Abbott, Lyman, 399
Abolition of Slavery the Right of the Government under the War Power, The, 67
abolitionist, definition of, 3
abolitionist organizations, description of, in 1860, 3-8; bury differences during war, 7-8, 104-06, 303n
abolitionists, growth of prestige and influence of, 81-90, 127-32, 262, 267, 299-300 and 299n, 363-64, 366, 367-69, 428-29; prominent as organizers and teachers of freedmen’s aid societies, 170-72, 386-88; oppose execution of rebels, 315-16; achievements of, 430-32
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 71
Adams, John Quincy, on war power over slavery, 50, 67
Africa, believed to be barbarous, 138-39; abolitionists challenge view, 138-41
Agassiz, Louis, and “American School” of anthropology, 136; on Negro inferiority, 145-46
Alcott, A. Bronson, 279
Alcott, Louisa May, 148
Aldridge, Ira, Negro actor, 143
Alvord, John W., supt. of schools of Freedmen’s Bureau, 190, 387; and freedmen’s education, 393; and American Missionary Association, 402-03
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 5
American Anti-Slavery Society, 14, 21, 22, 34; composition of, in 1860, 3-4; on Lincoln and the Republican party in 1860, 11-12, 15; annual convention canceled in 1861, 55; urges emancipation under war power, 67; on Lincoln and Emancipation Proclamation, 122; emancipation petitions, 125-26; on Negro achievement, 143; urges arming of Negroes, 193n; equal rights a vital aim of, 225; urges confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 252, 411; criticizes Lincoln in 1864, 268; and election of 1864, 268, 278-79; growing schism in, 102-04, 106, 287-300; schism of 1865, 301-07, 324; and Negro suffrage, 294, 319; early confidence in Andrew Johnson, 317; opposes efforts to reconcile A. J. and Congress, 343; assails 14th Amendment, 352; and freedmen’s aid societies, 397, 400; and Jackson bequest controversy, 400-01; on 15th Amendment, 427; dissolution of in 1870, 429. See also Garrisonian abolitionists
American Freedman, on school integration, 399; on declining support for freedmen’s education, 403-04
American Freedmen’s Aid Commission, petitions for continuation of Freedmen’s Bureau, 341; organization and work of, 394; merges with American Union Commission, 398
American Freedman’s Inquiry Commission, 145-46; formation of, 181-82; preliminary report, 183-84; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 184-86; final report, 185-86; advocates equal rights for freedmen, 186; influence of, 186, 191
American Freedmen’s Union Commission, 387, 401; organized, 398-99; operates desegregated schools, 399-400; normal schools of, 406; competition with A.M.A., 401-03; decline and dissolution of, 401-05; helps freedmen obtain land, 413
American Land Company and Agency, 412-13
American Missionary, 158
American Missionary Association, 387, 393; activities of before 1861, 5-6; establishes schools for freedmen, 158, 169, 173-74; dominated by abolitionists, 170; aids victims of N.Y. draft riot, 231; competition with A.F.U.C., 401-03; founds normal schools and colleges for Negroes, 406-07; helps freedmen obtain land, 413
American Peace Society, 53-54 and 54n
“American School” of anthropology, and diversity of races, 136-37, 145
American Union Commission, 398
Andrew, John A., 3, 7, 58; elected governor of Mass., 14-15 and 15n; rebukes Butler, 69; praises Frémont’s emancipation edict, 73; on Emancipation Proclamation, 119; president of Boston Educational Commission, 160; and 54th Mass. Volunteers, 202-06, 219; urges equal pay for Negro troops, 214; and Chase’s presidential ambitions, 263; and movement to oust Lincoln as Republican candidate in 1864, 281; effort to reconcile Andrew Johnson and Congress, 343; and land for freedmen, 412-13
Anglo-African, Negro newspaper, 51, 60; on African heritage of Negro, 141n
Anthony, Susan B., 4, 110; threatened by mob violence, 44; protests suspension of abolitionist meetings in 1861, 56; arranges lecture series, 80; organizes Women’s Loyal National League, 125; and petition campaign of W.L. N.L., 125-26; denounces racial discrimination in North, 225-26; supports Frémont for president in 1864, 268, 272; refuses to support Lincoln, 285; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 302; opposes 14th Amendment, 373; urges woman suffrage in N.Y., 377
Anti-Slavery Bugle, 4; on Republican party, 25
Army Life in a Black Regiment, 200
Ashley, James, and reconstruction, 308-10
Atlanta, Sherman’s capture of, and election of 1864, 282-84
Atlanta University, founded by A.M.A., 406
Atlantic Monthly, 142, 157, 172, 197, 198, 200; on assault of 54th Mass, on Fort Wagner, 211
atrocities against freedmen, 332, 341, 358-59
Bacon, Leonard, 88
Baker, George E., 170
Bancroft, George, 78
Banks, Nathaniel P., vetoes Mass. militia law enrolling Negroes, 192; organizes Corps d’Afrique, 208; and reconstruction of La., 243-45; labor system of, in La., abolitionists on, 289-93, 296, 299
Bassett, George, welcomes secession, 38n; opposes war, 57
Beecher, Henry Ward, opposes emancipation as war aim, 58; as ed. of Independent, 88; on Garrison’s popularity, 90; urges emancipation, 110; at Fort Sumter flag-raising ceremony, 300; favors Negro suffrage, 310, 323
Bennett, James Gordon, 89
Berea College (Ky.), 413; founded by A.M.A., 5, 406
Bird, Francis W., 75, 318; head of Bird Club, 7; presides over disunion convention in 1857, 7; and Frémont’s presidential candidacy in 1864, 279; urges impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 383-84
Bird Club, stronghold of antislavery politics in Mass., 6-7; and nomination of Andrew for governor, 14; and Chase’s presidential hopes in 1864, 263; praises Sumner for defeating readmission of La., 310; early confidence in Andrew Johnson, 314
Birney, Gen. William, 209, 220 “black codes,” in southern states, 321, 332, 335, 341
“black laws,” in northern states, 223, repealed, 236-37
Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements, The, 139
Blair, Francis P., Jr., 422-23
Blair, Montgomery, 58; disliked by radicals, 263, 284, 318; resigns from Cabinet, 284
Boston, antiabolitionist riots in, 41-44
Boston Advertiser, 331; suggests compensated emancipation 40; on emancipation pressure, 111; on 14th Amendment, 364
Boston Commonwealth, 120, 144, 266, 279, 323; founded by Emancipation League, 79; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179-80; urges equal pay for Negro soldiers, 216-17; denounces Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction, 242, 253; on reconstruction policy in La., 244; on Wade-Davis bill, 246; urges confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 249, 252-53, 372, 410-11; on Sherman’s Order no. 15, 258; supports Chase candidacy in 1864, 263n, 266; on Lincoln’s reelection, 285-86; criticizes Garrison’s defense of Banks’ labor system in La., 293; on Garrison and Negro suffrage, 295; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 303; opposes readmission of La., 308-10; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 319; reaffirms support of Andrew Johnson, 322; on Johnson’s policy, 330; on defeat of Negro suffrage in Conn., 334; on 14th Amendment, 354; urges impeachment of A.J., 369, 381-82; on Negro suffrage in North, 377; on restoration of land to pardoned rebels, 409; on proposed 15th Amendment, 425
Boston Courier, 114; on Wendell Phillips’ influence, 89
Boston Educational Commission, 160, 169. See also New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
Boston Herald, 79
Boston Journal, on W. Phillips’ reception in Washington, 85n; on Anna Dickinson, 131; favors equal suffrage, 310
Boston Transcript, 160
Botume, Elizabeth, on school desegregation, 399-400
Boutwell, George S., 79, 372; supports bill for equal suffrage, 357; on W. Phillips and 15th Amendment, 426-27
Bowditch, Henry I., 7; response to war, 47
Brannigan, Felix, 193
Brown, John, 6, 14, 15, 36, 41, 44, 48, 206
Brown, William Wells, on African heritage of Negro, 138-39; on Negro achievement, 143; recruits Negro soldiers, 205
Brownson, Orestes, 67
Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, 137
Buffum, James, 415
Bull Run, 1st battle of, 64; northern and abolitionist reaction to, 70-72, 193-94
Bull Run, 2nd battle of, northern and abolitionist reaction to, 117
Bunker, William, 51
Burleigh, Charles C., 21, 367; attacked by mob, 44-45; critical of Andrew Johnson’s reconstruction theory, 321
Burleigh, William H., campaigns for Lincoln in 1860, 20-23; in 1864, 284
Burritt, Elihu, opposes war, 54
Butler, Benjamin, 323, 361; offers to suppress slave insurrection, 56, 69; rebuked by Andrew, 69; devises “contraband” policy, 69-70, 101; praised by Phillips, 127; and contrabands at Fortress Monroe, 156; presidential possibility in 1864, 270, 281
Calhoun, John C., 300
Cameron, Simon, favors emancipation, 78; refuses to enroll Negro volunteers, 193; advocates arming of Negroes, 194, 195
Chace, Elizabeth Buffum, 229
Chandler, Zachariah, and election of 1864, 281, 284; on Andrew Johnson and Negro suffrage, 318
Channing, William H., 75; interview with Lincoln, 84; chaplain of House of Reps., 226; confidence in Andrew Johnson, 330
Chapman, Maria Weston, on abolitionist wartime tactics, 78; on Lincoln’s gradual emancipation message, 96; on Confiscation Act of 1862, 112; on Emancipation Proclamation, 121; on church desegregation, 227
Charleston, S.C., Garrison’s visit to, 300; freedmen’s schools in, 388-89
Charleston Courier, 300
Chase, Salmon P., 74, 156, 250, 255; supports Hunter’s emancipation edict, 108; and free labor experiment on S.C. sea islands, 159-60; on Negro soldiers, 198; as chief justice, accepts John Rock as Supreme Court lawyer, 226; hopes for presidency in 1864, 262-64, 266; abolitionist support of in 1864, 262-64, 266, 270, 281; and movement to oust Lincoln as Repub. candidate, 281; favors Negro suffrage, 310; interviews with Andrew Johnson on Negro suffrage, 318; presidential aspirations in 1868, 417-19
Cheever, George B., 5, 78, 207, 273; urges emancipation, 64; sermon in House of Reps., 83-84; in demand as speaker, 84; criticizes Lincoln’s gradual emancipation message, 97; works with Garrisonians during war, 106; on northern military victories, 107; on defeat of confiscation bill, 109; on Emancipation Proclamation, 118; reconstruction theory of, 238-39; supports Frémont’s presidential candidacy in 1864, 265-66, 268, 274-75; attacks Lincoln, 274-75; and movement to oust Lincoln as Repub. candidate, 281; refuses to support Lincoln, 285; elected v.p. of Am. A.S. Soc., 305; opposes 14th Amendment, 355, 373
