INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

acid rain, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Africa, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

     fossil hunting in, 7.1, 10.1

     hominid fossils found in, 10.1, bm1.1n

     rift formation in, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2

     South America’s congruity with, 6.1, 6.2

Agassiz, Louis, 9.1, 9.2

     ice age theory of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

agriculture, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

alcohol

algae, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

allometry, n

Alvarez, Luis

Alvarez, Walter, 7.1, bm1.1n

Amaral, Bill, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n

American Museum of Natural History, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1

American Scientist

Amundsen, Roald, 6.1, 8.1

Anders, William

Andromeda Galaxy

animal distributions, 5.1, 7.1

Antarctica, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, bm1.1n

     fossil hunting in

     freezing of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, bm1.1n

     ring current of, 8.1, 8.2, bm1.1n

     volcanic ring around

     warm wet phase of, 8.1, 8.2

Apollo missions, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Appalachian Mountains

argon

Army, U.S.

     Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory of

Arrhenius, Svante, 8.1, 8.2, bm1.1n

asteroids, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

     catastrophic impacts of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n

     water within

astronomy, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2

     distance measurement in

     of Harvard Computers, 2.1, 2.2

     radio

     red-blue color shift in

     see also stars

AT&T

     Bell Laboratories of

Atlantic Ocean, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 8.2

     closing and reopening of

Atlas Mountains

atom bomb, 2.1, 9.1, 9.2

atoms, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 8.1, 9.1

     electrons of, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1

     radioactive decay of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n

atoms, nuclei of

     carbon

     fusion reactions of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

     global temperatures measured by

     neutrons of, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2

     oxygen, 4.1, 9.1

     protons of, 2.1, 9.1

     see also elements

Australia, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2

     drift of

     Jack Hills of, 3.1, bm1.1n

Axel Heiberg Island

Babylonians, ancient

Bacon, Francis

bacteria, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Barbour, Thomas, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

Barghoorn, Elso, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, bm1.1n

Basinger, James

Beardmore Glacier

Benzer, Seymour, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, bm1.1n

Berbers

Berner, Robert

Beta Pictoris, 3.1, 3.2

big bang, theory of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2

     background noise left by

     date of, 2.1, 2.2

     immediate aftermath of

biological clocks

     molecular

     see also circadian clocks

BLaG paper, 8.1, bm1.1n

Blanford, William and Henry

body, human, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

     bipedalism of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, bm1.1n

     cells of, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

     color perception in

     constituent elements of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 8.1

     controlling growth of

     effect of Jupiter on shape of, 3.1, 3.2

     head structure of

     kidney of, 3.1, 4.1

     liver function of

     metabolism of, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

     oxygen utilized by, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1n

     prenatal development of, 3.1, 6.1

     reproduction of, 3.1, 3.2

     Russian nesting doll organization of, 2.1, 2.2

     water content of, 3.1, 3.2

     see also evolution

body temperatures, 4.1, 6.1

Borlaug, Norman

boulders, glacially transported, 6.1, 9.1

Bowers, Henry

brain, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, 10.1

     pineal gland in

     Richter’s patch of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

     size and

British Museum

Bunker, Archie (character)

Caesar, Julius

calcium carbonate

Caledonian Mountains

calendars

     decentralized Roman, 4.1, 4.2

     Gregorian

     lunar vs. solar

     in rocks

California, University of, at Berkeley, 2.1, 7.1

Camp Century, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, bm1.1n–7n

Canada, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1

cancers

     sleep patterns and, 4.1, bm1.1n–9n

Cape Johnson, USS

carbon, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 6.1

     atomic nucleus of

     versions of

     in volcanic ejecta, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

carbon, atmospheric, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

     global temperatures affected by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, bm1.1n

     recycling of, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

carbon 14, 9.1, bm1.1n

catastrophes, global, 1.1, 7.1

     evidence of, 7.1, 7.2

     extinctions caused by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, bm1.1n–3n

     in fossil record, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

     kings-of-the-hill species left by, 7.1, 7.2

     mechanisms of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n

     survivors of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

catastrophism, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

cave bears

Cenozoic era

cesium

Chicago, University of, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1

circadian clocks, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n–9n

     controlling mechanism of, 4.1, 4.2

     of flies, 4.1, 4.2

     of hamsters, 4.1, 4.2

     light as trigger of, 4.1, 4.2

     mutant, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n–8n

     time perception vs.

