Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
AACCC. See Afro-American Cultural Center Committee
AASF. See African American Students Foundation
Abdul, Etta Bernice Shreeve, 78
Abdul, Hamid, 78
Abdul, Raoul, 78
Achebe, Chinua, 41
ACOA. See American Committee on Africa
“Act Black,” 138
Action for South Africa, 24, 27
Actors, black: discrimination against, 189–90, 193–94; on television, 198. See also Film; Theater; specific actors
Adderley, Cannonball, 88
Adefumi, Baba Oseijerman, 211
Advisory board of Liberator: Baldwin in, 124, 125, 127; Communist Party ties to, 135; Davis in, 49, 124, 127; establishment of, 49; members in 1962, 49; members in 1963, 124; members in 1965, 177; number of members of, 147; women members of, 77
Aesthetics, 12, 185–234; African culture and, 188–90; autonomous institutions for, calls for, 186, 188, 193, 199, 200–201, 224, 226; and beauty standards for black women, 85–87, 96–97; evolution of Liberator’s coverage of, 186; of Liberator, Neal’s impact on, 12, 181; scope of Liberator’s coverage of, 187. See also Artists; specific genres
Afra-Arts gallery, 221
Africa: African American understanding of, 69–70; culture of, 188–90; decline in Liberator coverage of, 62, 70, 72–73, 255n78; explosion of coups in, 66–67; independence in (See African independence); Malcolm X’s travels in, 167–69; matrilineal customs in, 109; Soviet vs. U.S. influence in, 14, 15; Stevenson’s influence on U.S. relations with, 18–19; tribalism in, 60; U.S. foreign policy toward, 44–45, 59. See also specific countries
Africa Blood and Guts (film), 72
“Africa Freedom Day,” 28
Africa Seen by American Negro Scholars (AMSAC), 41
Africa Unbound (Quaison-Sackey), 255n83
African-American Institute, 40, 252n23
African American Research Institute, 29
African Americans. See Men, African American; Women, African American; specific issues, organizations, and people
African American Students Foundation (AASF), 28, 47
African Cultural Group of the U.S.A., 190
African diaspora: on African independence, 17; and Diasporadas, 94; shifts in attitudes of, 14
African Freedom Day Observance, 77
African independence, 13–73; as central focus of Liberator, 1–2, 11, 22, 243n3; and Cold War, 14, 15; end of era of, 66–67; number of Liberator articles on, 45; number of nations achieving, 15; as part of struggle for black liberation in U.S., 32; Stevenson on, 18–19; UN role in, 54; U.S. organizations supporting, 27–32, 39–40. See also specific countries
African National Congress (ANC), 27, 58, 61
African Nationalist Pioneer Movement (ANPM), 32, 39, 86
“African Night Festival,” 189
African Pilot (periodical), 42
African Review (periodical), 194
“African Roots of War” (Du Bois), 66, 104
African Scholarship Program of American Universities, 252n23
“African Scorecard,” 66
African students, in U.S.: ACOA’s connection to, 28, 47; Beveridge family sponsorship of, 27, 251n18; in Kennedy Airlift, 28, 59; Liberator’s coverage of, 45, 46–48; scholarships for, 47–48, 252n23
African Studies Association, 40
Afric-sploitation films, 72, 256n114
Afro-American, use of term, 157
Afro-American Association, 137–38, 143
Afro-American Cultural Center Committee (AACCC), 137, 196
Afro-American Heritage Week, 77–78
Afro-American Institute, 143–45
Afro-American Research Institute, 122, 143–44
“Afro-American Woman” (Lomax), 95–96
“Afro-American Youth and the Bandung World” (Touré), 132, 141–42
“Afternoon in Africa, An” event, 189
Ahmad, Muhammad (Max Stanford): Cruse’s influence on, 135; at “Forum 66” conference, 211; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 177; on Malcolm X, 166, 174; at National Afroamerican Student Conference, 133; in RAM, 166, 177; “Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afroamerican Student,” 176; on Watts’s interracial marriage, 68, 129
Ain’t No Ambulances for No Nigguhs Tonight (Crouch), 232
Ain’t Supposed to Die a Natural Death (Van Peebles), 194
Algarín, Miguel, 231
“Algerian Story, The” (Gibson), 248n25
Alhambra Theatre, 200
Ali, Muhammad: boxing career of, 214; Sankore’s letter to, 164–65; against Vietnam War, 105, 216–17
All-African Peoples’ Conference, 45, 48
All-African Students Association, 49
All-African Students Union of the Americas, 48
Allen, Ernie, “Revolutionary Nationalism and the Class Struggle,” 245n28
Allen, Robert L., 9
Alliances. See Interracial alliances
Amen Corner, The (Baldwin), 212–13
American Committee on Africa (ACOA), 27–29; and African students, 28, 47; establishment of, 27–28; in ideological spectrum, 40; Isaacs in, 14; LCA in competition with, 27, 28–29; mission of, 28
American Jewish Committee, 128
American National Theatre and Academy Playhouse (ANTA), 200
American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA), 40, 54–56
American-Nigerian Chamber of Commerce, 41–42
American Society of African Culture (AMSAC), 39–43; annual meetings of, 14, 41; Beveridge (Pete) in, 24; CIA ties to, 24, 41, 43; in Cold War, 40; cultural exchanges of, 41; establishment of, 40; in ideological spectrum, 39, 40; LCA in competition with, 27, 28–29; objectives of, 40; publishing projects of, 41; writer’s conference of, 208
American Writer and His Roots, The (AMSAC), 41
AMSAC. See American Society of African Culture
ANC. See African National Congress
Angelou, Maya: activism of, 27; in The Blacks, 194; as expatriate in Ghana, 151, 168, 194; on March on Washington, 151; marriage to Make, 35; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34
ANLCA. See American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa
ANPM. See African Nationalist Pioneer Movement
ANTA. See American National Theatre and Academy Playhouse
Anthony, Paul, 227
Anticapitalism: in black radicalism, 3; of LCA, 33
Anticolonialism: as central focus of Liberator, 1–2, 13; Fanon’s influence on, 153; Liberator’s coverage of, 44–46; in South Africa, 61; spread of, 3. See also African independence
Anti-imperialism: and civil rights movement, 45; of LCA, 29, 41; in perspective of Liberator, 41; spread of, 3
Anti-Semitism: Ellis on, 125–31; Liberator accused of, 121; Moore on, 130
Antubam, Kofi, 41
Apartheid, in Namibia, 54. See also South African apartheid
Arab students, in U.S., 46, 47
Architecture, Watts’s career in, 16, 23, 111–12
Army, U.S., Beveridge (Pete) in, 26
Art and Social Change (Bradley and Esche), 218, 276n95
Artists, black, 12, 185–234; autonomous institutions for, calls for, 186, 188, 193, 199, 200–201, 224, 226; and Black Nationalism, 199–200; Neal on new wave of, 185–86, 187; in New York, 140, 218–21; political involvement by, 99, 186, 222; white judgment of value of, 205, 223–24, 227; women, 77, 94; works of, in Liberator, 77, 94, 218–21. See also Black Arts Movement; specific artists and genres
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH), 24, 27, 32, 63, 152
Athletes, black, 213–17
Atomic bomb, 62
Attica Blues (Shepp), 225
Autobiography of Malcolm X, 154
Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr., 146
Avant garde, in jazz, 222
Baffoe, T. D., 62
Bain, Myrna, 93
Baker, Ella, 27
Baker, Houston, 241
Baldwin, James, 124–31; in ACOA events, 28; in advisory board of Liberator, 124, 125, 127, 177; The Amen Corner, 212–13; Blues for Mr. Charlie, 200; on Congo Crisis protests, 19; on cover of Liberator, 124; criticism of perspective of, 200, 210, 264n12; departure from Liberator, 121, 127–31; fame of, 124; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 12, 124–31; internationalism of, 124; on Jewish-black relations, 128–31; in LCA forums, 35, 125; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; Neal on role of, 205, 210; “Not 100 Years of Freedom,” 124–25; “Sonny’s Blues,” 139; writing in Liberator, 24, 125
Ballad for Bimshire (musical), 198
Baltimore Afro-American (newspaper), 51, 56, 67
Bambara, Toni Cade, 115–18; The Black Woman, 12, 103, 114; career of, 116, 118; education of, 116; Gorilla My Love, 116; in last years of Liberator, 236; “The Manipulators,” 116; on origins of revolution, 119; The Salt Eaters, 116; The Sea Birds Are Still Alive, 116; “Sweet Town,” 116; Tales and Stories for Black Folk, 116; transnationalism of, 117
Bandung Conference (1955), 15, 182
Baptista, Joao, 48–49
Baraka, Amiri (Leroi Jones): in BARTS, 122, 185, 212; “Black Art,” 131, 182, 228; Black Fire, 212; Black Mass, 202, 208; Black Music, 278n127; Blues People, 147, 197, 204, 207; Cruse’s influence on, 132; Dutchman, 202, 207; in editorial board of Liberator, 176–77; Experimental Death Unit #1, 212; impact on aesthetics of Liberator, 12; jazz criticism by, 221–22, 226; on March on Washington, 149–51; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; Neal’s articles on, 181–82, 202, 203–4, 207; on Neal’s influence, 204; on Raisin (Hansberry), 90; The Slave, 203; The Toilet, 203, 212; and Touré, 140, 202; and Young Lords, 230
Bardonille, Priscilla, 86
Barth, Cecil Elombe, 86
Barth, Ronald, 86
BARTS. See Black Arts Repertory and Theater School
Baseball Has Done It (Robinson), 216
Bashir, Mustapha, 140
Basketball, 213–14
Batsio, Kojo, 64
Battle-Kalibala, Evelyn. See Kalibala, Evelyn
Beal, Fran, 244n10; “Double Jeopardy,” 9, 74, 96
Bearden, Romare, 221
Beauty standards, 85–87, 96–97
Belgium, 247n21. See also Congo Crisis
Belgrave, Cynthia, 91
Bell, Derrick, 184
Bell, Frederick, 97
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 57–58
Beveridge, Hortense “Tee” Sie, 24–27, 26; activism of, 24–27, 74–75; African students sponsored by, 27, 251n18; film career of, 25, 27; lack of articles in Liberator, 75; marriage of, 25–26; travels of, 25
