CONTENTS

ORIGINS OF THE CAMPAIGN

CHRONOLOGY

OPPOSING PLANS

The FrenchThe Anglo-Portuguese

OPPOSING LEADERS

The FrenchThe BritishThe Portuguese and Spanish

OPPOSING ARMIES

The FrenchThe BritishThe PortugueseThe Spanish

THE LINES OF TORRES VEDRAS

THE FRENCH FACE THE LINES

The Probes at SobralMasséna’s Choices

MASSÉNA’S RETREAT

Redinha, Condeixa, Casal Novo and Foz d’AronceMarching EastSabugal

THE BATTLE OF FUENTES DE OÑORO

Masséna’s Last ChanceThe Action of 3 MayThe Main Battle of 5 May
The French Cavalry ChargesFrench Attacks on the Village

AFTERMATH

THE BATTLEFIELDS TODAY

ORDERS OF BATTLE

FURTHER READING

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