Cheever, Henry, 5; votes for Gerrit Smith in 1860, 19n; on Lincoln’s election in 1860, 26; on 1st battle of Bull Run, 71; desires national abolitionist convention, 75; organizes “Freedom Club,” 226; supports Frémont’s candidacy in 1864, 268; opposes 14th Amendment, 373
Chicago Times, denounces abolitionists, 41; laments outburst of Negro suffrage propaganda, 327
Chicago Times and Herald, denounces abolitionists, 41
Child, David Lee, supports Lincoln in 1860, 14; almost mobbed at war meeting, 48; on war power of govt, over slavery, 67-68; welcomes Bull Run defeat, 71
Child, Lydia Maria, 4, 14, 43, 75-76; on Republicans and secession, 30-31; prefers civil war to compromise, 46; response to outbreak of war, 48; on return of fugitive slaves, 58; discouraged by “military necessity” argument, 91; criticizes Lincoln, 95; on emancipation in District of Columbia, 97; on racial intermarriage, 148; on alleged Negro inferiority, 151-52; dislikes paternalism toward freedmen, 168; favors measures to obtain land for freedmen, 255-56, 407; opposes Frémont candidacy in 1864, 274; on northern support for Negro suffrage, 311; on “impartial suffrage,” 327-28; uneasy about Andrew Johnson, 333n; fading confidence in A.J., 339; writes The Freedmen’s Book, 388; on 15th Amendment, 428; on North’s abandonment of Reconstruction, 431
Church Anti-Slavery Society, 19; description of, in 1860, 5; urges emancipation under war power, 39; works with Garrisonians during war, 106; urges equal treatment for Negro soldiers, 204; opposes Lincoln’s reelection, 268
Cincinnati, streetcar segregation ended in, 233n
Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, denounces abolitionists, 41
civil rights, see equal rights; Negro suffrage; segregation
Civil Rights bill of 1866, 342, 350
Civil War, few abolitionists foresee, 45-46; most abolitionists support Union cause, 47-55; abolitionists see as “Second American Revolution” of freedom, 65-66
Clapperton, Hugh, 141
Clark University, 388
Clarke, James Freeman, 7; approves disunion, 38n; urges emancipation, 77; on racial differences, 143-44; advises Chase to withdraw pres. candidacy in 1864, 264; urges land for freedmen, 407
Cochrane, John, makes emancipation speeches, 78; advocates Negro troops, 194; v.p. candidate of Radical Democratic Party in 1864, 270, 276; acceptance letter of, 273
Coffin, Levi, 7; organizes Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, 170-71; lobbies for Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 189; general agent of Western F. A. Comm., 387
Collyer, Robert, 117
colonization, of Negroes, advocated by Lincoln, 94, 155; opposed by abolitionists, 155-56; failure of, 155-56
Colorado, issue of equal suffrage in, 342
Concord Anti-Slavery Society, 68
confiscation, see land for freedmen
Confiscation Act of 1861, 72, 73, 94, 101, 247
Confiscation Act of 1862, 111-12, 196, 248, 256
Congdon, Charles, 87
Conkling, James, 124
Connecticut, ends school segregation, 229; defeats Negro suffrage, 333-34
Continental Monthly, emancipationist journal, 91-92
“contraband,” term coined by Butler, 69-70
Conway, Moncure D., 234; supports Lincoln in 1860, 14; supports war, 55; urges emancipation, 63-64; desires war to be revolution of freedom, 66; welcomes Bull Run defeat, 71; denounces Lincoln’s revocation of Frémont edict, 73-74; interview with Lincoln, 84-85; on Lincoln’s gradual
emancipation proposals, 96, 120; on Emancipation Proclamation, 118; article on Benjamin Banneker, 142-43; on racial differences, 144-45, 147; on racial intermarriage, 148; on alleged Negro inferiority, 151, 152; wants Civil War to be war for racial equality, 221; nominates Frémont for pres., 264
Cony, Samuel, 362
“Copperheads,” growth of movement, 123; and Frémont candidacy in 1864, 270, 273, 274-77, 277n, 279-80
Craft, Ellen, 413
Craft, William, 413
Crittenden, John J., 30
Crittenden Compromise, denounced by abolitionists, 30
Crittenden resolution on slavery and the war, 70; fails of repassage, 95
Crosby, Alpheus, 338
Curtis, George W., 323
Davis, Edward M., 209; fears war won’t abolish slavery, 58; and Frémont’s emancipation edict, 72
Davis, Henry Winter, 245; and movement to oust Lincoln as Repub. candidate in 1864, 281; on Negro suffrage, 308-09
Davis, Jefferson, 59, 103, 113, 125, 273, 316, 363
Delany, Martin R., on African heritage of Negro, 138; recruits Negro soldiers, 205, 207, 220; commissioned as major, 219n.
Democratic party, and elections of 1862, 119; and Frémont candidacy in 1864, 273-74, 275-76, 279-80; nominates McClellan on peace platform, 282, 283; and election of 1868, 422-23. See also elections
Denham, Dixon, 141
desegregation, see equal rights, segregation
Dicey, Edward, 87
Dickinson, Anna E., 266, 367; denounces Lincoln, 108; blossoms into prominent orator, 128-32; and 1863 elections in N.H. and Conn., 129-30; on racial intermarriage, 148; recruits Negro soldiers, 207; urges equal justice for freedmen, 242; campaigns for Lincoln in 1864, 282-84; opposes dissolution of American A.S. Soc., 304; speeches opposing Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 335; and issue of Negro suffrage at Southern Loyalist convention, 362-63; campaigns for Repubs. in 1866, 364; refuses to stump the South, 378; urges land for freedmen, 407; criticizes Grant, 419
discrimination, see equal rights, segregation
District of Columbia, emancipation in, 97; abolitionist response, 97-98, 101-02, 107; fugitive slave law enforced in, 102-03, 108-09; streetcar segregation ended in, 230-31; Negro suffrage bill, passed by House, 342; shelved by Senate, 357n; becomes law, 374n
disunion, urged by Garrisonian abolitionists before 1860, 31-32; most abolitionists welcome in 1860-61, 33-38; non-Garrisonian abolitionists on, 36-39; repudiated by most Garrisonians after outbreak of war, 47-51, 55-60, 99-102
Douglass, Frederick, 5, 13, 121, 131, 132, 143, 330, 367, 427; supports Frémont in 1856, 16; on Republicans in 1860, 17-19; supports Radical Abolitionist party in 1860, 18-19; on Republican party and Negro suffrage, 25-26; on Lincoln’s election in 1860, 26-27; approves disunion, 37; urges emancipation during secession crisis, 39; believes North won’t fight, 46; on northern war fever, 47; urges emancipation as military necessity, 62-63; on northern response to Bull Run defeat, 71; on Lincoln’s deference to border-state slaveowners, 73; wartime increase of prestige, 82; on nature of northern opposition to slavery, 92-93; on progress of abolitionist cause, 98; cooperates with Garrisonians during war, 104-06; disgust with Lincoln, 117; on Emancipation Proclamation, 118; on alleged inferiority of Negro, 135, 149, 150-51; on African heritage of Negro, 138; on transition of slave to freedman, 187-88; advocates arming of Negroes, 192-93, recruits Negro soldiers, 204-05, 207, 219; on govt.’s refusal of equal pay to Negro soldiers, 213; interview with Lincoln, 213; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 239-40, 319, 323; supports Frémont’s candidacy in 1864, 268; comes out for Lincoln, 283n; speeches opposing Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 335; opposes dissolution of a.s. societies, 288-89, 305; interview with Johnson, 343, 346-47; urges Johnson to support Negro suffrage, 343, 346; denounces 14th Amendment, 355; delegate to Southern Loyalist convention, 360-61; speaking tour of South, 378; turns down commissionership of Freedmen’s Bureau, 381; criticizes paternalism freedmen’s aid societies, 397; on failure to provide freedmen with land, 416; on Phillips and the Am. A.S. Soc., 429; on North’s abandonment of Reconstruction, 431
Douglass’ Monthly, 104
Downing, George T., 143; interview with Andrew Johnson, 343, 346
draft riots, in New York City, 231-32
Dugdale, Joseph, 367
d’Urville, Dumont, 137
Duvall, W. O., 99
Eastman, Zebina, 64
education of freedmen, by freedmen’s aid societies, abolitionists and, 154, 158, 160-77, 386-407; purpose of, 392-93, 405-06; problems of, 394-400; southern opposition to, 395-96; in La., 292-93; and the founding of public schools in South, 404-05; abolitionists urge federal aid to education, 370, 372-73, 375, 383, 405; founding of normal schools and colleges, 406-07; achievements of f.a. societies, 404, 406-07
elections, of 1856: 9, 16; of 1860: 9-28; of 1862: and Democratic gains, 119; of 1863: and Republican victories, 124, 129-30; of 1864: abolitionists and, 260-86, 287, 289, 299; of 1866: 358-66; of 1867: Democratic gains in, 378, 382, 383, 412; and Negro suffrage, 382; of 1868: 385; abolitionists and, 417-24, issue of Negro suffrage in, 417, 419-23
Eliot, Thomas, 308; and formation of Freedmen’s Bureau, 187, 189
emancipation, abolitionists urge during secession crisis, 39-40; abolitionists anticipate as consequence of war, 47-51; urged by abolitionists as “military necessity,” 61-63, 65; dangers of military necessity argument, 90-93; advocated by abolitionists as act of justice, 63-65; and “war power” argument, 66-69; increased northern opinion favoring, 81-82, 84n, 90, 93-98, 110-12; conversion of north to immediate emancipation, 132; in District of Columbia, 97; abolitionist response, 97-98, 101-02, 107. See also Emancipation Proclamation; Thirteenth Amendment
Emancipation League, 77, 323; formation and activities of, 75-76, 79; Garrisonian abolitionists support, 106; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 178-79, 180-81, 191; questionnaire on freedmen, 180-81; and Frémont’s candidacy in 1864, 279-80; and movement to oust Lincoln as Repub. candidate, 281; urges Negro suffrage, 320; reorganized as Impartial Suffrage Assoc., 353
Emancipation Proclamation, of Sept. 22, 1862, 1st draft of, 111; issuance of, 117-118; abolitionist response, 117-19; Democratic attacks on, 119
Emancipation Proclamation, of Jan. 1, 1863, abolitionists anticipate, 120-21; issuance of, 121-22; abolitionist response, 121-22, 133
“emancipationist,” term coined, 92
equal pay, for Negro soldiers, abolitionists work for, 213-20; achieved, 217-19
equal rights, for Negroes, supported by abolitionists, 23-26; fundamental aim of abolitionist movement, 221, 225, 261; abolitionists work for in North, 222-37. See also Negro suffrage; segregation
Equal Rights Association, opposes 14th Amendment, 373
Equal Rights Leagues, organized, 234-35