Beveridge, Lowell “Pete,” 24–27, 26; activism of, 24; on actors facing discrimination, 189; on African diplomats, 190; on African leaders, deaths of, 48–49; on African students, 48; African students sponsored by, 27, 251n18; in ASNLH, 63, 152; career of, 24; in Communist Party, 24, 46, 135; on Congo Crisis, 20, 46; departure from LCA, 24; in editorial board of Liberator, 24, 49, 121; education of, 46, 63; in establishment of LCA, 22; in executive board of Liberator, 197; financial support of Liberator by, 34; on Ford, 192; as frequent contributor to Liberator, 24; as ghost-writer for Watts, 267n81, 271n161; on growth of LCA and Liberator, 49, 123; on Hansberry, 78, 90–91; Hunton as mentor to, 50; impact on Liberator, 121; introduction to Watts, 16; on Malcolm X, 162; on Mandela, 53; on March on Washington, 145; marriage of, 25–26; roles in LCA, 23–24; roles in Liberator, 24, 121; “Two Faces of America,” 59, 254n69; “Why AMSAC Festival Was a Flop,” 42; Wilson recruited by, 152
Bigart, Homer, 127
“Big Brother” (Watts), 238–39
Bin-Hassan, Umar, 229–30, 232; Suspenders, 230
Birmingham, 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in, 89, 147
“Birth Control” (Watts), 112–13
Black, C., 130
Black Americans. See Men, African American; Women, African American; specific issues, organizations, and people
“Black Art” (Baraka), 131, 182, 228
“Black Art and Fanon’s Third Phase” (Fuller), 183
Black Arts Movement: Baraka’s role in, 202; Detroit as locus of, 211, 275n70; emergence of, 86–87, 191–93, 204–5; “Forum 66” conference in, 211; and Harlem Renaissance, links between, 191; in ideological diversity of Liberator, 4; jazz in, 222; journals in, 6–7; literature in, 208; Neal’s influence on, 181, 204–5; poetry in, 208, 212; regionalization in, 209–10; theater in, 192–94, 208; Touré in, 192; as translocal, 7; and Umbra Poets Workshop, 192; visual art in, 218–21; women’s role in, 7. See also specific artists and genres
Black Arts Movement, The (Smethurst), 6–7
Black Arts Repertory and Theater School (BARTS), 122, 185, 204–5, 212
Black Boogaloo (Neal), 212
Black Bourgeoisie (Frazier), 176
Black Challenge, The (periodical), 40
Black consciousness: African culture in, 188–89; of athletes, 216; Baraka’s approach to, 182
Black Fire (Neal and Baraka), 212
Black Ice (Patterson), 212
Black internationalism. See Internationalism
Black left, women pioneers of, 76–84
Black liberation: African independence as part of struggle for, 32; black consciousness in, 188–89; black journals on, 6–7; in ideological diversity of Liberator, 4, 132; Liberator’s coverage of struggle for, 20; Malcolm X in struggle for, 164–66, 174, 179, 182; white support for, 24, 127; women’s role in, 7–8, 74–75, 77
Black Lives Matter, 241–42
Black men. See Men
Black Music (Baraka), 278n127
“Black Music Predicament, The” (Qamar), 227–28
Black Muslims in America, The (Lincoln), 154, 155
“Black Muslims in Crisis” (Russell), 159–60
“Black Nationalism and the Arts” (Ford), 199–200
Black Nationalism: in art, 199–200; and beauty standards for women, 85–86; and Communist Party, 7; in community feminism, 244n10; in Congo Crisis protests, 17–18, 19–20, 30–31; Cruse on roots of, 134, 160, 199; and Harlem Riots, 170–72; in ideological spectrum of black radicalism, 4; and interracial marriage, 92; Malcolm X on definition of, 165, 166; after Malcolm X’s assassination, 173; in Nation of Islam, 11; in origins of Liberator, 3; vs. radicalism, 11
Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America (Essien-Udom), 154
Black Panther Party, 125, 142, 213
Black Power: Boggs on, 178, 182–83; in ideological diversity of Liberator, 4; Liberator’s anticipation of rise of, 1, 5; mainstream press on, 182; Watts’s criticism of leaders of, 237–38; women’s role in, 7
Black Power Movement, The (Joseph), 8
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (Ture and Hamilton), 9
“Black Power: A Scientific Concept Whose Time Has Come” (Boggs), 178
“Black Power/White Backlash” (CBS News Special), 111
Black press. See Press
Black radicalism, 12, 120–84; Baldwin’s influence on, 124–31; Black Nationalism in, 11; of Cruse, 131–36; cultural producers in, 123; Fanon’s influence on, 153; ideological spectrum of, 4, 39, 132; as internationalist, 3; and Jewish-black relations, 125–31; Liberator in defining of, 5, 184; of Malcolm X (See X, Malcolm); and March on Washington, 145–51; New York as hub of, 32; origins of, 2; reemergence and rise of, in 1960s, 2–3; among students, 138; of Touré, 132–35, 139–42; tradition of, 9–11, 39; writing as form of activism in, 6
“Black Revolution in Music” (Neal), 224–25
Black Scholar (journal), 6
Black Tramp, The (White), 212
Black Woman, The: An Anthology (Bambara), 12, 103, 114, 116
“Black Woman to Black Man” (Stokes), 107–8
Black women. See Women
“Black Writer’s Role, The” (Neal), 181, 205–8, 210
Blacks, The (Genet), 192, 194–95
Blancs, Les (Hansberry), 194
“Blues” (Sanchez), 99
Blues for Mr. Charlie (Baldwin), 200
Blues People (Baraka), 147, 197, 204, 207
Boggs, James: on black population in urban areas, 112; on Black Power, 178, 182–83; “Black Power: A Scientific Concept Whose Time Has Come,” 178; connections to East Coast, 211; on integration, 178; in last years of Liberator, 235
Boggs, Vernon, 70
Bogle, Donald, 199
Bogues, Anthony, 10–11
Bond, Horace Mann, 41
Bond, Jean Carey, 113–14
Book reviews, in Liberator, 12. See also specific books
Bookstores, black, 139
Booth, William H., 28
Bourgeois nationalism, 245n28
Bourgeois reformism, 133
Bowen, Robert, 222
Bowling, Frank, 221
Boxing, 214
Boyd, Herb, 128
Bradley, Will, Art and Social Change, 218, 276n95
Branton, Wiley, 64
Brecht, Bertolt, The Exception and the Rule, 218
Breitman, George, 166
Briggs, Cyril, 197
Britain: in African coups, 66; Africans in, 65; in South African apartheid, 61, 62; Southern Rhodesia under, 65
Broadway theater, 189, 192, 193
Brooklyn Reform Democratic Club, 24
“Brother” (Scott-Heron), 236
Brown, James, 185
Brown, John, 80
Brown, Oscar, Jr., 87
Brummit, Houston, 193
Bryant, Hazel, 91
Bryant, Mary Ann, 85
Buckley, William F., 46
Buggs, Clara, 86
Bullins, Ed, 201
Bunche, Ralph, 19, 20, 78, 257n10
Burgos, Adrian, Jr., 214–15
Burrows, Vinie, 93
Burundi, 62
Businesses, black, call for expansion of, 137–38
Butler, Barbara, 106–7, 262n109
“Buy Black,” 138
CAA. See Council on African Affairs
Cabral, Amilcar, 28
Cade, Toni. See Bambara, Toni Cade
Caine, Michael, 201
California: distribution of Liberator in, 33; Liberator’s coverage of, 137–38; Nation of Islam in, 155–56
“California Revolt, The” (Warden), 137–38
Callender, Herbert, 162, 269n126
Cambridge, Godfrey, 198
Cameroon, 48
CANA. See Committee for the Advancement of the Negro in Architecture
Capitalism: anti-, 3, 33; racial, 9, 29, 33, 44
Carlson, Kenneth, Radical Ideas and the Schools, 10
Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Ture), 9, 111; Black Power, 9
Carroll, Vinnette, 91
Cartoons, in Liberator, 170, 240
Carty, Leo, 151, 170, 176, 219
Catlett, Elizabeth, 94
CAWAH. See Cultural Association for Women of African Heritage
CBS, “Black Power/White Backlash” News Special on, 111
CENP. See Committee for the Employment of Negro Performers
“Centennial Celebration of the Birth of Tuskegee” (Stevens), 225
Central African Students’ Union of America, Inc., 47
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): in African coups, 66; AMSAC ties to, 24, 41, 43; in Ghana, 168
Chicago, in Black Arts Movement, 275n70
Chicago Defender (newspaper), 59
Childress, Alice, 27
China! (film), 217
Chinnery, Lois, 97
Chisholm, Shirley, 24
Chrichlow, Ernest, 27
Christianity: feminist critique of, 100–101; Malcolm X’s critique of, 178
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
Circulation and distribution, of Liberator: in Detroit, 33, 211; expansion of, 138–39; in first years, 33–34, 45, 123–24
Citizen Care Committee, 81
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 145, 151
Civil rights movement: achievements of, 2; and anti-imperial movement, 45; criticism of leaders of, 111, 148, 171; Freedom Rides in, 36, 50; gradualism in, 3, 19, 35, 145; impact of March on Washington on, 145–46; Jewish support for, 127; LCA on, 35–36; limitations of, 2–3; Malcolm X on, 164; in rise of black radicalism, 2–3
Clark, Edward, 221
Clark, Kenneth, 107
Clark, Mamie Phipps, 107
Clarke, Austin, The Meeting Point, 116
Clarke, John Henrik: on African independence, 31; on African influences in Harlem, 60; in The American Writer and His Roots, 41; and Davis’s letter on Jewish-black relations, 129; in editorial board of Liberator, 24; and Ghanaian coup, 65–66; in Harlem Writer’s Guild, 191; on ideological spectrum of radicalism, 39, 40; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; and National Afroamerican Student Conference, 133; on Nation of Islam, 154–55; “The New Afro-American Nationalism,” 13, 36, 140, 187; on Powell, 159, 269n116; and Purlie Victorious (Davis), 198; Russell’s (Charlie) introduction to, 139
Clay, Cassius. See Ali, Muhammad
Cleage, Albert, 142–43; on cover of Liberator, 126; in Freedom Now Party, 269n124; LCA’s praise for, 36; “Struggle for Survival,” 160
Clean-city campaigns, 89
Cleveland (Ohio), Afro-American Institute in, 143–45
Clothing, African-derived styles of, 86, 259n35
CNA. See Committee for the Negro in the Arts
Coffee Concerts, 78
Cohen, Hettie, 207
“Cold Reception for AMSAC in Nigeria, A” (Liberator), 42
Cold War: and African independence, 14, 15; AMSAC in, 40; Council on African Affairs during, 29
