Tables

Component	Description
Nucleotide	The building block of DNA, it comes in four types that pair up in specific ways: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	A double-stranded molecule comprising two entwined strings of millions of different nucleotides
Gene	A region of DNA along a chromosome that encodes for a functional product such as a protein
Chromosome	A highly organized double helix of two DNA molecules
Chromosome pair	Two complementary chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

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Relationship	23andMe	AncestryDNA	Family Tree DNA
Closer than second cousin	100%	100%	>99%
Second cousin	>99%	100%	>99%
Third cousin	~90%	98%	>90%
Fourth cousin	~45%	71%	>50%
Fifth cousin	~15%	32%	>10%
Sixth cousin or greater	<5%	<11%	<2%

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Mutation	What It Means
263G	Unlike the reference sequence, the tested mtDNA has a G (guanine) at position 263.
A263G	The tested mtDNA replaced the A (adenine) at position 263 of the reference sequence with a G (guanine).
309.1C	Compared to the reference sequence, the tested mtDNA has an extra C (cytosine) after nucleotide 309.
309.2C	Compared to the reference sequence, the tested mtDNA has a second extra C (cytosine) after nucleotide 309.
522-	The tested mtDNA is missing the nucleotide found at position 522 in reference sequence.

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Symbol	Meaning
B	C or G or T
D	A or G or T
H	A or C or T
K	G or T
M	A or C
N	G or A or T or C
R	A or G
S	C or G
U	U
V	A or C or G
W	A or T
X	G or A or T or C
Y	C or T

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Type of Match	mtDNA Region Compared at Family Tree DNA	Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor
HVR1 exact match	16,001–16,569 (HVR1)	50-percent chance of common ancestor within about fifty-two generations (1,300 years)
HVR1 & HVR2 exact match	16,001–16,569 (HVR1) and 1–574 (HVR2)	50-percent chance of common ancestor within about twenty-eight generations (700 years)
Full Sequence exact match	16,001–16,569 (HVR1) 1–574 (HVR2) 575–16,000 (Coding Region)	95-percent chance of common ancestor within about twenty-two generations (550 years)

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Mary Smith’s mtDNA Descendant	Jane Smith’s mtDNA Descendant	Prudence Smith’s mtDNA Descendant
73A	73A	73A
146T	146T	146T
315.1C	315.1C	315.1C
16129G	-	16129G
16223C	-	16223C
-	16311T	-

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DYS#	393	390	19	391	385	426	388	439	389I	392	389II
Repeats	14	23	15	11	11-15	11	13	12	13	13	29
Estimated haplogroup is R1b1b

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Haplogroup	SNP Results	Terminal SNP
R1b1a2a1a1	M269+ L23+ L151+ U106+ L277-	R-U106

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Name	DYS#	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439
Thaddeus Alden	Results	14	22	15	11	11	15	11	13	9
Thomas Alden	Results	14	23	15	11	11	15	11	12	9

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Name	DYS#	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439
Thaddeus Alden	Results	14	23	15	11	11	15	11	13	9
Thomas Alden	Results	14	23	15	11	11	17	11	13	9

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	37 Y-STR Markers	67 Y-STR Markers	111 Y-STR Markers	Interpretation
	Genetic Distance
Very Tightly Related	0	0	0	The relatedness between the two test-takers is extremely close, and few people find or test a cousin at this genetic distance.
Tightly Related	1	1–2	1–2	The relatedness between the two test-takers is very close, and few people find or test a cousin at this genetic distance.
Related	2–3	3–4	3–5	The relatedness between the two test-takers is within the range of most well-established surname lineages in Western Europe, but finding a common ancestor might be challenging.
More Distantly Related	4	5–6	6–7	Without additional evidence, it is unlikely that the two test-takers share a common ancestor within a genealogically relevant time frame.

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Genetic Distance	Name	Most Distant Ancestor	Y-DNA Haplogroup	Terminal SNP
0	Roger Davis	Joshua Davis, b. c. 1765 MD	R-L1
0	Philip Davis	Joshua Davis, b. c. 1765 MD	R-L1
1	Frederick Davis	Nathaniel Davis, b. 1772 MD	R-P25	P25
2	John Thomas		R-L1

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DYS#	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439
Philip’s Descendant	13	24	14	10	11	14	12	12	12
Joseph’s Descendant	13	24	14	10	11	14	12	12	12

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	Paternal Grandfather	Paternal Grandmother	Maternal Grandfather	Maternal Grandmother
Expected	25.0%	25.0%	25.0%	25.0%
Grandson 1	28.0%	22.0%	26.6%	23.4%
Grandson 2	23.7%	26.3%	17.7%	32.3%

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rsID	Chromosome	Position	Result
rs3094315	1	752566	AA
rs12124819	1	776546	AG