equal suffrage, definition of, 327. See also Negro suffrage
Equality of All Men before the Law, The, 319
Essex County Anti-Slavery Society, on Lincoln, 24; on equal rights as aim of abolitionist movement, 225
Everett, Edward, 99
Fairbanks, Dexter, 78
Fessenden, William Pitt, 343; opposes retroactive equal pay for Negro troops, 216; expects Andrew Johnson to sign Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 347; and 14th Amendment, 353, 355
Field, David Dudley, 281
Fifteenth Amendment, 421, 429, 430; abolitionists urge passage of, 354-55, 376-77, 383, 424-25; passed by Congress, 425-27; ratified, 428. See also Negro suffrage
Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts Volunteers, Negro regiment, recruited, 205, 209; and struggle for equal pay, 212, 214, 218
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, Negro regiment, recruited, 202-05, 209; parade through Boston, 205-06; assault on Fort Wagner, 211-12; and struggle for equal pay, 212, 214, 217, 218
First South Carolina Volunteers, Negro regiment, recruited, 197; commanded by T. W. Higginson, 197-202; fights well, 198-99, 211; struggle for equal pay, 212, 215-16, 218-19
Fish, William, 33
Fisk University, founded by A.M.A., 406
Forbes, John Murray, on success of emancipation, 167
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, and Fort Pillow massacre, 218n
Fort Pillow, “massacre,” 217-18 and 218n
Fort Sumter, reaction of abolitionists to bombardment of, 46-51; flag-raising ceremony in 1865, abolitionists attend, 300
Fort Wagner, assault on, of 54th Massachusetts Volunteers, 211-12
Forten, Charlotte, teacher of freedmen in S.C., 162-63; publicizes Port Royal experiment, 172
Foster, Stephen S., 4, 14, 16, 307; denounces Repub. party, 10; organizes “Union Democratic party,” 13; opposes disunion, 38-39; on abolitionist support of Union war effort, 58-59, 101, 103-04; denounces Union government, 99, 100, 102-03; on equal rights as aim of abolitionist movement, 225; opposes Lincoln in 1864, 268; supports Frémont’s candidacy, 267; criticizes Garrison’s support of Banks’ labor system in La., 299; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Society, 287, 301, 305-07; on Republican shortcomings, 358
Fourteenth Amendment, 423; first proposed, 351; revised, 353; shortcomings of, criticized by abolitionists, 351-58, 364-66, 372-74; passed by Congress, 355-56; seen by Repubs. as final terms of reconstruction, 364-65, 372-74; rejected by southern states, 374; and Reconstruction Acts, 374-75
Franklin, Benjamin, 388n Free Soil party, 20, 22; not an abolitionist party, 3, 5, 6, 18; cooperates with abolitionists in Massachusetts, 6-7; attitude of Garrisonians toward, 9
Free South, 254
freedmen’s aid societies, see education of freedmen; and the names of individual societies (e.g., New England Freedmen’s Aid Society)
Freedmen’s Book, The, 388
Freedmen’s Bureau, 172, 378-79, 381, 387, 391, 396; creation of, urged by abolitionists, 178-91; passage of bill establishing, 189-90; abolitionist personnel of, 190-91; and land for freedmen, 256-57; and crimes against freedmen, 359; assists freedmen’s aid societies, 393, 406; favors A.M.A., 402; and Andrew Johnson’s restoration of land to pardoned rebels, 408-09
Freedmen’s Bureau bill, of 1866, introduced, 341-42; passed by Congress, vetoed by Johnson, 347-49; passed over veto, 409
Freedom Club, in Worcester, aims of, 226; on Andrew Johnson, 347
French, Mansfield, organizes Natl. Freedmen’s Relief Assoc., 160; publicizes Port Royal experiment, 172; efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 250-51, 253-55, 259
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 264, 285n
Frémont, John C., 9, 16, 95, 98, 207; emancipation edict in Mo., 72; abolitionists applaud, 72-73; Lincoln modifies, 73, 76, 77; abolitionists support for president in 1864, 264-71, 272-77, 279-81, 284; nominated for president, 269-70; acceptance letter of, 273, 274; candidacy opposed by abolitionists, 272-79, 281, 284; abolitionists try to persuade to withdraw from race, 281, 284; withdraws, 284
Frothingham, Octavius B., 7, 78; speaks out for Negro suffrage, 326-27
fugitive slaves, returned to masters by Union officers, 48, 58; declared “contraband of war” by Butler, 69-70; no national policy on in 1861, 70n; Congress forbids army officers to return, 97; captured in District of Columbia, 102-03, 108-09
Gannett, William C., participant in Port Royal experiment, 175; evaluates experiment, 175-77; opposes grants of land to freedmen, 251; supports measures to assure land for freedmen, 254, 259
Gardner, Anna, philosophy of teaching freedmen, 395-96
Garfield, James, 264
Garnet, Henry Highland, 143; recruits Negro soldiers, 205; invited to preach in House chamber, 226
Garrison, Francis J., 350
Garrison, George T., 205n
Garrison, Wendell P., on Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction, 241, 252; on Wade-Davis bill, 246; associate ed. of Nation, 323; on defeat of Negro suffrage in Conn., 334
Garrison, William Lloyd, 3, 4, 13, 14, 22, 26, 68, 86, 92, 98, 106, 128, 174, 194, 216, 235, 310, 418; on Free Soil and Repub. parties before 1860, 9; on Repub. party and Lincoln in 1860, 12-13, 15; praises John Andrew, 15; on Radical Abolitionist party, 18; praises Lincoln’s refusal to compromise on slavery in territories, 31; favors disunion, 33-34; condones slave insurrections, 34-35; discouraged by antiabolitionist mobs, 45; supports war effort despite pacifism, 52-54; urges support of Lincoln’s war policy, 55; repudiates disunion and supports war for Union, 57-59, 100 and n, 101-02; support of Union criticized, 58-60; denounces Lincoln’s modification of Frémont’s emancipation edict, 73; opposes holding of national abolitionist convention, 75; consulted on Independent editorial policy, 88; wartime growth of prestige and influence of, 90, 299-300, 299n; writes emancipation petitions, 93, 110; denounces Lincoln’s conservatism, 94, 108, 112, 117; on Lincoln’s gradual emancipation proposals, 96-97, 120; on emancipation in District of Columbia, 97; on Emancipation Proclamation, 118-19, 120, 121; on African heritage of Negro, 141; reviews parade of 54th Mass. Volunteers, 206; on Sherman’s Order no. 15, 258; defends Lincoln, supports his reelection, 260-62, 266-67, 268-69, 272, 285, 291, 299; dispute with Phillips over election of 1864, 260-62, 268-69, 278, 287; attends Repub. convention in 1864, 271; interview with E. M. Stanton, 271; interview with Lincoln, 272; denounced by Frémont supporters, 272; favors dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 287-88, 301-07; resigns as president of Am. A.S. Soc., 305; defends Banks’ labor system in La., 291-93, 299; defense criticized by other abolitionists, 291, 293, 299; ambiguous position on Negro suffrage, 294-95, 297-98, 298n; position criticized by other abolitionists, 295, 297-99; visit to Charleston in 1865, 300; favors Negro suffrage, 303-04, 304n; and last issue of Liberator, 305n; and founding of Nation, 324-25; confidence in Andrew Johnson, 330 and n; fading confidence in A.J., 333, 339; urges impeachment of A.J., 349, 370; on 14th Amendment, 356; on abolitionists’ obligation to freedmen, 386; clash with Phillips over Jackson bequest, 400-01, 401n; in election of 1868, 423
Garrison, William Lloyd, Jr., 45; welcomes secession, 36; supports war despite pacifism, 52-53; early confidence in Andrew Johnson, 314; on A.J.’s policy, 330; critical of A.J., 338
Garrisonian abolitionists, 78; description of, 3-4; disunion convention of 1857, 7; on antislavery political parties before 1860, 9-10; and election of 1860, 9-16, 27-28; support Andrew in 1860, 14-15; advocate disunion, before 1860, 31-32, during secession crisis, 33-36; suspend meetings at start of war, 55-56; repudiate disunionism, support war for Union, 55-60; growing schism in ranks, 99-104, 106, 287-300; schism of 1865, 301-07; work with non-Garrisonians during war, 104-06; urge creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179; urge appointment of Negro army officers, 204; work to end streetcar segregation in Philadelphia, 233-34. See also American Anti-Slavery Society; New England Anti-Slavery Society; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
Gay, Sydney Howard, 4; supports Lincoln in 1860, 14; publishes Frémont’s emancipation edict, 72; becomes managing ed. of New York Tribune, 86-87 and 87n; urges emancipation, 96; interview with Lincoln, 114-15; on Lincoln and slavery, 116; on alleged inferiority of Negro, 135, 150, 152-53; on impediments to Negro soldier recruitment, 203-04; urges equal pay for Negro troops, 215-16; denounces racial discrimination in North, 222; urges streetcar desegregation in Washington, 230; advocates federal law against segregation in transportation, 237; on Sherman’s Order no. 15, 257-58; sympathetic to Chase candidacy in 1864, 263; on northern war-weariness in 1864, 280; comes out for Lincoln’s reelection, 283; on Banks’ labor system in La., 290; urges Negro suffrage in North, 333
Georgia, legislature expels Negro members, 423
Gettysburg, battle of, abolitionist and northern reaction to, 123-24, 240
Gibbons, Abigail Hopper, 171-72
Giddings, Joshua, 67
“Gideonites,” missionaries to freedmen in S.C., 162-69, 172-73, 175; skeptical about arming of freedmen, 195; support the arming of freedmen, 197; efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 250-52, 253-55, 259
Gilbert, Edward, 78; supports Lincoln in 1860, 19; hails disunion, 37
Gilmore, James R., on Gay and Greeley, 87n; founds Continental Monthly, 91; on Greeley and Lincoln, 115-16
Gliddon, George, 136
Godkin, Edwin L., and founding of Nation, 323-25
Goodell, William, 22, 93; editor of Principia, 5; in election of 1860, 17-18; opposes disunion, urges emancipation under war power, 39; response to outbreak of war, 48; urges emancipation as military and political necessity, 63; desires “Second American Revolution” of freedom, 65; on growing emancipation sentiment in North, 78-79; organizes National Emancipation Association, 80; on wartime increase of abolitionist prestige, 81; welcomed in capital, 84; interview with Lincoln, 84; on Lincoln’s revocation of Hunter’s emancipation edict, 108; praises Lincoln’s pledge to sustain Emancipation Proclamation, 124; on freedmen’s education, 154; on Wade-Davis bill, 245; urges confiscation and reallocation of southern plantations, 247; supports Frémont’s presidential candidacy in 1864, 267-68, 275, 279