Coleman, Gladys, 81
Coleman, Ornette, 222, 223, 224, 228
Colonialism, economic, 127. See also Anticolonialism
Colony, domestic/internal: African Americans as, 3; Harlem as, 172
Color Curtain, The (Wright), 182
Columbia University, 107
Combahee River Collective, 119
Committee for the Advancement of the Negro in Architecture (CANA), 16
Committee for the Employment of Negro Performers (CENP), 189–90, 193–94
Committee for the Negro in the Arts (CNA), 16, 25
Committee on Race and Class in World Affairs (CORAC), 41
Common Sense Clinic, 83
Communist Party: Beveridge (Pete) in, 24, 46, 135; Beveridge (Tee) in, 25; and Black Nationalism, 7; Cruse in, 135
Community feminism, 4, 100, 244n10
Community League on 159th Street, 81
Concerned Black Women, 96
Congo, tribalism in, 60
Congo Crisis, 17–22; Black Nationalist protests on, 17–18, 19–20, 30–31; LCA’s response to, 14, 17–22, 30, 53; Liberator’s coverage of, 14, 20, 45–46, 53, 247n21. See also Lumumba, Patrice
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): and Afro-American Institute, 144; Boggs (Vernon) on, 70; jazz at, 228; in Lee’s trip to Harlem, 68; radicalization of, 122; on residential segregation, 84; women’s role in, 84
Connor, James, 235
Conscription, in Vietnam War, 104–5
Contraception. See Birth control
Cook, Mercer, 41
Cool World, The (Miller), 194
CORAC. See Committee on Race and Class in World Affairs
CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality
Cortez, Jayne, 222
Cosby, John, Jr., 105
Council on African Affairs (CAA): and Action for South Africa, 27; AMSAC formation as response to, 40; Beveridges in, 25–26, 50; dissolution of, 29
Coups: explosion of, in 1965–66, 66–67; in Ghana (1966), 64, 65–67
Cover, of Liberator: art by women on, 77; Baldwin on, 124; Cleage on, 126; Davis and Dee on, 80, 128, 189; Hansberry on, 79, 90; Malcolm X on, 160, 175; Nelmes on, 86; Powell on, 150; Richardson on, 81, 82
Crawford, Vicki L., 76
Cricket (periodical), 226
Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, The (Cruse), 78, 122, 132, 134–35, 136
“Criticism Is Not Anti-Semitism” (Moore), 130, 197
Crouch, Stanley, Ain’t No Ambulances for No Nigguhs Tonight, 232
Cruse, Harold, 131–36; and Afro-American Institute, 144; The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, 78, 122, 132, 134–35, 136; criticism of Liberator by, 122, 132, 134; cultural revolution called for by, 132–34; departure from Liberator, 135–36; “The Economics of Black Nationalism,” 134, 169–70; Gibson’s feud with, 22; on Harlem as domestic colony, 172; on ideological diversity of Liberator, 132; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 12, 120–22, 135; on interracial alliances, 131–32, 134; on Jewish-black relations, 135; “Marxism and the Negro,” 134; Rebellion or Revolution?, 120, 122, 134, 244n8; “Rebellion or Revolution?,” 133–34, 147, 196–97; “The Roots of Black Nationalism,” 134, 160, 199; “Third Party,” 134; Touré influenced by, 132, 135, 142
“Crux of Black Non-Violence, The” (Schomburg), 83
“Cry Freedom” (Touré), 140, 192, 209
Cry in the Night (Greenwood), 196
Cry of My People, The (Shepp), 225
Cuba, 23
Cudjoe, Selwyn, 70–72
Cultural Association for Women of African Heritage (CAWAH), 32, 39
Cultural events: of LCA, 188, 189, 190; rise of Liberator’s coverage of, 188–89
Cultural genealogy, 206
Cultural heritage, in identity of black radicals, 3
Cultural nationalism, 3, 178–79
Cultural producers, black radicals as, 123
Cultural revolution, Cruse’s call for, 132–34
Culture: African, Liberator’s coverage of, 188–90; black folk, 224
Cumbo, Kattie, 89–90, 102, 177, 259n47
Danska, Herbert, 229
Dark to Dark (Russell), 139
Dark, Alvin, 214
Davis, John A., 41
Davis, Ossie, 127–30; as advisor to LCA, 81; in advisory board of Liberator, 49, 124, 127, 177; in Ballad for Bimshire, 198; and CENP, 190; on cover of Liberator, 80, 128, 189; departure from Liberator, 121, 127–30; on Genet’s plays, 195; on Jewish-black relations, 128–29; in Lee’s trip to Harlem, 68; Liberator’s honoring of, 81, 128; on Malcolm X, 180; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; in Negro History Week, 88, 189; Purlie Victorious, 128, 189, 198–99
DeCarava, Roy, 27, 173, 218–20; The Sound I Saw, 220; The Sweet Flypaper of Life, 220
Dee, Ruby: and CENP, 190; on cover of Liberator, 80, 128, 189; in Lee’s trip to Harlem, 68; Liberator’s honoring of, 81, 128; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; in Negro History Week, 88, 189; in The Nurses, 198; in Purlie Victorious, 198
Defender of the Angels (Kimbrough), 117
Demonstrations. See Protests
Dent, Tom, 140
Derby, Doris, 201
Desegregation. See Integration
Detroit: distribution of Liberator in, 33, 211; “Forum 66” conference in, 211; as locus of Black Arts Movement, 211, 275n70; Northern Negro Grassroots Leadership Conference in, 83, 160
“Development of Leroi Jones” (Neal), 181, 207
Diaspora. See African diaspora
Diasporadas, 94
Dissent (magazine), 179, 271n177
Distribution, of Liberator. See Circulation and distribution
Dixon, Ivan, 217
Doe, Christie, 27
Domestic Personal Service Workers, 96
Donaldson, Jeff, 231
Donaldson, Lou, 258n34
“Double Jeopardy” (Beal), 9, 74, 96
Douglas, Emory, 276n95
Down Beat (magazine), 221, 223–24, 226, 277n107, 278n126
Draft, in Vietnam War, 104–5
Drake, St. Clair: in Africa Seen by American Negro Scholars, 41; at ANLCA, 55; on black organizations, 40; on Ghanaian independence, 51; “Negro Americans, the African Interest, and Power Structures in Africa and America,” 55, 254n51
Drug abuse, 80
Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 65, 76, 168, 194
Du Bois, W. E. B.: “African Roots of War,” 66, 104; in Council on African Affairs, 29; death of, 151, 196; Encyclopedia Africana project of, 52; Garvey’s conflict with, 142; and Hunton, 50, 252n31; LCA on, 36; on “rising tide of color,” 13; The World and Africa, 44
Duganne, Erina, 219
Dust Tracks on Road (Hurston), 212
East Side, West Side (television show), 198
Economic colonialism, 127
Economic imperialism, 47
Economic justice, 2
Economic nationalism, 85
Economic segregation, 35–36
Economic self-sufficiency, 3
“Economics of Black Nationalism, The” (Cruse), 134, 169–70
Editorial board of Liberator: Ford in, 176, 195, 201; Gibson in, 67, 69; members in 1961, 24; members in 1962, 49; members in 1965, 176–77; Riley in, 176, 214
Education: Beveridge’s (Pete) interest in, 46; as function of Liberator, 63; integration in, 101–2, 137; radicalism in theories of, 9–10. See also Students
Edwards, Brent Hayes, 5
Edwards, Harry, 215
Ellender, Allen J., 59
Ellington, Duke, 205
Ellis, Eddie: on black-Jewish relations, 125–31; in Black Panther Party, 125, 213; “Is Revolutionary Theatre in Tune with the People?,” 213; in meeting with Ebony, 97; theater criticism by, 213
Ellison, Ralph: Baldwin compared to, 124; Invisible Man, 140, 153, 203, 206; Neal on role of, 181, 205–6; Shadow and Act, 203
Emancipation Proclamation, 80, 124; Centennial of, 157, 158
Encyclopedia Africana (Du Bois and Hunton), 52
Endfield, Cy, 201
Engel, Julien, 252n23
Erby, Nelson, 125
Esannason, Harold, 219
Esche, Charles, Art and Social Change, 218, 276n95
Essien-Udom, E. U., Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America, 154
Ethel Barrymore Theatre, 212
Evers, Medgar, 146
Exception and the Rule, The (Brecht), 218
Exiles, intellectuals as, 38–39
“Exiles No More” (Tillman), 160
Expatriates, African American, in Ghana, 151–52, 168
Experimental Death Unit #1 (Baraka), 212
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC), 22, 23, 34, 138
Family life: in Africa, 109; matriarchal, 109, 110, 114; Moynihan Report on, 110
Fanon, Frantz, 135, 153; The Wretched of the Earth, 153, 183
“Farewell to Liberals” (Miller), 243n6
Farred, Grant, 122–23
Faubus, Orval, 68
Fax, Elton, 41
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 25, 26
Feelings, Muriel, Zamani Goes to Market, 219
Feelings, Tom, 105, 176, 197, 219, 235; Zamani Goes to Market, 219
Feminism: black left, 76–84; community, 4, 100, 244n10; organizational phase of black, 262n103; second wave, 74, 106
Figueiredo, Elisio, 49, 252n28
Films: Afric-sploitation, 72, 256n114; reviews of, in Liberator, 12, 116, 201, 217. See also specific films
Finances: of LCA, 34; of Liberator, 34, 45, 123, 236, 237
Finkenstaedt, James, 33, 134, 158, 197
Finkenstaedt, Rose: arrival at Liberator, 33; on black voters, 80; on black women activists, 81; on distribution of Liberator, 33; on drug abuse, 80; on Nation of Islam, 81, 158; “Never on Christmas,” 158; as staff writer for Liberator, 77; “Which Road to Freedom?,” 143
Fire Music (Shepp), 225
Fitch, Bob, 66
Five Spot (jazz club), 221–22, 223
Fletcher, Robert, 61
FLN. See National Liberation Front
Flood, Curt, 216
Folk culture, black, 224
Food, African, 190
For Love of Ivy (film), 88
Ford, Clebert, 192–202; acting career of, 192, 194–95, 201; advocacy for black theater by, 186, 193–95, 198, 200–202; on autonomous artistic institutions, need for, 186, 193, 199, 200–201; “Black Nationalism and the Arts,” 199–200; in CENP, 189–90, 193–94; departure from Liberator, 201; in editorial board of Liberator, 176, 195, 201; in executive board of Liberator, 197; film reviews by, 201; on Gregory, 195, 196; at March on Washington, 146; “The Responsibility of Black Artists,” 195; on television shows, 198; theater criticism by, 192, 194–95, 198, 200; on Umbra Poets Workshop, 192; writing career of, 192
Ford Foundation, 42
Fordham University, Watts at, 238, 239–40
Foreign policy, U.S., toward Africa, 44–45, 59
