbering differ among versions of the scriptures, identify the version you are using in brackets in your first citation, either with the spelled-out name or an accepted abbreviation (see 24.6.4).

P: (2 Kings 11:8 [New Revised Standard Version])

(1 Cor. 6:1–10 [NAB])

For citations from the sacred works of other religious traditions, adapt the general pattern for biblical citations as appropriate (see 24.6.5).

19.5.3 Reference Works

Well-known reference works, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, should usually be cited only in parenthetical citations. You generally need not include them in your reference list, although you may choose to include a specific work that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. Omit the date, but specify the edition (if not the first, or unless no edition is specified). Articles consulted online will require an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). For a work arranged by key terms such as a dictionary or encyclopedia, cite the item (not the volume or page number) preceded by s.v. (sub verbo, “under the word”; pl. s.vv.)

P: (Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., s.v. “mondegreen” [accessed February 1, 2012, http:// www.oed.com/view/Entry/251801])

(Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Sibelius, Jean” [accessed April 13, 2011, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542563/Jean-Sibelius])

Treat reference works that are more specialized or less well known as you would a book (see 19.1).

R: MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2008. 3rd ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America.

Aulestia, Gorka. 1989. Basque-English Dictionary. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

P: (MLA Style Manual 2008, 6.8.2)

(Aulestia 1989, 509)

19.5.4 Reviews

Reviews of books, performances, and so forth may appear in a variety of periodicals. In your reference list, include the name of the reviewer; the words review of, followed by the name of the work reviewed and its author (or composer, director, and so forth); any other pertinent information (such as film studio or location of a performance); and, finally, the periodical in which the review appeared. If the review was consulted online, include an access date and URL (see 15.4.1.3).

R: Malitz, David. 2011. Review of concert performance by Bob Dylan. Merriweather Post Pavilion, Columbia, MD. Washington Post, August 17. Accessed August 31, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/music-review-bob-dylan-at-merriweather-post-pavilion/2011/08/17/glQAeb1DMJ_story.html.

Scott, A. O. 2011. Review of The Debt, directed by John Madden. Miramax Films. New York Times, August 31.

Mokyr, Joel. 2011. Review of Natural Experiments of History, edited by Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson. American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 752–55. Accessed December 9, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.752.

19.5.5 Abstracts

You can cite information in the abstract of a journal article, dissertation, or other work in a parenthetical citation. In the reference list, include the full citation of the work being abstracted. In the parenthetical citation, insert the word abstract, set off by commas, after the year of publication and before any page number.

R: Brown, Campbell. 2011. “Consequentialize This.” Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 749–71.

P: (Brown 2011, abstract, 749)

19.5.6 Pamphlets and Reports

Cite a pamphlet, corporate report, brochure, or another freestanding publication as you would a book. If you lack data for some of the usual elements, such as author and publisher, give enough other information to identify the document. Sources consulted online should include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

R: Clark, Hazel V. 1957. Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers. Mesopotamia, OH: End of the Commons General Store.

TIAA-CREF. 2011. TIAA-CREF Life Funds: 2011 Semiannual Report. New York: TIAA-CREF Financial Services. Accessed October 5, 2011. http://www.tiaa-cref.org/public/prospectuses/lifefunds_semi_ar.pdf.

19.5.7 Microform Editions

In your reference list, cite works that you have consulted in microform editions according to type (book, newspaper article, dissertation, and so forth). In addition, specify the form of publication (fiche, microfilm, and so forth) after the facts of publication.

R: Farwell, Beatrice. 1995. French Popular Lithographic Imagery. Vol. 12, Lithography in Art and Commerce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Text-fiche.

Tauber, Abraham. 1958. “Spelling Reform in the United States.” PhD diss., Columbia University. Microfilm.

In a parenthetical citation, include a locator if possible. In the following example, the page number (identified with the abbreviation p. for clarity) appears within the printed text on the fiche; the other numbers indicate the fiche and frame, and the letter indicates the row.

P: (Farwell 1995, p. 67, 3C12)

19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs

Cite works issued on CD- or DVD-ROM as you would analogous printed works, most often books.

R: Complete National Geographic: Every Issue since 1888 of “National Geographic” Magazine. 2010. 7 DVD-ROMs. Washington, DC: National Geographic.

Oxford English Dictionary. 2009. 2nd ed. CD-ROM, version 4.0. New York: Oxford University Press.

19.5.9 Online Collections

The name of a website such as Perseus that is devoted entirely to a specific subject area or to a collection of similar resources may be important enough to mention in your citation to a specific publication. In this way, such a resource is similar to a physical manuscript collection (see 19.6.4). In addition to the publication information, include the name of the collection and an access date and URL (see 15.4.1.3).

R: Pliny the Elder. 1855. The Natural History. Edited by John Bostock and H. T. Riley. In the Perseus Digital Library. Accessed May 15, 2011. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=:text:1999.02.0137.

P: (Pliny the Elder 1855)

If you have cited more than one source from the collection, you may also cite the collection as a whole (in which case an access date is unnecessary).

R: Perseus Digital Library. Edited by Gregory R. Crane. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.

19.6 Unpublished Sources

Sources that have never been published can be more difficult for readers to locate than published ones, because they often exist in only one place and typically lack official publication information. When citing such sources in your reference list, it is especially important to include all of the information listed below to give readers as much help as possible.

Titles of unpublished works are given in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and not italicized. This format difference distinguishes them from similar but published works. Capitalize English-language titles headline style.

19.6.1 Theses and Dissertations

Theses and dissertations are cited much like books except for the title, which is in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. After the author, date, and title, list the kind of thesis and the academic institution. Abbreviate dissertation as diss. The word unpublished is unnecessary. If you’ve consulted the document online, include an access date and a URL. If a recommended URL is listed along with the document, use that instead of the one in your browser’s address bar. If you consulted the document in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of the URL. See 15.4.1 for more details.

