Index
Adams, John, 11, 12, 22, 29, 35, 37, 60, 187
Adams, Samuel: British threat to person of, 41, 45; chiding of Revere for military ambition, 61; First Continental Congress, 60; planning for Penobscot Expedition, 86; request for Continental reinforcements, 120; Revere’s warning before Lexington battle, 50, 51, 56; and Sons of Liberty, 19; state Constitution role, 187, 200–201; on Sugar Act, 13; and Tea Party, 35, 36–37; U.S. Constitution ratification debate, 217–18; warning to Lovell on British naval threat, 94
American ground forces. See militia units
American Indians, 81, 92–93, 143–44, 152, 154
American naval force, Penobscot Expedition: accounts of leadership of, 167–68; arrival at Majabigwaduce, 94; call for new artillery across from Mowat, 116; defeat of, 130–31; deployment, 82–83, 92; extended bombardment exchange, 112–13; panic and loss of, 139–40, 151. See also Continental Navy; Saltonstall, Commodore Dudley
American Revolution. See Lexington, Battle of; Penobscot Expedition
Ames, Fisher, 218
anti-smuggling laws, 11, 15, 24
artillery and artillery units. See Massachusetts Artillery Train
Ashley, John Jr., 205
Bailyn, Bernard, 25
Banks Island. See Nautilus Island
Battle, Ebenezer, 205
bell casting career, Revere’s, 219
Bennington, Battle of, 64–65
Bentley, Joshua, 47
Bernard, Francis, 11, 22, 23, 25
Billeting Act, 26
Black Prince (privateer), 83, 140
Blonde, HMS, 130
Boston: British evacuation from, xi–xii; British military occupation of, 24–40; Committee of Correspondence, xii, 32, 33, 36–37, 42; Continental Army’s departure from, xiii; effect of news of Penobscot disaster, 148–49; Jackson’s unit’s arrival in Boston, 123; mid-eighteenth century profile, 1–2; political tensions prior to Lexington and Concord, 42; Revere family move out of, 59; Revere’s return after Expedition, 152; Saltonstall and public opinion, 149, 155; as source for troops for Expedition, 82; trade restriction effects on, 11, 15
Boston Gazette, 19, 23, 29–30, 210–11
Boston Massacre, 28–32
Boston Port Bill, 37
Boston Tea Party, 34–37, 38–39, 199
boycott of British goods, 17, 27, 33–35, 34
Brewer, Col. John, 85, 95, 96–97, 146
British forces: anticipation of attack at Majabigwaduce, 95; celebration at Fort George, 145; Concord expedition, 44–46, 50, 53, 54–58; economic consequences of Maine occupation, 180, 214; evacuation from Boston, xi–xii; occupation of Boston, 24–40; threat to Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 41–42, 45. See also Royal Army; Royal Navy
British outrage at Tea Party, 37
British Parliament. See Parliament
Brown, Capt. James, 136, 173, 182
Brown, Capt. Nathan, 166
Brown, Capt. Philip, 95, 113–14, 125, 139, 140
Buck, Col. Jonathan, 78, 80–81
Bunker Hill, Battle of, xi
Burbeck, William, xii, 61, 62, 153
Burgess, Samuel, 180
Burgoyne, Gen. John, 64
Burke, Capt. William, 134
Burt, Gideon, 205
business activities, Revere’s, 7, 26–27, 60, 218–19. See also goldsmith and engraving trades
Calef, John, 24, 71, 91, 94, 96, 107, 119, 145
Camilla, HMS, 130
Campbell, John, 75
Canceaux, HMS, 75–76
Carnes, Capt. John, 166–67
Carnes, Capt. Thomas J.: aspersions cast upon Revere’s character, 153–54; attempt to use Lovell to attack Revere, 177–78; charges against Revere, 156–59; on collaboration against Revere, 168; and cross-examination of Wadsworth, 172; post-Expedition life of, 215–16; public sparring with Revere in print, 211–12; as Revere’s enemy, 161; in Revere’s letter of defense, 182–83; testimony against Revere, 108, 109, 113, 173–74; testimony contrary to his account, 169, 173
Carnes, Mime, 216