“Forum 66” conference, 211
Foster, Wendell, 28
Four Lives in the Be-Bop Business (Spellman), 228
FPCC. See Fair Play for Cuba Committee
Fraser, Len, Jr., 133
Frazier, E. Franklin, 41; Black Bourgeoisie, 176
“Frederick Douglass and Emancipation” (Moore), 158
Freedom (newsletter), 26, 50, 90
Freedom Now Party, 269n124
Freedomways (journal): on The Blacks (Genet), 195; Clarke’s role in, 24; Davis’s letter on Jewish-black relations in, 129; duration of, 236; Howard’s articles in, 57; ideology of, vs. Liberator, 143; influence on Liberator, 77; and National Afroamerican Student Conference, 133; support for Liberator from, 49
Free Southern Theatre, 200–201
FRELIMO. See Mozambique Liberation Front
Fuller, C. H., Jr., “Black Art and Fanon’s Third Phase,” 183
Fuller, Meta Vaux Warrick, 94
Fundi (film), 27
Gaines, Kevin, 168
Galamison, Milton, 191
Gandhi, Mahatma, 10
Garnett, Henry Highland, 173
Garvey, Amy Jacques, 244n10
Garvey, Marcus, 86, 141, 142, 144
Gaston, Rosetta, 152
Gayle, Addison, 236
Gender: in Black Arts Movement, 7; hierarchy of, 96, 108–9. See also Men; Women
Genealogy, cultural, 206
Genet, Jean, The Blacks, 192, 194–95
Ghana: African American expatriates in, 151–52, 168; Angelou in, 151, 168, 194; coup of 1966 in, 64, 65–67; Du Bois’s death in, 151; independence for (See Ghanaian independence); Malcolm X’s travels in, 168–69; and March on Washington, 151–52; Organization of Afro-American Unity in, 168–69; in UN, 63–64, 255n83
Ghana Evening News (newspaper), 51
Ghanaian Broadcasting Corporation, 194
Ghanaian independence, 14–15; fifth anniversary of, 43–44; Howard on, 57; independence of other African nations linked to, 15, 50; Kennedy on, 59; LCA on, 14, 17; Liberator’s coverage of, 14, 43–44, 50–52; and pan-African unity, 15, 43–44
Ghanaian Times (newspaper), 62, 151, 194
Gibson, Katy, 92
Gibson, Ray, 228
Gibson, Richard, 22–23; activism of, 22–23, 34; on African American understanding of Africa, 69–70; on Algerian revolution, 57–58; “The Algerian Story,” 248n25; on Black Nationalist protest at UN, 18; on East African independence, 67; in editorial board of Liberator, 67, 69; in establishment of LCA, 22; as executive secretary of LCA, 23–24; as frequent contributor to Liberator, 24; on Ghanaian coup, 65–66; home of, 18, 32; on Israel, 69; in last years of Liberator, 235; on Make (Vusumzi), 35; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; on Moynihan, 111; on Quaison-Sackey, 64; questions about credibility of, 67–68, 248n25; in Révolution Africaine, 22, 56, 58, 67; “Richard Gibson Reports” by, 22, 72; role at Liberator, 22, 65, 235, 248n25; travels of, 22, 23, 58, 64–65; Watts’s friendship with, 22, 23, 68
Gibson, Sarah, 58
Gizenga, Antoine, 53
Glasgow, Adele, 78
Golden, Maurice, 33
Goldman, Phaon, 174
Goldwater, Barry, 68
Gomez, Michael, 154
Gone Are the Days (film), 199
Gonzales, Juan, 230
Gorilla My Love (Bambara), 116
Gospel music, 224
Gosse, Van, 255n78
Gradualism, civil rights, 3, 19, 35, 145
Graffiti artists, 221
Grandassa Models of Harlem, 86, 258n34
Graves, Milford, 224–25
Gray, Jesse, 162
Grayson, William, 97
Great Britain. See Britain
Great Society, 95
Greene, Felix, 217
Greenwood, Frank, 137, 196; Cry in the Night, 196
Greenwood, Vera, 196
Grey, Jesse, 34
Grimes, Henry, 228
Guardian, The (newspaper), 52
Guns at Batasi (film), 217
Guzman, Yoruba, 230
Hairstyles, black, 85–86
Hambrick, Edith, 108
Hamilton, Bobb, 211
Hamilton, Charles, Black Power, 9
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 17–18, 19, 247n21
Hampton, Fred, 142
Hansberry, Lorraine: activism of, 27, 78; in Afro-American Heritage Week, 78; Les Blancs, 194; career of, 90–91; Coffee Concerts sponsored by, 78; on Congo Crisis protests, 19–20; on cover of Liberator, 79, 90; death of, 90; and Kennedy Airlift, 28; Liberator’s tribute to, 90–91; marriage of, 92; Negro History Week speech by, 78, 125; A Raisin in the Sun, 90, 91; The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window, 91, 203; support for Liberator by, 78
Hansberry, William Leo, 41
Happy Ending (Ward), 202
Harlem: African influences in, 60–61; basketball in, 213–14; black women activists in, 81, 89; as domestic colony, 172; Jewish-black relations in, 125, 128; Lee’s visit to, 68; Mboya’s visit to, 70–72; Nation of Islam in, 154; police brutality in, 89; Riots of 1964 in, 170–72; visual arts in, 218–21
Harlem Anti-Colonial Committee, 61
Harlem Defense Council (HDC), 170–71
Harlem Parents Committee, 68
Harlem People’s Parliament, 68, 211
Harlem Renaissance, 191
Harlem Writer’s Guild (HWG): duration of, 236; on Lumumba’s assassination, 19; and On Guard for Freedom, 30; Russell (Carlos) in, 191; Russell (Charlie) in, 139, 191, 197
Harlem Youth Unlimited (HARYOU), 125, 171
Harper’s Magazine, 18–19
Harrison, Bonnie Claudia, 94
HARYOU. See Harlem Youth Unlimited
“Has Jazz Lost Its Roots?” (Russell), 223
Hatch, James, 91
Hate That Hate Produced, The (documentary), 159
HDC. See Harlem Defense Council
Henderson, David, “Keep On Pushin’,” 209
Hernton, Calvin, 140; “Jitterbuggin’ in the Streets,” 209
Hetherington, H. A., 52
Hicks, Calvin, 18, 19, 32, 34, 250n59
Hill, Adelaide Cromwell, 41
Hill, Errol, 91
Hobson, Charles, 224
Holt, Len: in advisory board of Liberator, 49; on civil rights movement in South, 258n28; in editorial board of Liberator, 176; on Freedom Rides, 50; on Harlem Riots, 171–72; on Malcolm X, 182
Homegirls (Smith), 116
Homosexuality, of Rustin, 180
Honeybaby, Honeybaby (film), 27
Hoover, J. Edgar, 147
“Hot Irons and Black Nationalism” (Mason), 85
Houser, George, 28
Housing discrimination, 84
Howard, Charles P.: on African coups, 66–67; on African leaders, deaths of, 57; career of, 56–57; at “Forum 66” conference, 211; News Syndicate of, 57, 66–67; as UN correspondent, 56–57, 62; on Verwoerd’s assassination, 68
Howard University, 72
Hughes, Langston: and Abdul (Raoul), 78; on African influences in Harlem, 60; Coffee Concerts sponsored by, 78; in Harlem Writer’s Guild, 191; “Junior Addict,” 191, 192; and Neal, 205; “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” 1, 2, 195; “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” 78; The Prodigal Son, 218; support for Liberator by, 130, 265n25; The Sweet Flypaper of Life, 220; Tambourines to Glory, 198
Hughes, Virginia, 93
Human rights, Malcolm X on, 164, 172
Humphrey, Dona, 97
Hunton, W. Alpheaus: in Council on African Affairs, 29; and Du Bois, 50, 252n31; Encyclopedia Africana project of, 52; on Ghanaian independence, 51; praise for LCA from, 50
Hurston, Zora Neale: Dust Tracks on Road, 212; Jonah’s Gourd Vine, 212
Hurwitz, Leo, 27
HWG. See Harlem Writer’s Guild
IATSE. See International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
Identity, of black radicals, 3
Ideological diversity, in Liberator, 4, 132
“I Have a Dream” (King), 146
ILGWU. See International Ladies Garment Workers Union
Imperialism: economic, 47; in Vietnam War, 103–4. See also Anti-imperialism
Indignant Generation, The (Jackson), 6
Institute for International Education, 46
Integration: of baseball, 216; black women in debate over, 89–90, 101–2; and interracial marriage, 92; Neal on, 177–79; school, 101–2, 137; vs. separatism, debate over, 5; skepticism in Liberator about, 35–36; in theater, 194; Touré on, 142; Watts on, 35–36, 55
Intellectuals: African, 11, 40; as exiles, 38–39; vernacular, 123
Internal colony, African Americans as, 3
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), 25
Internationalism, black: Africa as central to, 243n3; of Baldwin, 124; in black radicalism, 3; of LCA, 31; in Liberator, 5–6; of Malcolm X, 164, 166; of Touré, 140–42
International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 80, 130
Interracial alliances: Black Panther Party on, 142; Cruse on, 131–32, 134; in LCA, 17, 33; Rustin on, 179; Watts on, 157–58
Interracial dating and marriage: by Beveridges, 25–26; by Hansberry, 92; Jewish, 127; Liberator’s coverage of, 92, 107; by Watts, 68, 92, 127, 129
In the Castle of My Skin (Lamming), 208
Invisible Man (Ellison), 140, 153, 203, 206
Isaacs, Harold R., 14; The New World of Negro Americans, 60, 254n73
“Is Ebony Killing Black Women” (Rodgers), 96–97
Ismaili Abu Bakr, Rashidah, 140; “Scenes of Home,” 105
Israeli Socialist Organization, 69
“Is Revolutionary Theatre in Tune with the People?” (Ellis), 213
Iton, Richard, 187
Jackson, Donald, 64
Jackson, Esther Cooper, 76–77
Jackson, Lawrence, 38, 39; The Indignant Generation, 6
Jacobson, Helen, 78
Japan: atomic bomb used in, 62; Lincoln and Roach on tour in, 87–88; Winter Olympics in, 215
Jazz, 221–28; free, 222, 223, 224; in Japan, 87–88; Malcolm X’s speeches compared to, 204; and politics, 222; rise in mainstream attention to, 221–22; spirituality of, 224–25, 226–27; Thomas (Bedwick) inspired by, 220; and visual art, 220, 225; white audience of, 222, 223–24, 227
Jazz criticism, in Liberator, 187, 222–28; by Brasz, 222, 228; by Neal, 222, 224–26; by Qamar, 222, 227–28; by Russell (Charlie), 198, 222, 224; by Spellman, 222, 228
Jazz poetry, 228–32
Jerome, Jocelyn, 61
Jett, Ruth, 27
Jewish-black relations: Baldwin on, 128–31; in civil rights movement, 127; Cruse on, 135; Davis on, 128–29; Ellis’s series on, 125–31; Neal on, 210–11. See also Anti-Semitism
“Jitterbuggin’ in the Streets” (Hernton), 209
Joans, Ted, 222
Johnson, Audrey, 78
Johnson, Edwina, 93
Johnson, John H., 96
Johnson, M. P., 107
Johnson, Roy, 200
Jonah’s Gourd Vine (Hurston), 212
Jones, Bill, 61
Jones, Elayne V., 27
Jones, Leroi. See Baraka, Amiri