R: Culcasi, Karen Leigh. 2003. “Cartographic Representations of Kurdistan in the Print Media.” Master’s thesis, Syracuse University.

Levin, Dana S. 2010. “Let’s Talk about Sex … Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools.” PhD diss., University of Michigan. Accessed March 13, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75809.

Richmond, Afrah Daaimah. 2011. “Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism in the Long Struggle for Reform at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1945–1990.” PhD diss., New York University. Accessed September 25, 2011. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.

19.6.2 Lectures and Papers Presented at Meetings

After the author, date, and title of the speech or paper, list the sponsorship, location, and (if available) specific day of the meeting at which it was given. The word unpublished is unnecessary. If you consulted a text or transcript of the lecture or paper online, include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). If you watched or listened to the presentation online, adapt the examples here to the advice at 19.8.3.5.

R: Crane, Gregory R. 2011. “Contextualizing Early Modern Religion in a Digital World.” Lecture, Newberry Library, Chicago, September 16.

Carvalho Filho, Irineu de, and Renato P. Colistete. 2010. “Education Performance: Was It All Determined 100 Years Ago? Evidence from São Paulo, Brazil.” Paper presented at the 70th annual meeting of the Economic History Association, Evanston, IL, September 24–26. Accessed January 22, 2012. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24494/1/MPRA_paper_24494.pdf.

Pateman, Carole. 2011. “Participatory Democracy Revisited.” Presidential address, annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Seattle, September 1.

19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Communications

To cite an unpublished interview (including one you have conducted yourself), begin a reference list entry with the name of the person interviewed, followed by the date and the name of the interviewer. Also include the place and specific day of the interview (if known) and the location of any tapes or transcripts (if available). (For an example of a published interview, see 19.4.2. For broadcast interviews, see 19.8.3.3.)

R: Shields, David. 2011. Interview by author. Seattle. February 15.

Spock, Benjamin. 1974. Interview by Milton J. E. Senn. November 20. Interview 67A, transcript, Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

In parenthetical citations, use the name of the person interviewed, not that of the interviewer.

P: (Shields 2011)

(Spock 1974)

If you cannot reveal the name of the person interviewed, use only a parenthetical citation or weave the information into the text; you do not need to include the interview in your reference list. Explain the absence of a name (“All interviews were confidential; the names of interviewees are withheld by mutual agreement”) in a footnote or a preface.

P: (interview with a health care worker, March 23, 2010)

Cite conversations, letters, e-mail or text messages, and the like only in parenthetical citations. The key elements, which should be separated with commas, are the name of the other person, the date, and the type of communication. In many cases you may be able to include some or all of this information in the text. Omit e-mail addresses. To cite postings to social networking services, see 19.7.3; for discussion groups and mailing lists, see 19.7.4.

P: (Maxine Greene, April 23, 2012, e-mail message to author)

In a telephone conversation with the author on January 1, 2012, Mayan studies expert Melissa Ramirez confided that …

19.6.4 Manuscript Collections

Documents from physical collections of unpublished manuscripts involve more complicated and varied elements than published sources. In your citations, include as much identifying information as you can, format the elements consistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.

19.6.4.1 ELEMENTS TO INCLUDE AND THEIR ORDER. If you cite multiple documents from a collection, list the collection as a whole in your reference list, under the name of the collection, the author(s) of the items in the collection, or the depository. For similar types of unpublished material that have not been placed in archives, replace information about the collection with such wording as “in the author’s possession” or “private collection,” and do not mention the location. Do not include a date, since most collections contain items from various dates.

R: Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library, Athens.

House, Edward M., Papers. Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.

Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. Papers. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Strother, French, and Edward Lowry. Undated correspondence. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, IA.

Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform. Papers. Alice Belin du Pont files, Pierre S. du Pont Papers. Eleutherian Mills Historical Library, Wilmington, DE.

To cite an individual document from such a collection in your text, identify the author and date, the title or type of document, and the name of the collection or the depository used in the reference list entry. Separate the elements with commas. In many cases you may be able to include some or all of this information in the text.

P: (James Oglethorpe to the trustees, January 13, 1733, Egmont Manuscripts)

In his letter of January 13, 1733, to the trustees (Egmont Manuscripts), James Oglethorpe declared …

If you cite only one document from a collection, list it individually in your reference list, and follow the usual pattern for parenthetical citations.

R: Dinkel, Joseph. 1869. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz. Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

P: (Dinkel 1869)

19.6.4.2 HOW TO FORMAT THE ELEMENTS. Here are some special formatting recommendations for documents in manuscript collections.

■ Specific versus generic titles. Use quotation marks for specific titles of documents but not for generic terms such as report and minutes. Capitalize generic names of this kind only if they are part of a formal heading in the manuscript, not if they are merely descriptive.

■ Locating information. Although some manuscripts may include page numbers that can be included in parenthetical citations, many will have other types of locators, or none at all. Older manuscripts are usually numbered by signatures only or by folios (fol., fols.) rather than by page. Some manuscript collections have identifying series or file numbers that you can include in a citation.

■ Papers and manuscripts. In titles of manuscript collections the terms papers and manuscripts are synonymous. Both are acceptable, as are the abbreviations MS and MSS (plural).

■ Letters. To cite a letter in a parenthetical citation, start with the name of the letter writer, followed by to and the name of the recipient. Omit the word letter, which is understood, but for other forms of communication, specify the type (telegram, memorandum).

19.7 Websites, Blogs, Social Networks, and Discussion Groups

Material posted or shared on websites, blogs, social networks, and the like may lack one or more of the standard facts of publication (author, date, title, or publisher). In addition to an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3), you must include enough information to positively identify and (if possible) locate a source even if the URL changes or becomes obsolete.