Castle Island (formerly Castle William): collection of prisoners of war, 64–65; desertion epidemic, 67–68; history of, xii–xiii; leadership failure accusations against Revere, 153; morale, loss of, 64, 67–68; neglect of artillery unit at, xiii, 67; Newport expedition, 65; politics among officers, xiv, 68–69; repairs made to, 154; Revere’s duties and conduct, xii, xiii, 63–64, 80, 227–28n13; Revere’s relief of duty post-Expedition, 159; takeover by British, 31
casualties for Penobscot Expedition, 151, 246n48
Cathcart, Capt. John, 140, 168, 170
Charles River crossing, 47–48
Charlestown, 48–49
Charming Polly (privateer), 83
Charming Sally (privateer), 83
Church, Benjamin, 24
Clark, Elizabeth, 56
Clark, Jonas, 41–42, 50–51, 56
Clinton, Gen. Henry, 71–72, 89
Collier, Adm. George, 105, 120, 127, 129, 145
colonial support for Boston, general, 28–29, 37, 39
Committee of Correspondence, Boston, xii, 32, 33, 36–37, 42
committee of inquiry. See inquiry into Penobscot Expedition
Committee of Safety, 48, 59, 148
Concord expedition, British, 44–46, 50, 53, 54–58. See also Lexington, Battle of
Congress, U.S., reimbursement to Massachusetts, 217
Constitution, U.S., 217–18
constitutional conventions, Massachusetts, 186–87, 200–201, 257–58n4
Constitution—Old Ironsides, U.S.S., 219
Continental Army: bypassing of Revere for commission, xiv, 61, 62–63, 65–66; departure from Boston, xiii; Jackson’s unit, 121, 123, 150; reentering of Boston, xii; Washington’s activities, xii, 66, 82, 115, 197, 214, 227n13
Continental Congress, 60, 82, 156, 193, 197
Continental Navy: action taken against Majabigwaduce, 96; Diligent, 82, 125, 126, 139; plans for Penobscot Expedition, 81, 82, 85–86, 90; Providence, 82, 120; Warren, 82, 84, 85–86, 106–7, 136–37, 140. See also Saltonstall, Commodore Dudley
copper-rolling mill, 219
court-martial of Revere: judgment in, 208–9; proceedings, 205–9; and Proctor’s conflict of interest, 199–200; Revere’s crusade for, 190–91, 195–97, 198, 202–5; and Revere’s newspaper debate with enemies, 210–13; Revere’s satisfaction with judgment, 210
Crafts, Col. Thomas Jr., 63, 64, 65
Cross Island. See Nautilus Island
Crown Point expeditions, 5–6
Currency Act, 12
Cushing, Capt. Perez, 108, 110, 134, 147, 169–70, 172, 207
Cushing, Gen. Charles, 80–81, 205
Cushing, Seth, 205
Dartmouth, 35–36
Davis, Joshua, 168
Declaratory Act, 21
Defence (state brig), 130
Des Barres, J. F. W., 75
desertion epidemic among Castle Island soldiers, 67–68
Devens, Richard, 48–49
diary of Penobscot Expedition, Revere’s, 191–92
Diligent (Continental brig), 82, 125, 126, 139
Downe, Lt. William, 95
economy: American boycott of British goods, 17, 27, 33–35, 34; British embargo’s effect on Maine, 78; Congress’s reimbursement to Massachusetts, 217; effects of British occupation in Maine, 180, 214; financial burden of Expedition’s defeat, 151–52, 155–56; General Court’s petition for Congressional aid, 193, 197, 201, 217; post-Seven Years’ War malaise, 12–15; trade restrictions and taxes from Parliament, 10–13, 15, 16, 22
Eighty-second Regiment of Foot, Royal Army, 75
embargo by Britain, effect on Majabigwaduce, 78
engraving commissions, 23–24, 30, 39, 60, 201–2. See also goldsmith and engraving trades
Falmouth, Maine, 75–76
Farley, Maj. Gen. Michael, 165
Farmer, Maj. Capt. Edward, 205
Fennecy, Elizabeth (Mrs. T. J. Carnes), 216
Flood, Charles Bracelen, 73, 215
Forbes, Esther, xiv, 33, 48, 58, 59, 62, 200
Fort George, 91–92, 107–8, 110, 145, 215. See also Majabigwaduce
Fort Independence, xiii. See also Castle Island
Fort William Henry, 5
Fosdick, Thomas, 10
Foster, Thomas Wait, 192
Franklin, Benjamin, 16
Freemasonry, 8–9, 13, 26, 62–63, 199
French and Indian War, xii, 4–6
French Huguenots, 2