Joseph, Peniel, 138, 155; The Black Power Movement, 8
Joyce, Joyce A., 232
“Junior Addict” (Hughes), 191, 192
Kahn, Eddie, 88
Kahn, Tom, 179
Kalibala, Evelyn: activism of, 27; in editorial board of Liberator, 49; in executive board of Liberator, 197; in last years of Liberator, 235; as secretary at Liberator, 177; as social director of LCA, 24, 77
Kamoinge Gallery and Workshop, 219–20
Karenga, Maulana, 138
Kaunda, Kenneth, 28
“Keep On Pushin’ ” (Henderson), 209
Keita, Modibo, 63
Kelley, Robin D. G., 3, 186, 222
Kennedy, John F.: on ACOA, 28; Africa policy of, 59; assassination of, 151, 160, 221; black leaders recruited by, 64; on March on Washington, 148; Watts’s criticism of, 147
Kennedy, Robert, 147
Kerina, Jane, 27
Kessler, Lauren, 8
Killens, John O., 30, 35, 135, 191, 211
Kilson, Martin, 41
Kimbrough, Jess, Defender of the Angels, 117
King, Charles T. O., II, 263n116
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: and ACOA, 28; autobiography of, 146; cartoons of, in Liberator, 170; criticism of, in Liberator, 5, 36, 80, 98, 111, 145, 147–48; “I Have a Dream,” 146; Malcolm X on, 165–66; in March on Washington, 145–49; Poor People’s March led by, 106; radicalism of, 10; U.S. government interests in Africa represented by, 64; on Vietnam War, 103, 262n92
King, Woodie, 201, 202, 229–30, 274n39
Kochiyama, Yuri, 68
Kofsky, Frank, 226
Kooper, Markus, 27
Korean War, 26
Kotto, Yaphet, 217
Kozonguizi, Jariretundu, 27, 59
Kulchur (periodical), 226
Kwanguvu, Umoja, 131
Labor Youth League, 25
Lacy, Leslie, 168
LaGrone, Oliver, 211
Lamb, Lucretia, 81
Lamming, George, In the Castle of My Skin, 208
Last Poets, The, 229–32
Lateef, Yusef, 88
Lawson, James, 32
LCA. See Liberation Committee for Africa
Lee, Carl, 198
Lee, Don (Haki Madhubuti), 232; “A Poem for Black Women,” 106
Lee, Franz J. T., 68
Left: New, 4, 37, 121; Old, 4, 33, 135; women pioneers of, 76–84
“Legacy of Malcolm X, The” (Spellman), 176
“Lenox Avenue Sunday” (Neal), 209
“Leroi Jones Will Get Us All in Trouble” (Russell), 199
Lev, Ray, 27
Lewis, Edmonia, 94
Lewis, Ida, 78
Liberalism: failure of, 3, 243n6; Neal’s critique of, 210–11
Liberation Committee for Africa (LCA), 11, 14–37; aims of, 16–17, 20; anticapitalism of, 33; on civil rights movement, 35–36; in competition with other organizations, 27–29; complexity of challenges facing, 29; on Congo Crisis, 14, 17–22, 30, 53; cultural events of, 188, 189, 190; establishment of, 16, 20, 22, 29, 122; executive committee of, 23–24, 190; on Ghanaian independence, 14, 17; “Nationalism, Colonialism, and the United States” forum by, 35; origins of Liberator in, 4, 11, 20; pan-Africanism of, 31; white allies in, 17, 33; women’s influence on, 76–77. See also specific members
Liberator: advisory board of (See Advisory board); central focus of, 1–2, 11, 20; circulation of (See Circulation); cover of (See Cover); decline of, 233, 235–36; as “dissident” press, 8, 10; editorial board of (See Editorial board); executive board of, 147, 197; finances of, 34, 45, 123, 236, 237; gaps in scholarship on, 1, 8; ideological diversity in, 4, 132; influence of, 3–4; legacy of, 12, 240–42; logo of, 219; masthead of, 13, 20, 91, 93, 224; origins of, 3–4, 11; production of, 33, 77, 121, 235. See also specific articles, topics, and writers
Liberator volume 1 (1961): March (first issue), 20, 48; June, 48; July, 154–55; September, 45, 251n15; December, 45–46, 47; lack of volume number for, 251n15
Liberator volume 2 (1962): January, 189; February, 42; March, 42; May, 49–50, 155; June, 156–57
Liberator volume 3 (1963): January, 53–55, 79–80; February, 55–56, 80, 158, 189; March, 81, 158, 190; April, 57–58, 192; May, 85, 139, 159, 192, 194; June, 59–60, 254n69; July, 85–86, 130; August, 130, 145; September, 146, 196; October, 132, 141, 146–51, 196–97; November, 81–83, 82, 134; December, 83, 126, 128, 143
Liberator volume 4 (1964): January, 87; March, 134; April, 134, 160–62; May, 62, 134, 162; June, 134, 202; July, 134, 141, 150, 167, 169–70, 200; August, 134, 223; September, 171–72; October, 202; November, 132; December, 79, 90–91, 202, 203
Liberator volume 5 (1965): January, 63–64, 172, 176, 202, 224; February, 132, 141–42; March, 173–74, 220; April, 174, 175, 212, 220; May, 91–92, 153, 176, 212; June, 176; September, 224–25; December, 65, 110–11
Liberator volume 6 (1966): January, 125–27, 131, 181–82, 207; February, 125, 127, 133, 182, 207; March, 96–97; April, 125, 127; May, 98–100, 103; June, 208, 227–28; July, 131, 210–11; August, 228; November, 219
Liberator volume 7 (1967): January, 182; February, 103–5; April, 182; May, 105, 131, 182; July, 183; November, 106
Liberator volume 8 (1968): March, 236–37; April, 106; June, 107; July, 262n100; August, 116; September, 262n109; November, 116; December, 107–8, 116
Liberator volume 9 (1969): May, 112–14; July, 72
Liberator volume 10 (1970): January, 235; February, 230, 237; July, 117; November, 231; December, 238–39
Liberator volume 11 (1971), March (final issue), 12, 240
Liebowitz, Sheldon, 125
Lincoln, Abbey, 87–89; activism of, 27, 88–89; Black Sun music by, 88, 259n40; career of, 87–88; in Congo Crisis protests, 18; home of, 18, 32; marriage of, 87, 88; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; in Negro History Week, 189; in Nothing But a Man, 217; poetry in Liberator by, 87; on tour in Japan, 87–88; We Insist! Freedom Now Suite, 32, 87, 88, 189
Lincoln, C. Eric, The Black Muslims in America, 154, 155
Linton, Thomas, Radical Ideas and the Schools, 10
Liston, Sonny, 190
Literature, black: in Black Arts Movement, 208; Neal’s approach to history of, 205–8; reviews of, in Liberator, 12, 116, 153. See also Poetry; Writers
Living for the Revolution (Springer), 7–8
Lockhart, Calvin, 27
Logan, Giuseppi, 224–25
Logan, Rayford, 41
Logo, of Liberator, 219
Lomax, Betty Frank, 99; “Afro-American Woman,” 95–96
Lomax, Louis, 159
Long, Amelia, 98–99
Los Angeles, Nation of Islam in, 155–56, 196
Loving, Al, 221
Lucas, W. Francis, 264n12
Luciano, Felipe, 229–32
Lumet, Sidney, 217
Lumumba, Patrice, assassination of, 17–22; and Hammarskjöld’s death, 247n21; LCA’s response to, 14, 17–22, 30, 53; Liberator’s coverage of, 14, 20, 53, 247n21; and Malcolm X, 174; in Negro History Week, 88; vs. Olympio’s assassination, 57; protests after, 17–18, 19–20, 30–31
Lundberg, Ferdinand, The Rich and the Super-Rich, 263n109
Lynn, Conrad, 61
MacWilliams, Pairlie, 81
Madhubuti, Haki. See Lee, Don
Makiwane, Tennysen, 61
Malcolm X, 153–70, 161; and Ali, 216–17; assassination of, 68, 122, 173–77; autobiography of, 154; and Bandung Conference, 182; on Black Nationalism, 165, 166; on cover of Liberator, 160, 175; in “Cry Freedom” (Touré), 140; on Harlem as domestic colony, 172; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 12, 91, 122; on imperialism of U.S., 103; internationalism of, 164, 166; and Kennedy Airlift, 28; on Kennedy’s assassination, 160; on King, 165–66; LCA’s praise for, 36; legacy of, 176, 182; Liberator’s coverage of, 154–67; on March on Washington, 146; as model of black masculinity, 96, 100, 101, 180, 217; in Nation of Islam, 154–58; Nation of Islam left by, 122, 160–62; Nkrumah’s meeting with, 65; at Northern Negro Grassroots Leadership Conference, 83, 160; in OAAU, 122, 166, 168–69, 173; on police violence, 155–56; political evolution of, 122, 158, 160–63, 166, 169; Russell’s (Carlos) interview with, 161, 163–67, 191; Rustin’s criticism of, 179–80; on self-defense, 160–61; Shepp’s Fire Music dedicated to, 225; travels in Africa, 167–69; on Vietnam War, 105
“Malcolm X: International Statesman” (Touré), 132–33
Male supremacy, 96
Mali, 63
Malone, James, 235
“Manipulators, The” (Bambara), 116
March on Washington (1963), 145–51; attendance at, 145–46; as “Farce on Washington,” 111, 146; Ghanaian expatriates on, 151–52; King on impact of, 146; Liberator’s coverage of, 111, 145–51, 196; Rustin’s role in, 179
Marriage. See Interracial dating and marriage
Marshall, Paule, 34
“Marxism and the Negro” (Cruse), 134
Masculinity, black: Ali as model of, 217; and emasculation, 108, 113–14; idealized notions of, 180–81; Lomax’s critique of, 95–96; Malcolm X as model of, 96, 100, 101, 180, 217; Moore’s critique of, 100–101
Mason, Eleanor, “Hot Irons and Black Nationalism,” 85
Masthead, of Liberator, 13, 20, 91, 93, 224
Mathews, Ronnie, 88
Matriarchal families, 109, 110, 114
Matrilineal customs, 109
Mayfield, Ana, 34
Mayfield, Curtis, 242
Mayfield, Julian: in The American Writer and His Roots, 41; as expatriate in Ghana, 151–52, 168; in Ghana Evening News, 51; on Ghanaian independence, 51; on Hansberry, 90; on March on Washington, 151–52; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; reprinted articles in Liberator by, 51; “Uncle Tom Goes to Africa,” 151–52, 268n91
McKissick, Floyd, 68
McLean, Jackie, 228
MDC. See Monroe Defense Committee
Meade, Matthew, 140
Media. See Press
Meeting Point, The (Clarke), 116
Melone, Thomas, 41
Men, African American: black women’s writing on relationships with, 107–9; emasculation of, 108, 113–14; in gender hierarchy, 96, 108–9; in interracial relationships, 92, 107; male supremacy among, 96; universal plight of, 59. See also Masculinity
Meredith, Burgess, 200
Meriwether, James, 14
Merrick, David, 198
Merritt College, 138
Mexico, Olympics in, 215
Michaux, Louis H., 49, 68, 124
Midwest, as locus of Black Arts Movement, 211, 275n70
Miller, Loren, “Farewell to Liberals,” 243n6
Miller, Warren, The Cool World, 194
Miss National Standard of Beauty Contests, 86
Mitchell, Loften, 193
MMI. See Muslim Mosque, Inc.