19.7.1 Websites

For original content from online sources other than books or periodicals (see 15.4.1.2), include in your reference list as much of the following as you can determine: author, publication or revision date, title of the page (in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks), and title or owner of the site (usually in roman type; see 22.3.2.3). Also include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). If there is no author, the source should be listed under the title of the website or the name of its owner or sponsor. If there is no date, use the access date.

R: Brooks, Susannah. 2011. “Longtime Library Director Reflects on a Career at the Crossroads.” University of Wisconsin-Madison News, September 1. Accessed May 14, 2012. http://www.news.wisc.edu/19704.

Google. 2010. “Privacy Policy.” Google Privacy Center. Last modified October 3. Accessed March 3, 2011. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

McDonald’s Corporation. 2011. “Toy Safety.” McDonald’s Canada. Accessed November 30, 2011. http://www.mcdonalds.ca/en/community/toysafety.aspx.

Wikipedia. 2011. “Wikipedia Manual of Style.” Last modified September 2. Accessed September 3, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

P: (Brooks 2011)

(McDonald’s Corporation 2011)

19.7.2 Blog Entries and Comments

Blog entries are cited much like articles in newspapers (see 19.4). In your reference list, include as much of the following as you can determine: the author of the entry, the date, a title (in quotation marks), the name of the blog (in italics), and the specific day the entry was posted. Also include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). Give the blogger’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym; if the blogger’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets. If the title of the blog does not make the genre clear, you may indicate “blog” in parentheses. If the blog is part of a larger publication, give the name of the publication after the title of the blog.

R: Becker, Gary. 2012. “Is Capitalism in Crisis?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12. Accessed February 16, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.html.

Subversive Copy Editor, The [Carol Fisher Saller]. 2011. “Still Learning: Fun Language Words.” The Subversive Copy Editor Blog, February 16. Accessed February 28, 2011. http://www.subversivecopyeditor.com/blog/2011/02/still-learningfun-language-words.html.

Cavett, Dick. 2011. “Flying? Increasingly for the Birds.” Opinionator (blog). New York Times, August 19. Accessed October 14, 2011. http://www.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/19/flying-increasingly-for-the-birds/.

McWhorter, John, and Joshua Knobe. 2011. “Black Martian Linguists.” Bloggingheads.tv (video blog), August 26. Accessed November 7, 2011. http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/38530?in=:00&out=:03.

P: (Cavett 2011)

(McWhorter and Knobe 2011)

Cite individual readers’ comments only in parenthetical citations. Identify the commenter and the date and time of the comment, followed by the relevant information from the reference list (usually an author-date citation for the blog entry). Give the commenter’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym. You may be able to include some or all of this information in the text, as long as you have made it clear what the comment refers to.

P: (Mr. Feel Good, February 14, 2012 [1:37 a.m.], comment on Becker 2012 )

According to a comment by Mr. Feel Good on February 14, 2012 (1:37 a.m.),…

19.7.3 Social Networking Services

Information posted on social networking services should be cited only in parenthetical citations. List the identity of the poster (if not mentioned in the text), the name of the service, and the date and time of the post. Also include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

P: (Sarah Palin, Twitter post, August 25, 2011 [10:23 p.m.], accessed September 4, 2011, http://twitter.com/sarahpalinusa)

(Obama for America, September 4, 2011 [6:53 a.m.], accessed September 22, 2011, https://www.facebook.com/barackobama)

As with newspaper articles (see 19.4.3), you may choose to weave such information into the text. Be sure to preserve enough information to allow readers to identify the source.

In a message posted to her Twitter site on August 25, 2011 (at 10:23 p.m.), Sarah Palin (@SarahPalinUSA) noted that …

If you cite several messages from a particular service, you may include the site as a whole in your reference list. For the date, use the date you last accessed the site.

R: Obama, Barack. 2011. Facebook page. Run by Obama for America. Accessed September 22, 2011. https://www.facebook.com/barackobama.

19.7.4 Electronic Discussion Groups and Mailing Lists

Material posted or sent to an electronic discussion group or mailing list should normally be cited only in parenthetical citations. List the name of the correspondent, the title of the group or subject line of the e-mail message (in quotation marks), the name of the forum or list, and the date and time of the message or post. Omit e-mail addresses. Give the correspondent’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym. If the material is archived online, include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

P: (Dodger Fan, post to “The Atomic Bombing of Japan,” September 1, 2011 [12:57:58 p.m. PDT], History forum, Amazon.com, accessed September 30, 2011, http:// www.amazon.com/forum/history/)

As with newspaper articles (see 19.4.3), you may choose to weave much of this information into the text. Be sure to preserve enough information to allow readers to identify the source.

Sharon Naylor, in her e-mail of August 23, 2011, to the Educ. & Behavior Science ALA Discussion List (http://listserv.uncc.edu/archives/ebss-l.html), pointed out that …

If you cite several items from a particular group or list, you may choose to include the forum as a whole in your reference list. For the date, use the date you last accessed the site.

R: Amazon.com. 2011. “The Atomic Bombing of Japan.” History forum. Accessed September 1, 2011. http://www.amazon.com/forum/history.

19.8 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts

The visual and performing arts generate a variety of sources, including artworks, live performances, broadcasts, recordings in various media, and texts. Citing some of these sources can be difficult when they lack the types of identifying information common to published sources. Include as much identifying information as you can, format the elements consistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.

Some of the sources covered in this section, where noted, can be cited in parenthetical citations only or by weaving the key elements into your text, although you may choose to include a specific item in your reference list that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. If your paper is for a course in the arts, media studies, or a similar field, consult your instructor.

19.8.1 Artworks and Graphics

19.8.1.1 PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS. Cite paintings, sculptures, photographs, drawings, and the like only in parenthetical citations. Include the name of the artist, the title of the artwork (in italics) and date of its creation (preceded by ca. [circa] if approximate), and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location. Separate the elements with commas. You may also include the medium, if relevant.

