Endnoten Einleitung: Abgefuckte Dystopie
1 www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=36&v=cQ54GDm1eL0&feature=emb_logo
2 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/10/08/mh17-the-open-source-evidence/
3 Jahresbericht des Geheimdienst- und Sicherheitsausschusses des britischen Unterhauses, 2016–2017 (HMSO, 2017), Seite 52, https://sites.google.com/a/independent.gov.uk/isc/files/2016-2017_ISC_AR.pdf?attredirects=1
4 Digital Forensic Research Lab, ›Question That: RT’s Military Mission‹, https://medium.com/dfrlab/question-that-rts-military-mission-4c4bd9f72c88
5 Darrell Etherington, ›People now watch 1 billion hours of YouTube hours per day‹, techcrunch.com, 28. Februar 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/28/people-now-watch-1-billion-hours-of-youtube-per-day/
6 ›»More than 90%« of Russian airstrikes in Syria have not targeted Isis, US says‹, The Guardian, 7. Oktober 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/07/russia-airstrikes-syria-not-targetting-isis
7 Lizzie Dearden, ›Russia and Syria »weaponising« refugee crisis to destabilise Europe, Nato commando claims‹, The Independent, 3. März 2016, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-and-syria-weaponising-refugee-crisis-todestabilise-europe-nato-commander-claims-a6909241.html
8 Henri Neurendorf, ›Ai Weiwei commemorates drowned refugees with public installation during Berlin Film Festival‹, artnet news, 15. Februar 2016, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ai-weiwei-life-jackets-installation-berlin-427247
9 Todd Bensen, ›What terrorist migration over European borders can teach about American border security‹, Report for the Center for Immigration Studies, 6. November 2019, https://cis.org/Report/Terrorist-Migration-Over-European-Borders
10 Stefan Meister, ›Der Fall »Lisa«: Eine Chronik russischer Einflussnahme‹, https://reportage.mdr.de/schattenkrieg#5004
11 Ben Knight, ›Teenage girl admits making up migrant rape claim that outraged Germany‹, The Guardian, 31. Januar 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/31/teenage-girl-made-up-migrant-claim-that-caused-uproar-in-germany
12 Adrienne Klasa, Valerie Hopkins, Guy Chazan, Henry Foy und Miles Johnson, ›Russia’s long arm reaches to the right in Europe‹, Financial Times, 23. Mai 2019, www.ft.com/content/48c4bfa6-7ca2-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560
13 BBC News, ›Russian hackers »target« presidential candidate Macron‹, www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-39705062
14 https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/dark-money-investigations/truly-project-hate-third-scandal-of-official-vote-leave-campaign-headed-by-/
Endnoten Kapitel 1 : r/deepfakes
1 Michael Waters, ›The great lengths taken to make Abraham Lincoln look good in portraits‹, Atlas Obscura, 12. Juli 2017, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/abraham-lincoln-photos-edited
2 Peter Eaves, ›Traces of human tragedy: the David King collection‹, Tate Research Feature, Juli 2018, www.tate.org.uk/research/features/human-tragedy-david-king-collection
