Powerful Plant Medicines to Drive Recovery
Herbs offer powerful medicine for anyone recovering from opioid dependency. From herbs that help the body manage pain and support heart healing to those that tonify the body and invigorate the immune system, these botanical medicines can play a vital role in helping opioid users through the withdrawal and recovery processes.
Traditional Chinese medicine generally calls for complex herb formulas that synthesize the healing effects of many plants. These formulas provide a much stronger action than single herbs by themselves. However, Chinese herbs are hard to obtain in the United States, and learning to use them in formulas requires training. If you decide to use the Chinese herb formulas cited in this book, I recommend that you consult with a trained TCM practitioner; he or she will have access to the herbs and can prepare the formulas for you.
Thankfully, many widely available herbs that are used in Western herbal medicine have potent applications for treating opioid dependency. We’ll talk about these herbs and their uses in this chapter. You can use them as needed, or you can incorporate them as elements in a larger treatment protocol (see part 2 of this book for examples). For guidance on which herbs might work best for your specific situation, consult with a trained Western herbalist.
For the purposes of this book, I have chosen to highlight the following categories of herbs that are particularly useful in facilitating recovery from opioid dependency:
|
Category of Action |
Examples |
|
|---|---|---|
|
Tonic herbs |
astragalus atractylodes codonopsis fo-ti |
goji jiao gu lan reishi |
|
Nervines |
California poppy lemon balm lavender |
passionflower skullcap wild lettuce |
|
Adaptogens |
ashwagandha codonopsis eleuthero jiao gu lan |
|
|
Detoxification herbs |
burdock dandelion yellow dock |
|
|
Immune support herbs |
astragalus atractylodes burdock codonopsis elecampane |
eleuthero jiao gu lan privet fruit reishi |
|
pain relief Herbs |
atractylodes California poppy cannabis elecampane kratom meadowsweet motherwort mullein |
passionflower red sage turmeric white peony wild lettuce willow yarrow |
|
heart health Herbs |
elecampane fo-ti goji |
hawthorn motherwort red sage |
|
lung health Herbs |
codonopsis elecampane goji mullein |
|
|
liver health Herbs |
burdock dandelion fo-ti goji jiao gu lan privet fruit |
red sage schisandra turmeric white peony yellow dock |
|
Psychoactive herbs |
cannabis kratom |
|
Let’s take a quick look at what these different categories of action encompass, followed by a look at the different kinds of preparations used in herbal medicine, and then I’ll offer brief profiles of the herbs listed above, specifically focusing on their applications for opioid dependency.
Tonic herbs are more of a superfood than a medicine. They support the health of an entire organ system or the entire body by supporting balance and harmony of energies. They work over the long term and must be taken for an extended period to have an effect.
Most of the medicinal herbs you will run into at your local health food store are designed to address certain diseases or imbalances and are intended for short-term use. You might, for example, take echinacea for a week to help fight off a cold. In contrast, you might consume a tonic herb such as codonopsis year-round to strengthen your immune system so that you are not susceptible to a cold in the first place.
Tonic herbs share several characteristics that make them appropriate for people who are recovering from opioid dependency. In particular, they have the following uses:
Nervine herbs impart an immediate calming effect, which can be helpful for anyone experiencing the anxiety, jitteriness, tension, cravings, and other physical and emotional symptoms of stress as they go through withdrawal from opioids. Though they are not as strong as pharmaceutical opioids, they do take the edge off.
Adaptogenic herbs are amazing for opioid dependency. They help us adapt to stress, and the one thing that overcoming an opioid dependency invariably creates is stress. We must reconsider family dynamics, career choices, and survival modalities during the recovery period. Adaptogenic herbs help smooth out all of our physical and emotional responses during this tumultuous time.
Opioids are themselves toxic substances, and they place a burden on the organs of detoxification. Many people who are looking to free themselves from opioid dependency find that detoxification herbs, which encourage the release of toxins from the body, can help them bring their body back into balance and prepare to heal. Use detox herbs with care, as they are cold in nature and clear heat from the body. Though clearing heat is useful for detoxifying, the cold influence can exacerbate a yin-yang imbalance or damage Spleen qi if it is excessive.
Long-term opioid abuse has been linked to a reduced immune response. 39 According to Chinese medicine, the simple fact that people who abuse opioids do not eat well, sleep well, or generally care for themselves would result in a lowered immune response. The herbs profiled here support and strengthen the immune system to help people in recovery regain their innate defenses against illness.