P: (Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, Milwaukee Art Museum)

(Michelangelo, David, 1501–4, Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence)

(Ansel Adams, North Dome, Basket Dome, Mount Hoffman, Yosemite, ca. 1935, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC)

(Erich Buchholz, Untitled, 1920, gouache on paper, Museum of Modern Art, New York)

Instead of using a parenthetical citation, you can sometimes cite artworks by weaving the elements into your text.

O’Keeffe first demonstrated this technique in The Cliff Chimneys (1938, Milwaukee Art Museum).

If you viewed the artwork in a published source or online and your local guidelines require you to identify this source, include the source in your reference list. For images consulted online, include an access date and a URL. In your parenthetical citation, if the source is different from the artist, give the usual author-date citation in place of the institutional name and location.

R: Buchholz, Erich. 1920. Untitled. Gouache on paper. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Accessed December 4, 2011. http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=38187.

Lynes, Barbara Buhler, Lesley Poling-Kempes, and Frederick W. Turner. 2004. Georgia O’Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

P: (Buchholz 1920)

(Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, in Lynes, Poling-Kempes, and Turner 2004, 25)

19.8.1.2 GRAPHIC ARTS. Cite graphic sources such as print advertisements, maps, cartoons, and so forth only in parenthetical citations, adapting the basic patterns for artworks and giving as much information as possible. Give any title or caption in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and identify the type of graphic if it is unclear from the title. For items consulted online, include an access date and a URL.

P: (Toyota, “We See beyond Cars,” advertisement, Architectural Digest, January 2010, 57)

(“Republic of Letters: 1700–1750,” interactive map, Mapping the Republic of Letters, accessed February 28, 2012, https://republicofletters.stanford.edu/)

(“Divide by Zero,” Internet meme, Yo Dawg Pics, accessed December 2, 2012, http:// yodawgpics.com/yo-dawg-pictures/divide-by-zero)

Any information included in the text need not be repeated in the parenthetical citation.

One such meme is known as “Divide by Zero” (Yo Dawg Pics, accessed December 2, 2012, http://yodawgpics.com/yo-dawg-pictures/divide-by-zero).

19.8.2 Live Performances

Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in parenthetical citations. Include the title of the work performed, the author, any key performers and an indication of their roles, the venue and its location, and the date. Italicize the titles of plays and long musical compositions, but set the titles of shorter works in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3.). If the citation is focused on an individual’s performance, list that person’s name before the title of the work. Separate the elements with commas.

P: (Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, by Glen Berger and Julie Taymor, music and lyrics by Bono and The Edge, directed by Julie Taymor, Foxwoods Theater, New York, September 10, 2011)

(Simone Dinnerstein, pianist, Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2, by Johannes Brahms, Portland Center for the Performing Arts, Portland, OR, January 15, 2012.)

Instead of using a parenthetical citation, you can sometimes cite live performances by weaving the elements into your text.

Simone Dinnerstein’s performance of Brahms’s Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2 (January 15, 2012, at Portland Center for the Performing Arts), was anything but intermediate …

If you viewed or listened to a live performance in a recorded medium, cite the recording in your reference list. See 19.8.3–5 for similar types of examples.

R: Rubinstein, Artur, pianist. 1975. “Spinning Song,” by Felix Mendelssohn. Ambassador College, Pasadena, CA, January 15. On The Last Recital for Israel. BMG Classics, 1992. VHS.

19.8.3 Movies, Television, Radio, and the Like

Citations of movies, television shows, radio programs, and the like will vary depending on the type of source. At a minimum, identify the title of the work, the date it was released or broadcast or otherwise made available, and the name of the studio or other entity responsible for producing or distributing or broadcasting the work. If you watched a video or listened to a recording, include information about the medium. If you consulted the source online, include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).

19.8.3.1 MOVIES. In the reference list, cite a movie under the name of the director (followed by dir.). After the date, give the title of the movie (in italics), followed by the name of the company that produced or distributed it. You may also include information about writers, actors, producers, and so forth if it is relevant to your discussion. Unless you watched the movie in a theater, include information about the medium.

R: Zwigoff, Terry, dir. 1994. Crumb. Superior Pictures. DVD, Sony Pictures, 2006.

Heckerling, Amy, dir. 1982. Fast Times at Ridgemont High. Screenplay by Cameron Crowe. Featuring Jennifer Jason Leigh and Sean Penn. Universal Pictures. DVD, 2002.

Cholodenko, Lisa, dir. 1998. High Art. October Films. Accessed September 6, 2011. http://movies.netflix.com/.

Weed, A. E. 1903. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph. 35 mm film. Library of Congress, The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906. MPEG video, 2:19. Accessed February 4, 2011. http://www.loc.gov/ammem/papr/nychome.html.

P: (Cholodenko 1998)

Information about ancillary material included with the movie should be woven into the text, with the parenthetical reference referring to the movie as a whole.

In their audio commentary, produced twenty years after the release of their film, Heckerling and Crowe agree that … (Heckerling 1982).

19.8.3.2 TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMS. To cite a television or radio program, include, at a minimum, the title of the program, the name of the episode or segment, the date on which it was first aired or made available, and the entity that produced or broadcast the work. You may also include an episode number, the name of the director or author of the episode or segment, and (if relevant to your discussion) the names of key performers. Italicize the titles of programs, but set the titles of episodes or segments in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. If you watched or listened to a recording in anything other than its original broadcast medium, include information about the medium.

R: All Things Considered. 2011. “Bumps on the Road Back to Work,” by Tamara Keith. Aired September 5 on NPR.

Mad Men. 2007. “Nixon vs. Kennedy,” directed by Alan Taylor. Season 1, episode 12. Aired October 11 on AMC. DVD, Lions Gate Television.

30 Rock. 2011. “Everything Funny All the Time Always,” directed by John Riggi. Featuring Tina Fey, Tracy Morgan, Jane Krakowski, Jack McBrayer, Scott Adsit, Judah Friedlander, and Alec Baldwin. Season 5, episode 22. Aired April 28 on NBC. Accessed March 21, 2012. http://www.hulu.com/30-rock/.