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	23andMe	AncestryDNA	Family Tree DNA
	<customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/202907230-The-probability-of-detecting-different-types-of-cousins>	<dna.ancestry.com/learn>	<www.familytreedna.com/learn/autosomal-ancestry/universal-dna-matching/probability-relative-share-enough-dna-family-finder-detect>
Closer than a Second Cousin	~100%	100%	> 99%
Second Cousin	>99%	100%	> 99%
Third Cousin	~90%	98%	> 90%
Fourth Cousin	~45%	71%	> 50%
Fifth Cousin	~15%	32%	> 10%
Sixth Cousin	<5%	11%	< 5%

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Percentage	cMs Shared	Relationship
50%	3400.00	Parent/child
50%	2550.00	Siblings (see the Sharing DNA with Siblings sidebar)
25%	1700.00	Grandfather, grandmother, aunt/uncle/niece/nephew, half-siblings
12.5%	850.00	Great-grandparent, first cousin, great-uncle/aunt, half-uncle/aunt
6.25%	425.00	First cousin once removed
3.125%	212.50	Second cousin
1.563%	106.25	Second cousin once removed
0.781%	53.13	Third cousin

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Segment	Chromosome	Start	End	cMs
1	3	10725423	18905001	9.5
2	11	7561324	25779385	30.1
3	14	5037045	6709246	18.6

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Chromosome	Start Location	End Location	cMs	No. of Matching SNPs
1	165402360	190685868	22.36	5897
1	234808789	247093448	24.48	3789
2	39940529	61792229	21.54	6500
3	36495	10632877	25.72	4288
3	39812713	64231310	22.82	6100
4	140320206	177888785	39.99	7591
5	14343689	26724511	12.58	2499

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Percentage	cMs Shared	Relationship
25%	1700	Grandparent, uncle/aunt/niece/nephew, half-sibling
12.5%	850	Great-grandparent, first cousin, great-uncle/aunt/niece/nephew, half-uncle/aunt/niece/nephew
6.25%	425	First cousin once removed, half first cousin

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Ethnicity	Percentage
African	0%
Asian	0%
European	97.5%
Native American	2.5%

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Person #1	Person #2	Centimorgan Threshold	SNP Threshold
Male	Male	1	200
Male	Female	6	600
Female	Female	6 (Half-IBD)	1200 (Half-IBD)
Female	Female	5 (Full-IBD)	500 (Full-IBD)

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DNA Type	cM Threshold	SNP Threshold
atDNA	7.7	500
X-DNA	1	500

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Region	23andMe	AncestryDNA	Family Tree DNA
African	1%	2%	0%
Asian	0%	2%	7%
Native American	3%	3%	2%
European	96%	93%	90%

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Continent	23andMe	AncestryDNA	Family Tree DNA
Africa	Middle Eastern & North African Middle Eastern North African Sub-Saharan African West African East African Central & South African	Africa Africa North Africa Southeastern Bantu Benin/Togo Ivory Coast/Ghana Nigeria Africa South-Central Hunter-Gatherers Cameroon/Congo Mali Senegal	Africa East Central Africa North Africa West Africa South-Central Africa
America	Native American (Under Asia)	Native American	Native American
Asia	South Asian East Asian & Native American East Asian Korean Japanese Chinese Mongolian Yakut Southeast Asian	Asia Asia South Asia East Asia Central West Asia Middle East Caucasus	Central/South Asian Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Northeast Asia Middle Eastern Eastern Middle East Asia Minor
Europe	Northwest European British & Irish Scandinavian Finnish French & German Southern European Sardinian Italian Iberian Balkan Eastern European Ashkenazi	Great Britain Europe West Ireland Italy/Greece Scandinavia Iberian Peninsula Europe East European Jewish Finland/Northwest Russia	European Western and Central Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe British Isles Finland and Northern Siberia Scandinavia Ashkenazi Diaspora Blended Population Clusters British Isles, Western & Central Europe Eastern, Western & Central Europe Scandinavia, Western & Central Europe Southern, Western & Central Europe
Oceania	Oceanian	Pacific Islander Melanesia Polynesia	(none)

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Genetic Distance	Name	Most Distant Ancestor
0	George Albro	Job Albro, b. 1790 Rhode Island
0	Victor Albro	Job Albro, b. 24 May 1790 Rhode Island
1	Jameson Albro	Unknown

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Genetic Distance	Name	Most Distant Ancestor	Y-DNA Haplogroup	Terminal SNP
0	Wilhelm Davidson	Henry Davidson, b. 1790 Va	R-L1
0	Liam Davidson	Henry Davidson, b. 1790 Va	R-L1
1	James Davidson	Donald Davidson, b. 1773 Va	R-P25	P25
2	Philip Farah		R-L1

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Genetic Distance	Name	Most Distant Ancestor	mtDNA Haplogroup
0	Jennie Banks	Nancy Collins, b. 1775 (N.Y.)	H1
0	Caren West	Nancy Collins, b. 1775	H1
1	Victor Johns		H1
2	Cynthia Nunez	Nancy (Smith) Collins, b. ~1770	H1

