Illustrations

Figure 1.1		Late Qing eunuch Sun Yaoting (left) and his biographer, Jia Yinghua (right).
Figure 1.2		Ceramic figure of a eunuch servant from the Western Han dynasty.
Figure 1.3		Ceramic figures of male (left), eunuch (center), and female (right) attendants from the Western Han dynasty.
Figure 1.4		Drawing of a eunuch’s castration site (1894).
Figure 1.5		Photograph of a eunuch of the Imperial Palace in Peking (1896).
Figure 1.6		Instruments used for Chinese castration (1896).
Figure 1.7		Western medical images of Chinese eunuchs (1933).
Figure 1.8		Photographs of eunuchs from the Qing Palace Archive.
Figure 1.9		A hand-drawn replicate of Matignon’s eunuch photo (1908).
Figure 1.10		Late Qing Shanghai lithograph “How He Lost His Significance One Morning.”
Figure 2.1		Hobson’s illustrations of male reproductive anatomy (1851).
Figure 2.2		Hobson’s illustrations of female reproductive anatomy (1851).
Figure 2.3		Hobson’s illustrations of the surgical treatment of scrotal hernia (1857).
Figure 2.4		Diagram of the internal organs in Huangdi Neijing (side view).
Figure 2.5		Diagram of the internal organs in Huangdi Neijing (front view).
Figure 2.6		Hobson’s diagram of organs visible from anatomical dissection (1851).
Figure 2.7		Diagram of the kidneys in Huangdi Neijing.
Figure 2.8		Ci and xiong morphology of Echuria (spoon worm) and spider (1926).
Figure 2.9		Ci and xiong morphology of argonaut and grasshopper (1926).
Figure 2.10		Ci and xiong morphology of salamander and yusha fish (1926).
Figure 2.11		Ci and xiong morphology of Lampyridae (firefly) (1926).
Figure 2.12		“The Morphological Differences Between Ci and Xiong Animals” (1945).
Figures 2.13a and 2.13b		Zhu’s anatomical diagrams of male and female reproductive organs (1928).
Figure 2.14		Li’s anatomical diagrams of the female reproductive system (1937).
Figures 2.15a and 2.15b		Chen’s anatomical diagrams of male and female reproductive organs (1937).
Figures 2.16a and 2.16b		Chai’s anatomical diagrams of male and female reproductive organs (1928).
Figure 2.17		“The Pelvises” of men and women (1937).
Figure 2.18		“The Gynandromorphism of Silkworms and Fruit Flies” (1945).
Figure 2.19		“The Intersexuality of Tussock Moths and Butterflies and the Gynandromorphism of Bees” (1945).
Figure 2.20		“The Morphology of Sex-Transformations in Human Reproductive Organs” (1945).
Figure 2.21		Liu and Liu’s clinical photograph of human hermaphroditism I: Morphological visualization of sex (1953).
Figure 2.22		Liu and Liu’s clinical photograph of human hermaphroditism II: Anatomical visualization of sex (1953).
Figure 2.23		Liu and Liu’s clinical photograph of human hermaphroditism III: Subcellular visualization of sex (1953).
Figure 3.1		Front cover of the Japanese translation of The Carnal Prayer Mat (1705).
Figure 3.2		Magnus Hirschfeld’s lecture with the Chinese Women’s Association in Shanghai (1931).
Figure 3.3		Front cover of Sex Magazine 1, no. 2 (1927).
Figure 3.4		Front cover of Sex Science 1, no. 6 (1936).
Figure 3.5		Pan Guangdan (1899–1967).
Figure 3.6		The table of contents of the Sex Science special issue on homosexuality (1936).
Figure 4.1		“The Genital Area of Female Pseudo-Hermaphrodites” (1928).
Figure 4.2		“The Portrait of the Female Pseudo-Hermaphrodite, Nagdalena Lefort (65 Years of Age)” (1928).
Figure 4.3		“Yao Jinping’s Female-to-Male Transformation” (1935).
Figure 4.4		Yan Fuqing (1882–1970).
Figure 4.5		Late Qing lithograph “A Filial Daughter Becomes a Man” (1893).
Figure 5.1		Xie Jianshun after the first operation (United Daily News, August 22, 1953).
Figures 5.2a and 5.2b		Lü Jinde in male appearance, on the left, and female attire, on the right (United Daily News, September 25, 1953).
Figure 5.3		Liu Min (United Daily News, December 13, 1954).
Figure 5.4		The success of Xie Jianshun’s transformation (Central Daily News, September 9, 1955).
Figure 5.5		Xie’s new public image after transition (China Times, October 10, 1956).