3 Ebd.
4 Eryn J Newman et al., ›Truthiness and falsiness of trivia claims depend on judgmental contexts‹, https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/25450/1/Truthiness_and_falsiness_of_trivia_claims_depend_on_judgmental_contexts.pdf
5 Chris Evangelista, ›Martin Scorsese is obsessing over the »youthification« CGI in »The Irishman«, www.slashfilm.com/the-irishman-cgi/
6 Matt Miller, ›Some deepfaker on YouTube spent seven days fixing the shitty de-aging in The Irishman‹, Esquire, 7. Januar 2020, www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a30432647/deepfake-youtube-video-fixes-the-irishman-de-aging/
7 www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=238&v=dyRvbFhknRc&feature=emb_logo
8 Samantha Cole, ›AI-assisted fake porn is here and we’re all fucked‹, vice.com, 11. Dezember 2017, www.vice.com/en_us/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn
9 www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqzE6NOTM0g
10 www.youtube.com/watch?v=2svOtXaD3gg&t=194s
11 www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OqMkZNHWPo&feature=emb_title
12 Giorgio Patrini, ›Mapping the deepfake landscape‹, deeptracelabs.com, 7. Oktober 2019, https://medium.com/sensity/mapping-the-deepfake-landscape-27cb809e98bc
14 Drew Harwell, ›Scarlett Johansson on fake AI-generated sex videos: »Nothing can stop someone from cutting and pasting my image«‹, Washington Post, 31. Dezember 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/12/31/scarlett-johansson-fake-ai-generated-sex-videos-nothing-can-stop-someone-cutting-pasting-my-image/
15 www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxlPCLRfk8U
16 ›AI creates fashion models with custom outfits and poses‹, Synced, 29. August 2019, https://syncedreview.com/2019/08/29/ai-creates-fashion-models-with-custom-outfits-and-poses/
17 www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzOVqClci_s
18 Tiffany Hsu, ›An ESPN commercial hints at advertising’s deepfake future‹, The New York Times, 22. April 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/business/media/espn-kenny-mayne-state-farm-commercial.html
Endnoten Kapitel 2 : Russland: Ein routinierter Profi
1 www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX3EZCVj2XA
2 Charles Dervarics, ›Conspiracy beliefs may be hindering HIV prevention among African Americans‹, prb.org, 1. Februar 2005, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23010941/
3 Reuters, ›Factbox: U.S. intel report on Russian cyber attacks in 2016 election‹, 6. Januar 2016, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-cyber-intel-factbox/factbox-u-s-intel-report-on-russian-cyber-attacks-in-2016-election-idUSKBN14Q2HH
4 Ebd.
5 US-Sonderermittler Robert S. Mueller, III, Report on the Investigation Into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , vol. 1 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2019), www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf
6 Ebd., S. 14.
7 Ebd., S. 24-5.
8 Department of Defense and Joint Chief of Staff, Russian Strategic Intentions, A Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) White Paper, May 2019, https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016b-a5a1-d241-adff-fdf908e00001
9 https://intelligence.house.gov/social-media-content/social-media-advertisements.htm
10 Politico Staff, ›The social media ads Russia wanted Americans to see‹, Politico, 1. November 2017, www.politico.com/story/2017/11/01/social-media-ads-russia-wanted-americans-to-see-244423
11 Mueller, Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, S. 29
12 Ebd., S. 31.
13 Ali Breland, ›Thousands attended protest organized by Russians on Facebook‹, The Hill, 31. Oktober 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/technology/358025-thousands-attended-protest-organized-by-russians-on-facebook (Link nicht mehr aktiv)
14 http://web.archive.org/web/20161113035441/https:/www.facebook.com/events/535931469910916/
15 Sam Harris, ›#145 – The information war; A Conversation with Renée DiResta‹, Podcast, 2. Januar 2019, https://samharris.org/podcasts/145-information-war/
16 Josh Hafner, ›Army of Jesus‹? How Russia messed with Americans online, USA Today, 15. Dezember 2019, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/11/01/onpolitics-today-army-jesus-how-russia-messed-americans-online/823842001/
17 Ebd.
18 Joan Donavan, ›How memes got weaponized: a short history‹, MIT Technology Review, 24. Oktober 2019, www.technologyreview.com/s/614572/political-war-memes-disinformation/
19 Philip N. Howard, Bharath Ganesh, Dimitra Liotsiou, John Kelly und Camille François, ›The IRA, Social media and political polarization in the United States, 2012–2018‹, Working Paper 2018.2. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda. comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk
20 https://graphika.com/uploads/Graphika_Report_IRA_in_Ghana_Double_Deceit.pdf
21 Ebd.
22 Ebd.
23 Ebd.
24 Ebd.
25 Howard et al., ›The IRA, social media and political polarization in the United States, 2012–2018‹
26 Bryan Bender, ›Russia beating U.S. in race for global influence, Pentagon study says‹, Politico, 30. Juni 2019, www.politico.com/story/2019/06/30/pentagon-russia-influence-putin-trump-1535243?nname=playbook&nid=0000014f-1646-d88f-a1cf-5f46b7bd0000&nrid=0000016a-d0df-db42-ad6e-fedfc07f0000&nlid=630318
27 Andrew Desiderio und Kyle Cheney, ›Mueller refutes Trump’s »no collusion, no obstruction« line‹, politico.eu, 24. Juli 2019, www.politico.eu/article/mueller-refutes-trumps-no-collusion-no-obstruction-line/