Though herbs are not as powerful as opioids in relieving pain, they remain an effective natural strategy for pain reduction without any significant risk or side effects. Some herbs are taken internally for their therapeutic benefits, and some can be used topically as analgesics. See here for more details.
The herbs profiled here nourish and strengthen the Heart, qi and boost the circulation of blood. Heart health is often damaged by opioid abuse, and these herbs can play an important role in reversing that damage. See here for more details.
Because opioid abuse often translates to qi deficiency, which contributes to internal dampness, and to immune deficiency, which leaves the body vulnerable to pathogens, the lungs are vulnerable to damp accumulations and infections in opioid users. In addition, cigarette smoking is prevalent among people recovering from opioid addiction, which obviously is another debilitating factor for the lungs. 40 For these reasons, herbs that support and repair the lungs can be an important part of a recovery program.
Liver damage has not been directly linked to prescription doses of opioids. However, overdose of opioids can cause acute liver injury, and opioids are often taken in combination with acetaminophen, which does damage the liver. The U.S. National Institutes of Health explains, “A special form of liver injury linked to opioid use occurs with their fixed drug combinations with acetaminophen. These combinations are commonly used for moderate to moderately severe pain and can lead to abuse.If taken too frequently, acetaminophen doses may reach toxic levels.” 41 The herbs profiled here can be used to purge the liver of toxins, to repair liver tissue, and to restore the proper function of the liver.
More than 63,600 people died of drug overdoses in 2016, up 21 percent from year before, according to data released by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. This is partly due to the fact that deaths from synthetic, nonmethadone opioids like fentanyl (which is 50 to 100 times stronger than heroin) climbed steeply in 2016. 42 Psychoactive herbs can play an important role in helping people overcome opioid dependency by serving as alternative, less risky stimulants that users are more easily able to give up over time. While these herbs do carry the potential to become habitual substances themselves, the risks associated with their use pale in comparison to those of opioid use. In our battle against serious opioid addiction, I feel that these herbs must be considered.
Herbs are available in many different forms, and the dosage instructions will vary depending on the form you’re using. This book focuses on dried herbs, which is what you’ll most often find commercially. We’ll talk here about the different forms of prepared herbal medicines you can buy, but of course you can also buy dried herbs in bulk and make your own medicines. There are many good reference books available to show you how.
Unless otherwise stated, the dosages noted in the profiles in this chapter assume that you will be using dried plant material and preparing the dosages for average-size adults.
Clinic formulas are concentrated powdered extracts of many herbs mixed together in a precise ratio. They are typically found in a 1:5 concentration — that is, five parts of the original plant material went into making one part of the powder. They are called “clinic formulas” because they are prepared according to a formula given by a clinic practitioner — in North America, this is generally a licensed acupuncturist. I give my own clinic formulas in the protocols in part 2 of this book. Follow your acupuncturist’s instructions for dosages.
Advantages: The ratios can be modified for individual patients. The powders can be added to liquids or smoothies for those who have trouble swallowing pills.
Disadvantages: You will taste the herbs. The concentrated powders are rarely available in organic form.
Patent formulas are the classic herb formulas that all students of TCM learn. These are time-tested remedies that have been used for generations. You can often buy them from herb shops and online suppliers.
Advantages: Patent remedies are often inexpensive and are convenient to use.
Disadvantages: Patent remedies are most commonly made in China, and there is growing concern about heavy metals, adulterants, and pesticides found in these products. 43 Try to source patent remedies made from certified organic ingredients produced in the United States.
Capsules are usually obtained from commercial sources, though you can make your own if you have empty capsules and finely powdered herbs. As for commercial capsules, dosages vary, because some capsules contain simply powdered dried herbs, whereas others contain concentrated powdered herbs.
Advantages: Capsules are easy to find. In swallowing them, you do not have to taste bitter herbs.
Disadvantages: Capsules are of varying quality, and therapeutic doses are costly. Some capsules contain fillers, making them less potent for the high cost.
Like capsules, tablets often can be purchased from commercial sources. However, you can make them at home as well: Combine 1 cup of powdered herbs and 1⁄4 cup of brown rice flour. Add enough water to give the mixture the consistency of pie crust dough. Pinch off small bits, roll them into tiny balls, place them on a cookie sheet, and bake at 175°F (90°C) for 2 hours. Put the tablets in a cool, dark place to dry; when they are completely dry, store them in a glass jar in a cool, dark spot.