French support for New England, 66
Gage, Margaret (née Kemble), 44, 45, 235n14
Gage, Gen. Thomas, xi, 24–25, 38–39, 40, 41, 43–45, 59, 60–61
Galatea, HMS, 130
General Court of Massachusetts: constitutional conventions, 186–87, 200–201, 217–18; defined, xiii; objections to Townshend Acts, 22–23; petition for Congressional aid, 193, 197, 201, 217; planning of Expedition, 81–82; protest of Stamp Act, 17; provincial congress period, 17, 40–41, 57, 60–61; reconvening in Concord after Gage’s takeover of Boston, 40. See also court-martial of Revere; inquiry into Penobscot Expedition; Massachusetts Council
General Putnam (privateer), 90
Germain, Lord George, 71
Gerry, Elbridge, 193
goldsmith and engraving trades: contribution to Revere’s success, 27; decline of, 16; engraving commissions, 23–24, 30, 39, 60, 201–2; Revere’s cordial relations with Tory customers, 6, 26–27; Revere’s family history, 2, 3; Revere’s post-Expedition return to, 201–2, 217; Revere’s talent, 4, 6–7
Goold, Nathan, 102
Gray, Winthrop, 68
“Great Illumination, The,” 20
Green Dragon Tavern, 8, 21, 62
Greenleaf, Joseph, 198
Gridley, Richard, xii, 5, 61, 227–28n13
Hacker, Capt. Hoysteed, 120
Hall, Isaac, 49
Hallet, Capt. John Allen, 125, 167
Hancock, Dorothy (née Quincy), 50, 56
Hancock, John: and anti-smuggling laws, 24; British threat to person of, 41–42, 45; call for investigation, 160; on committee’s conclusions as to Revere’s conduct, 193–94; and court-martial for Revere, 198, 203, 204–5, 209; First Continental Congress, 60; inspection of Castle Island, 153; planning for Penobscot Expedition, 86; as provincial congress president, 40; Revere’s warning of British expedition, 50–51, 56
Hazard (state brig), 82, 95, 130
Henry, Patrick, 16
Hichborn, Deborah (Mrs. A. Rivoire) (mother), 2
Hill, Maj. Jeremiah, 85, 87, 92, 170
Hillsborough, Lord, 22–23
Hinkley, Capt. John, 101
Holmes, Capt. Alexander, 192
Holton, Samuel, 193
Howe, Gen. William, xi, xv
Hunter (privateer), 83, 100, 130
Hutchings, William, 70, 79, 93, 104
Hutchinson, Thomas, 11–12, 13, 17, 18, 29, 35, 38
impressment of soldiers and sailors for Penobscot Expedition, 85–86, 87
inquiry into Penobscot Expedition: appointment of committee, 160–61; call of witnesses, 162; examination of Revere’s role, 168–79; general conclusions of, 187–89, 190; Revere’s identification of friends and foes, 161–62; Revere’s letter of defense, 180–85; Saltonstall’s case, 163–64; specific ruling on Revere’s conduct, 191–94; testimony at, 164–79
Jackson, Col. Henry, 121, 123, 150
Jones, John Paul, 86
Kemble, Margaret (Mrs. T. Gage), 44, 45, 235n14
Knox, William, 71
Larkin, John, 48
leadership failures in Penobscot Expedition. See inquiry into Penobscot Expedition
legislature, Massachusetts. See General Court of Massachusetts
Lexington, Battle of, 55–58, 59
Liberty Bowl, 23
Liberty Tree, 17
Lillie, Theophilus, 27
Lincoln, Capt. Amos, 208
Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Benjamin, 203
Little, 1st Lt. George, 130, 136–38, 140, 141, 167–68
Little, Col. Moses, 165
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 93, 215, 220
Loring, Seth, 88
Lovell, Brig. Gen. Solomon: appointment to command Expedition, 87; call for reinforcements, 115; conduct and decisions at Majabigwaduce, 109, 124, 125, 162, 165–66, 188–89; consequences of caution, 104, 107–8, 110, 120–22; contemplation of political consequences, 135; Council’s attempt to locate after expedition, 149; deposition at inquiry, 165; French and Indian War service, 6; as ill fit for military command, 87, 93, 134–35; landing at Majabigwaduce, 95–96, 102; manpower challenge for, 92; negotiations with Indians, 92–93, 143–44, 154; post-expedition activities, 154–55; post-war life of, 216–17; retreat from Majabigwaduce, 126–28, 134, 137–39; Revere’s account of relationship with, 181; on Revere’s conduct, 110, 155, 176–79; Revere’s resentment of, 88, 161; and Saltonstall, 97, 114, 117–18, 119