28 www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiaMIudqL1A
29 Bryan Bender, ›Russia beating U.S. in race for global influence, Pentagon study says‹, siehe Endnote 59.
30 Samantha Bradshaw und Philip N. Howard, ›The global disinformation order: 2019 global inventory of organised social media manipulation‹, Working Paper 2019.3. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda. comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk
31 Jacob N. Shapiro, ›Trends in online foreign influence efforts‹, Empirical Studies of Conflict, 2019, https://esoc.princeton.edu/publications/trends-online-influence-efforts
Endnoten Kapitel 3 : Der Westen: Bedrohung aus dem Inneren
1 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2020/leaderless-struggle-democracy
2 www.allianceofdemocracies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Democracy-Perception-Index-2018-1.pdf
3 Meghan Keneally, ›Donald Trump’s history of raising birther questions about President Obama‹, ABC News, 18. September 2015, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-history-raising-birther-questions-president-obama/story?id=33861832
4 Glenn Kessler und Scott Clement, ›Trump routinely says things that aren’t true. Few Americans believe him‹, Washington Post, 14. Dezember 2018, abrufbar unter www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/politics/political-knowledge-poll-trump-falsehoods/
5 ›Public trust in government, 1958–2019‹, Pew Research Center, 11. April 2019, www.people-press.org/2019/04/11/public-trust-in-government-1958-2019/
6 Aus Trumps Rede zur Bekanntgabe seiner Kandidatur von 2015; der vollständige Wortlaut ist abrufbar unter https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
7 www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-may-2020/
8 Michael M. Grynbaum, ›Trump’s briefings are a ratings hit. Should networks cover them live?‹, The New York Times, 25. März 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/business/media/trump-coronavirus-briefings-ratings.html
9 Matthias Lüfkens, ›Hillary Clinton v Donald Trump: who’s winning on Twitter?‹, weforum.com, 2. August 2016, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/hillary-clinton-or-donald-trump-winning-on-twitter/
10 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
11 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
12 Manuela Tobias, ›Fact-checking distorted video Sarah Sanders used to bar a CNN White House reporter‹, Politifact, 8. November 2018, www.politifact.com/article/2018/nov/08/fact-checking-misleading-video-sarah-sanders-used-/
13 Joanna Walters, ›Jim Acosta: White House backs down in fight over CNN reporter’s pass‹, The Guardian, 19. November 2018, www.theguardian.com/media/2018/nov/19/jim-acosta-white-house-press-pass-trump-administration-suspend-letter
14 Makena Kelly, ›Trump tests disinformation policies with new Pelosi video‹, The Verge, 7. Februar 2020, www.theverge.com/2020/2/7/21128317/nancy-pelosi-donald-trump-disinformation-policy-video-state-of-the-untion
15 Fact Check 17856, ›The Fact Checker’s ongoing database of the false or misleading claims made by President Trump since assuming office‹, Washington Post, 29. Mai 2020, http://wapo.st/trumpclaimsdb?claim=18486
16 https://twitter.com/SilERabbit/status/1254551597465518082?s=20
17 Katherine Schaeffer, ›Far more Americans see »very strong« partisan conflicts now than in the last two presidential election years‹, Facttank, 4. März 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/04/far-more-americans-see-very-strong-partisan-conflicts-now-than-in-the-last-two-presidential-election-years/
18 Siehe Jennifer Mercieca, Demagogue for President: The Rhetorical Genius of Donald Trump (Texas A&M University Press, 2020).
19 Shayanne Gal und Mariana Alfaro, ›30 of Trump’s most famous quotes since becoming president‹, Business Insider, 11. Januar 2019, www.businessinsider.com/trump-quotes-since-becoming-president-2018-6?r=US&IR=T
20 Fact Check 17639, ›The Fact Checker’s ongoing database of the false or misleading claims made by President Trump since assuming office‹, Washington Post, 29. Mai 2020, http://wapo.st/trumpclaimsdb?claim=17939
21 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
22 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
23 Oliver Darcy, ›Trump viciously attacks NBC News reporter in extended rant after being asked for message to Americans worried about coronavirus‹, CNN News, 21. März 2020, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/20/media/trump-rant-at-nbc-news-peter-alexander/index.html
24 Morgan Chalfant, ›White House defends Trump’s »human scum« remark‹, The Hill, 24. Oktober 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/467260-white-house-defends-trumps-human-scum-remark
25 ›George Floyd death homicide, official post-mortem declares‹, BBC News, 2. Juni 2020, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-52886593
26 Monica Rhor, ›Rhor: George Floyd’s last words speak truth of black life in America. Are we listening?‹ Houston Chronicle, 28. Mai 2020, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Rhor-Floyd-s-last-words-speak-truth-of-black-15302050.php
27 https://twitter.com/joshscampbell/status/1266805337652449283 (Link nicht mehr aktiv)
28 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
29 Michael S. Rosenwald, ›»When the looting starts, the shooting starts«: Trump quotes Miami police chief’s notorious 1967 warning‹, Washington Post, 29. Mai 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/05/29/when-the-looting-starts-the-shooting-starts-trump-walter-headley/
30 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
31 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
32 https://www.thetrumparchive.com
33 Matt Zapotosky, ›Trump threatens military action to quell protests, and the law would let him do it‹, Washington Post, 2. Juni 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/can-trump-use-military-to-stop-protests-insurrection-act/2020/06/01/c3724380-a46b-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html