Advantages: Tablets are convenient to use. When swallowing them, you do not have to taste bitter herbs.
Disadvantages: Homemade tablets are time-consuming to prepare, and dosage can be unpredictable. Commercial tablets may have undesirable ingredients used as binders, fillers, or coatings.
Infusions and decoctions are medicinal-strength teas. You can purchase premixed formulas at herb shops and natural food stores, or you can make your own. Typically you’ll use anywhere from 1⁄2 to 1 ounce of dried herbs per 4 cups of water. An infusion is made from leaves, flowers, and other delicate parts of a plant that need only be steeped in hot water to extract their constituents. A decoction is made from roots, bark, seeds, and other tough plant parts that need to be boiled to extract their constituents. Once you’ve made the tea, add honey, if desired, and sip it throughout the day. It will keep for up to 3 days in the refrigerator.
To make an infusion, bring water to a boil, then pour it over your dried herbs. Cover and let steep for approximately 20 minutes. Strain the tea and drink it warm or cold; add honey if desired.
To make a decoction, combine the dried herbs and water in a saucepan and bring to a boil. Cover and let simmer for 20 minutes, then strain the tea and drink.
Advantages: Infusions and decoctions typically cost less than prepared remedies. You can control the quality of plant material and sometimes find organic herbs domestically. Making tea is very ritualistic; this can help replace some of the ritualistic activities associated with drug use.
Disadvantages: The taste of herbs can sometimes be unpleasant.
Tinctures are alcoholic extracts of herbs. You can buy them at health food stores, herb shops, and online. You can also make your own: Finely chop or powder dried herbs and put them in a glass jar. Add enough 80-proof vodka to cover the herbs. Typically you’d use a 1:5 ratio of dried herbs to vodka; that is, for every 1 ounce of dried herbs, you’d use 5 ounces of vodka. Cover the jar and let steep in a cool, dark spot for 2 weeks. Shake daily. Then strain out the herbs.
A tincture is very potent medicine. The standard dose for a 160-pound adult is usually 2 ml three to five times daily. This can vary greatly depending on the strength of the herb and the duration of use. You can dilute a dose of tincture in water or juice for palatability.
Advantages: Tinctures retain their potency for many years and are a convenient method for extracting and storing a plant’s medicinal constituents.
Disadvantages: Many people who are recovering from opioid addiction may also have issues with alcohol. This would not be an ideal type of remedy for those whose cravings are triggered by alcohol.
A glycerite is made like a tincture, except the herbal extract is made with diluted vegetable glycerin instead of alcohol. With dried herbs, you’d use a ratio of about 1 part herbs to 5 parts liquid, and that liquid would be 60 percent glycerin and 40 percent purified water. With fresh herbs, you’d use a 1:1 ratio of herbs to liquid, and the liquid would be about 90 percent glycerin and 10 percent purified water. Glycerites have a higher risk of developing mold than alcohol tinctures do, so make sure that the herbs are completely covered by the diluted glycerin.
An adult dosage would be around 2 teaspoons three to five times daily. Glycerites are very sweet and can be taken directly under the tongue. Although this is a stable mixture, it should be stored for only 6 to 12 months.
Advantages: Glycerites have a sweet flavor and are easy to administer or consume
Disadvantages: They are costly to purchase and time-consuming to make.
The herbs profiled here are those that I consider to be most useful for combating opioid dependency, whether during withdrawal or recovery. Many have a wide range of actions and offer aid on multiple fronts. Again, unless otherwise noted, the dosages given in these profiles are for average-size adults and assume that you are taking dried plant material.
Botanical name: Withania somnifera
Part used: root
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Ashwagandha has been studied extensively for its ability to reduce anxiety and stress. A review of five human trials concluded that it is an effective adaptogen. 44 It has been proved a reliable remedy for stress, debility, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, and loss of memory. It has also been proved to enhance cognitive function; apparently, it enhances the function of brain’s receptor sites. 45 It has even been shown to help control weight for stressed individuals struggling with obesity. 46
The root can be brewed as a standard decoction, but in the Ayurvedic tradition it is traditionally prepared as a milk decoction with honey to promote a deep sleep and to revive those with chronic debility or dullness of the mind. You can also take it in the form of capsules, tablets, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Astragalus membranaceus
Part used: root
Dose: 1–3 grams daily
Astragalus has long been used to treat immune system disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. 47 It is a specific qi tonic for wound healing, making it especially helpful for people with wounds and sores that are slow to heal, a factor often seen with recovering addicts. While astragalus is not a stimulant, like caffeine, it does help increase energy. Some people find that taking it late in the day interferes with sleep, so take it before 2:00 p.m.