     see also sleep patterns

climate change, see ice ages; temperatures, global

Cloud, Preston Ercelle, Jr., 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, bm1.1n

coal, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1

cobalt, 2.1, 2.2

Colbert, Edwin, 8.1, 8.2, bm1.1n

cold war

     Project Iceworm of

color perception, 8.1, bm1.1n

color pigmentation

Columbia University, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

comets, 3.1, 3.2

     Hale-Bopp, 3.1, bm1.1n

     Hartley 2, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n

     water ice of, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n

communications technology

Connecticut, 1.1, 1.2

constellations, 2.1, 2.2

continental drift, 6.1, 7.1, bm1.1n–2n, 8.1

     of ancient supercontinent, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 8.2

     in Atlantic closing and reopening

     atmospheric oxygen and, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n

     conveyor belt image of, 6.1, 6.2

     deep-sea trenches in, 6.1, 6.2

     and distribution of similar fossils, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1

     earthquakes and, 6.1, 6.2

     mid-ocean ridge and rift valleys of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 8.1

     NASA measurement of

     recycling of ocean floor in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1

     seafloor spreading in, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

     of southern continents, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2

     see also plate tectonics

Copernicus, Nicolaus

coral reefs

cores, drill, see drill cores

cosmochemistry, n

Cretaceous period, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n

Croll, James, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

Cuvier, Baron Georges, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, bm1.1n

Dansgaard, Willi

dark energy

Darlington, Philip, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

     crocodile attack on, 5.1, bm1.1n

Darwin, Charles, 2.1, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

Dawkins, Richard, n

deep-sea trenches, 6.1, 6.2

demolition derbies

Denmark, 1.1, 9.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

Descartes, René

DeVito, Danny

Devonian era

diet, 9.1, bm1.1n–8n

     color perception and

dinosaurs, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1

     in bridge abutment, 1.1, bm1.1n

     extinction of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

     prosauropod

DNA, prl.1, prl.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2

     of color vision

     error-correction apparatus of

     in molecular clock

     Native American

     see also genes, genetic factors

Dominy, Nathaniel, 8.1, bm1.1n

drill cores, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1

     ice, 9.1, bm1.1n

     from seafloors, 6.1, 8.1

dust clouds, 3.1, 3.2

Earth

     age of, prl.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

     ancient, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

     asteroid collision with, 4.1, 4.2

     geological changes of, 3.1, 3.2

     habitable zone location of, 3.1, 3.2

     heat balance of

     Jupiter’s effect on

     orbital changes of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

     orbit of

     rotations of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

     slowing rotations of, 4.1, 4.2

     tilted rotation axis of, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

     wobble of, 9.1, 9.2

Earth, water on, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2

     atmospheric carbon removed by, 3.1, 8.1

     origins of, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n

     relative abundance of, 3.1, 3.2

     rotation slowed by

     see also oceans

Earth-moon system

     see also moon

earthquakes, 6.1, 6.2

Echo 1 satellite

Einstein, Albert

     E = mc² equation of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

einsteinium

electromagnetism, 2.1, 3.1

electrons, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1

elements, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1

     heavier, 2.1, 2.2

     in human body, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 8.1

     new, atomic bomb’s creation of

     periodic table of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

     in stellar fuel, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

     volatile, 4.1, 4.2

     see also atoms

Elzevir, Louis

Enceladus

end-Cretaceous event, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

energy, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1

     dark

     mass and, 2.1, 2.2

     from photosynthesis

Enewetak island

England, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1

erosion, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7

Etosha National Park

Eureka Sound

Europa

Europe, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2

evolution, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

     natural selection in, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n–8n

     prediction of

Ewing, Maurice “Doc”, 6.1, 6.2

extinctions, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n–3n, bm1.2n

     of Antarctic life

     end-Cretaceous event, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

     of ice age mammals

family histories, 2.1, 4.1

family trees, 2.1, 8.1, 10.1

Fathometer

Fermi, Enrico

fermium

“Field Kit to Characterize Physical, Chemical, and Spatial Aspects of Potential Primate Foods” (Lucas et al.), 8.1, bm1.1n