34 Ebd.
35 Craig Timberg, Tony Romm, Aaron C. Davis and Elizabeth Dwoskin, ›Secret campaign to use Russian-inspired tactics in 2017 Ala. Election stirs anxiety for Democrats‹, Washington Post, 6. Juni 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/secret-campaign-to-use-russian-inspired-tactics-in-2017-alabama-election-stirs-anxiety-for-democrats/2019/01/06/58803f26-0400-11e9-8186-4ec26a485713_story.html
36 www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor-may-2020/
37 https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/
Endnoten Kapitel 4 : Der Rest: Weltweites Informationschaos
1 www.statista.com/statistics/883751/myanmar-social-media-penetration/
2 Timothy McLaughlin, ›How Facebook’s rise fueled chaos and confusion in Myanmar‹, Wired, 7. Juni 2018, www.wired.com/story/how-facebooks-rise-fueled-chaos-and-confusion-in-myanmar/
3 www.hrw.org/tag/rohingya-crisis
4 Julia Carrie Wong, ›»Overreacting to failure«: Facebook’s new Myanmar strategy baffles local activists‹, The Guardian, 7. Februar 2019, www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/07/facebook-myanmar-genocide-violence-hate-speech
5 Elyse Samuels, ›How misinformation on WhatsApp led to a mob killing in India‹, Washington Post, 21. Februar 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/21/how-misinformation-whatsapp-led-deathly-mob-lynching-india/
6 www.witness.org/witness-deepfakes-prepare-yourself-now-report-launched/
7 Corin Faife, ›In Africa, fear of state violence informs deepfake threat‹, WITNESS blog, 9. Dezember 2019, https://blog.witness.org/2019/12/africa-fear-state-violence-informs-deepfake-threat/
8 Rana Ayyub, Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover-up (CreateSpace, 2016)
9 www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/14/new-india-gujarat-massacre
10 Rana Ayyub, ›I was the victim of a deepfake porn plot intended to silence me‹, blog, HuffPost, UK Edition, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/deepfake-porn_uk_5bf2c126e4b0f32bd58ba316
11 Ebd.
12 Ebd.
13 Leanne de Bassompierre, ›Gabon’s President Bongo had a stroke, AFP says, citing Moussavou‹, bloomberg.com, 9. Dezember 2018, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-09/gabon-s-president-bongo-had-a-stroke-afp-says-citing-moussavou
14 www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5vzKs4z1dc
15 Sarah Cahian, ›How misinformation helped spark an attempted coup in Gabon‹, Washington Post, 13. Februar 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/13/how-sick-president-suspect-video-helped-sparked-an-attempted-coup-gabon/
16 Ali Breland, ›The bizarre and terrifying case of the »deepfake« video that helped bring an African nation to the brink‹, MotherJones, 15. März 2019, www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/03/deepfake-gabon-ali-bongo/
17 Sarah Cahian, ›How misinformation helped spark an attempted coup in Gabon‹, Washington Post, 13. Februar 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/13/how-sick-president-suspect-video-helped-sparked-an-attempted-coup-gabon/
18 www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5vzKs4z1dc
19 Tashny Sukumaran, ›Malaysia’s Azmin Ali sex scandal: minister’s aide asked me to lie, says Haziq Abdul Aziz, who claims he is the other man in viral video‹, scmp.com, 13. Juni 2019, www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3014355/malaysias-azmin-ali-sex-scandal-ministers-aide-asked-me-lie-says
20 Philip Golingai, ›Is it Azmin or a deepfake?‹, The Star, 15. Juni 2019, www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/one-mans-meat/2019/06/15/is-it-azmin-or-a-deepfake
Endnoten Kapitel 5 : Deep Fakes in freier Wildbahn