Astragalus root is commonly consumed in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures. Try simmering a few slices of the root in broth and sipping it throughout the morning.
Botanical name: Atractylodes macrocephala
Part used: root
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Atractylodes is a highly revered Spleen qi tonic used for all types of Spleen qi deficiency and internal dampness. Atractylodes is gaining much attention for its ability to modulate blood sugar and improve the body’s ability to use insulin on a cellular level; 48 it would be appropriate to use at any stage of diabetes.
Atractylodes is also known to be an immune system modulator, and it is seeing use in the treatment of cancer. 49 Recent studies have identified neuroprotective properties in the herb that may help preserve and enhance cognition. 50 It is traditionally included in pain formulas both taken internally and applied topically; it is believed to have anti-inflammatory qualities. 51
Atractylodes is commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Arctium lappa
Part used: root
Dose: 4–8 grams daily
Burdock root has long been used as a blood cleanser and cancer remedy in Western herbalism. Scientific studies of burdock have been able to isolate in it the chemical compound arctigenin, which starves cancer cells of glucose. 52 One study has suggested that, due to its antioxidant qualities, burdock root can protect the liver from damage due to alcohol abuse; since opioids, too, are processed by the liver, one might surmise that it can be of assistance in cases of opioid abuse as well. 53 Similarly, it has been suggested that burdock root can assist in the treatment of diabetes, and because opioid abuse results in metabolic damage and blood-sugar issues, burdock remains an interesting remedy for those in opioid recovery. 54
Burdock root can be cooked and eaten like carrots; it’s a common addition to medicinal soups. You can also take it in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Eschscholzia californica
Part used: dry aerial parts
Dose: 2–3 grams daily
This is a valuable plant in helping opioid users through the withdrawal process. It can be used to help induce sleep, reduce pain, and calm the mind. Though it is related to the opium poppy from which opioid drugs like heroin are made, the California poppy contains different forms of alkaloids with milder sedative and pain-relieving qualities.
California poppy is easily prepared as an infusion, and it is also commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, and tinctures.
Botanical name: Cannabis sativa
Parts used: leaves, flower buds
Dose: varies depending on the strain
Cannabis offers a viable alternative to opioids in the treatment of pain. In a comprehensive 2017 report, the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine stated, “There is conclusive or substantial evidence that cannabis or cannabinoids are effective . . . for the treatment of chronic pain in adults.” 55 A study published in that same year stated, “Introducing cannabis into the treatment of chronic pain may result in a reduction or complete cessation of opioid use thereby significantly reducing the potential for dependence or overdose.” 56 Another study noted a 64 percent decrease in opioid use among medical marijuana patients and a 45 percent improvement in quality of life. 57
Cannabis is typically smoked or consumed as an edible. Smoking carries the risk of carcinogens, so edibles are preferred.
Caution: Cannabis use is not without its risks, though they are minor compared to the potential risks associated with opioids. 58 According to TCM, prolonged cannabis use dulls the shen (spirit). This is evident with a lack of motivation, the inability to perform strategic life planning, and the inability to see plans through to fruition. This leads to a life of unfulfilled potential. While this scenario is not optimal, opioid addiction has greater risks, such as brain damage and overdose. Comparably, cannabis is the far lesser evil of the two and should be considered a viable option in possible strategies to combat the opioid crisis.
Botanical name: Codonopsis pilosula
Part used: root
Dose: 4–8 grams daily
Ginseng is a well-known qi tonic, but it can be overstimulating for someone battling an opioid dependency. Codonopsis root closely mimics ginseng’s tonic qualities while expressing a gentler, nourishing effect. It replenishes qi while also supporting the Spleen and promoting Lung function. Codonopsis is also an exceptional blood tonic and a key immune system tonic, as it helps to build both red blood cell counts and white blood cell counts. 59 It also acts as an adaptogen, increasing the body’s ability to adapt to stressors. Promising research has shown that its immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory properties may help the body combat both cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 60
Codonopsis is commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures. You can also use it in medicinal soups; strain it out before consuming the soup.