Grant, Ulysses S., 321; presidential possibility in 1864, 270, 281; probable Repub. presidential nominee in 1868, 417-19; nominated, 419; abolitionists on, 417-19, 422; election of, 424
Greeley, Horace, 81, 283, 368; on Repub. party and slavery in 1860, 12; and S. H. Gay, 86-87, 87n; critical of Lincoln, 115; “Prayer of Twenty Millions,” 116; supports Chase candidacy in 1864, 263, 266; advises Chase to withdraw from race, 264; and movement to oust Lincoln as Republican nominee, 281-82; efforts to reconcile Johnson and Congress, 343; stunned by Johnson’s veto of Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 347-48; works for Negro suffrage in N.Y., 377; opposes impeachment in 1867, 383; on charity to freedmen, 392; on abolitionist efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 412; supports Chase for presidential nomination in 1868, 417-18
Grew, Mary, 4; opposes concessions to save Union, 30; on increased prestige of abolitionists, 89, 267; on progress of abolitionist cause, 98; on assault of 54th Mass. Volunteers on Fort Wagner, 212
Griffing, Josephine S., 4; on Republican party in 1860, 13; and antiabolitionist mob violence, 45; social worker among Washington freedmen, 171, 188, 389, 391-92; official of Freedmen’s Bureau, 190, 391
Griffith, Mattie, approves disunion, 33
Grinnell, Josiah, 246
Grow, Galusha, 85
Hahn, Michael, 244
Haiti, Negro emigration to, 155-56
Halleck, Gen. Henry, 112
Hallett, Benjamin, 78
Hallowell, Edward N., officer in Negro regiment, 217, 220; devises “Quaker Oath,” 218
Hallowell, Norwood P., officer in Negro regiment, 203, 220
Hamlin, Hannibal, 25
Hampton, Wade, 377
Hampton Institute, founded by A.M.A., 406
Hancock, Gen. Winfield, 383
Harper, Frances E. W., 378
Harper’s Weekly, 373
Hartford Times, on wartime growth of abolitionist influence, 132
Haven, Gilbert, 7; on equality of races, 135, 136; on racial intermarriage, 148; on racial discrimination in North, 222; works for church desegregation, 227; opposes segregation in army, 236; at impeachment trial, 384; and Methodist Freedmen’s Aid Society, 388; urges 15th Amendment, 424
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 317
Herndon, William H., 31, 35-36
Hicks, Thomas, governor of Maryland, 69
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 6; supports Lincoln in 1860, 23; on secession, 37; on northern war fever, 47; says that slavery is root of rebellion, urges emancipation, 62, 72; on northern military victories, 107; fears reaction against Emancipation Proclamation, 122-23; colonel of 1st S.C. Volunteers (Negro regiment, 197-202, 211, 220; Army Life in a Black Regiment, 200; works for equal pay for Negro soldiers, 212, 215, 218-19; opposes school segregation in Newport, 228-29; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 296; favors land for freedmen, 254, 407, 411; on northern reaction to Lincoln’s assassination, 315; on Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 337-38; turns against Johnson, 339; on Negro suffrage in North, 420
Hinton, Richard J., 6, 51; writes campaign biographies of Seward and Lincoln, 20; organizes Kansas Emancipation League, 170; at impeachment trial, 384; on proposed 15th Amendment, 424
Hoar, George F., 405
Holden, William, 321
Holley, Sallie, on Emancipation Proclamation, 118; long service as teacher of freedmen, 387
Howard, Gen. Oliver Otis, commissioner of Freedmen’s Bureau, 381; on achievements of freedmen’s aid societies, 172; antislavery sympathizer, 190; aids freedmen’s education, 393; favors A.M.A., 402-03; and restoration of land to pardoned rebels, 408-09
Howard University, founded, 406
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 6, 336; member of Bird Club, 7; opposes Union-saving efforts, 37; response to outbreak of war, 47-48; and Emancipation League, 75, 76, 79; on racial differences, 145-47; on alleged Negro inferiority, 152-53; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179, 180; member of American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, 182-86, 191; book on Canadian Negroes, 186-87; on transition of slave to freedman, 187; opposes school segregation, 228n; opposes segregation in army, 236; and efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 415
Humboldt, Alexander von, 137
Hunter, Gen. David, 250; emancipation edict, revoked by Lincoln, 102-03, 107-08, 111; abolitionist response, 107-08; tries to recruit Negro regiment on S.C. sea islands, 195-96, 197
Hutchinson, John Wallace, 20-21
Hutchinson family, singing group, support Lincoln in 1860, 20-21, 23; refuse to sing before segregated audiences, 223
Illinois, denies equal rights to Negroes, 25
impartial suffrage, definition of, 327; abolitionists on, 327-28. See also Negro suffrage
Impartial Suffrage Association, 353, 356
impeachment, see Johnson, Andrew
intermarriage, see racial intermarriage
Independent, 14, 238, 309-10, 349, 383; change in editorship of, 87-88; circulation of, 88, 89n; emancipation editorials of, 110; opposes streetcar segregation in New York, 232; supports Chase candidacy in 1864, 263; opposes Frémont candidacy, 275-78; comes out for Lincoln, 282-83; supports Negro suffrage enabling act, 356; opposes Tennessee’s readmission, 357; urges adoption of 15th Amendment, 376; favors Negro suffrage in North, 377; supports Chase for Repub. presidential nomination in 1868, 418, 419. See also Tilton, Theodore
Iowa, adopts Negro suffrage in 1868, 424
Jackson, Francis, antislavery bequest, dispute over, 400-401 and 401n
Jackson, William Andrew, 125
Jay, John, 7, 90; supports Lincoln in 1860, 22-23; approves disunion, 37; on slavery and the war, 61; discourages distinct abolitionist organizations, 77-78; bases emancipation plea on military necessity, 91n; organizes emancipation meeting in New York, 110; regrets Phillips’ attacks on Lincoln, 113; president of New York Union League, 123; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 178; recruits Negro troops, 207-08, 219; theory of reconstruction, 238; and southern Republicans, 379
Jay, William, 23
Johnson, Andrew, 316, 366, 417; military governor of Tenn., 209-10; theory of reconstruction, 239, 317-18; theory criticized by abolitionists, 321, 337, 341; denounces traitors, 314, 316; early abolitionist and radical confidence in, 314, 316-18; prejudice against Negroes, 317, 346n, 347; interviews with Negroes, 317, 343, 346 and n; on Negro suffrage, 318, 320, 334, 336, 341, 346; position on N. suffrage denounced by abolitionists, 346-47; interview with Stearns, 336-37; reconstruction policy, 320-21; policy criticized by abolitionists, 321-22, 329-33, 335-36, 336-40; increasing tension with Congress, 342; efforts to reconcile Congress and A.J., 342-43; efforts opposed by abolitionists, 343; vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 347-48; Washington’s Birthday speech, 348-49; vetoes Civil Rights bill and breaks with Republicans, 350; and National Union movement, 358; and New Orleans riot, 359; denounces Phillips and T. Stevens as traitors, 363; advises South to reject 14th Amendment, 374; and Reconstruction Acts, 375-76, 380, 383; offers commissionership of Freedmen’s Bureau to Negroes, 381; abolitionists urge impeachment of, 349, 369-70, 375, 381-82, 383-85; suspends Stanton, 381, 418; controversy with Grant, 419; dismisses Stanton, 384; impeached by House, 384; acquitted by Senate, 385; abolitionist reaction to acquittal, 385; restores land to pardoned rebels, 407-08; abolitionists denounce, 409
Johnson, Oliver, 23, 78, 79, 95, 307; ed. of National Anti-Slavery Standard, 4; on Repub. party in 1860, 16; on northern war fever, 47; anticipates emancipation as result of war, 48; hopes Phillips will support Union War effort, 49; praises Phillips’ war speech, 51; on Gay’s accession as managing ed. of New York Tribune, 86-87; consulted on Independent editorial policy, 88; on Parker Pillsbury’s antigovernment stand, 101-02; tries to promote harmony in Am. A.S. Soc., 102; urges Lincoln to procoin’s dismissal of McClellan, 119; on Emancipation Proclamation, 120; on alleged Negro inferiority, 149; warns abolitionists against political activity, 262; attacks Frémont candidacy in 1864, 273; supports Lincoln, 278; urges Garrison to support Negro suffrage, 297-98; on Negro suffrage, 301-02, 303; favors dissolution of Am. A.S. Society, 300-03, 305-07; resigns as ed. of Standard, 305; urges abolitionists to join freedmen’s aid societies, 301-02; becomes managing ed. of Independent, 305n; disillusioned by Andrew Johnson’s veto of Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 348; on 14th Amendment, 356; on probable nomination of Grant in 1868, 418
Johnson, Samuel, 7
Joint Committee of Fifteen, 343; formation of, 341; and 14th Amendment, 351-54
Jones, Howard Mumford, 200
Julian, George W., 3, 419; on emancipation in District of Columbia, 97; favors land for freedmen, 249; bill to provide land for freedmen, 255-57, 259; urges Lincoln to approve permanent confiscation, 256; and Reconstruction Acts, 374-75
Kansas, Negro suffrage defeated in, 382
Kansas Emancipation League, 170
Kelley, William D., 361; favors Negro suffrage, 308-09, 319, 323; urges abolitionists to keep up fight for Negro suffrage, 350; southern tour of, 378
Keokuk Gate City, on Phillips’ influence, 367-68
King, Martin Luther, 432
Kock, Bernard, 155
Laborers’ Homestead and Southern Emigration Society, 415-16
La Crosse Democrat, 423
land for freedmen, abolitionists urge measures to provide, 179, 246-59, 319, 370, 372-73, 375, 407-12; and Confiscation Acts, 247-48; on S.C. sea islands, 249-51, 253-55; government measures for, 253-57; Sherman’s Order no. 15, 257-59; and Frémont’s presidential candidacy in 1864, 267, 270; abolitionist efforts to help freedmen obtain land, 386, 412-16
Langston, John Mercer, 143; recruits Negro soldiers, 205, 206-07, 219-20; interview with Andrew Johnson, 317; appointed inspector of schools of Freedmen’s Bureau, 373; organizes Negro Republicans in South, 378-79; turns down commissionership of Freedmen’s Bureau, 381
Latham, R. G., 137
Leavitt, Joshua, 6, 106; on Lincoln’s election in 1860, 26; sympathetic to Chase’s presidential ambitions in 1864, 263
Lee, Robert E., 321
Leland, Charles G., 91
Lewis, Dio, 229