1 Harriet Johnston, ›»Vulnerable« Prince Harry »stands by« what he said in phone calls with Russian pranksters posing as Greta Thunberg and her father, but still feels »violated«, royal expert claims‹, Daily Mail, 17. März 2020, www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-8120967/Prince-Harry-stands-said-prank-phone-calls-felt-violated-royal-expert-claims.html
2 Jonathan Shen and Ruoming Pang, ›Tacotron 2: generating human-like speech from text‹, Google AI Blog, 19. Dezember 2017, https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/12/tacotron-2-generating-human-like-speech.html
3 https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/navy-seal-copypasta
4 www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBUDyntqcUY
5 www.youtube.com/watch?v=drirw-XvzzQ
6 www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk89hEhst88
7 Matt Novak, ›Make Jordan Peterson say anything you want with this spooky audio generator‹, Gizmodo, 16. August 2019, https://gizmodo.com/make-jordan-peterson-say-anything-you-want-with-thissp-1837306431
8 Valerie Solanas, Manifest der Gesellschaft zur Vernichtung der Männer. SCUM, März Verlag, Darmstadt 1969; Das Original: Valerie Solanas, ›The SCUM Manifesto‹, 1968, https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/shivers/rants/scum.html
9 Jordan Peterson, ›The deepfake artists must be stopped before we no longer know what’s real‹, National Post, 23. August 2019, https://nationalpost.com/opinion/jordan-peterson-deep-fake
10 Ebd.
11 Catherine Stupp, ›Fraudsters used AI to mimic CEO’s voice in unusual cybercrime case‹, The Wall Street Journal, 30. August 2019, abrufbar unter www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402
12 www.crowe.com/global/news/fraud-costs-the-global-economy-over-us$5-trillion
13 https://www.descript.com/lyrebird-ai
14 https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.mediapost.com/uploads/EconomicCostOfFakeNews.pdf
15 Damit hatte Tesla einen höheren Marktwert als die beiden anderen großen US-amerikanischen Autohersteller (Ford und General Motors) zusammen. Sowohl bei Ford als auch bei GM liefen in den USA 2019 mindestens zwei Millionen Autos vom Band, wohingegen Tesla nur 360 000 auf den Markt brachte.
16 Richard Henderson, ›Tesla short sellers take further hit in battle with Elon Musk‹, Financial Times, 3. Februar 2020, abrufbar unter www.ft.com/content/32c9c8c4-4478-11ea-a43a-c4b328d9061c
17 Ebd.
18 Russell Hotten, ›Elon Musk tweet wipes $14bn off Tesla’s value‹, BBC News, 1. Mai 2020, www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52504187
19 Craig Silverman, Jane Lytvynenko and William Kung, ›Disinformation for hire: how a new breed of PR firms is selling lies online‹, BuzzFeed News, 6. Januar 2020, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/disinformation-for-hire-black-pr-firms
20 www.ted.com/speakers/noelle_martin
21 Samantha Cole, ›This horrifying app undresses a photo of any woman with a single click‹, Vice, 26. Juni 2019, www.vice.com/en_us/article/kzm59x/deepnude-app-creates-fake-nudes-of-any-woman
22 Giorgio Patrini, ›Mapping the deepfake landscape‹, deeptracelabs.com, 7. Oktober 2019, https://medium.com/sensity/mapping-the-deepfake-landscape-27cb809e98bc
23 Ian Sample, ›Internet »is not working for women and girls«, says Berners-Lee‹, The Guardian, 12. März 2020, www.theguardian.com/global/2020/mar/12/internet-not-working-women-girls-tim-berners-lee
24 https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/press-release
25 https://dcpizzagate.wordpress.com/2016/11/07/first-blog-post/
26 Ebd.
27 Burt Helm, ›Pizzagate nearly destroyed my restaurant. Then my customers helped me fight back‹, Inc., Juli/August 2017, www.inc.com/magazine/201707/burt-helm/how-i-did-it-james-alefantis-comet-ping-pong.html