Loyal Nine, 18
Maine: economic privations, 78, 180, 214; Expedition participants’ travel out of, 141–42; Falmouth, 75–76; strategic importance of, xv; Townsend, 92–93, 154–55; Wadsworth’s return after Expedition, 214. See also Majabigwaduce; militia units
Majabigwaduce: British occupation and defense of, xv, 70–79; layout of area, 73–74; Royal Navy expedition to rescue, 105, 114, 115–16, 120, 125–26, 127, 129–30. See also Penobscot Expedition
manpower challenge for Penobscot Expedition, 83–88, 89–90, 92, 165, 189
Marett, Lt. Phillip, 168
Massachusetts Artillery Train: Carnes’s testimony against conduct of, 173–74; contribution to Expedition force, 90, 100; French and Indian War, 5; Lovell’s attempt to rescue artillery from Samuel, 136; loyal to Revere, 161; Nautilus Island, 97–99, 107, 108–9, 128–29, 176; resentment of resigning officers toward Revere, 181; Revere’s commission and assignment to, xiii, 63; Revere’s leadership of, 80, 135; scope of command of island defenses, 66. See also Castle Island
Massachusetts Board of War, 82–83, 88
Massachusetts Constitution, 200–201
Massachusetts convention of 1768, 25
Massachusetts Council: appointment of inquiry committee, 160; and British naval threat to Expedition, 93–94; call of witnesses to inquiry committee, 162; and court-martial for Revere, 195–96; loss of face after Expedition, 151, 155–56; Murray’s plea for support from, 78–79; order to Revere to resume Castle Island command, 152; planning of Expedition, 80, 82–90; possible political reasons for focusing on Saltonstall, 163; and reduction of force confrontation at Castle Island, 68–69; response to failure of Expedition, 149; response to Lovell’s call for reinforcements, 120
Massachusetts Militia. See militia units
Massachusetts naval fleet, 151. See also American naval force
Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 17, 40–41, 57, 60–61
Mather, Cotton, 14
May, Lt. Col. John, 205
McCobb, Col. Samuel, 101–2, 170
McIntyer, Lt. Andrew, 169, 208
McLean, Brig. Gen. Francis: and American landing operation, 102–3, 104; anticipation of attack, xv, 89, 91–92; arrival and fortification at Majabigwaduce, 72–73, 74–75, 76–78, 79; attempt to intercept Lovell’s retreat, 127; buttressing of defenses, 112; capture of Wadsworth, 214; character of, 146; close coordination with Mowat, 119; demonstration of American artillery incompetence, 113; treatment of locals, 145–47; on victory over Americans, 141
metal-smithing. See goldsmith and engraving trades
military units, raising of Revolutionary, 61
militia units (Mass. and Maine): American capture of British redoubt, 106; colonial volunteers vs. British soldiers, 5; community protection call-up post-Expedition, 148; cooperation with British occupation in Maine, 78; joining of forces during Expedition, 92; landing at Majabigwaduce, 95–96, 100–104; loss of morale in delay of operations, 119, 120; massive desertions while waiting for action, 115; plan for attack upon Majabigwaduce, 99–100; recruitment for Expedition, 81–82, 85, 87; retreat from Majabigwaduce, 126–28, 131–32; Revere’s assignment to, 63; unpreparedness of, 100, 110–11. See also Massachusetts Artillery Train
Minerva (privateer), 217
Monmouth (privateer), 83
Moore, Lt. John, 103
Mowat, Capt. Henry, 75–76, 78, 89, 94, 99, 106–7, 112, 119, 130, 240–41n31
Murray, John, 78–79, 92, 147, 148
Native Americans. See American Indians