Liberator, 4, 15, 51, 92, 94, 100n, 120, 128, 174, 300, 324, 334, 338; and land for freedmen, 246-47; on Sherman’s Order no. 15, 258; supports Lincoln’s reelection, 267; opposes Frémont’s candidacy, 272, 279; pro-Frémont abolitionists cancel subscriptions to, 272-73; defends Banks’ labor system in La., 292; last issue of, 305n
Liberty party, 5, 6, 7, 17-18, 22 104
Lincoln, Abraham, 9, 55, 98, 192, 215, 240, 287, 299, 318, 334, 362; attitude of abolitionists toward, in election of 1860, 11-28; on slavery before Civil War, 11; opposed to social and political equality of races, 11, 23-25; refuses to compromise on slavery in territories, 31; promises to avoid interference with slavery, 56, 70; Lincoln administration, Garrisonian abolitionists on, 59-60; abolitionists begin to criticize L.’s leadership, 60-61, 74; abolitionists urge L. to proclaim emancipation under war power, 66-67; modifies Frémont’s emancipation edict, 73, 76, 77; abolitionists denounce, 73-74; attends abolitionist lectures, 81, 131; interviews with abolitionists, 84-85, 115, 213, 272; and colonization of freedmen, 94, 155; colonization criticized by abolitionists, 94-95, 156; recommends gradual, compensated emancipation, 96, 119-20; conservatism criticized by abolitionists, 102, 109-13, 116-17; by Republicans, 114-15; revokes Hunter’s emancipation edict, 102-03, 107-08, 111; recommends border-state emancipation, 111; drafts Emancipation Proclamation, 111; reply to Greeley’s “Prayer of Twenty Millions,” 116; issues preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 117-18; dismisses McClellan, 119; issues final Emancipation Proclamation, 120-22; pledges to sustain Proclamation, 124; and contrabands on S.C. sea islands, 160; recommends creation of Freedmen’s Bureau, 188-89; signs bill creating Bureau, 190; opposes arming of Negroes, 194-96; authorizes enlistment of Negro soldiers, 197, 202, 207; praises courage and contribution of Negro troops, 212; promises equal pay for Negro soldiers, 213-14; and Confiscation Act of 1862, 248; and land for freedmen, 253, 256; reconstruction theory of, 239, 317; reconstruction policy, 239, 240-41, 308-09; criticized by abolitionists, 241-43, 252-53, 260-61, 268, 269-70; and reconstruction of La., 243-45, 314; pocket veto of Wade-Davis bill, 246, 280-81; and Negro suffrage, 294; favors qualified Negro suffrage, 244, 314; election of 1864, abolitionists and, 260-86; strong support of in 1864, by rank and file Republicans, 264, 266; renominated, 271; anticipates defeat at polls, 280; movement to oust L. as Republican candidate in 1864, abolitionists and, 280-82; most abolitionists support L. in election of 1864, 285; sustains Banks’ labor system in La., 290-91; 2nd inaugural address, 311; assassination of, abolitionist reaction, 314-16; compared to Andrew Johnson, 314-15, 330, 332, 336. See also elections; Republican party
Livermore, George, denounces Phillips, 113
Lockwood, Lewis C., missionary to freedmen, 158
Louisiana, reconstruction of, under Lincoln’s policy, 243-45, 269; Gen. Banks’ labor system in, abolitionists on, 289-93, 296, 299; education of freedmen in, 292-93; abolitionists and radicals oppose readmission of, 1865, 308-10
Louisville Democrat, 165
Lovejoy, Owen, 3; opposes return of fugitive slaves, 70; resolution forbidding return of fugitive slaves, 95
Lowell, James Russell, 140
Lowry, Morrow B., bill to abolish segregation in public transportation in Pa., 235-36
Loyal Publication Society, 123
L’Unite de l’Espece Humaine, 137
McClellan, George B., 110, 268, 269, 276, 280; denounced by abolitionists, 113; and battle of Antietam, 117; dismissed by Lincoln, 119; failure of peninsula campaign, 196; Democratic candidate for president in 1865, 282, 283, 284
McKaye, James, member of A.F.I.C., 182-86
McKim, James Miller, 4, 76, 210, 307; anticipates emancipation as result of war, 48-49; wartime growth of influence, 127; organizes Philadelphia Port Royal Relief Committee, 160; resigns as secretary of Pa. A.S. Soc., 161, 287; urges abolitionists to go into freedmen’s aid work, 161-62; on Port Royal experiment, 166; and formation of A.F.I.C., 181-82, 191; lobbies for Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 189; recruits Negro troops, 207, 219; works to end streetcar segregation in Philadelphia, 235; and election of 1864, 266; on Negro suffrage, 294, 297; and schism in Am. A.S. Soc., 305; and founding of Nation, 323-25; continued confidence in Andrew Johnson, 338, 339; urges enlargement of Freedmen’s Bureau, 341; expects A.J. to sign Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 347; disillusioned by A.J.’s veto, 348; denounces A.J., 349; on 14th Amendment, 356; corresponding secretary of A.F.U.C., 387, 398-99; organizes A.F.A.C., 394; organizes A.F.U.C., 398; on purpose of freedmen’s education, 393, 397-98; on degradation of Negro by slavery, 396-97
McPherson, Edward, 331
Manning, Jacob, 160
Martin, J. Sella, 143
Massachusetts, center of antislavery strength, 6-7; enacts public accommodations law, 236-37
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 4, 68, 128, 132, 287; convention disrupted by mob, 43; wartime influence of, 83; supports Union government, 100; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179; urges Negro suffrage, 242-43; criticizes Lincoln in 1864, 260-61, 278; convention of 1865, and Negro suffrage, 297-99, 301
Massey, R. D., 210
May, Samuel, Jr., 307; and election of Andrew in 1860, 15; on election of Lincoln, 27; welcomes secession, 33; on northern war fever, 47; supports Union govt. and war, 54, 60, 103; on northern opinion of slavery, 95; on emancipation in District of Columbia, 97; on Pillsbury’s antigovernment stand, 102; on Lincoln’s revocation of Hunter’s emancipation edict, 108; on Emancipation Proclamation, 119; supports Lincoln’s reelection, 268; on increase of Garrison’s prestige, 300; favors dissolution of Am. A.S. Society, 304-06; resigns from Society, 305; urges abolitionists to join freedmen’s societies, 304; on Andrew Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 322; fears consequences of A.J.’s policy, 332-33; fading confidence in A.J., 339; organizes freedmen’s aid society, 388
May, Samuel J., 4; urges compensated emancipation, 40; threatened by mob violence, 44; belief in pacifism shaken by war, 52; organizes Syracuse Freedmen’s Aid Society, 170, 388; argument against school segregation, 227-28; urges confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 252
Methodist Freedmen’s Aid Society, 388
Michigan, antiabolitionist mobs in, 45; defeat of Negro suffrage in, 420
Middlesex County (Mass.) Anti-Slavery Society, urges equal pay for Negro troops, 215
Milliken’s Bend, battle of, and Negro soldiers, 211
Minnesota, Negro suffrage defeated, in 1865, 333-34; in 1867, 382; Negro suffrage adopted in 1868, 424
miscegenation, see racial intermarriage
Mississippi, militia in, 332
mob violence, against abolitionists, 40-45, 85-86
Montgomery Advertiser, 62
Moody, Loring, 379
Morris, Robert, 143
Morton, Oliver P., 361
Morton, Samuel G., 136
Mott, Lucretia, 4
Nation, founding of, abolitionists and, 323-26; on 14th Amendment, 364; sees 14th Amendment as final terms of readmission, 373
National Anti-Slavery Standard, 16, 27, 51, 86, 137, 301-02, 412, 421-22; organ of Am. A.S. Society, 4; critical of all parties in 1860, 12; on Repub. party and Negro suffrage, 26n; opposes concessions to save Union, 29; welcomes secession, 36; expects emancipation to result from war, 49; urges suspension of abolitionist criticism of govt., 55-56; urges emancipation as military and political necessity, 63; wartime increase in prestige of, 82; on emancipation in District of Columbia, 98; on alleged inferiority of Negro, 139; urges free labor experiment on S.C. sea islands, 158-59; on need for continued antislavery work, 161; on assault of 54th Mass. Volunteers on Fort Wagner, 211; opposes streetcar segregation in New York, 232; urges federal law against segregation in transportation, 237; on Lincoln’s reconstruction plan, 241; denies schism in abolitionist ranks, 262; on partisanship of abolitionists in 1864, 269; opposes Frémont candidacy in 1864, 273, 278-79; supports Lincoln, 278; denounced by Phillips, 278; on Negro suffrage, 297; change in editorship of, 305; attacks Andrew Johnson, 329; implacably hostile to A.J., 337; denounces A.J.’s race prejudice, 347; on A.J.’s veto of Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 347; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 351; criticizes shortcomings of Repub. party, 352-53, 354, 355, 357n; on National Union movement, 358; denounces 14th Amendment, 364; influence of Phillips’ editorials in, 368; circulation of, 368n; urges impeachment of A.J., 384; on duty of abolitionists to educate freedmen, 386; and Jackson bequest dispute, 401; urges Negro suffrage in North as well as South, 420; on Negro suffrage plank in 1868 Repub. platform, 421; on proposed 15th Amendment, 425; continued after 1870 as The Standard, 428
National Colored Men’s Convention, 234
National Education Association, 392
National Emancipation Association, 80, 93
National Freedmen’s Relief Association (New York), organized, 160; sends teachers to freedmen, 170; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 188-89; dissolution of, 404
National Freedmen’s Relief Association (Washington, D.C.), 170, 188, 389
National Reform League, 430
National Union League, 256
National Union movement, abolitionists denounce, 358-60
Nebraska, Negro suffrage in, 374n
Negro, innate inferiority of, most Americans believe in, 134-35; belief challenged by abolitionists, 134-53
Negro soldiers, abolitionists urge enlistment of, 192-94, 196; northern Negroes volunteer services as, 192-93; opposed by Lincoln administration, 193-96; enlistment of, authorized by Congress, 196; enlistment begun, 197ff; recruited by abolitionists, 204-10, 219-20; few Negroes become officers, 202-04, 219n; abolitionist officers of, 197, 203, 205n, 207, 208, 217, 220; prove fighting ability, 211-12; praised by Lincoln, 212; denied equal pay, 212-17; granted equal pay, 217-20