Botanical name: Taraxacum officinale
Part used: root
Dose: 1–3 grams daily
Dandelion root is used in TCM for all types of Liver disorders, such as cirrhosis and hepatitis involving heat due to Liver stagnation; this condition is called Liver heat toxin. Studies have determined that phenolic compounds in the plant act as antioxidants that repair liver tissue. 61 In fact, the root shows promise in treating fatty liver disease in obese individuals. 62
While dandelion root can be an important detoxification agent for those who are discontinuing the use of opioids, it should be used only in the early stages of recovery. It can’t be used long term because it is very cold in nature and can damage the digestive system (Spleen) if used for more than a month or two.
Dandelion leaves and flowers have their own medicinal properties, but the root is strongest. It tastes bitter, so most people will prefer capsules and tablets over decoctions and tinctures.
Botanical name: Inula helenium
Parts used: root, flowers
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Elecampane fortifies the Lungs, Spleen, and Heart. It can be used therapeutically for any deficiency of the respiratory system. Elecampane can clear damp conditions of the lung and digestive tract but is not overly drying; this renders elecampane useful for varied lung conditions. It is often used in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also strengthens the overall immune function, and recent studies have focused on using the plant for breast and brain cancer. 63 Other studies suggest that elecampane also has anti-inflammatory qualities that could make it useful for treating conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. 64
Elecampane root is prepared as a decoction, but the flower, being more delicate in structure, is prepared as an infusion. Both are also often taken in the form of tinctures, capsules, or tablets.
Botanical name: Eleutherococcus senticosus
Parts used: root, root bark
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
In TCM, eleuthero is considered a warm herb that treats Kidney and Spleen yang deficiencies resulting in fatigue, sore back and knees, and poor appetite. It is also said to calm the shen and promote restful, dreamless sleep. Research suggests that its antioxidant constituents contribute to its antifatigue effects. 65 Other studies suggest that its stress-modulating effect is related to the regulation of key mediators of the stress response and the support of neurotransmitters in the brain. 66 Eleuthero is also prized for its ability to fortify the immune system. 67
Eleuthero is commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Polygonum multiflorum
Part used: root
Dose: 3–6 grams daily
Fo-ti is one of the few herbs that can reinforce jing (essence); thus, it has been used as an anti-aging, anti-neurodegenerative medicine for thousands of years. Its actions are to tonify the blood, nourish the Heart, and calm the spirit. The benefits of fo-ti have been supported by scientific studies showing that antioxidant constituents in the plant help protect the organs and slow the aging process. 68
Some studies have suggested that fo-ti can cause liver injury, but the causation remains unproven. 69 In fact, historically the herb has been used to benefit the Liver. Any damage from its use could be due to inappropriate dosing or preparation; traditionally, the roots are prepared with soybeans when used as a tonic.
Fo-ti is commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Lycium chinense
Part used: berry
Dose: 4–8 grams daily
Goji berry is an outstanding tonic herb, nourishing the blood and reinforcing jing (essence). It is commonly used to build yin and to address patterns of Liver and Kidney deficiencies, which are common among recovering opioid users. It has a powerful effect on Lung yin energy and can help relieve coughs; it can even help restore the Lung system for ex-smokers.
Goji berry has been shown to have cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and to moderate cholesterol levels and blood pressure. 70 Among other things, it has been shown to ameliorate many diseases common with aging, including osteoporosis, 71 and it has a long history of use with early stages of diabetes, especially in the presence of Kidney yin deficiency.
Goji berry is commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, decoctions, or tinctures. You can also add it to homemade energy bars and medicinal soups or just consume it out of hand as a dried fruit.
Botanical name: Crataegus spp.
Parts used: berries, leaves, flowers
Dose: 4–8 grams daily
Hawthorn is rich in flavonoids that benefit heart health. It can normalize heart function, reduce high blood pressure, and reduce LDL cholesterol levels. 72 It takes 6 to 8 weeks for the tonic effect of hawthorn to reach any measurable level, but it is a very reliable and safe herb that can be taken long term.
The ground berries are a tasty addition to oatmeal or energy bars. Hawthorn is also commonly taken in the form of decoctions, tinctures, capsules, or tablets.