fish, 2.1, 8.1

     bony

     gill bones of

     jawless, kidney of

     land adaptions developed by, 3.1, 10.1, 10.2

     pineal gland of

fission reactions

Fleming, Williamina, 2.1, 2.2

flies

     molecular forces and

     mutant, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

     size-control genes of, 5.1, bm1.1n

fossil record, 1.1, 1.2

     global catastrophes in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

     head structure in

     most abundant species in

     multicelled animals in

     shelled animals in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

     in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

     whales in

fossils, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1

     amphibian, 8.1, 8.2

     Arctic redwood trees, 8.1, 8.2

     coral reefs

     dinosaur, see dinosaurs

     earliest, 4.1, 5.1, bm1.1n

     in Greenland, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 7.1

     hominid, 10.1, bm1.1n

     hunting for, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1

     mammal, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 10.1

     plant, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

     seashell, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

     shared Appalachian-European

     similar, continental distribution of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1

     stratigraphic layers characterized by

Fourier transform analysis

Framingham Heart Study

fusion reactions, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

galaxies, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

Galileo Galilei, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, bm1.1n

gamma rays

Garrels, Robert

Garrod, Dorothy, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n

gas clouds, 2.1, 2.2

general relativity, theory of

genes, genetic factors, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2

     of color perception

     of color pigment

     diet and

     natural selection of

     proteins in

     size-control, 5.1, bm1.1n

     in sleep patterns

     see also DNA

genetic mutations, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

     circadian clocks and, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n–8n

     of flies, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

genomes, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n–8n

geological eras

geological maps, 7.1, 7.2

geological time, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, bm1.1n–6n, bm1.2n

geology, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, bm1.1n–2n

geopoetry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

glaciers, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, bm1.1n

Glomar Challenger

Glossopteris, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Gould, Stephen Jay, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

gradualism, 1.1, 7.1

Grand Canyon

gravity, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1

     in acceleration of falling bodies, 5.1, 5.2

     of Earth-moon system

     Galileo on effects of, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

     of Jupiter, 3.1, 3.2

     size and

     in solar system formation, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

     in stellar fusion reactions

     in timepieces

Great Britain, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1

greenhouse effect, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

Greenland, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2

     Camp Century in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, bm1.1n–7n

     field preparations for, 1.1, bm1.1n–3n

     fossils in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 7.1

     glacier on, 9.1, 9.2

     Triassic rocks of

     Wegener’s explorations of

Greenough, George Bellas

green revolution

Gregory XIII, Pope

Haldane, J. B. S., 5.1, bm1.1n

Hale-Bopp comet, 3.1, bm1.1n

Hartley 2 comet, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n

Harvard College Observatory, 2.1, bm1.1n

Harvard Computers, 2.1, 2.2

Harvard University

     Museum of Comparative Zoology at, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1

