Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles

Figures

1.1	Cumulative VTO R&D investments in energy storage technologies, 1976 through 2012
2.1	Decision-making model for public R&D investments
2.2	Cumulative USABC R&D investments in energy storage technologies, 1992 through 2010
2.3	VTO’s R&D investments for NiMH and Li-ion battery technologies, by company, 1995 through 2010 (millions $)
2.4	Innovative paradigm for a public/private technology partnership
3.1	Electric drive vehicles in the United States, by battery technology and by type, 1999 through 2012
3.2	EDV market share, 1999 through 2012
4.1	Value chain of Li-ion batteries for vehicles
4.2	Counterfactual battery life (charging cycles) improvement without VTO support
4.3	Counterfactual energy density (Wh/kg) improvement without VTO support
4.4	Counterfactual cost ($/kWh) improvement without VTO support
4.5	Market adoption of EDVs in the United States since 1999; percentage of cars sold in the United States powered by NiMH or Li-ion battery technology
4.6	95 percent confidence interval on percentage of market adoption of EDVs attributable to VTO’s R&D investments (actual adoption curve comes from Figure 4.5)
A4.1	Charging cycles and calendar life (assuming full discharge)
A4.2a	Energy density in NiMH batteries (Wh/kg)
A4.2b	Energy density in Li-ion batteries (Wh/kg)
A4.3	Cost in NiMH (top) and Li-ion (bottom) batteries ($/kWh)
A4.4	Battery technology adoption
5.1	Well-to-wheels, well-to-pump, and pump-to-wheels analysis for fuel and vehicle systems
5.2	Approach for assessing environmental health benefits and energy security benefits from EDVs
5.3	Cumulative pump-to-wheel-avoided greenhouse gas emissions (thousands of metric tons of CO₂eq)
A5.1	WtW-avoided GHG emissions (thousands of metric tons of CO₂eq)
A5.2	COBRA model overview