Nautilus Island, 97–99, 107, 108–9, 128–29, 176
naval forces. See American naval force; Continental Navy; Royal Navy
Navigation Acts, 10–12
Newman, Robert, 46–47, 235–36n17
newspapers: Boston Massacre, 29–30; inflaming of passions against Stamp Act, 17, 19; Revere vs. opponents, 210–11; on Townshend Acts, 22–23
Nicholson, Capt. Samuel, 163
nonimportation agreements, 22, 27, 33
Norridgawalk Indians, 81, 92–93
North, Lord, 37
North Caucus, 21, 33–34, 36, 42
North Church, 43, 46–47, 235–36n17
Orne, Sara (Mrs. P. Revere) (first wife), 6, 32–33
Orphan (now Verona) Island, 131
Osgood, Maj. Samuel, 165
Otis, James, 11–12, 13, 17, 19, 23
Pallas (privateer), 83
Parks, Brig. Gen. Warham, 205, 206
Parliament: anti-smuggling laws, 11, 15, 24; Billeting Act, 26; boycott of British goods by colonies, 17, 27, 33–35, 34; Currency Act, 12; Declaratory Act, 21; general breakdown of relations with colonies, 16–22; Intolerable Acts, 38, 40; punishment of Boston for Tea Party, 37–38; Stamp Act, 15, 16–19, 20–21; Sugar Act, 12; taxation increases after Seven Years’ War, 12–13, 15; Tea Act, 33–36; Townshend Acts, 22, 24–25, 31
patriotism, Revere’s zealous, xii, xiv, 61, 80, 204, 209
“Paul Revere’s Ride” (Longfellow), 93, 220–21
Paxton, Charles, 11
Penobscot Expedition: British response to victory, 145–47; casualty count, 151, 246n48; consequences of caution, 107–8, 110, 120–22; economic cost of, 180, 193, 197, 201, 214, 217; extended bombardment exchange, 112–13; final defeat and scattering of forces, 141–44, 147–48; landing at Majabigwaduce, 95–96, 99–103, 104; last debate over evacuation vs. attack, 124–25; Lovell’s final attack, 125; Lovell’s negotiations with Indians, 143–44, 154–55; manpower challenge for, 83–88, 89–90, 92, 165, 189; Nautilus Island operation, 97–99, 107, 108–9, 128–29, 176; official orders for, 165; overview, xv–xvi; planning of, 80, 82–90; post-landing defensive position, 105; public’s tiring of, 200; regional impact of defeat, 147–52, 155–56; request for Continental reinforcements, 120; retreat from Majabigwaduce, 125–40; Revere on failed storming of British battery, 114–15; Revere’s conduct during, 106, 108–13, 116, 117–19, 126, 132, 133, 135, 139, 157, 170; Revere’s return to public approbation and charges, xvi, 152–54, 156–59; Royal Navy rescue expedition, 114, 115–16, 120, 125–26, 127, 129–30; transport and collection of forces, 89–94. See also court-martial of Revere; inquiry into Penobscot Expedition; Saltonstall, Commodore Dudley
Penobscot Indians, 81, 152, 154
Penobscot River, 127–28, 129–30
Percy, Lord Hugh, 44
Philbrook, Thomas, 93, 104, 120, 144
Phillips, Lt. Nicholas, 208
Pitcairn, Maj. John, 56–58
politics: and British vs. American troops during French and Indian War, 5; Castle Island internal politics, xiv, 68–69; Revere as class connection for colonial, 9–10; Revere’s patriotism, xii, xiv, 61, 80, 204, 209; Revere’s penchant for, 4, 7–8, 21, 203–4, 217–18; satire and caricature as tools of dissent, 19; Stamp Act divisions, 16. See also General Court of Massachusetts; Parliament
Powell, Jeremiah, 81, 86, 121, 151, 156, 197
Prescott, James, 165
Prescott, Samuel, 51–52
privateering, and profit vs. patriotism, 84
Proctor, Edward, 199–200
Providence (Continental sloop), 82, 120
Pulling, Capt. John, 46, 235–36n17
Quincy, Dorothy (Mrs. J. Hancock), 50, 56
Raisonnable, HMS, 127
religion, Revere’s confrontation with father’s, 3–4
Revere, Isanna (daughter), 32–33