Mobley, Ora, 61
Mocumbi, Pascoal, 28
Moncur, Grachan, III, 225, 228
“Monde Des Noires, Le” (exhibition), 219
Monk, Thelonious, 88, 221–22, 224
Monkey on a String (Viertal), 116
Monroe Defense Committee (MDC), 34, 144
Moon, Marjorie, 91
Moore, Audley (Queen Mother), 76–77
Moore, Louise: on domestic workers, 91; on double jeopardy of black women, 96; feminism of, 100–101; on masculinity, 100–101; “When Will the Real Black Man Stand Up?,” 98, 99
Moore, Richard B.: in advisory board of Liberator, 49, 124, 130, 156–57, 177; on African influences in Harlem, 60; in Communist Party, 135; “Criticism Is Not Anti-Semitism,” 130, 197; “Frederick Douglass and Emancipation,” 158; in Harlem Anti-Colonial Committee, 61; on Nation of Islam, 156–57; open letter to editor by, 156–58
Moore, Willard, 49
Moral Mondays, 242
Morton, Hugh X., 158
Moses, Gilbert, 201
Mothers Defense Committee, 89
Moumie, Felix Roland, 48
Mount Vernon/New Rochelle Women’s Group, 101–3
Moynihan, Daniel P., 110–14
Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), 28
Mpolo, Maurice, 19
Muhammad, Elijah, 154–60
Murch, Donna, 138
Murphy, George B., Jr., 49, 124, 135
Murray, Sunny, 228
Music: African, 190; gospel, 224. See also Jazz
Muslim Brotherhood, 39
Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), 166
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NALC. See Negro American Labor Council
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 50
Nation, The (magazine), 17, 243n6
National Afroamerican Student Conference, 133, 141
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 5, 39, 152
National Black Theatre, 202
Nationalism, in black radicalism: bourgeois, 245n28; cultural, 3, 178–79; economic, 85; vs. internationalism, 3; revolutionary, 3, 100, 177, 244n8, 246n28; spread of, 39–40; Touré on, 141, 142; varying degrees of, 39. See also Black Nationalism
“Nationalism, Colonialism, and the United States” (1961 forum), 35
National Liberation Army (Angola), 48–49
National Liberation Front (FLN, Algeria), 23, 58
Nation of Islam (NOI), 154–61; Black Nationalism in, 11; cultural and political influence of, 154; doctrine of, 154; on frugality, 138; growth of, 154; Liberator’s coverage of, 81, 154–60; Malcolm X’s separation from, 122, 160–62; police violence against, 155–57, 196; recruitment by, 165; separatist philosophy of, 5; Touré on influence of, 141
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
“Natural Hair, Yes—Hot Irons, No” (Nelmes), 85–86
Neal, Evelyn, 115
Neal, Larry, 176–81, 202–18; as arts and culture editor of Liberator, 177, 183, 187, 202–3, 206; on autonomous artistic institutions, need for, 186, 224, 226; Bambara compared to, 117; on Baraka, 181–82, 202, 203–4; Black Boogaloo, 212; Black Fire, 212; “Black Revolution in Music,” 224–25; “The Black Writer’s Role,” 181, 205–8, 210; career of, 211–12; Cruse’s influence on, 132; cultural nationalism of, 178–79; departure from Liberator, 68, 211–12, 213, 226; “Development of Leroi Jones,” 181–82, 207; in editorial board of Liberator, 176–77; education of, 202; on Ellison, 181, 203, 205–6; final article in Liberator, 211; first article in Liberator, 202; at “Forum 66” conference, 211; on Hansberry, 90, 91, 203; impact on aesthetics of Liberator, 12, 181, 187; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 177; on integration, 177–79; jazz criticism by, 222, 224–26; on Jewish-black relations, 210–11; “Lenox Avenue Sunday,” 209; liberalism critiqued by, 210–11; on literature in Black Arts Movement, 208; on Malcolm X’s assassination, 174, 177, 204; on Malcolm X’s legacy, 182, 185, 204; on Malcolm X’s program, 179–80; on Malcolm X’s speeches, 204; marriage of, 211; on masculinity, 180–81; on new wave of black artists, 185–86, 187; “On Malcolm X,” 185–86; on politics and art, link between, 222; in RAM, 177, 178; on Rustin, 177–80; on visual artists, 221; on women’s issues, 90
Negative radicalism, 10
“Negritude” (Russell), 191
Negro American Labor Council (NALC), 171
“Negro Americans, the African Interest, and Power Structures in Africa and America” (Drake), 55, 254n51
“Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, The” (Hughes), 1, 2, 195
Negro Digest (magazine), 226, 268n91
Negro Ensemble Company, 202
Negro Family, The (Moynihan). See Moynihan Report
Negro History Week, 78, 88, 125, 189
“Negro Is Obsolete, The” (Watts), 12, 110–11
Negro Newspaper Publishers, 51
“Negro Speaks of Rivers, The” (Hughes), 78
“Negro Writers and His Roots” conference (1959), 22–23
Nelmes, Rose, “Natural Hair, Yes—Hot Irons, No,” 85–86
Nelson, David, 229–31
Nelson, Jack, Radical Ideas and the Schools, 10
Neocolonialism: drug abuse as indication of, 80; in Israeli aggression, 69; rise of, 53; warnings about dangers of, 50
“Never on Christmas” (Finkenstaedt), 158
“New Afro-American Nationalism, The” (Clarke), 13, 36, 140, 187
“New Afro-American Writer, The” (Touré), 132, 140–41, 147, 196–97, 207
New Federal Theatre, 201
New Group, The, 198
New Rochelle Women’s Group, 101–3, 119
Newton, Huey P., 138
New World of Negro Americans, The (Isaacs), 60, 254n73
New York City: arts scene in, 140, 218–21; Black Nationalist groups in, 17–18, 31–32; distribution of Liberator in, 33–34; as hub of black radicalism, 32; Liberator based in, 4, 32; “Negro Writers and His Roots” conference in, 22–23. See also Harlem
New York Times (newspaper): ads for Liberator in, 34; on The Amen Corner (Baldwin), 212–13; on Baldwin and Davis’s departure from Liberator, 127, 129; on black police officers, 171; on Callender’s arrest, 269n126; on Congo Crisis protests in U.S., 17, 19–20; on incorporation of LCA, 122; Liberator’s criticism of Congo Crisis coverage of, 46; on Nation of Islam, 155; on Right On! (film), 229–30; on Rockefeller’s Urban Development Corporation, 106
NGOs. See Nongovernmental organizations
Nicholas, Denise, 211
Nichols, Denise, 99
Nichols, Herbie, 228
Nigeria: Liberator’s coverage of, 41–43, 52–53; Malcolm X’s travels in, 167–68; and pan-African unity, 43–44
Nigerian Information Service (NIS), 52
Night Song (Williams), 229
Nikkatsu Studios, 88
NIS. See Nigerian Information Service
Nkrumah, Kwame, 50–52; and African student organizations, 48; assassination attempts against, 52; Howard on, 57; LCA on, 36, 43; Malcolm X’s meeting with, 168; overthrow of, 64, 65–67; on pan-African unity, 15, 42, 43–44; and Quaison-Sackey, 63, 255n83; on “United States of Africa,” 42; U.S. expatriates invited by, 168
NOI. See Nation of Islam
Nokwe, Duma, 61
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 31, 40–42
Nonviolence: black radicals’ critique of, 3, 83, 167; and Christianity, 101; LCA’s opposition to, 35, 36; Liberator’s coverage of, 83, 170
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 35
Northern Negro Grassroots Leadership Conference (1963), 83, 160
“Not 100 Years of Freedom” (Baldwin), 124–25
Nothing But a Man (film), 88, 217
Novels. See Literature
Nujoma, Sam, 54
Nurses, The (television show), 198
Nyobe, Um, 48
OAAU. See Organization of Afro-American Unity
OAU. See Organization of African Unity
OBAC. See Organization of Black American Culture
Obote, Milton, 58–59
Ofuatey-Kodjoe, W., 59–60
Ogbar, Jeffrey, 154
Okito, Joseph, 19
Olatunji, Michael, 189
Olympic games, 215
Olympio, Silvanus, 57
O’Neal, Frederick, 198
O’Neal, John, 201
On Guard for Freedom, 18, 19, 30, 32, 39, 250n59
“On Malcolm X” (Neal), 185–86
Operation Crossroads Africa, 40
Oppenheimer, Mary, 66
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 63, 70, 168
Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU): after assassination of Malcolm X, 173; establishment of, 122, 166, 168; Ghanaian branch of, 168–69; Neal on significance of, 179
Organization of Black American Culture (OBAC), 221
Original Last Poets, 229
Ortiz, Juan, 230
Overstreet, Joe, 218, 219, 221
Overton, Joseph, 171
Padmore, George, 168
Pan-African Congress (South Africa), 35, 37
Pan-Africanism: in African student organizations, 48; Ghana vs. Nigeria on, 43–44; in ideological diversity of Liberator, 4; in ideological spectrum of black radicalism, 4; LCA position on, 31, 43; Liberator’s defense of, 59–60; Nkrumah on, 15, 42, 43–44
Pan-Africanism Reconsidered (AMSAC), 41
Pan-African Students’ Union of the Americas, 48
Paperback Theatre, 230
Parker, Charlie, 223
Parker, William H., 155
Patterson, Charles, Black Ice, 212
Patterson, Louise, 78
Patton, Gwendolyn, 103–5
Pawnbroker, The (film), 217
Peace Corps, 40
Peace movement, critique of, 80
Peery, Pat, 113–14
Periodicals, black: “dissident,” 8; as precursors to Black Studies departments, 241; scholarship on role of, 6–7. See also specific publications
Peters, Brock, 217
Photography, Liberator’s coverage of, 219–20
“Pilgrimage, The” (Wilson), 147, 148–49
Pindell, Howardena, 221
Piñero, Miguel, 231
Pittsburgh Courier (newspaper), 46
Planned Parenthood, 102
Plummer, Brenda Gayle, 40
“Poem at Thirty” (Sanchez), 99
“Poem for Black Women, A” (Lee), 106
“Poem for My Father, A” (Sanchez), 114–15
Poetry: in Black Arts Movement, 208, 212; epic, 209; jazz, 228–32
Poetry, in Liberator: by Baraka, 131, 182; from Black Arts Movement, 212; by Hughes, 191, 192; by Ismaili Abu Bakr, 105; by Lee (Don), 106; by Princeton, 106; by Russell (Carlos), 191; by Sanchez, 98, 99, 106, 114–15; by Touré, 140, 192, 209
Police officers: black, 117, 171; Jewish, 125–27; at March on Washington, 148–49
Police state, U.S. as, 62
Police violence: in Harlem Riots, 170–71; against Nation of Islam, 155–57, 196; in rise of black radicalism, 2–3; at Talladega College, 49–50; women activists on, 89
Political parties, call for all-black, 196–97, 233
Politicians, black, 142–43
Politics, and art, link between, 99, 186, 222
Pontiflet, Theodore, 222
Poor People’s March, 106
Positive radicalism, 10
Poverty, war on, 93
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.: on cover of Liberator, 150; LCA’s praise for, 36; Liberator’s coverage of, 142, 159; and Malcolm X, 158, 159; political career of, 158
Powell, James, 170