heat, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2

     in greenhouse effect, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

     of impact

     sun’s radiation of, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–5n

     of volatile elements, 4.1, 4.2

     see also temperatures, global

heat balance, planetary, 3.1, 9.1

Heezen, Bruce, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

helium, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1

     at big bang

Hess, Harry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

hierarchical architecture

Himalaya Mountains

Hindostan grave markers, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

Holmes, Arthur, 6.1, 6.2

hominids, 10.1, bm1.1n

Homo sapiens

hourglasses

howler monkeys

Hubble, Edwin, 2.1, 2.2

Hubble Space Telescope

Humboldt, Alexander von

hydrogen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1

     at big bang

     as sun’s fuel, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

     in water molecule, 3.1, 3.2

hydrogen bomb

ice ages, 9.1, 10.1

     human populations affected by, 9.1, bm1.1n–8n

     orbital changes and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

     short-term riffs in, 9.1, 9.2

     warm intervals in

ice cores, 9.1, bm1.1n

India, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

     northern drift of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2

infrared spectrum, 3.1, 8.1

inventions

     multiple discoverers of, 10.1, bm1.1n

iridium

iron

     ore rocks of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

     rusting of

isolation research

Ivy Mike, Operation, 2.1, bm1.1n

Jablonski, David, 7.1, bm1.1n–4n

Jack Hills site, Australia, 3.1, bm1.1n

James, William

jawless fish

Jefferson, Thomas

Jenkins, Farish A., Jr., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

jet lag, 4.1, 4.2

Johns Hopkins University, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1

Journal of Geophysical Research

Jupiter, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1

     moons of, 3.1, 5.1

Kant, Immanuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n

Kibale National Park

kidneys, 3.1, 4.1

Konopka, Ronald, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

Krauss, Lawrence

Krogh, Schack August Steenberg

Kuiper belt, n–7n

Labrador

Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n

Lasaga, Antonio

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

lead 206, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n

Leavitt, Henrietta, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, bm1.1n

Leibniz, Gottfried

Leonardo da Vinci

Libby, Willard

life, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1

     abrupt appearance of

     chemical reactions of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2

     on dry land

     liquid water in

     patterns in history of

     single-celled, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, bm1.1n

light

     artificial, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

     circadian clocks triggered by, 4.1, 4.2

     color pigmentation affected by

     seasonal differences in

     speed of, 2.1, 2.2

     of stars, 2.1, 3.1

     wave features of

     wavelength spectrum of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1

lithium

lizards, 6.1, 8.1

London Geological Society

Lucas, Peter, 8.1, bm1.1n

Lull, Richard Swann, 1.1, bm1.1n

lunar calendars

Lystrosaurus, 8.1, 8.2

Mahanadi Coalfields Limited

Makerere University Biological Field Station

mammals, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, bm1.1n

     as catastrophe survivors

     characteristics of, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1

     earliest relatives of, 1.1, 1.2

     fossil, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 10.1

     high-energy lifestyle of

     ice age, extinction of

     kidney of

     primates, 1.1, 8.1

     size-control gene in

     whales

mammoths, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

Manhattan Project

maps, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1

     geological, 7.1, 7.2

     of ocean floor, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

Mariner missions

Mars, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 9.1

     liquid water on

     sandstones of, 3.1

     surface temperature of

Mars rovers

mass, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

matter, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

     antimatter vs., 2.1, 3.1

     energy and, 2.1, 2.2

     gravity in

Matthews, Drummond

melatonin

Mercury

     water in polar craters of, 3.1, bm1.1n

Merton, Robert, 10.1, bm1.1n

Mesozoic era

MESSENGER satellite

meteorites, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1

     1969 Mexican

microbial communities

Milankovitch, Milutin, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

milk, digestion of

Milky Way Galaxy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

mitochondria

molecular clocks

molecular forces, 5.1, 5.2

molecules, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1, 5.1

     diffusion of

     water, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

monkeys

moon

     Apollo missions to, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

     calendar based on

     craters on

     origin of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, bm1.1n

     tides caused by, 4.1, 4.2

     water on

moon rocks, 3.1, 4.1

moons, planetary, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

Moore’s law

Morley, Lawrence

mountain ranges, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2

mountain-uplift hypothesis, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

Mount Wilson Observatory

Mount Wilson telescope

Napoléon I, Emperor, 9.1, bm1.1n

NASA, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, bm1.1n

     Mariner missions of

     Mars rovers of

     MESSENGER satellite of

     Pioneer mission of

     Project Apollo of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

     Voyager spacecraft of

National Academy of Sciences

Native Americans

Natufian culture, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

natural philosophers, 7.1, 7.2

natural selection, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n–8n

nebulae, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

     Orion

Neptune

neutrons, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2

Newell, Norman, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n–3n

Newton, Isaac

nitrogen

Nobel Prize, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1

North America, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1n

     Appalachian Mountains in

     dinosaur fossils in

     end of last ice age in

     rifts in

Northern Hemisphere

North Pole, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

Nova Scotia, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2

ocean currents, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

oceans, 7.1, 9.1

     atmospheric carbon removed by, 8.1, 8.2

     chemistry of, 3.1, 7.1, bm1.1n–7n

     of Southern Hemisphere, 8.1, 8.2

     undersea volcanoes in, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

oceans, seafloor of, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 10.1

     drill cores from, 6.1, 8.1

     recycling of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1

     spreading of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

Office of Naval Research

Olsen, Paul

Orion, constellation of

Orion Nebula

oxygen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1

     in physiology, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1n

oxygen, atmospheric, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, bm1.1n–200n