28 Ebd.
Endnoten Kapitel 6 : Covid-19: Ein globales Virus
1 Veronika Melkozerova and Oksana Parafeniuk, ›How coronavirus disinformation caused chaos in a small Ukrainian town‹, NBC News, 3. März 2020, www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-coronavirus-disinformation-caused-chaos-small-ukrainian-town-n1146936
2 Andrew Green, ›Obituary: Li Wenliang‹, The Lancet, 395.10225 (18. Februar 2020), www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30382-2/fulltext
3 ›He warned of coronavirus. Here’s what he told us before he died‹, The New York Times, 7. Februar 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/02/07/world/asia/Li-Wenliang-china-coronavirus.html
4 ›Chinese «disinformation« on coronavirus costing lives, say MPs‹ PoliticsHome, 6. April 2020, www.politicshome.com/news/article/chinese-disinformation-on-coronavirus-costing-lives-say-mps
5 Ebd.
6 www.facebook.com/XinhuaUK/posts/1594877697326136?__tn__=-R
7 ›Chinese »disinformation « on coronavirus costing lives, say MPs‹, PoliticsHome, 6. April 2020, www.politicshome.com/news/article/chinese-disinformation-on-coronavirus-costing-lives-say-mps
8 Julian E. Barnes, Matthew Rosenberg and Edward Wong, ›As virus spreads, China and Russia see openings for disinformation‹, The New York Times, 28. März 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/politics/china-russia-coronavirus-disinformation.html
9 Agence France-Presse, »Might be US Army who brought virus epidemic to Wuhan«: Chinese official‹, ndtv.com, 13. März 2020, www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-army-mayhave-brought-coronavirus-into-china-claims-official-zhao-lijian-2194096
10 Oliver Milman, ›Trump administration cut pandemic early warning program in September‹, 3. April 2020, The Guardian, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/trump-scrapped-pandemic-early-warning-program-system-before-coronavirus
11 Luciana Borio and Scott Gottlieb, ›Stop a U.S. coronavirus outbreak before it starts‹, The Wall Street Journal, 4. Februar 2020, www.wsj.com/articles/stop-a-u-s-coronavirus-outbreak-before-it-starts-11580859525
12 Bethania Palma, ›Did President Trump refer to the coronavirus as a «hoax«?‹, Snopes.com, 2. März 2020, www.snopes.com/fact-check/trump-coronavirus-rally-remark/
13 https://therecount.com/watch/trump-coronavirus-calendar/2645515793
14 www.youtube.com/watch?v=33QdTOyXz3w
15 Kate O’Keeffe, Michael C. Bender and Chun Han Wong, ›Coronavirus casts deep chill over U.S.–China relations‹, The Wall Street Journal, 6. Mai 2020, www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-casts-deep-chill-over-u-s-china-relations-11588781420?mod=hp_lead_pos12
16 Alison Rourke and Lily Kuo, ›Trump claims China will «do anything« to stop his reelection as coronavirus row escalates‹, The Guardian, 30. April 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/30/trump-claims-china-will-do-anything-to-stop-his-re-election-as-coronavirus-row-escalates
17 Mark Mazzetti, Julian E. Barnes, Edward Wong and Adam Goldman, ›Trump officials are said to press spies to link virus and Wuhan labs‹, The New York Times, 30. April 2020, abrufbar unter www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/us/politics/trump-administration-intelligence-coronavirus-china.html
18 Andrew Romano, ›New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts‹, Yahoo News, 22. Mai 2020, https://news.yahoo.com/new-yahoo-news-you-gov-poll-shows-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-spreading-on-the-right-may-hamper-vaccine-efforts-152843610.html
19 ›Covid-19: the psychology of conspiracy theories‹, The Guardian podcast, mit Ian Sample, www.theguardian.com/science/audio/2020/may/05/covid-19-the-psychology-of-conspiracy-theories
20 Andrew Romano, ›New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts‹, siehe Endnote 18
21 Patrick Clarke, ›M.I.A. clears up her stance on vaccinations following Twitter backlash‹, NME, 3. April 2020, www.nme.com/news/music/m-i-a-clears-up-stancevaccinations-following-twitter-backlash-2640812
22 Reuters, ›Novak Đoković’s anti-vaccination stance may stop his return to tennis‹, The Guardian, 20. April 2020, www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/apr/19/novak-djokovic-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-tennis
23 James Temperton, ›The 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory just took a really dark turn‹, Wired, 7. Mai 2020, www.wired.co.uk/article/5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-attacks
24 ›XR Belgium posts deepfake of Belgian premier linking Covid-19 with climate crisis‹, The Brussels Times, 14. April 2020, www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgiumall-news/politics/106320/xr-belgium-posts-deepfake-of-belgian-premier-linking-covid-19-with-climate-crisis/
25 www.facebook.com/watch/ExtinctionRebellionBE/
26 Gideon Rachman, ›Jair Bolsanaro’s populism is leading Brazil to disaster‹, Financial Times, 25. Mai 2020, www.ft.com/content/c39fadfe-9e60-11ea-b65d-489c67b0d85d
27 https://mrc-ide.github.io/covid19-short-term-forecasts/index.html
28 ›Editorial: COVID-19 in Brazil: »So what?«’, The Lancet 395.10235 (9. Mai 2020), www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31095-3/fulltext
29 Alexander Baunov, ›Where is Russia’s strongman in the coronavirus crisis?‹, Foreign Affairs, 27. Mai 2020, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2020-05-27/where-russias-strongman-coronavirus-crisis
30 www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2020/Global-operation-sees-a-rise-in-fake-medical-products-related-to-COVID-19
Endnoten Kapitel 7 : Gleichgesinnte, vereinigt euch!