Revere, Paul: and anti-Stamp Act protests, 18; appearance of, 47; artillery unit command position, xiii, 66; artistic talents of, 4, 6–7, 13; background of, 1–14; and Boston Massacre, 29–30, 31–32; British capture of, 54–55; business astuteness of, 7, 60, 218–19; vs. Carnes, 108, 109, 113, 161, 173–74; character of, xiv, 3–4, 10, 31, 58, 61, 68; and children, 6, 14, 16, 26, 32–33, 59; conduct during Expedition, 106, 108–13, 116, 117–19, 126, 132, 133, 135, 139, 157, 170; conspiracy theory over accusations against him, 152, 156, 157–58, 181–82; Continental Army’s bypassing of, xiv, 60–63, 65–66; as courier to other colonies, 38, 40, 59–60; dedication to family, 142; enduring reputation of, 219–20; on failed storming of British battery, 114–15; family move out of Boston, 59; at Fort Western, 144, 147; and Freemasonry, 8–9, 13, 26, 62–63, 199; French and Indian War service, 5–6; house arrest of, 161; importance of reputation to, 162, 181, 184, 190, 194, 195–96, 200, 204–5, 212; on inadequate condition of militia, 92, 122; as intelligence gatherer, 40; journey home post-Expedition, 144; on lack of command initiative in Expedition, 93, 105; lack of soldierly qualities, 61–62; landing at Majabigwaduce, 96, 101, 102, 103, 169; lateness for embarkation on Expedition, 91; marriages, 6, 32–33, 34, 47, 80; observations on arrival at Majabigwaduce, 94; orders for Penobscot Expedition, 88; patriotism of, xii, xiv, 61, 80, 204, 209; plagiarism by, 30; political career prior to Revolution, 39–40; post-acquittal public sparring with foes, 210–13; post-war affairs of, 217–19; and Proctor, 199; on reprimand order rumors, 149; and retreat from Majabigwaduce, 126; in retreat from Majabigwaduce, 135; return to Lexington, 56–57; return to public approbation and charges, xvi, 152–54, 156–59; ride to warn of British movement to Concord and Lexington, 42–56, 235n8; satirical engravings, 19–20, 25, 71; on siege of Newport, 66; social life, 7–8; social status issue for, 3, 9–10, 219, 238n10; and Sons of Liberty, 19–20, 26, 61; and Tea Party, 34–35, 36–37; vs. Todd, 88, 109–10, 117, 129, 149, 153–54, 161, 181–82, 207, 208, 211–13; U.S. Constitution ratification, 217–18; vote for evacuation of Majabigwaduce, 124; and Wadsworth, 117, 133–34, 170–73, 182, 183–84, 194; and Warren, 42, 46; vs. W. Burbeck, 62–63. See also business activities; court-martial of Revere; inquiry into Penobscot Expedition; Massachusetts Artillery Train
Revere, Paul, Jr. (son), 59
Revere, Rachel (née Walker) (second wife), 33, 34, 47, 80
Revere, Sara (née Orne) (first wife), 6, 32–33
Revere, Thomas (brother), 5
Revolutionary War. See Lexington, Battle of; Penobscot Expedition
Richardson, Ebenezer, 27–28
Richardson, Thomas, 47
Rivoire, Apollos (Paul Revere, Sr.) (father), 2
Rivoire, Deborah (née Hichborn) (mother), 2
Rivoire, John (cousin), 63, 203
Rivoire, Mathias (cousin), 203
Rivoire, Simon (great uncle), 2
Rotch, Francis, 35
Rowe, John, 22
Royal Army: Argyll Highlanders, 75, 102–3; Concord expedition, 50, 53, 54–58, 236n36; at Majabigwaduce, xv, 70–79, 102–3, 105; threat to Sam Adams and John Hancock, 41–42, 45. See also McLean, Brig. Gen. Francis
Royal Navy: expedition to rescue Majabigwaduce, 105, 114, 115–16, 120, 125–26, 127, 129–30; at Majabigwaduce, xv, 75, 76; pursuit of Americans up Penobscot River, 139; retreat from Boston, xi; as threat to Expedition, 93–94
Ruggles, Timothy, 24
Rush, Benjamin, 19
Russell, Sgt. Maj. William, 66
Salter, Capt. Titus, 128, 130–31, 167
