|
Note: Figures 4.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1, 17.2, 19.2, and 24.4 are to be found in the plate section, facing page 236. |
| Figure 1.1 |
Villanovan crested helmet, c.800–750 BCE. Bronze. London, The British Museum, Inv. GR 1968.6-27.1. Photo: © The Trustees of the British Museum. |
| Figure 2.1 |
Kantharos with impressed fan designs, c.650–600 BCE. Bucchero sottile. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1921 (21.88.146). Photo: © 2015. The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence. |
| Figure 2.2 |
Writing tablet incised with the letters of the Etruscan alphabet, c.675–650 BCE. Ivory. From the Circolo degli Avori in the Banditella necropolis at Marsiliana d’Albegna. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, inv. 93480. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 2.3 |
Inscribed cippus (the so-called cippus perusinus), second century BCE. Travertine. From Perugia. Perugia, Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell’Umbria, inv. 366. Photo: S. Neil. |
| Figure 3.1 |
Map of Roman colonies and roads in Etruria. Drawing: Camporeale 1992: 103. |
| Figure 3.2 |
Map showing centuriation plots around the Roman colonies of Cosa and Heba, third – second century BCE. Drawing: Barker and Rasmussen 1998, 2000, fig. 105, p. 270. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |
| Figure 3.3 |
Charun and Vanth, from the entrance wall of the Tomb of the Anina Family, third century BCE. Fresco. From Tarquinia. Photo: © 2015. DeAgostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence. |
| Figure 4.1 |
Satellite image of central Italy in winter (altitudinal differences visible by presence of snow on peaks). Photo: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC. |
| Figure 5.1 |
Reconstruction of an Etruscan farm at Podere Tartuchino, Phase 2, late sixth–fifth century BCE. Drawing: Perkins and Attolini 1992: fig. 22. |
| Figure 6.1 |
Map of the Mediterranean. Drawing: Camporeale 1992: 45. |
| Figure 6.2 |
Plan of the underwater excavation of the wreck of Cap d’Antibes, mid-sixth century BCE. Drawing: Camporeale 2001: 90 (top). |
| Figure 6.3 |
Cippus inscribed in Greek and dedicated to Aeginetan Apollo, end of the sixth century BCE. From Gravisca. Tarquinia, Museo Nazionale Etrusco. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 6.4 |
Tesserae hospitalis with the name of a Carthaginian inscribed in Etruscan (Puinel Karthazie), mid-sixth century BCE. Ivory. From a tomb in Carthage. Drawing: Maggiani 2006: fig. 2.1. Reproduced with permission of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon Srl. |
| Figure 7.1 |
Map of Southern Etruria. Drawing: Riva 2010: fig. 1. |
| Figure 7.2 |
Plan of Tarquinia. Drawing: Riva 2010: fig. 2. |
| Figure 7.3 |
Map of Veii. Drawing: Riva 2010: fig. 4. |
| Figure 7.4 |
Engraved mirror with Pava Tarchies inspecting a liver, early third century BCE. Bronze. From Tuscania. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Inv. 77759. Photo: Courtesy of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana – Firenze. |
| Figure 7.5 |
Reconstruction of the Civita complex, eighth century BCE, and the discovery of the seventh century BCE deposit of bronze votives. From the Pian di Civita, Tarquinia. Drawing and Photo: Bagnasco Gianni 2010: fig. 3. |
| Figure 8.1 |
Digital reconstruction of the three Orientalizing (mid-seventh century BCE) structures at Poggio Civitate by Evander Batson. Drawing: Courtesy of the Poggio Civitate Archaeological Excavations. |
| Figure 8.2 |
Digital reconstruction of the Archaic period (first half of the sixth century BCE) building at Poggio Civitate by Evander Batson. Drawing: Courtesy of the Poggio Civitate Archaeological Excavations. |
| Figure 8.3 |
Seated Male Acroterium, first half of the sixth century BCE. Terracotta. From the Archaic Building at Poggio Civitate. Antiquarium di Poggio Civitate, Inv. 111198. Photo: Courtesy of the Poggio Civitate Archaeological Excavations. |
| Figure 8.4 |
Topographic map of Poggio Civitate (PC) and its surrounding communities by Taylor Oshan. Drawing: Courtesy of the Poggio Civitate Archaeological Excavations. |
| Figure 9.1 |
Aerial view of the excavations at Campo della Fiera, Orvieto. Photo: Courtesy of Simonetta Stopponi, University of Perugia. |
| Figure 10.1 |
Tomb of the Shields and Chairs, interior, early sixth century BCE. From Caere. Photo: The Art Archive/Gianni Dagli Orti. |
| Figure 10.2 |