Negro suffrage, principle of, advocated by abolitionists, 24; denial of, in most northern states, 223-24, 237; defeat of, in northern states during the war and Reconstruction, 25-26, 333-34, 377, 382; advocated by abolitionists as a condition of reconstruction, 239-43, 294-99, 301-29, 333-34, 336-39, 342-46, 350-58, 360-63, 365-66, 376, 378; as issue in reconstruction of La., 243-45, 308-10; abolitionists criticize absence of from Wade-Davis bill, 245-46; as issue in election of 1864, 267, 269, 270, 275-77, 279; northern discussion of in 1865, 310-11, 326-27; Andrew Johnson on, 318, 320-21, 334, 336, 341, 346; Republicans and, 329, 333-34; in District of Columbia, 342, 357n, 374n; in Colorado, 342; issue at Southern Loyalist Convention, 360-63; as issue in 1866 elections, 364n; in Nebraska, 374n; in the territories, 374n; in Reconstruction Acts, 375; abolitionists urge North to adopt, 377, 382-83; as issue in election of 1868, 385, 417, 419-23; and Republican platform of 1868, 419-21; adopted in Minnesota and Iowa, 1868, 424. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment
New England, center of Garrisonian abolitionism, 4
New England Anti-Slavery Society, annual convention of 1861 canceled, 55; grudging support of Lincoln administration, 102-03; denounces enforcement of fugitive slavery law in District of Columbia, 109; on defeat of confiscation bill, 109; and election of 1864, 268-69, 278; condemns Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 321; denounces 14th Amendment, 355; on failure of impeachment, 385; urges agrarian reform in South, 411; on Negro suffrage plank in 1868 Republican platform, 421
Newbury port Herald, on increase of abolitionist influence, 128
New England Educational Commission for the Freedmen, 170, 388
New England Freedmen’s Aid Society, 388; sends teachers to freedmen, 170; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 188-89; instructs Negro soldiers, 206; cultural imperialism of, 393; operates desegregated schools, 399; dissolution of, 404
New England Loyal Publication Society, 123
New Nation, Frémont organ in 1864, 272-74
New Orleans, Negroes of, petition for suffrage, 243-44; riot of 1866, 359-60
New York, state of, equal suffrage in defeated, 25-26, 377; antiabolitionist riots in, 44; school segregation in, opposed by abolitionists, 227-28
New York Anti-Slavery Society, 4, 100-01; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179
New York City, Emancipation League formed in, 80; draft riots in, 231-32; streetcar segregation ended in, 232-33
New York City and County Suffrage Committee of Colored Citizens, 25
New York City Anti-Slavery Society, 14
New York Daily News, on Phillips’ influence, 366
New York Evening Post, 281; opposes streetcar segregation in New York, 232
New York Express, 380; on Port Royal experiment, 164-65; on proposal to arm Negroes, 194
New York Herald, 45, 120, 166; on abolitionists, 89; denounces Phillips, 113; on Phillips’ confiscation proposals, 252n; reprints Phillips’ editorials, 368
New York Journal of Commerce, calls Negro race inferior, 135; on Port Royal experiment, 165; on proposal to arm Negroes, 194
New York Times, on slavery and the war, 56; on the Negro as an issue in the war, 71-72; on abolitionist prestige and influence, 83, 368; on northern acceptance of immediate emancipation, 132; on success of Negro soldier policy, 199; on discussion of Negro question, 327; urges South to ratify 14th Amendment, 372; on abolitionist efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 411-12; on Negro suffrage in the North, 420; on Phillips’ support of “conservative” 15th Amendment, 426
New York Tribune, 14, 45, 78, 113, 142, 388, 419; ridicules Radical Abolitionist party, 18-19; supports Negro suffrage in New York, 25; suggests compensated emancipation, 40; says war will not destroy slavery, 56; begins to urge emancipation as war measure, 71; publishes Frémont’s emancipation edict, 72; prints Sumner’s emancipation speech, 77; on W. Phillips’ reception in Washington, 85; on influence of Phillips’ speeches, 86; S. H. Gay becomes managing ed. of, 86-87; Gay’s influence on Greeley, 87n; advocates emancipation, 86, 95-96; on emancipation petitions, 93-94; on alleged Negro inferiority, 150; publicizes Port Royal experiment, 172; on enrollment of Negro troops, 194; on success of Negro soldier policy, 199; on impediments to Negro soldier recruitment, 203-04; on courage of Negro soldiers, 211; urges equal pay for Negro troops, 215-16; urges end of streetcar segregation in Washington, 230; in New York, 232; office of, attacked by draft rioters, 231; advocates federal law against segregation in transportation, 237; on Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction, 241; supports Chase candidacy in 1864, 263; comes out for Lincoln, 283; on Banks’ labor system in La., 290; favors equal suffrage, 310; opposed to execution of rebels, 316; on Johnson’s veto of Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 348; on Memphis riot, 359; on 14th Amendment, 364-65; on impeachment, 370; supports Chase for Repub. presidential nomination in 1868, 418, 419. See also Gay, Sydney Howard; and Greeley, Horace
New York World, 120, 166; opposes equal pay for Negro Soldiers, 214; on Frémont candidacy, 273-74; on Phillips’ influence, 368
North American Review, 175, 299n
Norton, Charles Eliot, 299n
Nott, Josiah, 136
Ohio, denies equal rights to Negroes, 24; antiabolitionist mobs in, 45; Negro suffrage defeated in (1867), 382
Opdyke, George, 281
Ord, Gen. E.O.C., 383
Owen, Robert Dale, chairman of A.F. I.C., 182-86; relations with abolitionists, 183; and drafting of 14th Amendment, 353
pacifism, abolitionists support war despite belief in, 52-55
Paducah Herald, on freedmen’s education, 395
Park, Mungo, 141
Parker, Joseph, secretary of New Eng. Educational Comm. for the Freedmen, 170; organizes freedmen’s schools, 388
Parsons, Theophilus, 326
Pease, Henry R., 387
Pennsylvania, segregation in public transportation abolished in, 236
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 4, 235; McKim resigns as secretary of, 161, 287; works to end streetcar segregation in Philadelphia, 233-34; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Society, 303; urges impeachment of Johnson, 369
Pennsylvania Freedmen’s Relief Association, 127; sends teachers to freedmen, 170; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 188-89; dissolution of, 404
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, assists Negro schools, 388n
petitions, urging emancipation, abolitionists circulate, 93-95, 96-97, 110-11, 125-26
Philadelphia, streetcar segregation in, ended, 233-36
Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, works to end streetcar segregation in Philadelphia, 234; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 303; urges adoption of 15th Amendment, 376
Philadelphia Port Royal Relief Committee, 160, 166, 169. See also Pennsylvania Freedmen’s Relief Association
Philadelphia Press, 234; denounces Phillips, 113; prints Garrison’s letter supporting Lincoln’s reelection, 266-67
Philbrick, Edward S., on success of Port Royal experiment, 167; opposes grants of land or special favors to freedmen, 251-52, 254-55
Phillips, Wendell, 3, 13, 45, 75, 131, 132, 156, 175, 194, 206, 297, 307, 332, 381, 383; on Free Soil party, 9; favors Seward’s nomination in 1860, 10; on Lincoln, 12; on Lincoln’s election in 1860, 27-28; welcomes secession, 34, 35-36; condones slave insurrections, 35; threatened by mobs, 42-44, 85-86; opposes war, 46; repudiates disunion, supports war for Union, 49-51, 55, 58-59, 99-100; support of Union criticized, 58-60; anticipates emancipation as result of war, 50-51, 59, 98; welcomes Bull Run defeat, 71; growth in prestige and influence of, 82, 89, 90, 127-28, 367-69; triumphant welcome in capital, 85; speaks to millions in 1862, 86; on Lincoln’s gradual emancipation message, 96; grudging support of Lincoln administration, 103; denounces Lincoln’s conservatism, 109-10, 112-14, 116-17; attacks McClellan, 113; is denounced by northern press, 113; on Greeley’s “Prayer of Twenty Millions,” 116; on Lincoln and Emancipation Proclamation, 118; on Anna Dickinson, 129; lecture on Toussaint L’Ouverture, 142; on racial amalgamation, 148; on racial differences, 153; on duty of abolitionists to freedmen, 154; criticizes paternalism of freedmen’s aid, 168, 397; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179; foremost spokesman for racial equality, 221-22; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 239-40, 242-43, 294, 296-99, 310, 311, 319, 321, 323; advocates confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 249, 252 and n, 407, 411; efforts to help freedmen obtain land, 414-15; dispute with Garrison over election of 1864, 260-62, 268-69, 287; criticizes Lincoln, opposes his reelection, 260-62, 266, 268-70, 285; supports Frémont’s candidacy, 264-66, 267, 269-71, 274-78, 279-80, 284; denounces N.A.S. Standard for supporting Lincoln, 278; expects nomination of McClellan by Democrats, 280; urges Frémont to stay in race, 284; urges abolitionist unity, 286; on Garrison’s conservatism, 288, 291; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 301-07; wants Society to work for Negro suffrage, 302-04; elected president of Society, 305; opposes readmission of La., 308-10; opposes execution of rebels, 315-16; early confidence in Andrew Johnson, 317, 318; on Johnson and Negro suffrage, 320; condemns Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 321; hopes it is only an experiment, 321-22; and founding of Nation, 324-25; launches attack on Johnson, 329; on House roll call, 330-31; denounces Johnson and the Republicans, 335-36, 339-40; and Stearns’ interview with Johnson, 336-37; opposes efforts to reconcile Johnson and Congress, 343; denounced as traitor by Johnson, 349, 363; assails 14th Amendment, 354-57, 365-66, 372-73; denounces Republican party, 355-56; supports party in election of 1866, 357-58; refuses nomination to Congress, 363; Daily News on influence of, 366; urges impeachment of Johnson, 369-70, 384; on failure of impeachment, 385; urges massive federal aid to freedmen, 370-72, 373; on Reconstruction Acts, 374-75; refuses to stump the South, 378; clash with Garrison on Jackson bequest, 400-01, 401n; opposes Grant’s nomination in 1868, 417-19; on Grant, 422; and Republican party, in election of 1868, 422; urges national Negro suffrage plank in Repub. platform, 419-20; and Congressional passage of 15th Amendment, 426-27; on continuing responsibilities of abolitionists to Negro, 427-29; praise of, for role in winning equal rights for Negroes, 428-29
Pierce, Edward L., 199; supt. of contrabands at Fortress Monroe, 156-58; and Port Royal experiment, 159-60, 164-66; publicizes experiment, 172; protests Hunter’s draft of Negro soldiers, 195