Saltonstall, Commodore Dudley: abandonment of engagement, 98, 122–23, 126, 129, 130, 131; abdication of command, 128, 129, 137–38, 141; agreement to take action, 121; character and background of, 85–86; conflict with other ship’s captains over tactics, 95; as culpable for Expedition failure, 188; inquiry into conduct, 162, 167–68, 171, 175; on location of Samuel and artillery, 136; loss in forest for the night, 119; loss of military career, 163–64; and Lovell, 97, 117–18, 119, 125, 166; offensive action taken at Majabigwaduce, 96, 100, 106–7, 112; as privateer at war’s end, 217; return to Boston and refusal to deal with criticism, 149, 155; timidity of, 97–98, 99, 107, 111, 113–14, 122–23; vote for evacuation of Majabigwaduce, 124
Samuel (ordnance brig), 135–37
satire and caricature as tools of dissent, 23
search and seizure, unreasonable, 11
Seventy-fourth Regiment of Foot, Royal Army, 75, 102–3
Shirley, William, 5
Shuldham, Molyneux, xii
Skinner, Thompson J., 205
Sky Rocket (privateer), 83, 100, 134
smallpox epidemic, 14
social status, gentleman vs. artisan, 3, 9–10, 219, 238n10
Somerset, 47–48
Sons of Liberty, 19–20, 26, 27, 33, 61
Speakman, Capt. Gilbert, 110, 128–29, 175–76
Spencer, Gen. Joseph, 65
St. Andrew’s Lodge, 10, 42, 62–63
Stark, Gen. John, 64
state charter/constitution for Massachusetts, 186–87, 200–201, 257–58n4
Suffolk Resolves, 40
Sugar Act, 12
Sullivan, Gen. John, 66
taxation increases after Seven Years’ War, 12–13, 15
Tea Act, 33–36
Thacher, James, 82
Thomas, Joshua, 205, 206, 207, 208–9
Thomas, Waterman, 136, 138, 140
Titcomb, Brig. Gen. Jonathan, 165
Todd, Capt. William: and Carnes, 108; criticism of Revere, 117, 153–54, 207, 208, 211, 212–13; life subsequent to Revere’s court-martial, 215; naming of to Expedition, 88; order to Revere to rescue cannon at Nautilus Island, 129; resignation from Castle Island, 68; vs. Revere, 149, 161; in Revere’s letter of defense, 181–82; testimony against Revere, 109, 110, 175
Townsend, Maine, 92–93, 154–55
Townshend, Charles, 22
trade taxes and restrictions from Parliament, 10–13, 15, 16, 22
Trask, Israel, 101
Tudor, John, 29
Tudor, William, 199
Tyrannicide (state brig), 82, 95, 100, 140
U.S. Constitution, ratification debate, 217–18
Varnum, Joseph Bradley, 205
Vengeance (privateer), 83, 138, 139
Vernon, William Jr., 90, 122–23
Vice-Admiralty Court, mob attack on, 18
“View of the Year 1765, A,” 19
violence prior to Revolution: Boston Massacre, 28–32; Boston Tea Party, 35–36, 38–39, 199; and colonial divisions, 27–28; over Townshend Acts, 24–25; Stamp Act protests, 17–19
Virginia, HMS, 130
Wadsworth, Gen. Peleg: as absent from court-martial, 199; absolution from blame for Expedition failure, 188, 189; account of expedition, 149–50; attempt to gather men for defense of local communities, 142–43; background of, 93; conduct in Penobscot Expedition, 96, 100–101, 103–4, 114, 132, 162; deposition used in court-martial, 206; difficulty in locating Revere, 110; escape from Fort George captivity, 215; inquiry testimony, 170–73, 194; on Lovell’s leadership, 132–33, 134–35; Nautilus Island artillery appropriation, 97–98; return to Maine to restore order, 214; on Revere’s attitude and conduct, 117, 133–34, 170–73, 182, 183–84, 194; Revere’s criticism in letter of defense, 184; vote for continuation of siege, 124
Wadsworth, Elizabeth, 215
Wadsworth, Zilpah, 215
Walker, Rachel (Mrs. P. Revere) (second wife), 33, 34, 47, 80
Ward, Gen. Artemas, 68, 94, 161, 162, 165, 172, 179
“Warm Place—Hell, A,” 24
Warren (Continental frigate), 82, 84, 85–86, 106–7, 136–37, 140
Warren, James, 122–23
Warren, Joseph, 15, 26, 40, 42, 45, 59, 60
Washburn, Seth, 205
Washington, Gen. George, xii, 66, 82, 115, 197, 214, 227n13
Webb, Joseph, 205
Weeden, William Babcock, 164
Welch, Capt. John, 97, 101, 105
Whipple, Joseph, 168–69
White, Hugh, 28
Williams, Capt. John, 167, 170
Williamson, William, 90, 139, 150
Winslow, Gen. John, 5
Winsor, Justin, 40
writs of assistance, Otis’s challenge to, 11–12
Young, Thomas, 38