Botanical name: Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Part used: leaves
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Jiao gu lan has a long tradition of promoting wellness and longevity among inhabitants of its natural habitat in Southeast Asia; locals regularly consume tea made from the leaves and are known to live to an old age. Jiao gu lan is considered an adaptogenic herb able to strengthen the immune response and boost the body’s ability to manage stress. 73 While jiao gu lan can be used safely and for prolonged periods to improve any imbalance in the body, it is gaining popularity in its ability to moderate blood-sugar levels and stave off diabetes. 74 It can be used at any stage of diabetes and will help to correct any organ system, but recent studies have focused on its ability to protect and restore the Liver. 75 This wide range of applications shows jiao gu lan’s value in helping our bodies physically adapt.
Jiao gu lan is commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, infusions, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Mitragyna speciosa
Part used: leaves
Dose: 4–6 grams three times per day
In Southeast Asia, where the plant grows, kratom has been used topically and internally for thousands of years as a fast-acting anesthetic. It was even used to combat the opium addiction crisis in Asia centuries ago. 76 It’s thought that one of its constituents, mitragynine, functions as an opioid agonist, meaning that it interacts with opioid receptors in the brain. Many people use kratom not only to relieve pain but also to ease the symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
Kratom can be prepared as an infusion but is most often taken in capsule form.
Caution: Kratom is currently under review by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency and may at some point be classified as a controlled substance. As is the case for cannabis, the risks associated with kratom seem minuscule compared to its benefits in fighting the opioid crisis and assisting with opioid withdrawal, but be warned that more studies of kratom are needed to assess possible harmful effects of the herb. Be sure to find a reputable supplier for kratom, as its popularity has resulted in rising prices and adulterations of pure plant material. Because kratom has the potential to be misused or overused, it is recommended that it be taken only under the supervision of a health-care professional.
Botanical name: Lavandula spp.
Part used: flowers
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Lavender is best known for its profound calming effect on the nervous system, but it has a plethora of medicinal applications. Promising studies have shown its benefit with anxiety, depression, and memory impairment. 77 Lavender flowers are gentle enough to use with babies yet effective enough to rid a grown person of the common cold. Lavender is cool and has a slight drying effect.
Lavender is easily prepared as an infusion, and it is also commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, and tinctures.
Botanical name: Melissa officinalis
Part used: leaves
Dose: 10 grams fresh herb or 3–4 grams dried herb daily
One of few herbs gentle enough for babies, lemon balm has a calming effect while lifting the spirit and alleviating depression and anxiety. 78 The fresh leaves are preferred because much of the healing attributes are found in the pure essential oils of this plant; dried material has lost much of the volatile oils. You can use lemon balm in a bath to help relieve stress or minor depression.
Lemon balm is most commonly taken in the form of infusions, capsules, tablets, and tinctures. The essential oil also has wonderful nervine properties, though it is quite costly.
Botanical name: Filipendula ulmaria
Parts used: leaves, flowers
Dose: 2–3 grams daily
Meadowsweet is effective for relieving pain; like willow bark, it contains salicin, a precursor to the salicylic acid found in aspirin, and it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. 79 However, unlike aspirin, meadowsweet also contains tannins and other constituents that act to protect the lining of the stomach and large intestine; thus, it does not cause stomach distress. 80
Meadowsweet makes a tasty infused tea. It can also be taken in the form of capsules, tablets, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Leonurus cardiaca
Parts used: flowering tops, leaves, seeds
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Recent studies suggest that motherwort’s cardioprotective attributes are due to its flavonoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oils, among other things. 81 Motherwort has long been used in Western herbalism to treat heart palpitations, especially when associated with menopause, and to address high blood pressure. Additionally, it is a calming nervine that can help reduce stress, depression, or anxiety that might be seen with the Kidney-Heart patterns of imbalance common in addiction recovery. 82 There are several species of motherwort that all have similar actions; the seed is favored in Chinese medicine as a blood mover for addressing pain syndromes, whereas the leaf and flowering top tend to be used in Western herbalism.
Motherwort is commonly taken in the form of infusions, tinctures, capsules, or tablets.
Caution: Motherwort is categorized as a “blood mover.” It invigorates blood circulation so strongly that it must be used with caution by those who are taking blood-thinning medications or who are scheduled for surgery.
Botanical name: Verbascum thapsus
Part used: leaves
Dose: 3–6 grams daily
Mullein leaf is both emollient (soothing) and astringent (constricting); thus, it is able to moisten dry lungs or, conversely, clear dampness and phlegm from lungs. Mullein normalizes lung function and is able to strengthen and repair the Lung organ system, regardless of the nature of the condition. Mullein is an excellent herb for Lung qi deficiency patterns in the cases of COPD, asthma, and bronchitis.