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	mtDNA	Y-DNA	atDNA	X-DNA
Types of testing	HVR1/HVR2 sequencing: Testing regions of DNA that are more likely to change Whole-mtDNA sequencing: Testing the full mtDNA strand SNP testing: Testing specific DNA sites	Y-STR testing: Testing short repeated segments of DNA Y-SNP testing: Testing specific DNA sites	SNP testing: Testing specific DNA sites Whole-genome sequencing: Testing all twenty-three chromosomes	(SNP testing is part of an atDNA test)
Haplogroup determination?	Yes	Yes. Y-DNA test results are used to either estimate (for Y-STR test) or determine (for Y-SNP testing) the test-taker’s paternal haplogroup.	No	No
Cousin matching?	Yes. HVR1/HVR2 and whole-mtDNA sequencing can be used for cousin matching, although random matches may not be meaningful in a genealogically relevant timescale since mtDNA mutates slowly. SNP testing is not used for cousin matching.	Yes. Y-STR test results are useful for random cousin matching for estimating the number of paternal generations between two matches. Y-SNP testing is not as useful.	Yes. atDNA test results are useful for random cousin matching and for roughly estimating the number of generations between two matches.	Yes, although (due to low SNP density and low thresholds) only large segments should be considered (at least 10 cMs, and possibly larger)

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		23andMe <www.23andme.com>	AncestryDNA <dna.ancestry.com>	Family Tree DNA <www.familytreedna.com>
General Information	price	$199	$99	$99 (atDNA); $169 (Y-DNA); $199 (mtDNA)
	database size	more than 1 million profiles	more than 2 million profiles	more than 700,000 profiles (atDNA, Y-DNA, and mtDNA combined)
	estimated message response rate of matches	low	medium	medium
	subscription required	no	yes, for some analysis tools	no
	accessibility to customer service	e-mail only	phone or e-mail	phone or e-mail
	contact your match	yes, directly	yes, via e-mail brokering	yes, directly
Genealogy Tools	search by surname	yes	yes	yes
	search by location	yes	yes	yes
	integrate pedigree with DNA	no	yes	no
Genetic Tools	possible relationship suggested	yes	yes	yes
	amount of shared DNA (in centimorgans)	yes	yes	yes
	chromosome browser	yes	no	yes
	see other matches shared with a match	yes	yes	yes

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THE MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR IS COUSIN NUMBER ONE’S ...
THE MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR IS COUSIN NUMBER TWO’S ...
		parent	grandparent	great-grandparent	great-great-grandparent	third-great-grandparent	fourth-great-grandparent	fifth-great-grandparent	sixth-great-grandparent
	parent	siblings	nephew or niece	grandnephew or -niece	great-grandnephew or -niece	great-great-grandnephew or -niece	third-great-grandnephew or -niece	fourth-great-grandnephew or -niece	fifth-great-grandnephew or -niece
	grandparent	nephew or niece	first cousins	first cousins once removed	first cousins twice removed	first cousins three times removed	first cousins four times removed	first cousins five times removed	first cousins six times removed
	great-grandparent	grandnephew or -niece	first cousins once removed	second cousins	second cousins once removed	second cousins twice removed	second cousins three times removed	second cousins four times removed	second cousins five times removed
	great-great-grandparent	great-grandnephew or -niece	first cousins twice removed	second cousins once removed	third cousins	third cousins once removed	third cousins twice removed	third cousins three times removed	third cousins four times removed
	third-great-grandparent	great-great- grandnephew or -niece	first cousins three times removed	second cousins twice removed	third cousins once removed	fourth cousins	fourth cousins once removed	fourth cousins twice removed	fourth cousins three times removed
	fourth-great-grandparent	third-great- grandnephew or -niece	first cousins four times removed	second cousins three times removed	third cousins twice removed	fourth cousins once removed	fifth cousins	fifth cousins once removed	fifth cousins twice removed
	fifth-great-grandparent	fourth-great- grandnephew or -niece	first cousins five times removed	second cousins four times removed	third cousins three times removed	fourth cousins twice removed	fifth cousins once removed	sixth cousins	sixth cousins once removed

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Surname		Soundex Code
Meaning
Spelling Variations
Possible Transcription Errors

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Surname		Soundex Code
Meaning
Spelling Variations
Possible Transcription Errors

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Surname		Soundex Code
Meaning
Spelling Variations
Possible Transcription Errors

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Percentage Match	Centimorgans (CM)	Relationship	Notes

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	Testing Company and Website	Username of Match	Estimated Relationship	Contact Info (If Known)	Shared Ancestral Places	Match's Ancestors from Shared Places
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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	Shared Surnames	Match's Relative(s) with That Surname (and Relationship to User)	Shared Ethnic Origins	Correspondence with User, Including Dates	Notes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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	Source #		Source #
Full Name of Husband		Birth Date and Place
His Father		Marriage Date and Place
His Mother with Maiden Name		Death Date and Place Burial
Full Name of Wife
Her Father		Birth Date and Place
Her Mother with Maiden Name		Death Date and Place Burial
Other Spouses		Marriage Date and Place
Children of This Marriage	Birth Date and Place	Death Date, Place and Burial	Marriage Date, Place and Spouse

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TASK	DONE?	RESULT/COMMENTS	EXPENSES

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