P: (30 Rock 2011)

Instead of using a parenthetical citation, you can often cite such programs by weaving the key elements into your text, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not available or relevant to the citation.

Mad Men uses history and flashback in “Nixon vs. Kennedy” (AMC, October 11, 2007), with a combination of archival television footage and …

19.8.3.3 INTERVIEWS. To cite interviews on television, radio, and the like, treat the person interviewed as the author, and identify the interviewer in the context of the citation. Also include the program or publication and date of the interview (or publication or air date). For unpublished interviews, see 19.6.3.

R: Rice, Condoleezza. 2005. Interview by Jim Lehrer. PBS NewsHour, July 28. Accessed July 7, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june05/rice_3–4.html.

Poitras, Laura. 2011. Interview by Lorne Manly. “The 9/11 Decade: A Cultural View” (video). New York Times, September 2. Accessed March 11, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/09/02/us/sept-11-reckoning/artists.html.

P: (Rice 2005)

19.8.3.4 ADVERTISEMENTS. Cite advertisements from television, radio, and the like only in parenthetical citations or by weaving the elements into your text, or both.

P: (Doritos, “Healing Chips,” advertisement aired on Fox Sports, February 6, 2011, 30 seconds, accessed September 7, 2011, http://www.foxsports.com/m/video/36896580/doritos-healing-chips.htm)

As with television shows (19.8.3.2), you can often cite advertisements by weaving the key elements into your text, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not available or relevant to the citation.

The Doritos ad “Healing Chips,” which aired during Super Bowl XLV (Fox Sports, February 6, 2011) …

19.8.3.5 VIDEOS AND PODCASTS. To cite a video or a podcast, include, at a minimum, the name and description of the item plus an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). The examples above for movies, television, and radio (19.8.3.1–4) may be used as templates for including any additional information. Give the creator’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym; if the creator’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets.

R: Adele. “Someone like You” (music video). Directed by Jake Nava. Posted October 1, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://www.mtv.com/videos/adele/693356/someone-like-you.jhtml.

Donner, Fred. “How Islam Began” (video). Lecture, Alumni Weekend 2011, University of Chicago, June 3, 2011. Accessed January 5, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RFK5u5lkhA.

Shear, Michael, host. “The Spat over President Obama’s Upcoming Jobs Speech.” The Caucus (MP3 podcast). New York Times, September 1, 2011. Accessed September 6, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/pages/podcasts/.

Luminosity. “Womens Work_SPN” (video). March 5, 2009. Accessed April 22, 2011. http://www.viddler.com/v/1f6d7f1f.

If relevant, you may include the time at which the cited material appears in the file in your parenthetical citation.

P: (Adele 2011, 2:37)

19.8.4 Sound Recordings

To cite a recording, include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings, including the date of the recording, the name of the recording company, the identifying number of the recording, the copyright date (if different from the year of the recording), and the medium. List the recording under the name of the composer or the performer, depending on which is more relevant to your discussion. Titles of albums should be in italics; individual selections should be in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3). Abbreviate compact disc as CD. Recordings consulted online should include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). In general, cite by year of recording, but you may repeat dates to avoid any confusion.

R: Holiday, Billie. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20 with Ray Ellis. On Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157. 33⅓ rpm.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. 1969 and 1970. Piano Sonata no. 29 (“Hammerklavier”). Rudolf Serkin, piano. Recorded December 8–10, 1969, and December 14–15, 1970. Sony Classics, 2005. MP3.

Strauss, Richard. 1940. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991. CD.

Pink Floyd. 1970. “Atom Heart Mother.” Recorded April 29 at Fillmore West, San Francisco. Streaming audio. Accessed July 7, 2011. http://www.wolfgangsvault.com/pink-floyd/concerts/fillmore-west-april-29-1970.htmI.

Rubinstein, Artur. 1946 and 1958–67. The Chopin Collection. RCA Victor/BMG 60822-2-RG, 1991. 11 CDs.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1959 and 1965. Symphony no. 5 / Symphony no. 9. Conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Recorded with the New York Philharmonic, October 20, 1959 (no. 5), and October 19, 1965 (no. 9). Sony SMK 61841, 1999. CD.

P: (Holiday 1958)

(Shostakovich 1959 and 1965)

Treat recordings of drama, prose or poetry readings, lectures, and the like as you would musical recordings.

R: Thomas, Dylan. 1953. Under Milk Wood. Performed by Dylan Thomas et al. Recorded May 14. On Dylan Thomas: The Caedmon Collection, discs 9 and 10. Caedmon, 2002. 11 CDs.

Schlosser, Eric. 2004. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal. Read by Rick Adamson. New York: Random House, RHCD 493. 8 CDs.

19.8.5 Texts in the Visual and Performing Arts

19.8.5.1 ART EXHIBITION CATALOGS. Cite an art exhibition catalog as you would a book. In your reference list, include information about the exhibition following the publication data.

R: Dackerman, Susan, ed. 2011. Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibitions shown at the Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA, and the Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

19.8.5.2 PLAYS. In some cases you can cite well-known English-language plays in parenthetical citations only. (See also 19.5.1.) Separate the elements with commas. Omit publication data, and cite passages by act and scene (or other division) instead of by page number.

P: (Eugene O’Neill, Long Day’s Journey into Night, act 2, scene 1)

If your paper is in literary studies or another field concerned with close analysis of texts, or if you are citing a translation or an obscure work, cite every play as you would a book, and include each in your reference list. Cite passages either by division or by page, according to your local guidelines.

R: Bagnold, Enid. 1956. The Chalk Garden. New York: Random House.

Anouilh, Jean. 1996. Becket, or The Honor of God. Trans. Lucienne Hill. New York: River-head Books.