     continental drift and, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n

     dangers of

     source of, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

oxygen atom, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2

     versions of, 4.1, 9.1

paleontology, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1

     databases of

     Woods Hole conference of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

Paleozoic era

particles, 2.1, 2.2

Penzias, Arno

periodic table, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

peripheral vision, 2.1, 2.2

PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum), n

Phillips, John, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, bm1.1n

photosynthesis, 5.1, 10.1

Pickering, Edward Charles, 2.1, 2.2

pineal gland

Pioneer mission

planets, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1

     climates of

     formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, bm1.1n

     in galaxy

     heat balance of, 3.1, 9.1

     Jupiter’s effect on

     moons of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

     orbital distance from sun of

     orbits of, 3.1, 3.2

     oxygen form in rocks of

     rocky inner vs. gaseous outer, 3.1, 3.2

     see also specific planets

plants, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

     algae, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

     altitude-sensitive

     dietary

     domesticated

     in evolution, 10.1, bm1.1n

     fossil, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

     photosynthesis of, 5.1, 10.1

plate tectonics, 5.1, 6.1, bm1.1n

     global temperatures affected by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

     of India, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

     motion of

     see also continental drift

primates, 1.1, 8.1

Princeton University, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2

Pritchard, Jonathan

Project Iceworm, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–7n

proteins, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

protons, 2.1, 9.1

quantum mechanics

radioactive decay, atomic, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n

radio waves

rain shadows

Ralph, Martin, 4.1, 4.2

Raymo, Maureen “Mo”, 8.1, 9.1, bm1.1n

“Revision of Triassic Stratigraphy of the Scoresby Land and Jameson Land Region, East Greenland” (Perch-Nielsen et al.), 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n

Richter, Curt, 4.1, bm1.1n

Richter’s patch, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

rocks, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

     calendars in

     dating of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–6n

     deep core drilling of, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1

     earliest fossil-containing, 4.1, 5.1

     erosion of, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7

     in Hindostan grave markers (rhythmites), 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