Presidential elections, U.S., 19, 202
Press, black: “dissident,” 8, 10; on Ellender’s trip to Africa, 59; scholarship on role of, 6–7; Worthy on responsibilities of, 51–52. See also specific publications
Press, mainstream: ads for LCA in, 22, 34; on Black Power, 182; challenged by LCA, 46, 51–52; on Liberator, 13. See also specific publications
Price, Richard, 235
Primus, Pearl, 41
Princeton, Irma, 106
Printing, of Liberator, 33
Prodigal Son, The (Hughes), 218
Production, of Liberator, 33, 77, 121, 235
Progressive Labor Party, 170
Project Uplift Gallery, 94
Protests and demonstrations: antiapartheid, 61–62; on Congo Crisis, 17–18, 19–20, 30–31
Provisional Committee for a Free Africa, 39
Puerto Ricans, 230–31, 279n144
Pullen, Don, 225
Purlie Victorious (Davis), 128, 189, 198–99
Qamar, Nadi: “The Black Music Predicament,” 227–28; jazz criticism by, 222, 227–28
Quaison-Sackey, Alex: Africa Unbound, 255n83; as UN representative, 63–64, 255n83
Racial capitalism, 9, 29, 33, 44
Racial integration. See Integration
Racial segregation. See Segregation
Racial violence: in Freedom Rides, 36; in rise of black radicalism, 2–3. See also Police violence
Racism, U.S.: vs. African tribalism, 60; in baseball, 214–15; in Moynihan Report, 108; in Vietnam War, 104
Radical Ideas and the Schools (Nelson, Carlson, and Linton), 10
Radicalism: definition of, 10; negative vs. positive, 10. See also specific types
Rahman, Rose, 220
Rainbow Coalition, 142
Raisin in the Sun, A (Hansberry), 90, 91
RAM. See Revolutionary Action Movement
Randall, Dudley, 211
Randolph, A. Philip, 111
Randolph, Jimmy, 198
Reading groups, 139
Rebellion or Revolution? (Cruse book), 120, 122, 134, 244n8
“Rebellion or Revolution?” (Cruse articles), 133–34, 147, 196–97
Redding, Saunders, 41
Reed, Ishmael, 140
Reese, Albert X., 158
Religion: feminist critique of, 100–101; and nonviolence, 83
Representations of the Intellectual (Said), 38–39
Reproductive rights, 102–3
Resha, Robert, 61
Residential segregation, 84
“Responsibility of Black Artists, The” (Ford), 195
Révolution Africaine (journal), 22, 56, 58, 67, 248n25
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM): and Afro-American Institute, 144; Ahmad in, 166, 177; departure of members from Liberator, 68; emergence of, 122; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 174, 177; Malcolm X in, 166; on Malcolm X’s assassination, 68, 174, 177; Neal in, 177, 178; in radicalization of other organizations, 177; on revolutionary nationalism, 177, 244n8
Revolutionary nationalism, 3, 100, 177, 244n8, 246n28
“Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American” (Cruse), 244n8
“Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afroamerican Student” (Ahmad), 176
“Revolutionary Nationalism and the Class Struggle” (Allen), 245n28
Revolutionary socialism, 166
Rich and the Super-Rich, The (Lundberg), 263n109
Richards, Beah (Beulah Richardson): in Afro-American Heritage Week, 78; in The Amen Corner, 212–13; in Purlie Victorious, 198; on SNCC, 84, 258n28
Richardson, Gloria, 36, 81–83, 82, 143
Right On! (film), 229–30
Right On! (Last Poets), 229–31
Riley, Clayton, 212–18; on The Amen Corner (Baldwin), 212–13; arrival at Liberator, 213; on athletes, 213–17; Bambara compared to, 117; on black women’s activism, 89; on civil rights leadership, 171; Cruse’s influence on, 135; in editorial board of Liberator, 176, 214; film reviews by, 217; in last years of Liberator, 235; on poetry in Black Arts Movement, 212; on Right On!, 229, 230
Ringgold, Faith, 231
Roach, Max: on Afro-American Institute, 144; article in Liberator by, 87; Black Sun music by, 88, 259n40; in Congo Crisis protests, 18; home of, 18, 32; marriage of, 87, 88; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; in Negro History Week, 189; on tour in Japan, 87–88; We Insist! Freedom Now Suite, 32, 87, 88, 189
Robeson, Eslanda, 79
Robinson, Jackie, 28, 78, 105, 257n10; Baseball Has Done It, 216
Robinson, Johnny, 147
Robinson, Patricia, 101–3
Rockefeller, Nelson, 106, 272n11
Rodgers, Evelyn, 99, 211; “Is Ebony Killing Black Women,” 96–97
Roemer, Michael, 217
“Role of the Afro-American Artist, The” conference, 204
“Roots of Black Nationalism, The” (Cruse), 134, 160, 199
Rosenberg, Ethel, 26
Rosenberg, Julius, 26
Roth, Benita, 7–8, 76, 102, 108
Rouse, Jacqueline Anne, 76
Rubadiri, David, 41
Russell, Bertrand, 196
Russell, Bill, 33, 190, 215, 216
Russell, Carlos E., 161; Afro-Panamanian heritage of, 153, 190, 191; on athletes, 213, 215; on “Black Muslims in Crisis,” 159–60; career of, 191; on eclecticism of Liberator, 132; in editorial board of Liberator, 176; education of, 191; on Ellender’s trip to Africa, 59, 254n69; in executive board of LCA, 190; in executive board of Liberator, 197; on Lumumba assassination, 57; Malcolm X interviewed by, 161, 163–67, 191; on Malcolm X’s assassination, 174; at March on Washington, 146; “Negritude,” 191; on nonviolence, 167; notable cultural and political interviews by, 190–91; poetry of, 191
Russell, Charlie L.: Baldwin’s influence on, 139; “Black Muslims in Crisis,” 159–60; on Blues People (Baraka), 197; career of, 139, 197–98; Dark to Dark, 139; Davis interviewed by, 128, 198–99; in distribution of Liberator, 33; on Dutchman (Baraka), 202; in editorial board of Liberator, 176; education of, 139; in Harlem Writer’s Guild, 139, 191, 197; “Has Jazz Lost Its Roots?,” 223; on Hughes, 265n25; jazz criticism by, 198, 222, 224; “Leroi Jones Will Get Us All in Trouble,” 199; at March on Washington, 146
Rustin, Bayard: and ACOA, 28; homosexuality of, 180; on Malcolm X, 179–80; in March on Washington, 179; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; Neal’s criticism of, 177–80; Watts’s criticism of, 111
Rwangasore, Louis, 77
Said, Edward W., 242; Representations of the Intellectual, 38–39
Salaam, Uthman A., 49
Salazar, António de Oliveira, 55, 253n49
Salt Eaters, The (Bambara), 116
Sanchez, Juan, 231
Sanchez, Sonia, 98–99; “Blues,” 99; on interracial dating, 107; “Poem at Thirty,” 99; “A Poem for My Father,” 114–15; “To All Brothers,” 106; “to blk/record/buyers,” 262n100; and Watts, 115
Sanders, Edith, 72
San Francisco, distribution of Liberator in, 33
San Francisco State University, 138
Sangare, Louis, 109
Sangare, Yahne, 69, 72, 109–10, 263n116
Sankore, Shelby, 164–65
Saul, Scott, 228
Savage, Augusta, 94
“Scenes of Home” (Ismaili Abu Bakr), 105
Scholarships, for African students, 47–48, 252n23
Schomburg, Edith, 93; “The Crux of Black Non-Violence,” 83
School integration, 101–2
Schuyler, George, 46
Scott-Heron, Gil, “Brother,” 236
Sea Birds Are Still Alive, The (Bambara), 116
Sealy, Lloyd George, 171
Segregation: economic, 35–36; residential, 84; Supreme Court on, 36
Self-defense: Malcolm X on, 160–61; position of LCA on, 36; position of Liberator on, 5; Stewart on, 83; Watts on, 112, 148
Self-determination, 3
Self-sufficiency, economic, 3
Servicemen’s Defense Committee, 26
Sexuality: black female, 116; of Rustin, 180
Shadow and Act (Ellison), 203
Shange, Ntozake, 91
Sharpeville Massacre, 56
Shepard, George, 28
Shepp, Archie, 225–26; Attica Blues, 225; The Cry of My People, 225; Fire Music, 225
Shomrin Society, 125–27
Sie, Rachel Hall, 25
Sie, Thorgues Tor, Sr., 25
Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window, The (Hansberry), 91, 203
Sisulu, Walter, 56
Six-Day War, 69
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, 16
Slave, The (Baraka), 203
Smethurst, James, 211; The Black Arts Movement, 6–7
Smith, Barbara, Homegirls, 116
Smith, Frank, 131
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Snellings, Rolland. See Touré, Askia
Social events, of LCA, 24, 77–78
Socialism: Liberator’s approach to, 33; Malcolm X on, 164, 166; revolutionary, 166
“Sonny’s Blues” (Baldwin), 139
Soulbook (periodical), 67–68
Soul Circle, 144
Sound I Saw, The (DeCarava), 220
South Africa: African National Congress of, 27, 58, 61; Israel compared to, 69; Pan-African Congress of, 35, 37; Sharpeville Massacre in, 56
South African apartheid: assassination of architect of, 68; Liberator’s coverage of, 35, 56, 58, 61, 68; Make in struggle against, 35; Mandela in struggle against, 53, 56; UN on, 61–62; U.S. role in, 61, 62
South African Freedom News, 58
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 101
Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 65
South West Africa (Namibia), 27, 53–54
South West Africa National Union (SWANU), 27, 53–54, 59
South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 54
Soviet Union, influence in Africa, 14, 15. See also Cold War
Sowande, Fela, 190
Sparks, Selma: in advisory board of Liberator, 49, 77, 124; on garment workers, 79–80, 130; in Harlem Anti-Colonial Committee, 61; travels in Ghana, 51; on Women’s Strike for Peace, 83
Spellman, A. B.: Four Lives in the Be-Bop Business, 228; jazz criticism by, 222, 228; “The Legacy of Malcolm X,” 176
Spencer, Christine, 198
“Sphere of influence” theory, 66
Spirituality: of music, 224–25, 226–27; Neal’s desire for renewal of, 178–79
“Spiritual Voices of Black America” (exhibition), 228
Spivak, Gayatri, 226
Sports, 213–17
Spotlight on Africa (periodical), 50
Springer, Kimberly, Living for the Revolution, 7–8
Stanford, Max. See Ahmad, Muhammad
Star of the Morning (musical), 193
Steinberg, Stephen, 112
Stevens, Nelson, 225, 278n125; “Centennial Celebration of the Birth of Tuskegee,” 225
Stevenson, Adlai, 15, 17–19, 30, 62
Stewart, Merle, 83
St. Jacques, Raymond, 217
Stokes, Gail A., “Black Woman to Black Man,” 107–8
Stokes, Joan, 49
Stokes, Ronald, 50, 155–57, 196
Stone, Chuck, 28
Street Speaker, The (periodical), 40
Strickland, Calvin, 223
“Struggle for Survival” (Cleage), 160
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 68, 84, 122
Students: African American, radicalization of, 138; Arab, 46, 47. See also African students
Studio Museum, 221
Styron, William, 264n12
Sun Ra, 228
“Sunrise” (Touré), 209
Supreme Court, U.S., 36
Suspenders (Bin-Hassan), 230
Sutherland, Bill, 28