P: (Bagnold 1956, 8–9)

(Anouilh 1996, act 1, scene 1)

19.8.5.3 MUSICAL SCORES. Cite a published musical score as you would a book.

R: Verdi, Giuseppe. 2008. Giovanna d’Arco, dramma lirico in four acts. Libretto by Temistocle Solera. Edited by Alberto Rizzuti. 2 vols. Works of Giuseppe Verdi, ser. 1, Operas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Milan: G. Ricordi.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1960. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser.

Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.

R: Shapey, Ralph. 1966. “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players.” Score. Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library. University of Chicago.

19.9 Public Documents

Public documents include a wide array of sources produced by governments at all levels throughout the world. This section presents basic principles for some common types of public documents available in English; if you need to cite other types, adapt the closest model.

Such documents involve more complicated and varied elements than most types of published sources. In your citations, include as much identifying information as you can, format the elements consistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.

The bulk of this section is concerned with documents published by US governmental bodies and agencies. For documents published by the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom and by international bodies, see 19.9.9–11. For unpublished government documents generally, see 19.9.12.

19.9.1 Elements to Include, Their Order, and How to Format Them

In your reference list, include as many of the following elements as you can:

■ name of the government (country, state, city, county, or other division) and government body (legislative body, executive department, court bureau, board, commission, or committee) that issued the document

■ date of publication

■ title, if any, of the document or collection

■ name of individual author, editor, or compiler, if given

■ report number or other identifying information (such as place of publication and publisher, for certain freestanding publications or for items in secondary sources)

■ page numbers or other locators, if relevant

■ an access date and either a URL or the name of the database, for sources consulted online (see 15.4.1 and, for examples, 19.9.13)

In general, list the relevant elements in the order given above. Exceptions for certain types of documents are explained in the following sections of 19.9.

R: US Congress. House of Representatives. Select Committee on Homeland Security. 2002. Homeland Security Act of 2002.107th Cong., 2d sess. HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1.

For parenthetical citations, treat the information listed before the date in your reference list as the author. If this information is lengthy, you may shorten it, as long as you do so logically and consistently in your citations. In many cases you may be able to include some or all of this information in the text instead of a parenthetical citation.

P: (US House 2002, 81–82)

… as the Select Committee decreed in its report accompanying the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (81–82).

Note that, by convention, ordinals in public documents end in d instead if nd (2d instead of 2d).

19.9.2 Congressional Publications

For congressional publications, reference list entries usually begin with the designation US Congress, followed by Senate or House of Representatives (or House). (You may also simplify this to US Senate or US House.) Other common elements include committee and subcommittee, if any; date of publication; title of document; number of the Congress and session (abbreviated Cong. and sess. respectively in this position); and number and description of the document (for example, H. Doc. 487), if available.

19.9.2.1 DEBATES. Since 1873, congressional debates have been published by the government in the Congressional Record. Whenever possible, cite the permanent volumes, which often reflect changes from the daily editions of the Record. Begin parenthetical citations with the abbreviation Cong. Rec., and identify the volume and part numbers as well as the page numbers. (For citations of the daily House or Senate edition, retain the H or S in page numbers.)

R: US Congress. Congressional Record. 2008. 110th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 153, pt. 8.

P: (Cong. Rec. 2008, 153, pt. 8:11629–30)

If you need to identify a speaker and the subject in a debate, do so in text, and include a parenthetical citation for the publication only.

Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts spoke for the Joint Resolution on Nuclear Weapons Freeze and Reductions (Cong. Rec. 1982, 128, pt. 3:3832–34).

Before 1874, congressional debates were published in Annals of the Congress of the United States (also known by other names and covering the years 1789–1824), Register of Debates (1824–37), and Congressional Globe (1833–73). Cite these works similarly to the Congressional Record.

19.9.2.2 REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS. When you cite reports and documents of the Senate (abbreviated S.) and the House (H. or HR), include both the Congress and session numbers and, if possible, the series number.

R: US Congress. House. 2011. Expansion of National Emergency with Respect to Protecting the Stabilization Efforts in Iraq. 112th Cong., 1st sess. H. Doc. 112-25.

P: (US House 2011, 1–2)

19.9.2.3 BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. Congressional bills (proposed laws) and resolutions are published in pamphlet form. In citations, bills and resolutions originating in the House of Representatives are abbreviated HR or H. Res. and those originating in the Senate, S. or S. Res. Include publication details in the Congressional Record (if available). If a bill has been enacted, cite it as a statute (see 19.9.2.5).

R: US Congress. House. 2011. No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act. H. Res. 237. 112th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional Record 157, daily ed. (May 4): H3014–37.

P: (US House 2011, H 3014)

19.9.2.4 HEARINGS. Records of testimony given before congressional committees are usually published with formal titles, which should be included in reference list entries (in italics). The relevant committee is normally listed as part of the title.

R: US Congress. House. 2002. Hearing before the Select Committee on Homeland Security. HR 5005, Homeland Security Act of 2002, day 3. 107th Cong., 2d sess., July 17.

P: (US House 2002, 119–20)

19.9.2.5 STATUTES. Statutes, which are bills or resolutions that have been passed into law, are first published separately and then collected in the annual bound volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, which began publication in 1874. Later they are incorporated into the United States Code. Cite US Statutes, the US Code, or both. Section numbers in the Code are preceded by a section symbol (§; use §§ and et seq. to indicate more than one section).

In a parenthetical citation, indicate the year the act was passed; in your reference list, also include the publication date of the statutory compilation, which may differ from the year of passage.

R: Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Public Law 585. 79th Cong., 2d sess. August 1.

Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970. US Code 15 (2000), §§ 1681 et seq.

Homeland Security Act of 2002. Public Law 107-296. US Statutes at Large 116 (2002): 2135–321. Codified at US Code 6 (2002), §§ 101 et seq.