Mullein can be prepared as an infused tea; strain the tea well, as the leaves contain tiny hairs that can irritate the lungs and throat. It is also commonly available in the form of tinctures, capsules, and tablets. You can also use the leaves topically as a poultice to relieve cramps: Pour boiling water over the leaves, and when they have cooled, apply the leaves directly to the skin, wrapped in place with a cotton cloth that has been soaked in the infused liquid.
Botanical name: Passiflora incarnata
Parts used: leaves, flowers
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Passionflower is known for its benefits in treating anxiety, insomnia, and other symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Scientific studies have suggested that chemical constituents in the leaves of this plant bind with gabba-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites in the brain, producing the same effects as that neurotransmitter (see more on GABA). 83 For those who have experienced brain changes due to long-term use of opioids, this is an interesting herb due to its possible ability to enhance the neuroplasticity of the brain. 84
Passionflower leaves and flowers are often made into an infused tea that has a calming effect and may soothe nerve pain. 85 The herb is also often taken in the form of capsules, tablets, and tinctures.
Botanical name: Ligustrum lucidum
Part used: berry
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Privet fruit is a classic Kidney and Liver yin tonic herb that is said to prolong life. It is a significant natural immune-enhancing agent. Modern research shows that the plant increases white blood cell counts; it is used to prevent bone marrow loss in chemotherapy patients, as it contains substances that stimulate the proliferation of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells). 86 Privet fruit also contains potent antiviral qualities and antioxidants. 87
Privet fruit is commonly consumed as a tea, though it can also be taken in the form of capsules, tablets, or tinctures.
Caution: There are many species of privet, but not all are used medicinally. Be sure you are using the L. lucidum species.
Botanical name: Salvia miltiorrhiza
Part used: root
Dose: 1–3 grams daily
For hundreds if not thousands of years, red sage root has been used in TCM to treat heart disease. It has been shown to help repair damage after heart attacks, as well as to prevent heart disease and to repair neural cells after stroke. 88 Other promising qualities of red sage root are its ability to repair neurons in the brain that may have been damaged by opioid toxins and to improve cognitive capacity. 89 It is also known for its ability to repair liver damage. 90 It offers strong blood-moving action that can help break up the blood stagnation often associated with pain syndromes.
Red sage is commonly taken in the form of decoctions, tinctures, capsules, or tablets. It is typically used in combination with other herbs, rather than by itself.
Caution: Red sage root is categorized as a “blood mover.” It invigorates blood circulation so strongly that it must be used with caution by those who are taking blood-thinning medications or who are scheduled for surgery.
Botanical name: Ganoderma lucidum
Part used: mushroom
Dose: 3–6 grams daily
Reishi, a woody fungus traditionally called “the mushroom of immortality,” is an immune system modulator, meaning that it normalizes immune function. Many studies have shown the benefits of reishi for cancer treatment and prevention. 91 Shennong’s Pharmacopeia, the first known Chinese herbal text, says that “continuous consumption of reishi makes your body light and young, lengthens your life, and turns you into one like the immortal who never dies.” Studies suggest that reishi’s anti-aging effects are due to a lessening of oxidative stress by prolonged use of the herb. 92
Reishi is often prepared as a decoction, but it can also be used in the form of capsules, tablets, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis
Part used: berry
Dose: 3–6 grams daily
Schisandra is a treasured tonic herb used in TCM to promote longevity. It has been used for generations to improve memory; studies suggest that its memory-boosting qualities are due to its ability to correct inflammatory damage done to neurons. 93 As an antioxidant, it is also showing promise in treating brain damage resulting from oxidative stress, 94 which is a common condition occurring with opioid overdose. Schisandra is one of the most useful herbs for protecting the liver and restoring liver function in cases of damage due to chemical exposure, toxins, drugs, or disease. Schisandra’s hepatoprotective capabilities appear to arise from its ability to activate the enzymes that produce glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that deactivates the free radicals that can damage liver cells. 95
Schisandra berries are commonly taken in the form of decoctions, tinctures, capsules, or tablets.