Pierpont, John, organizes Union Democratic Party, 13; welcomes secession, 37; president of Washington Lecture Association, 80-81
Pillsbury, Gilbert, 379
Pillsbury, Parker, 4, 16, 161, 287, 297, 332, 379; denounces Republican party, 10, 13; attacked by mob, 45; protests cancellation of abolitionist meetings in 1861, 56; denounces Lincoln administration, 59-60, 100-02; dislikes “military necessity” argument, 91; criticizes Garrisonian support of Union, 103-04; opposes Lincoln in 1864, 268-69; supports Frémont, 265, 273, 275; on Garrison’s conservatism, 288, 306; on Negro suffrage, 270, 295, 306; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Society, 301, 305-07; becomes ed. of N.A.S. Standard, 305; denounces northern race prejudice, 382
Plumly, B. Rush, denounces Lincoln’s modification of Frémont’s emancipation edict, 74; recruits Negro troops, 208; supports Chase’s presidential ambitions, 262-63; and Banks’ labor system in La., 291; and education of freedmen in La., 292-93
Pomeroy, Brick, 423
Pomeroy, Samuel C., and Pomeroy Circular, 263
Pope, Gen. John, 383
Port Hudson, battle of, and Negro soldiers, 211
Port Royal experiment, see sea islands, South Carolina
Potter, William J., 178
Powell, Aaron M., 4, 101, 103, 161, 421, 428; protests cancellation of abolitionist meetings in 1861, 56; opposes political activity by abolitionists, 274; urges creation of land commission for freedmen, 412; founds National Reform League, 430
Principia, 124; organ of Radical Abolitionist party, 5; opposes streetcar segregation in New York, 232; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 242; supports Frémont’s presidential candidacy in 1864, 265
Providence Press, on Anna Dickinson, 128-29
Pugh, Sarah, 4
Purvis, Henry, 379
Purvis, Robert, 4, 379; denounces Union, 32n; opposes colonization of freedmen, 155; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 302; turns down commissionership of Freedmen’s Bureau, 381
Putnam, Caroline, long service as teacher of freedmen, 387; urges federal aid to southern education, 405
Putnam, Mary, vindicates African civilization, 140-41
Quatrefarges, M. de, 137
Quincy, Edmund, 4, 75, 307; on politics in 1860, 12; on Lincoln’s election in 1860, 27; on secession, 29; approves disunion, 33; on Lincoln’s modification of Frémont’s emancipation edict, 73; on Lincoln’s reply to Greeley, 116; on Emancipation Proclamation, 122; on colonization, 156; urges creation of freedmen’s bureau, 179; favors dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 301, 304; resigns as associate ed. of N.A.S. Standard, 305; at impeachment trial, 384; urges measures to provide freedmen with land, 407
racial discrimination, see equal rights; segregation
racial intermarriage, abolitionists defend, 147-48
Radical Abolitionist party, description of, in 1860, 5; nominates Gerrit Smith for president, 13; in election of 1860, 16-20
Radical Democratic party, nominates Frémont for president in 1864, 269, 275
Reconstruction, abolitionist theory of, 238-39; abandonment of, by the North, 430-31. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Johnson, Andrew; Lincoln, Abraham; Louisiana; Negro suffrage
Reconstruction Acts, 374-75, 377, 378, 383
Record of an Obscure Man, 140-41
Redpath, James, 6; chairman of abolition meeting, 42; rebukes British pacifists, 54; on wartime reconciliation of abolitionist groups, 104; publishes abolitionist books, 127, 128n, 142n; and Negro emigration to Haiti, 155; supports Chase candidacy in 1864, 263; supports Frémont’s candidacy, 267; organizes freedmen’s schools in Charleston, 388-89
Reid, Whitelaw, 323
Rejected Stone, The, 63; complimented by Lincoln, 84-85
Remond, Charles L., recruits Negro soldiers, 205; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Society, 287, 302, 304-05
Republican Campaign Songster, The, 21
Republican party, not an abolitionist party, 3, 5, 6; controlled by Bird Club in Mass., 7; repudiates abolitionist label, 13; stands for white supremacy in 1860, 23-26; on secession, 29, 31; timidity on Negro suffrage issue, 329, 333-34, 364n; timidity criticized by abolitionists, 329, 334-36, 355-58, 360-64, 377, 382-83, 420-22; growing opposition of, to Andrew Johnson, 339; breaks with Johnson, 349-50; sees 14th Amendment as final terms of readmission, 364-65, 372-74; Negro suffrage plank in 1868, 421. See also elections; Johnson, Andrew; Lincoln, Abraham
Republican Pocket Pistol, The, 21
Rhode Island, school segregation in, ended by abolitionist efforts, 228-29
Right Way, founded, 338; on 14th Amendment, 354, 365; urges passage of a 15th Amendment, 354; urges impeachment of Johnson, 369-70; denounces restoration of freedmen’s land to pardoned rebels, 409; ceases publication, 376n
Rights and Duties of the United States Relative to Slavery under the Laws of War, The, 67
Roberts, Aaron, 143
Robinson, William S., opposes concessions to save Union, 29-30; on Emancipation Proclamation, 122; skeptical about Andrew Johnson, 314-15, 316; opposed to execution of rebels, 315
Rochester Ladies Anti-Slavery Society, 170
Rosecrans, Gen. William, 209
St. Louis Dispatch, on Phillips’ influence, 367
Sanborn, Franklin B., 6, 75; member of Bird Club, 7; welcomes secession, 37; on emancipation in West Indies, 185n; on denial of equal pay to Negro soldiers, 217-18; opposes Frémont in 1864, 274; on northern attitude toward Negro suffrage issue, 311; on Andrew Johnson and Negro suffrage, 320
San Francisco, streetcar segregation ended in, 233n Sargent, John, 428
Savannah Republican, 62
Saxton, Gen. Rufus, asst. commissioner of Freedmen’s Bureau for S.C., 191; recruits 1st S.C. Volunteers, 197; efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 250, 253-54, 257-59; dismissed from Freedmen’s Bureau, 409
sea islands, South Carolina, 101; labor and education of freedmen on, 158-60, 162-69, 172-73, 175-77; recruitment of Negro soldiers on, 195-202; efforts to obtain land for freedmen on, 249-51, 253-55, 259
secession, most abolitionists welcome in 1860-61, 33-38. See also disunion
segregation, and discrimination against Negroes, in North, abolitionists work to abolish, 222-37, 367; banned in schools of freedmen’s aid societies, 399-400. See also equal rights
Sewall, Samuel, 7, 239; president of Emancipation League, 79; drafts Negro suffrage bill, 356; efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 414-15
Seward, William H., 10, 11, 20, 27, 124; on Republicans and white supremacy, 24; on slavery and the war, 56; and Emancipation Proclamation, 111; disliked by radicals, 263
Sharkey, William, and Mississippi militia, 332
Shaw, Francis G., 203; on Hunter’s emancipation edict, 107; lobbies for Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 189
Shaw, Robert G., 389n; colonel of 54th Mass. Volunteers, 203, 206, 217, 220; killed, 211
Shaw Memorial Institute, Charleston, 389n
Shellabarger, Samuel, 238, 375
Sheridan, Gen. Philip, 380, 381, 418
Sherman, John, on growing emancipation pressure, 111; sees 14th Amendment as final terms of reconstruction, 372-73; and Reconstruction Acts, 374-75
Sherman, Gen. Thomas W., 195
Sherman, Gen. William Tecumseh, 111; land “grant” to freedmen, 257-59, 408
Shurtliff, G. W., 207
Sickles, Gen. Daniel, 381
Slack, Charles W., 309; member of Bird Club, 7; organizes emancipation lectures, 80; reads Emancipation Proclamation, 121; on support for Negro suffrage in Boston, 310-11; on Johnson’s reconstruction policy, 330; turns against Johnson, 339; and southern Republicans, 379
Slaughter, Linda, 173
slavery, abolitionists contend is the root of rebellion, 61-63
Slocum, Gen. Henry W., and Mississippi militia, 332
Smith, Gerrit, 5, 6, 78, 95, 194, 211, 235-36; presidential candidate of Radical Abolitionist party in 1856, 16; in 1860, 13, 18-20, 22; on Republican party and abolitionists, 17-18; on Lincoln’s opposition to equal rights, 24-25; on Lincoln’s election, 26; approves disunion, 37; supports war despite membership in Peace Society, 53; hopes war will abolish slavery, 60; urges emancipation under war power, 66-67; praises Frémont’s emancipation edict, 72-73; desires national abolitionist convention, 75; applauded in capital, 84; criticizes Lincoln’s conservatism, 94; support of Union criticized, 99; wartime cooperation with Garrisonians, 104; despair at state of nation, 117; on Emancipation Proclamation, 118; on African heritage of Negro, 139-40; on racial intermarriage, 147; denounces northern racial discrimination, 222; aids victims of New York draft riots, 231; aids Liberator, 272-73; campaigns for Lincoln in 1864, 284; approves Banks’ labor system in La., 293; elected v.p. of Am. A.S. Soc., 305; opposes execution of rebels, 316; on “impartial suffrage,” 327-28; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 351; criticizes 14th Amendment and Republican party, 351-358; on New Orleans riot, 359; on National Union convention, 360; urges measures to provide freedmen with land, 407
Smith, Stephen, 143
Social, Civil, and Statistical Association of Colored People, 233-34
Society of Progressive Friends, 110
South Carolina, secession of, 28, 29, 33, 37
Southall, J. C., on Yankee teachers of freedmen, 395
Southern Homestead Act, 409-10
Southern Industrial School and Labor Enterprise, 413
Southern Loyalist Convention, abolitionists and, 360-63
Spring field Republican, 14, 30; predicts war will not destroy slavery, 57-58; on W. Phillips’ reception in Washington, 85n; on Negro suffrage in North, 420
Stanton, Edwin M. 69, 188; supports Hunter’s emancipation edict, 108; and formation of A.F.I.C., 181-82; authorizes enlistment of Negro soldiers, 197, 202, 208n, 209; and equal pay for Negro troops, 212-13, 214; and land for freedmen, 257-58; interview with Garrison, 271; suspended as sec. of war, 381; dismissed, 384
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 4, 280, 286; organizes Women’s Loyal National League, 125; and petition campaign of W.L.N.L., 125-26; supports Frémont for president in 1864, 268; refuses to support Lincoln, 285; criticizes Garrison’s defense of Banks’ labor system in La., 293; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 302; on Andrew Johnson’s interview with Negro delegation, 347; opposes 14th Amendment, 373; urges woman suffrage in N.Y., 377
Stanton, Henry B., 6, 78; supports Lincoln in 1860, 22, 23; foresees civil war, 46; anticipates emancipation as result of war, 48