P: (Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 12, 19)

(Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970)

(Homeland Security Act of 2002, 2163–64)

Before 1874, laws were published in the seventeen-volume Statutes at Large of the United States of America, 1789–1873. Citations of this collection include the volume number and its publication date.

19.9.3 Presidential Publications

Presidential proclamations, executive orders, vetoes, addresses, and the like are published in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents and in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Proclamations and executive orders are also carried in the daily Federal Register and then published in title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Once they have been published in the Code, use that as your source. Put individual titles in quotation marks.

R: US President. 2010. Proclamation 8621. “National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2011.” Federal Register 75, no. 250 (December 30): 82215–16.

US President. 1997. Executive Order 13067. “Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Sudan.” Code of Federal Regulations, title 3 (1997 comp.): 230–31.

P: (US President 2010)

(US President 1997)

The public papers of US presidents are collected in two multivolume works: Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, and, starting with the Hoover administration, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. (Papers not covered by either of these works are published elsewhere.) To cite items in these collections, follow the recommendations for multivolume books (see 19.1.5).

19.9.4 Publications of Government Departments and Agencies

Executive departments, bureaus, and agencies issue reports, bulletins, circulars, and other materials. Italicize the title, and include the name of any identified author(s) after the title.

R: US Department of the Treasury. 1850–51. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury Transmitting a Report from the Register of the Treasury of the Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the Year Ending the 30th of June, 1850. 31st Cong., 2d sess. House Executive Document 8. Washington, DC.

US Department of the Interior. Minerals Management Service. Environmental Division. 2007. Oil-Spill Risk Analysis: Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lease Sales, Central Planning Area and Western Planning Area, 2007–2012, and Gulfwide OCS Program, 2007–2046, by Zhen-Gang Ji, Walter R. Johnson, and Charles F. Marshall. Edited by Eileen M. Lear. MMS 2007-040, June.

P: (US Department of the Treasury 1850–51, 15–16)

(US Department of the Interior 2007, 23)

19.9.5 US Constitution

The US Constitution should be cited only in parenthetical citations; you need not include it in your reference list. Include the article or amendment, section, and, if relevant, clause. Use arabic numerals and, if you prefer, abbreviations for terms such as amendment and section.

P: (US Constitution, art. 2, sec. 1, cl. 3)

(US Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 2)

In many cases, you can include the identifying information in your text, but spell out the part designations. Capitalize the names of specific amendments when used in place of numbers.

The US Constitution, in article 1, section 9, forbids suspension of the writ “unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.”

The First Amendment protects the right of free speech.

19.9.6 Treaties

The texts of treaties signed before 1950 are published in United States Statutes at Large; the unofficial citation is to the Treaty Series (TS) or the Executive Agreement Series (EAS). Those signed in 1950 or later appear in United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (UST, 1950–) or Treaties and Other International Acts Series (TIAS, 1945–). Treaties involving more than two nations may be found in the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS, 1946–) or, from 1920 to 1946, in the League of Nations Treaty Series (LNTS).

Italicize titles of the publications mentioned above and their abbreviated forms. Unless they are named in the title of the treaty, list the parties subject to the agreement, separated by hyphens. An exact date indicates the date of signing and may be included in addition to the year the treaty was published.

R: US Department of State. 1963. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water. US-UK-USSR. August 5. UST 14, pt. 2.

United States. 1922. Naval Armament Limitation Treaty with the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan. February 6. US Statutes at Large 43, pt. 2.

P: (US Department of State 1963, 1313)

(United States 1922)

19.9.7 Legal Cases

Citations of legal cases generally take the same form for courts at all levels. In your reference list, italicize the full case name (including the abbreviation v.). Include the volume number (arabic), name of the reporter (abbreviated; see below), ordinal series number (if applicable), opening page number of the decision, abbreviated name of the court and date (together in parentheses), and other relevant information, such as the name of the state or local court (if not identified by the reporter title).

R: United States v. Christmas. 222 F.3d 141 (4th Cir. 2000).

Profit Sharing Plan v. Mbank Dallas, N.A. 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).

The one element that depends on the level of the court is the name of the reporter. The most common ones are as follows.

■ US Supreme Court. For Supreme Court decisions, cite United States Supreme Court Reports (abbreviated US) or, if not yet published there, Supreme Court Reporter (abbreviated S. Ct.).

R: AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Bd. 525 US 366 (1999).

Brendlin v. California. 127 S. Ct. 2400 (2007).

■ Lower federal courts. For lower federal-court decisions, cite Federal Reporter (F.) or Federal Supplement (F. Supp.).

R: United States v. Dennis. 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).

Eaton v. IBM Corp. 925 F. Supp. 487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).

■ State and local courts. For state and local court decisions, cite official state reporters whenever possible. If you use a commercial reporter, cite it as in the second example below. If the reporter does not identify the court’s name, include it before the date, within parentheses.

R: Williams v. Davis. 27 Cal. 2d 746 (1946).

Bivens v. Mobley. 724 So. 2d 458 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

To cite a legal case in your text, give the name of the case and the date (if citing specific language, provide the page number as well). In many instances you may be able to include either or both elements in the text.

P: (United States v. Christmas 2000)

… this principle was best exemplified by United States v. Christmas (2000).

19.9.8 State and Local Government Documents

Cite state and local government documents as you would federal documents. Use roman type (no quotation marks) for state laws and municipal ordinances; use italics for codes (compilations) and the titles of freestanding publications. State constitutions are cited only in parenthetical citations or in the text (see also 19.9.5).

R: Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality (IIEQ). 1977. Review and Synopsis of Public Participation regarding Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions. By Sidney M. Marder. IIEQ Document 77/21. Chicago.

Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act. 2005. Illinois Compiled Statutes, ch. 720, no. 646 (2005).

Page’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated. 2011. Title 35, Elections.