Botanical name: Scutellaria lateriflora
Parts used: leaves, flowers
Dose: 1–3 grams daily
Skullcap is a powerful relaxant but is gentle enough to use with children. Don’t confuse Western skullcap with Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis), which has completely different actions; the Chinese variety clears heat, and the Western variety is the calming nervine. It is said to have a tonic effect on the nervous system when used over time and can relieve nerve spasms. This is an excellent herb for someone who is excitable or who is easily overstimulated.
Skullcap is often taken as an infusion; you can even prepare a superstrong infusion and add it to a foot bath or full-body bath to induce a peaceful night’s sleep. The herb is also commonly taken in the form of capsules, tablets, or tinctures.
Botanical name: Curcuma longa
Part used: root
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Numerous studies have shown turmeric root to be a safe and effective anti-inflammatory agent. 96 While most of the research regarding turmeric has focused on its ability to lessen pain in osteoarthritis, its anti-inflammatory actions make it useful for many types of chronic inflammatory health conditions, including pain syndromes, liver imbalances, and cancer. 97
Turmeric is typically taken in capsule form but is also available as tablets, decoctions, and tinctures. It’s a common culinary spice as well, but for therapeutic purposes supplementation is advised; the amounts required to stimulate an anti-inflammatory effect may render your food distasteful.
Botanical name: Paeonia laciflora
Part used: root
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
White peony has a gentle, soothing nature and is highly nourishing. For this reason it has many healing applications, among them soothing the Liver, nourishing the blood, and preserving yin. It is said to break up Liver qi stagnation and is highly prized for its ability to ease both muscle cramps and the emotional disorders (such as depression, anger, and irritability) that are often seen during opioid withdrawal and recovery. 98 One of its constituents, paeoniflorin, has been shown to inhibit the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors. 99 Peony root is most commonly used in combination with other herbs in TCM, rather than on its own, as it can be a bit astringent, or drying, when used by itself.
Peony root is commonly taken in the form of decoctions, tinctures, capsules, or tablets.
Botanical name: Lactuca virosa
Part used: leaves
Dose: 1–2 grams per day
Wild lettuce’s calming nervine action and pain-reducing effects make it an invaluable tool in treating opioid dependency. 100 Studies show that its potent analgesic effects may be due to the chemical constituents lactucopicrin and lactucin (a guaianolide), which bind to opioid receptor sites in the brain. 101 (Guaianolides are also found in chamomile, another gentle nervine.) One case report noted a suspicion of toxicity if the plant is taken in high doses or if the extract is injected. 102 However, there is little to no evidence that the plant is toxic if consumed in doses traditionally prescribed in herbal medicine.
Wild lettuce can be infused as a tea, but it is bitter. It is also commonly taken in capsule, tablet, or tincture forms. The very young shoots of the wild plant are often steamed and added to dishes as you would spinach, but again, the taste can be a bit bitter.
Botanical name: Salix alba
Part used: bark
Dose: 1–3 grams daily
Like meadowsweet, willow bark contains salicin, a precursor to the salicylic acid found in aspirin, and it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a powerful and effective pain reliever. There are around 400 species of willow; all contain salicin.
Willow is taken in the form of decoctions or capsules.
Botanical name: Achillea millefolium
Parts used: leaves, flowers
Dose: 2–3 grams daily
A traditional European remedy, yarrow has been used to reduce pain since ancient times. TCM classifies it as a “blood mover,” and it is said to break up blood stagnation that leads to pain. A few recent studies have shown the value of this humble herb in pain relief when used both topically and internally. 103
Yarrow makes a nice infused tea, but can also be taken in capsule, tablet, or tincture form. It can also be applied topically to relieve pain: Pour boiling water over the leaves, cover, and let cool. Then apply the leaves directly on the skin over the painful areas, and wrap them in place with a strip of cotton cloth that has been soaked in the infused tea.
Botanical name: Rumex crispus
Part used: root
Dose: 2–4 grams daily
Yellow dock has a long tradition as a liver-cleansing herb. The bitter compounds can also stimulate a cascade effect on the digestive system and help gently resolve opioid-related constipation. It is a rich source of iron and is considered a blood cleanser and builder. It has also been suggested that yellow dock has powerful antioxidant qualities and is able to repair damage from toxins. 104 While a gentle remedy, yellow dock is effective at clearing Liver heat, or toxins, for those who have been using opioids; this can help with opioid-induced itchiness.
Yellow dock root tastes bitter, so most people will prefer capsules and tablets over decoctions and tinctures.