Stearns, Charles, efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 414-16
Stearns, George L., 6, 75, 76; member of Bird Club, 7; supports Lincoln in 1860, 23; welcomes Bull Run defeat, 71; treasurer of Emancipation League, 79; urges Negroes to enlist in army, 204; recruits Negro regiments, 205, 208-10, 219; on denial of equal pay to Negro soldiers, 213; and Frémont’s candidacy in 1864, 279-80; and movement to persuade Lincoln and Frémont to withdraw as candidates, 281, 284; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 303; appointed to exec. comm, of Soc., 305; opposes readmission of La., 308-09; early confidence in Andrew Johnson, 316-17; activities on behalf of Negro suffrage, 319, 322-26, 336-38, 353; personally urges A.J. to support Negro suffrage, 320; organizes Universal and Equal Suffrage Association, 322-23; and the founding of the Nation, 323-26; continued confidence in A.J., 337-39; interview with A.J., 336; publishes interview, 336-37; founds Right Way, 338; effort to reconcile A.J. and Congress, 343; disillusioned by A.J.’s veto of Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 348; on 14th Amendment, 354-55, 356; efforts to obtain land for freedmen, 412-13; death of, 376n, 413
Stebbins, Giles B., 4, 161; and antiabolitionist mobs, 45
Stephens, Alexander, 61
Stevens, Thaddeus, 3, 181, 368, 372; urges emancipation under war power, 95; bill for equal pay to Negro soldiers, 214; reconstruction theory of, 238; favors confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 259, 408, 416; denounced as traitor by Andrew Johnson, 349, 363; and 14th Amendment, 353-54; on Frederick Douglass’ presence at Southern Loyalist Convention, 361; and Reconstruction Acts, 374-75
Still, William, campaign against streetcar segregation in Philadelphia, 233-35
Storrs, Richard S., 88
Straight University, founded by A.M.A., 406
suffrage, see Negro suffrage
Sumner, Charles, 3, 6, 7, 16, 110, 113, 115, 156, 178, 236, 271, 319, 341, 369, 419; speeches urging emancipation, 76-77, 78; bases emancipation plea on “military necessity,” 90-91; on northern military victories, 107, 124; on Lincoln and Emancipation Proclamation, 120-21; and Women’s Loyal National League, 125-26; on equality of races, 137; and formation of A.F. I.C., 181-82; and creation of Freedmen’s Bureau, 186, 188, 189-90; works for equal pay to Negro troops, 216, 218; presents John Rock to Supreme Court, 226; promotes desegregation in federal govt. and of Washington streetcars, 230; “state suicide” theory of reconstruction, 238-39; bill for Negro suffrage, 246; urges measures to provide land for freedmen, 249, 259, 408, 416; and movement to oust Lincoln as Repub. candidate in 1864, 281; on reconstruction, 308; prevents readmission of La., 310; on Andrew Johnson and Negro suffrage, 318; speech urging Negro suffrage, 323; on “impartial” vs. universal suffrage, 328; on Garrison’s support of Andrew Johnson, 330-31n; fails to persuade A.J. to radical viewpoint, 336; and Stearns’ interview with A.J., 337; opposes admission of Colorado without Negro suffrage, 342; denounced as traitor by A.J., 349; urges abolitionists to keep up fight for equal rights, 350; opposes 14th Amendment, 352, 372-73; votes for 14th Amendment, 356; introduces equal suffrage enabling act, 356-57; on influence of N.A.S. Standard, 368
Swint, Henry, 387
Syracuse Freedmen’s Aid Society, 388
Talladega College, founded by A.M.A., 406
Taney, Roger B., 226
Tappan, Lewis, 5, 77, 106, 139; votes for Gerrit Smith in 1860, 19n; and change in editorship of Independent, 88; on wartime revolution in abolitionists’ status, 132; early confidence in Andrew Johnson, later destroyed, 317n; treasurer of A.M.A., 387
Taylor, Bayard, 139
Tennessee, readmission of, 357
Testimonies Concerning Slavery, 151
Thayer, William W., 338
Thirteenth Amendment, 286, 342; adopted and ratified, 126-27, 305n; abolitionist response, 133; Garrison considers crowning victory of antislavery crusade, 299
Thomas, Gen. Lorenzo, 208n, 384
Thompson, James, 254
Thompson, Joseph, 88
Tilton, Theodore, 4, 78, 266, 309, 367, 381; supports Lincoln in 1860, 14; becomes ed. of Independent, 88; on progress of abolitionist cause, 98; denounces enforcement of fugitive slave law in Washington, 109; urges emancipation, 110; on Emancipation Proclamation, 118, 122; on alleged inferiority of Negro, 137-38, 140, 149-50; on racial differences, 145, 147, 153; on racial intermarriage, 147-48; on denial of equal pay to Negro soldiers, 214; sees Civil War as war for racial equality, 221; on Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction, 241; opposes reconstruction policy in La., urges Negro suffrage, 244-45; on Sherman’s Order no. 15, 258; sympathetic to Chase’s presidential hopes in 1864, 263, 266; attends Repub. convention, 271; interview with Lincoln, 272; opposes Frémont candidacy, 275-78, 277n; and movement to oust Lincoln as Republican candidate, 281-82; comes out for Lincoln, 282-83; campaigns for Lincoln, 283-84; on Banks’ labor system in La., 290; opposes execution of rebels, 315; urges land for freedmen, 319; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 319, 350-51, 356, 361-63; theory of reconstruction, 319-20; on “impartial suffrage,” 327-28; apprehensive about Andrew Johnson’s policy, 329-30; hopes for best from A.J., 332; criticizes timidity of Repubs. on Negro suffrage issue, 334, 382-83; speeches opposing A.J.’s policy, 335; on Stearns’ interview with A.J., 337; turns against A.J., 339; urges Greeley to break with A.J., 347-48; opposes 14th Amendment, 351, 354, 365; opposes Tennessee’s readmission, 357; at Southern Loyalist convention, 361-63; on Republican victory in 1866, 365-66; urges Negro suffrage in North, 377; refuses to stump South, 378; at impeachment trial, 384; supports Chase for Republican nomination in 1868, 417-18; urges national Negro suffrage plank in Repub. platform, 419-20; on platform, 421; on proposed 15th Amendment, 425; on consequences of 15th Amendment, 427. See also Independent
Tobey, Samuel, 229
Tod, David, and recruitment of Negro soldiers, 206-07
Tomlinson, Reuben, supt. of freedmen in S.C., 162; on childlikeness of freedmen, 169; supt. of schools of Freedmen’s Bureau in S.C., 190; works to provide freedmen with land, 259; on Negro suffrage, 378; in southern politics, 379; st. supt. of education in S.C., 387
Tougaloo College, founded by A.M.A., 406
Towne, Laura, teacher of freedmen in S.C., 162-64, 386-87; on recalcitrance of defeated rebels, 311
Trumbull, Lyman, 95, 355; sponsors Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights bills, 341-42, 350; expects Andrew Johnson to sign Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 347
Union Democratic party, 13
Union Leagues, abolitionists help form, 123; recruit Negro troops, 207-08; organized in South, 379
Universal and Equal Suffrage Association, 323
Vallandigham, Clement L., 274, 283
Vicksburg, capture of, abolitionist and northern reaction to, 123-24, 240
Wade, Benjamin, 392; and Wade-Davis bill, 245-46; and Wade-Davis Manifesto, 246; and movement to oust Lincoln as Repub. candidate, 281; interviews with Andrew Johnson, 318; favors 14th Amendment as final terms of reconstruction, 373
Wade-Davis bill, 309; abolitionists criticize for failure to include Negro suffrage, 245-46; political consequences of veto of, 280-81
Wade-Davis Manifesto, 246
Walden, J., 80
Walker, Amasa, 71
Walker, Robert J., 91
Walker, William, 217
War Powers of the President, 248
Washington City, see District of Columbia
Washington Chronicle, 131, 346
Washington Lecture Association, 80-81
Weed, Thurlow, 368
Weld, Angelina Grimke, 229; emancipation petition of, 110-11; on assault of 54th Mass. on Fort Wagner, 211-12; on aftermath of N.Y. draft riots, 231-32
Weld, Theodore, returns to lecture platform during war, 106; and private school desegregation, 229; urges equal justice for freedmen, 242
West Indies, emancipation in, 154-55; abolitionist studies of, 182, 185, 185n
Western Anti-Slavery Society, 4, 16; attacks Repubs. in 1860, 13; denounces racism of Republican party, 24
Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, 171, 387; urges creation of Freedmen’s Bureau, 188-89
Weston, Anne Warren, 305
Wheelock, Edwin M., and Banks’ labor system in La., 291-92; and education of freedmen in La., 292-93; in Texas politics, 379; st. supt. of education in Texas, 387
Whipple, Charles K., criticizes motives of “emancipationists,” 92; urges confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 247-48; on Banks’ labor system in La., 290; urges Negro suffrage as condition of reconstruction, 296
Whiting, William, on war power of govt. over slavery, 68-69; appointed solicitor of War Dept., 69; on legality of confiscation, 248; and land for freedmen, 256-57
Whittier, John G., 7, 75; on Lincoln’s election in 1860, 26; welcomes secession, 37-38; poem urging emancipation, 64-65; on duty of abolitionists to freedmen, 154; and private school desegregation, 229; advises Frémont to withdraw candidacy in 1864, 284, 285n; elected v.p. of Am. A.S. Soc., 305; opposes execution of rebels, 316; poem urging Negro suffrage, 339; influence of, 368-69
Willey, W. T., 405
Wilson, Henry, 6, 7, 126, 271; works for equal pay to Negro troops, 216, 219; bill to prohibit segregation in transportation, 237; opposes dissolution of Am. A.S. Soc., 304; support for admission of Colorado without equal suffrage denounced by abolitionists, 342; southern tour of, 378; and 15th Amendment, 421; urges abolitionists to continue their work, 427; praises Phillips’ role in winning equal rights for Negro, 429
Wilson, James F., 375
Wisconsin, defeat of Negro suffrage in, 333-34
woman suffrage, 377
Women’s Loyal National League, organized, 125; emancipation petition of, 125-26; and Frémont’s presidential candidacy, 265
Wood, Fernando, 274
Wright, Elizur, 6; member of Bird Club, 7; supports Lincoln in 1860, 22, 23; on slavery and the war, 61; urges arming of Negroes, 194; advocates confiscation and reallocation of southern land, 248-49, 250, 410-11; and Frémont’s candidacy in 1864, 279; on New Orleans riot, 359-60; urges impeachment of Johnson, 384-85
Wright, Henry, praises Lincoln’s pledge to sustain Emancipation Proclamation, 124; supports Lincoln re-election, 268; campaigns for Lincoln, 284; on race prejudice in Ohio, 382