P: (IIEQ 1977, 44–45)

(Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act 2005, sec. 10)

(Page’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated 2011, sec. 3599.01)

(New Mexico Constitution, art. 4, sec. 7)

19.9.9 Canadian Government Documents

Cite Canadian government documents similarly to US public documents. End citations with the word Canada (in parentheses) unless it is obvious from the context.

Canadian statutes are first published in the annual Statutes of Canada, after which they appear in the Revised Statutes of Canada, a consolidation published every fifteen or twenty years. Wherever possible, use the latter source and identify the statute by title, reporter, year of compilation, chapter, and section.

R: Canada Wildlife Act. Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, chap. W-9, sec. 1.

Assisted Human Reproduction Act. Statutes of Canada 2004, chap. 2, sec. 2.

P: (Canada Wildlife Act 1985)

Canadian Supreme Court cases since 1876 are published in Supreme Court Reports (SCR); cases after 1974 should include the volume number of the reporter. Federal court cases are published in Federal Courts Reports (FC, 1971–) or Exchequer Court Reports (Ex. CR, 1875–1971). Cases not found in any of these sources may be found in Dominion Law Reports (DLR). Include the name of the case (in italics), followed by the date (in parentheses), the volume number (if any), the abbreviated name of the reporter, and the opening page of the decision.

R: Robertson v. Thomson Corp. (2006) 2 SCR 363 (Canada).

Boldy v. Royal Bank of Canada. (2008) FC 99.

19.9.10 British Government Documents

Cite British government documents similarly to US public documents. End citations with the phrase United Kingdom (in parentheses or brackets) unless it is obvious from the context.

Acts of Parliament should usually be cited only in parenthetical citations or in the text. Include a specific act in your reference list only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited. Identify acts by title, date, and chapter number (arabic numeral for national number, lowercase roman for local). Acts from before 1963 are cited by regnal year and monarch’s name (abbreviated) and ordinal (arabic numeral).

P: (Act of Settlement 1701, 12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2)

(Consolidated Fund Act 1963, chap. 1 [United Kingdom])

(Manchester Corporation Act 1967, chap. xl)

Most British legal cases can be found in the applicable report in the Law Reports, among these the Appeal Cases (AC), Queen’s (King’s) Bench (QB, KB), Chancery (Ch.), Family (Fam.), and Probate (P.) reports. Until recently, the courts of highest appeal in the United Kingdom (except for criminal cases in Scotland) had been the House of Lords (HL) and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC). In 2005, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (UKSC) was established.

Include the name of the case, in italics (cases involving the Crown refer to Rex or Regina); the date, in parentheses; the volume number (if any) and abbreviated name of the reporter; and the opening page of the decision. If the court is not apparent from the name of the reporter, or if the jurisdiction is not clear from context, include either or both, as necessary, in parentheses.

R: Regina v. Dudley and Stephens. (1884) 14 QBD 273 (DC).

Regal (Hastings) Ltd. v. Gulliver and Ors. (1967) 2 AC 134 (HL) (Eng.).

NML Capital Limited (Appellant) v. Republic of Argentina (Respondent). (2011) UKSC 31.

19.9.11 Publications of International Bodies

Documents published by international bodies such as the United Nations can be cited much like books. Identify the authorizing body (and any author or editor), the date, the topic or title of the document, and the publisher or place of publication (or both). Also include any series or other identifying publication information.

R: League of Arab States and United Nations. 2010. The Third Arab Report on the Millennium Development Goals 2010 and the Impact of the Global Economic Crises. Beirut: Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia.

United Nations General Assembly. 2010. Report of the Governing Council / Global Ministerial Environment Forum on the Work of Its Eleventh Special Session. Official Records, 65th sess., supplement no. 25, A/65/25. New York: UN.

P: (League of Arab States and United Nations 2010, 82)

(UN General Assembly 2010)

19.9.12 Unpublished Government Documents

If you cite unpublished government documents, follow the patterns given for unpublished manuscripts in 19.6.4.

Most unpublished documents of the US government are housed in the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Washington, DC, or in one of its branches. Cite them all, including films, photographs, and sound recordings as well as written materials, by record group (RG) number.

The comparable institution for unpublished Canadian government documents is the Library and Archives Canada (LAC) in Ottawa, Ontario. The United Kingdom has a number of depositories of unpublished government documents, most notably the National Archives (NA) and the British Library (BL), both in London.

19.9.13 Online Public Documents

To cite online public documents, follow the relevant examples presented elsewhere in 19.9. In addition, include the date you accessed the material and a URL. For items obtained through a commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. See 15.4.1 for more details. Note that databases for legal cases may mark page (screen) divisions with an asterisk. These should be retained in specific references (see also 19.9.7).

R: US Congress. House of Representatives. Select Committee on Homeland Security. 2002. Homeland Security Act of 2002. 107th Cong., 2d sess. HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1. Accessed September 8, 2011. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-107hrpt609/pdf/CRPT-107hrpt609-pt1.pdf.

United Nations Security Council. 2011. Resolution 2002. July 29. Accessed October 10, 2011. http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm.

McNamee v. Department of the Treasury. 488 F.3d 100, *3 (2d Cir. 2007). Accessed September 25, 2011. LexisNexis Academic.

19.10 One Source Quoted in Another

Responsible researchers avoid repeating quotations that they have not actually seen in the original. If one source includes a useful quotation from another source, readers expect you to obtain the original to verify not only that the quotation is accurate but also that it fairly represents what the original meant.

If the original source is unavailable, however, cite it as “quoted in” the secondary source in your reference list. In a parenthetical citation, give only the name of the original author.

R: Zukofsky, Louis. 1931. “Sincerity and Objectification.” Poetry 37 (February): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).

P: (Zukofsky 1931, 269)

The same situation may arise with a quotation you find in a secondary source drawn from a primary source (see 3.1.1). Often, you will not be able to consult the primary source, especially if it is in an unpublished manuscript collection. In this case, follow the principles outlined above.