Wall from the eastern perimeter of the great pool, second – first century BCE. From the locality of Mezzomiglio, Chianciano Terme. Photo: courtesy Noelle Soren. |
| Figure 11.1 |
Tumulus tomb, seventh century. From the Banditaccia necropolis, Caere. Photo: S. Steingräber. |
| Figure 11.2 |
Rock-cut cube tomb, sixth century. From the Casetta necropolis, Blera. Photo: S. Steingräber. |
| Figure 11.3 |
Reconstruction of the façade of the Hildebrand temple tomb at Sovana, first half of the third century BCE. Archaeological Museum of Sovana. Photo: S. Steingräber. |
| Figure 11.4 |
Rock-cut house tomb with portico, 575–550 BCE. From the Pian di Mola necropolis, Tuscania. Photo: S. Steingräber. |
| Figure 11.5 |
Barrel vault from the so-called Tanella di Pitagora, third – second century BCE. Stone. From Cortona. Photo: S. Steingräber. |
| Figure 11.6 |
Barrel vault in the Tomb of the Medusa, third century BCE. Stone. From Arpi (near Foggia in Apulia). Photo: S. Steingräber. |
| Figure 12.1 |
The Lake of the Idols in the sanctuary at the headwaters of the Arno River on Monte Falterona. Photo: P.G. Warden. |
| Figure 12.2 |
Funerary altar attached to the Tumulo del Sodo II, seventh century BCE. From Cortona. Photo: P.G. Warden. |
| Figure 12.3 |
Monumental altar. From Pieve Socana. Photo: P.G. Warden. |
| Figure 12.4 |
Reconstruction of the facade of a Tuscan/Italic temple. Rendering by J. Galloway. Drawing: courtesy of Jess Galloway. |
| Figure 12.5 |
“Fissure Deposit,” fifth – fourth century BCE. From Poggio Colla. Photo: P. G. Warden. |
| Figure 14.1 |
Funerary inscription (mi aveles sipanas) on the architrave of a tomb, c.500 BCE. From the necropolis of the Crocifisso del Tufo, Orvieto. Photo: R. Wallace. |
| Figure 14.2 |
Tablet I with inscription in Etruscan, c.500 BCE. Gold. From Pyrgi. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, inv. no. Provv.PS.S.S1. Photo: Universal Images Group/Art Resource, NY. |
| Figure 14.3 |
The Cortona Tablet (Tabula Cortonensis), c.250–200 BCE. Bronze. From Cortona. Cortona, Museo dell’Accademia Etrusca e della Città di Cortona. Photo: © Luciano Agostiniani. |
| Figure 15.1 |
Jug in the shape of a siren, c.550–500 BCE. Bucchero pesante. Perhaps from Chiusi. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1918 (18.145.25). Photo: © 2015. Image copyright The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence. |
| Figure 15.2 |
Map of bucchero finds in the Mediterranean basin. Drawing: Barker and Rasmussen 1998, 2000, fig. 49, p. 138. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |
| Figure 16.1 |
Textile tools from Poggio Civitate, Murlo: a) spindle whorl; b) loom weight; c) spool. Photo: Courtesy of the Poggio Civitate Archaeological Excavations. |
| Figure 16.2 |
Textiles from Poggio Aguzzo, Murlo: a) tablet weave on an iron spear counterweight; b) Scanning Electron Microscope image of the negative casts of wool fibers of textile from Tomb 1; c) tabby textile preserved on the iron knife from Tomb 4 under high magnification with twist of the yarn and fibers clearly visible; d) histogram of wool quality measurements of textile from Tomb 1. Photo: M. Gleba. |
| Figure 17.1 |
Tomb of Augurs, back wall, c.530–520 BCE. From Tarquinia. Fresco. Photo: By permission of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale. |
| Figure 17.2 |
Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, left wall, c.530 BCE. Fresco. From Tarquinia. Photo: By permission of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale. |
| Figure 17.3 |
Bruschi Tomb, c.300 BCE, drawing by Gregorio Mariani, 1864. Fresco. From Tarquinia. Photo: By permission of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale. |
| Figure 17.4 |
Tomb of the Meeting, c.250 BCE. Fresco. From Tarquinia. Photo: By permission of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale. |
| Figure 18.1 |
Fragments of votive heads, fourth – second centuries BCE. Terracotta. From the Manganello Sanctuary, Caere. Photo: By permission of V. Bellelli. |
| Figure 18.2 |
Terracotta relief with Artumes sacrificing a ram, fourth – third century BCE. Terracotta. From the Vignaccia sanctuary, Caere. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. no. 88.364. Photo: Photograph © [2015] Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. |
| Figure 18.3 |
Figurines still in their original stone base, fourth – third century BCE. Bronze. From the Campo della Fiera, Orvieto. Photo: Stopponi 2011/Courtesy of Simonetta Stopponi, University of Perugia. |