     iron-containing, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

     magnetism pattern in

     moon, 3.1, 4.1

     oldest, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

     oxygen versions in

     sandstones, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

     smallest components of

     superheated

     of Tibetan Plateau

     zircons, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

     see also fossils; meteorites; stratigraphic layers

Romans, ancient

     decentralized calendar of, 4.1, 4.2

Sagan, Carl, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2

San Andreas Fault

sandstones, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

satellites, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, bm1.1n

Saturn, 3.1, 9.1

     moons of

Schaff, Chuck, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n

Schopf, Tom, 7.1, bm1.1n

Schwarzenegger, Arnold

Scientific American

Scotland, 6.1, 9.1

Scott, Robert Falcon, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2

seashells, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, bm1.1n

seasonal affective disorder

seasons, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

sedimentology, n–2n

sensory deprivation

Sepkoski, Jack, 7.1, bm1.1n

Shackleton, Ernest

Shell Oil Guide to the Permian and Triassic of the World, 1.1, bm1.1n

Shukba Cave

Siffre, Michel, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

size, 2.1, 5.1

     atmospheric oxygen and, 5.1, bm1.1n–200n

     Darlington-Barbour frog experiment on, 5.1, bm1.1n

     Galileo on, 5.1, bm1.1n

     genetic control of, 5.1, bm1.1n

     gravity and

     hearing and

     humans affected by

     microscopic, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

     molecular forces and

     physiological determinants of

     predictive power of

sleep patterns, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

     genetic factors in

     light in

     medical links to, 4.1, bm1.1n–9n

     obesity correlated with

Smith, William, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n

solar system, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–7n

     age of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

     formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, bm1.1n–5n

     1969 Mexican meteorite impact and

     peripheral location of

     water in, 3.1, 3.2

     see also planets; sun

South Africa, 6.1, 6.2

     Lystrosaurus Zone of

South America, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

     Africa’s congruity with, 6.1, 6.2

     primates of

Southern Hemisphere, 8.1, 8.2

South Pole, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Soviet Union

species, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1

     common ancestors of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

     diversity of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

     extinctions of, see extinctions

     global distribution of

     hominid

     kings-of-the-hill, 7.1, 7.2

     of monkeys

     perceptions of

Spirit Mars rover

stars

     color and magnitude of

     distances of, 2.1, 2.2

     dust clouds around, 3.1, 3.2

     elements in fuel of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

     formation of

     fusion reactions of, 2.1, 3.1

     in galaxies, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

     in gas clouds, 2.1, 2.2

     heat production of

     heavier elements created by, 2.1, 2.2

     iron accumulated by

     satellite mapping of

     as supernovae, 2.1, 2.2

     variable

Stearns, Stephen, 10.1, bm1.1n

Stigler, Stephen, 10.1, bm1.1n

Stigler’s law, 10.1, bm1.1n

stone tools, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

stratigraphic layers, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–2n, bm1.2n–6n

     characteristic fossils in

     elements in

     iridium

     Lystrosaurus Zone

     in Nova Scotia, 7.1, 7.2

     of Talcher Coalfield

structural geology, n–7n

Studies on Glaciers (Agassiz)

Suess, Eduard, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n

sulfur

sun, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

     formation of

     future of, 3.1, 10.1

     heat radiated by, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–5n

     hydrogen as fuel of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

     increasing brightness of

     in solar system formation, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

supernovae, 2.1, 2.2

Swedenborg, Emanuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n

Talcher Coalfield

tectonics, see plate tectonics

telescopes, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1

     cooling of

     electromagnetic spectrum

     of Galileo

     Hubble Space

     satellite

Teller, Edward, 2.1, 2.2

Telstar satellite

temperatures, body, 4.1, 6.1

temperatures, global, 8.1, 9.1

     atmospheric carbon in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, bm1.1n

     color perception and, 8.1, bm1.1n

     cooling of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

     greenhouse effect in

     human evolution affected by, 10.1, bm1.1n

     Milankovitch cycles in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

     nuclear measurement of

     ocean currents in, 8.1, bm1.1n

     100,000–year cycle of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

     plate tectonics and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

     sun’s heat in, 8.1, 8.2, bm1.1n–5n

     warm and wet

     see also ice ages

Tharp, Marie, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, bm1.1n

Thule Air Base

Tibetan Plateau, 6.1, 8.1

time, 4.1, 10.1

     days in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5

     geological, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, bm1.1n–6n, bm1.2n

     measurements of, 4.1, 4.2

     perception of, 4.1, bm1.1n

     seasons in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

     years in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

     see also circadian clocks

Time

timepieces, 4.1, bm1.1n

time zones

Transantarctic Mountains

Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

trenches, deep-sea, 6.1, 6.2

Triassic period

Tudge, Paul, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, bm1.1n

Twins

Tyler, Stanley, 5.1, 5.2

Ulam, Stanislaw, 2.1, 2.2

ultraviolet light, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1

universe, 1.1, 2.1

     age of, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

     cooling of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

     detecting patterns of, 2.1, 2.2

     expansion of; see also big bang, theory of

     size of

uranium 238, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n

Uranus

Urey, Harold, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

van Leeuwenhoek, Anton, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, bm1.1n

variable stars

Venera missions, Soviet

Venus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1

     atmosphere of, 3.1, 3.2

     characteristics of, 3.1, 8.1

     liquid water lost by, 3.1, 3.2

     Mariner missions to

     phases of, 3.1, 5.1

     Pioneer mission to

     Soviet Venera missions to

Vine, Frederick, 6.1, bm1.1n

volcanoes, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

     around Antarctica

     carbon ejected by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

     undersea, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

Voyager spacecraft, 3.1

Wallace, Alfred Russel

water, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1

     in acid rain, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

     in comets, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n

     erosion by, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2

     in human body, 3.1, 3.2

     molecular forces of

     oxygen content of, 5.1, 6.1

     as solvent

     states of

     Venus’s loss of, 3.1, 3.2

water clocks

water molecule, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Wegener, Alfred, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, bm1.1n

Went, F. W., 5.1, bm1.1n

whales

willow trees, Arctic

Wilson, Edward

Wilson, John Tuzo, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n

Wilson, Robert

Woods Hole conference, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

World War II, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2

Yale University

Your Inner Fish (Shubin), prl.1, 1.1

zircons, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n