3 www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/
4 First Draft News, First Draft’s Essential Guide to Newsgathering and Monitoring on the Social Web (Oktober 2019), abrufbar unter https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Newsgathering_and_Monitoring_Digital_AW3.pdf?x14487
5 https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/partnership-on-ai-first-draft-begin-investigating-labels-for-manipulated-media/
6 https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/about-reuters-institute
9 https://faculty.ai/ourwork/identifying-online-daesh-propaganda-with-ai/
10 Ebd.
11 www.darpa.mil/program/media-forensics
12 www.kaggle.com/c/deepfake-detection-challenge/overview/description
13 https://jigsaw.google.com/issues/
14 www.newsprovenanceproject.com/about-npp
15 Hanaa’ Tameez, ›Here’s how The New York Times tested blockchain to help you identify faked photos on your timeline‹, niemanlab.org, 22. Januar 2020, www.niemanlab.org/2020/01/heres-how-the-new-york-times-tested-blockchain-to-help-you-identify-faked-photos-on-your-timeline/
16 David Smith, ›Trump signs executive order to narrow protections for social media platforms‹, The Guardian, 29. Mai 2020, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/28/donald-trump-social-media-executive-order-twitter
17 Charles Duan and Jeffrey Westling, ›Will Trump’s executive order harm online speech? It already did‹, Lawfare, 1. Juni 2020, www.lawfareblog.com/will-trumps-executive-order-harm-online-speech-it-already-did
18 Ron Miller, ›IBM unveils blockchain as a service based on open source Hyperledger Fabric technology‹, techcrunch.com, 20. März 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/19/ibm-unveils-blockchain-as-a-service-based-on-open-source-hyperledger-fabric-technology/
19 Kathryn Harrison, ›Deepfakes and the Deep Trust Alliance‹, www.womeninidentity.com, 5. November 2019, https://womeninidentity.org/2019/11/05/kathryn-harrison-deepfakes-deep-trust-alliance/
20 ›National security concept of Estonia‹, verabschiedet vom Riigikogu [Parlament Estlands], 12. Mai 2010 (inoffizielle Übersetzung), www.eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/documents/estonia---national-security-concept-of-estonia-2010.pdf
Endnoten Nachwort der Autorin zur deutschsprachigen Ausgabe 2021
1 https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ICA-declass-16MAR21.pdf
2 Ebd.
3 https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/09/republicans-free-fair-elections-435488?nname=politico-nightly&nid=00000170-c000-da87-af78-e185fa700000&nrid=0000014e-f10a-dd93-ad7f-f90f318e0001&nlid=2670445
4 https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-timeline-of-what-donald-trump-said-before-the-capitol-riot/
5 https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6
6 https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6
7 https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/13/us/man-vice-president-chair-capitol-riot-trnd/index.html
8 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-55606044
9 https://www.justsecurity.org/74138/incitement-timeline-year-of-trumps-actions-leading-to-the-attack-on-the-capitol/
10 https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/manipulated-media-examining-californias-deepfake-bill
11 https://www.scribd.com/document/466704758/GF-is-Dead-a-Citizens-Investigative-Report-Redacted
12 https://www.newsweek.com/gop-candidate-says-george-floyd-video-fake-that-tv-host-portrayed-chauvin-1513282