| Figure 19.1 |
Banqueters and servants in the pediment of the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, c.530–520 BCE. Fresco. From Tarquinia. Photo: SEF/Art Resource, NY. |
| Figure 19.2 |
Sarcophagus of Larthia Seianti, detail of upper body and head, c.180–170 BCE. Painted terracotta. From the Tomb of the Larcna Family, La Martinella, near Chiusi. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 19.3 |
Leech-shaped fibulae with stamped decoration (animal friezes), c.630 BCE. Gold. From the Tomb of the Lictor, Vetulonia. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 20.1 |
Reconstruction of the tomb of Lars Porsenna, 1791. Drawing: Fabrizi 1987: fig. 39. |
| Figure 21.1 |
Bell-shaped tintinnabulum with repoussé decoration showing the processing of wool, late seventh – early sixth century BCE. Bronze. From the Arsenale Militare necropolis, Tomb 5 (Tomba degli Ori), near Bologna. Bologna, Museo Civico Archeologico. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. |
| Figure 21.2 |
Weaving scenes on carved throne, c.700–650 BCE. Wood and bronze. From the Lippi necropolis, Tomb 89, Verucchio. Bologna, Museo Civico Archeologico. Photo: Gianni Dagli Orti/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. |
| Figure 21.3 |
Cippus base with relief depicting an assembly of women examining pieces of cloth, early fifth BCE. Pietra fetida. From Chiusi. Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Inv. HIN 81. Photo: Courtesy of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. |
| Figure 22.1 |
Sarcophagus and lid with a reclining effigy of a clean-shaven man, third century BCE. Nenfro. From the Alethna family tomb, Civita Musarna. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum, inv. MS 3488A. Photo: Courtesy of University of Pennsylvania Museum, image # 151655. |
| Figure 22.2 |
Head of an older woman, third century BCE. Terracotta. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum, inv. MS 5690. Photo: Courtesy of University of Pennsylvania Museum, image # 96699. |
| Figure 22.3 |
Sarcophagus lid with the reclining effigy of a young man, third century BCE. Terracotta. From Tuscania. Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Inv. HIN 78. Photo: by Ole Haupt/Courtesy of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. |
| Figure 22.4 |
Urn and lid with reclining effigy of the priest Arnth Remzna, late third century BCE. Alabaster. Said to be from the necropolis of Colle, Chiusi. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum, inv. MS 2458A. Photo: Courtesy of University of Pennsylvania Museum, image # 195078. |
| Figure 22.5 |
Sarcophagus and lid with reclining effigy of an overweight man, first half of the second century BCE. Nenfro. Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Inv. HIN 429. Photo: by Ole Haupt/Courtesy of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. |
| Figure 23.1 |
Silver relief bowl, Phoenician (or Cypro-Phoenician) in style, c.725–650 BCE. From the Bernardini Tomb, Palestrina. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Inv. 61543. Photo: The Art Archive/Museo di Villa Giulia Rome/Gianni Dagli Orti. |
| Figure 23.2 |
Odysseus and his companions blinding the Cyclops Polyphemos on the Aristonothos krater (Side B), c.670–650 BCE. From Caere. Rome, Musei Capitolini, Inv. no. CA 172. Photo: by Leemage/UIG via Getty Images. |
| Figure 23.3 |
The banquet frieze plaque from Poggio Civitate (Murlo), c.575 BCE. Rendering by Courtney McKenna. Antiquarium di Poggio Civitate, Inv. 112591. Drawing: Courtesy of the Poggio Civitate Archaeological Excavations. |
| Figure 24.1 |
Antefix in the form of a Gorgon’s head, 510–500 BCE. Painted Terracotta. From the Portonaccio Sanctuary, Veii. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, inv. sc. 2499. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 24.2 |
Black-figure hydria by the Micali Painter, 515–500 BCE. From Vulci. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Photo: By permission of the Soprintendenza Archeologia della Toscana – Firenze. |
| Figure 24.3 |
Temple pediment with relief depicting the Seven against Thebes, second quarter of the second century BCE. Terracotta. From Talamone. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 24.4 |
Chariot race on the left wall of the Tomb of the Olympic Games, c.510 BCE. Fresco. From Tarquinia. Photo: By permission of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale. |