SWANU. See South West Africa National Union
SWAPO. See South West Africa People’s Organization
Sweet Flypaper of Life, The (DeCarava and Hughes), 220
Sweet Love, Bitter (film), 229
“Sweet Town” (Bambara), 116
Sykes, Ossie, 57, 64, 170, 174, 176
Tales and Stories for Black Folk (Bambara), 116
Talladega College, 50
Tambourines to Glory (Hughes), 198
Tanzania, 67
Taubman, Howard, 212–13
Teenage pregnancy, 102
Tekle, Afewerk, 41
Tell, Diallo, 78
Theater, 192–202; in Black Arts Movement, 192–94, 208; Black Nationalism in, 199; Broadway, 189, 192, 193; Ford’s advocacy for black, 186, 193–95, 198, 200–202. See also specific plays and writers
Theater criticism, in Liberator: by Ellis, 213; by Ford, 192, 194–95, 198, 200; by Riley, 212–13, 218
“Third Party” (Cruse), 134
Third World News (newspaper), 117–18
Third World Women’s Alliance, 119
Thomas, Evelyn, 81
Thomas, Mildred, 89
Thompson, Rosa, 78
Tillman, James, “Exiles No More,” 160
Time magazine, 221
“To All Brothers” (Sanchez), 106
Toame, Khalil, 69
“to blk/record/buyers” (Sanchez), 262n100
Togo, 57
Toilet, The (Baraka), 203, 212
Torn, Rip, 200
Touré, Askia, 132–35, 139–42; “Afro-American Youth and the Bandung World,” 132, 141–42; and Baraka, 140, 202; Cruse’s influence on, 132, 135, 142; “Cry Freedom,” 140, 192, 209; departure from Liberator, 68; on epic poetry, 209; on Harlem as domestic colony, 172; impact on aesthetics of Liberator, 12; impact on radicalism of Liberator, 177; internationalism of, 140–42; on Malcolm X, 132–33, 140, 174, 182; “Malcolm X: International Statesman,” 132–33; on mentors, 135; name change by, 139; on National Afroamerican Student Conference, 133, 141; on Neal, 202–3; “The New Afro-American Writer,” 132, 140–41, 147, 196–97, 207; “Sunrise,” 209; “Toward Repudiating Western Values,” 132; in Umbra Poets Workshop, 192; “Unchain the Lion,” 141; on western values in art, 94
Touring Artists Group, 196
“Toward Repudiating Western Values” (Touré), 132
Tribalism, vs. racism, 60
“Truth Posters,” 108
Tshombe, Moïse, 46
Ture, Kwame. See Carmichael, Stokely
Turner, Lorenzo, 41
20th Century Creators, 220
“Two Faces of America” (Liberator), 59, 254n69
UANM. See Universal African Nationalist Movement
Umbra Poets Workshop, 192
Umkonto we Sizwe, 56
“Unchain the Lion” (Touré), Askia, 141
“Uncle Tom Goes to Africa” (Mayfield), 151–52, 268n91
UNIA. See Universal Negro Improvement Association
Union of Populations of Cameroon (UPC), 48
United African Nationalist Movement, 32
United Council of Harlem Organizations (Unity Council), 171
United Nations (UN): African American representation at, 16; in African cultural events, 190; in African independence, 54, 62; African women representatives at, 64, 91–92; Angola in, 252n28; antiapartheid protests at, 61–62; Congo Crisis protests at, 17–18, 19–20, 30; Ghana in, 63–64, 255n83; Gibson’s work with, 23; Harlem Anti-Colonial Committee rally at, 61; Howard as correspondent at, 56–57, 62; Liberator’s coverage of, 62, 63–64; on Namibia, 54; press gallery of, 57, 62; Stevenson as U.S. ambassador to, 17–19, 30; U.S. influence in, 54; Watts’s access to, 62, 63
“United States of Africa,” 42
Universal African Legion, Inc., 32
Universal African Nationalist Movement (UANM), 39
Universal Art Studio, 220
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 86
University of California, Berkeley, 137, 138
University of California, Santa Barbara, 117–18
UPC. See Union of Populations of Cameroon
Urban areas: rebellions in, 106–7, 111–12; renewal in, 106–7
Urban Development Corporation, 106
Uris, Percy, 107
Van Cortland, Beverly, 93
Van Peebles, Melvin, Ain’t Supposed to Die a Natural Death, 194
Veii, Gerson, 53
Vernacular intellectual tradition, 123
Verwoerd, Hendrik, 55, 68, 253n49
Viera, Raphael, 230
Viertal, Joseph, Monkey on a String, 116
Vietnam War: Ali’s opposition to, 105, 216–17; and Great Society, 95; women writers on, 103–5
Violence. See Nonviolence; Police violence; Racial violence
Visual artists, 218–21; and jazz, 220, 225; in New York, 140, 218–21; works of, in Liberator, 77, 94, 218–21. See also specific artists
Von Eschen, Penny, 29
Voters, black, 80
Wade, Virgil, 147
Wagner, Robert, 159, 171, 269n126
Wali, Obi, 133
Walker, Ann, 77
Walker, David, 173
Walker, Earl, 84
Walker, Mildred Pitts, 84
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 70–72
Ward, Douglas Turner, Happy Ending, 202
Ward, Steven, 244n10
Warden, Donald, “The California Revolt,” 137–38
Warren Wilson College, 47–48
Washington, D.C. See March on Washington
Washington, Leon H., Jr., 196
Wattley, Pernella, 61
Watts, Daniel H., 21, 238; on African independence, 16, 29, 47; on African students, 47–48; on ANLCA, 54–56; architectural career of, 16, 23, 111–12; Beveridge (Pete) as ghost-writer for, 267n81, 271n161; Beveridge’s (Pete) introduction to, 16; “Big Brother,” 238–39; “Birth Control,” 112–13; on Black Nationalist demonstration at UN, 17–18; Caribbean roots of, 153; as chairman of LCA, 23–24; compartmentalization by, 249n35; on Congo Crisis, 19, 20, 30, 46; on Ebony, 97; in editorial board of Liberator, 24, 49; education of, 111; in establishment of LCA, 22; in executive board of Liberator, 197; financial support of Liberator by, 34; as frequent contributor to Liberator, 24; Gibson’s friendship with, 22, 23, 68; on growth of LCA and Liberator, 49, 123–24; home of, 32; on integration, 35–36, 55; on interracial alliances, 157–58; on Israel, 69; and Jewish-black relations, 125, 128–31; in last years of Liberator, 235–40; in legacy of Liberator, 12; on Malcolm X, 160–62, 169, 173–74, 182; on March on Washington, 145–48; marriage of, 68, 92, 127, 129; as Monroe Defense Committee sponsor, 34; on Moore’s letter to editor, 157–58; on Moynihan Report, 110–12; and Neal, 202–3, 205; “The Negro Is Obsolete,” 12, 110–11; in The New World of Negro Americans (Isaacs), 60, 254n73; at Northern Negro Leadership Conference, 83; on nuclear weapons, 62; in On Guard for Freedom, 250n59; photography by, 219; as polarizing figure, 233; in production of Liberator, 33, 121; pseudonyms of, 130; on Richardson, 81–83; roles in Liberator, 24; on self-defense, 112, 148; teaching career of, 239–40; in UN press gallery, 62, 63; women writers cultivated by, 109, 115
Watts, Marilyn Lieberman, 32, 33, 111, 249n35
We Insist! Freedom Now Suite (album), 32, 87, 88, 189
Weiss, Cora, 28
Weiss, Peter, 28
Welburn, Ron, 231–32
Welfare, 203
West, Jennifer, 202
West Coast, Liberator’s coverage of, 137–38
Weston, Randy, 41
Wheeldin, Lynn, 136
“When Will the Real Black Man Stand Up?” (Moore), 98, 99
“Which Road to Freedom?” (Finkenstaedt), 143
White, Helene, 86
White, Nat, The Black Tramp, 212
Whites: as allies of LCA, 17, 33; on jazz, 222, 223–24, 227; judgment of black artists by, 205, 223–24, 227; support for black liberation among, 24, 127
White supremacy: vs. male supremacy, 96; in South Africa, 56, 58
“Why AMSAC Festival Was a Flop” (Beveridge), 42
Wilkes, Quinton, 238
William Morrow publishers, 33
Williams, Bert, 193
Williams, Clarence, III, 230
Williams, Jim, 195
Williams, John A., Night Song, 229
Williams, Rhonda Y., 7–8
Williams, Robert F.: and Harlem Anti-Colonial Committee, 61; on Harlem as domestic colony, 172; and National Afroamerican Student Conference, 133; on nonviolence, 83, 167; praise in Liberator for, 36; support committees for, 34, 138; UN protests inspired by, 18
Wilson, Charlie E., 152–53; on arguments at Liberator, 172; on black leadership crisis, 171; career of, 152–53; Caribbean roots of, 153; Cruse’s influence on, 135; departure from Liberator, 177; in editorial board of Liberator, 176; education of, 152; in executive board of Liberator, 197; Fanon’s influence on, 153; and Jewish-black relations, 121; on Malcolm X, 176; on March on Washington, 146, 148–49, 196; “The Pilgrimage,” 147, 148–49; on RAM, 177; travels in Africa, 152; on women’s issues, 90
Wilson, Nancy, 105
Wingate, Livingston, 171
Women, African: film depictions of, 201; photos of, in Liberator, 91–92; political independence sought by, 109; at UN, 64, 91–92
Women, African American, 11–12, 74–119; in Afro-American Heritage Week, 77–78; beauty standards for, 85–87, 96–97; birth control use by, 103, 112–13; in Black Arts Movement, 7; in integration debate, 89–90, 101–2; LCA influenced by, 76–77; Liberator’s coverage of activism by, 81; as “long-distance runners” in activism, 27, 249n45; on male supremacy, 96; matriarchal families of, 109, 110, 114; and Moynihan Report, 108, 110; as pioneers of black left, 76–84; on police brutality, 89; review of scholarship on, 7–8; sexuality of, 116; subjects of Liberator articles by, 75–76; on Vietnam War, 103–5; at writers’ conference by Liberator, 93. See also specific women
Women’s rights. See Feminism
Women’s Strike for Peace, 83
Woods, Barbara, 76
Woods, Jacqueline D., 94–95
Woodson, Carter G., 32
World and Africa, The (Du Bois), 44
World War II: atomic bomb in, 62; Holocaust in, 127, 130
“World without the Bomb, The” conference, 51, 80
Worthy, William: on Afro-American Institute, 144; on all-black political party, 196–97; in antiapartheid protests, 61–62; in Harlem Anti-Colonial Committee, 61; on mainstream press, 51–52; in “Nationalism, Colonialism, and the United States” forum, 35; passport revoked, 53, 61; praise in Liberator for, 36; reprinted articles in Liberator by, 51; travels of, 139
Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), 153, 183
Wright, Richard, 124, 182, 205–6; The Color Curtain, 182
Writers, black, 191–92; AMSAC-sponsored conference for, 208; critique of western values of, 183, 202; expansion of opportunities for, 235–36; Liberator-sponsored conference for, 92–93; mentorship among, 191; militant, 141; Neal on audience of, 208; Neal on role of, 181, 205–8, 210; white writers’ judgment of, 223–24; writing as form of activism for, 6
ya Salaam, Kalamu, 229
Yergan, Max, 46
Young, Cynthia, 5
Zamani Goes to Market (Feelings and Feelings), 219
Zambia, 72
Zimbabwe, 65
Zirin, Dave, 215
Zuber, Paul, 49
Zulu (film), 201