| Figure 24.5 |
Statuette of a woman, c.350 BCE. Bronze. From the sanctuary of Diana Nemorensis, Nemi. Paris, Musée du Louvre, inv. no. Br. 231. Photo: © 2015. White Images/Scala, Florence. |
| Figure 25.1 |
A Trojan prisoner and Caile Vipinas on the back wall of the François Tomb, 340–310 BCE. Fresco. From Vulci. Tempera painting by Carlo Ruspi. Drawing: Andreae et al. 2004, fig. 8. |
| Figure 25.2 |
Engraved mirror with Menle about to kill his wife Elinei after the fall of Troy, fourth century BCE. Bronze. From Caere. London, British Museum, inv. no. 627. Drawing: Gerhard, ES 4.398. |
| Figure 25.3 |
Engraved mirror with Hercle presenting Epiur to Tinia in the presence of Turan and Thalna, c.325. Bronze. From Vulci. Paris, Cabinet des Médailles, inv. no. 1287. Drawing: Gerhard, ES 2.181. |
| Figure 25.4 |
Engraved mirror with Atunis and Turan, fourth century BCE. Bronze. From Bomarzo. Northampton, Castle Ashby. Drawing: Gerhard, ES 1.112. |
| Figure 25.5 |
Engraved mirror with Hercle presenting Epiur to Menrva in the presence of Turan and Munthu, late fourth century BCE. Bronze. Berlin, Antikenmuseum, Inv. Fr. 136. Drawing: Gerhard, ES 2.165. |
| Figure 26.1 |
Olpe with relief friezes depicting Metaia, a man in a cauldron, youths holding a cloth, boxers, and Taitale, c.630 BCE. Bucchero. From the Tumulus of San Paolo, Tomb 2, Caere. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, inv. no. 2. Drawing: Rizzo and Martelli 1993: fig. 9. Courtesy of Maria Antonietta Rizzo. |
| Figure 26.2 |
Antepagmentum (relief panel) depicting a scene from the Seven Against Thebes, 470–460 BCE. Painted terracotta. From the rear pediment of Temple A, Pyrgi. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia. Photo: Hirmer Fotoarchiv (Sprenger and Bartoloni 1983: fig. 179). |
| Figure 26.3 |
Engraved mirror with Athrpa, Turan, Atunis, Meliacr and Atlenta, late fourth century BCE. Bronze. From Perugia. Berlin, Antikenmuseum, Inv. Fr. 146. Drawing: Zimmer 1987: fig. 19. © bpk, Berlin/Antikensammlung, SMB. |
| Figure 27.1 |
Engraved mirror with Menrva and Akrathe, late fourth century BCE. Bronze. Drawing: Frascarelli 1995: fig. 3a. |
| Figure 27.2 |
Engraved bronze mirror with Achle and Pentasila, early fourth century BCE. From Vulci. Berlin, Antikensammlung. Photo: © Photo Scala, Florence/bpk, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin. |
| Figure 27.3 |
Engraved bronze mirror with Perseus and Medusa, late fourth century BCE. Photo: By permission of R.D. De Puma. |
| Figure 28.1 |
Sculpted animals on the church of San Silvestro (now Il Gesù), ninth century CE. From Viterbo. Photo: I. Rowland. |
| Figure 28.2 |
Ancient head of Jupiter on the medieval church of Santa Maria Nova. From Viterbo. Photo: I. Rowland. |
| Figure 28.3 |
The “Desiderius Decree” forged by Annius of Viterbo. Viterbo, Museo Civico. Photo: I. Rowland. |
| Figure 29.1 |
The bronze lid of the so-called Cista Pasinati, with engravings added by Italian forger, Francesco Martinetti, in 1863. London, The British Museum. Drawing: Brunn 1864: pl. VII (top). |
| Figure 29.2 |
Engraved mirror (modern) with a gathering of the gods, late nineteenth or early twentieth century. Bronze. Probably produced in Italy. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, inv. 52-35-3. Drawing: De Puma 2005: fig. 37a. |
| Figure 29.3 |
Terracotta cinerary urn in the form of a seated male figure, nineteenth century forgery. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History. Photo: R. D. De Puma. |
| Figure 29.4 |
Terracotta cinerary urn in the form of a seated female figure, nineteenth century forgery. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History. Photo: R. D. De Puma. |
| Figure 30.1 |
Attic red-figure calyx krater by Euphronios with Hypnos and Thanatos carrying the body of Sarpedon off the battlefield, 520–510 BCE. From Caere. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia. Photo: © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. |
| Figure 30.2 |
Volume of pre-Roman artifacts from central Italy consigned to auction at Bonhams, Christie’s, and Sotheby’s, 1970–2005. Source: Lobay 2007: 134. |
| Figure 30.3 |
Published provenance of pre-Roman artifacts from central Italy consigned to auction at Bonhams, Christie’s, and Sotheby’s, 1970–2005. Source: Lobay 2007: 135. |
| Figure 30.4 |
Impasto amphora with molded handles, seventh century BCE, sold in 2003 (Lot 185 Bonhams). Photo: By permission of Bonhams. |