1 Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo
2 Musée des Antiquités Nationales, Paris. Photo Fototeca Gilardi snc/akg-images
3 Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
4 Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Photo Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
5 British Museum, London
6 Photo akg-images/Bible Land Pictures/www.BibleLandPictures
7 Musée du Louvre, Paris
8 Cairo Museum
9 Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
10 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift, 1920 (20.3.7)
11 Musée du Louvre, Paris
12–14 Archaeological Museum, Heraklion
15 Acropolis Museum, Athens
16 Delphi Museum
17, 18 Collections Jacques Doucet, Bibliothèque de l’Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris
19 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Fletcher Fund, 1924 (24.97.15)
20 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Fletcher Fund, 1935 (35.11.3)
21 British Museum, London
22 Istanbul Museum. Photo DEA Picture Library/De Agostini/Getty Images
23 Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photo Jiri Hubatka/imageBROKER/Shutterstock
24 Acropolis Museum, Athens
25 National Archeaological Museum, Athens
26 Gianni Dagli Orti/Shutterstock
27 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Purchased with funds donated by contribution (01.7482)/Bridgeman Images
28 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Rogers Fund, 1906 (06.1021.117)
29 British Museum, London
30 Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia, Italy
31 National Museum, Rome
32 Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo Peter Horree/Alamy Stock Photo
33 Collections Jacques Doucet, Bibliothèque de l’Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris
34 Piazza Armerina, Sicily
35 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Fletcher Fund, 1961 (61.82.1)
36 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Fletcher Fund, 1927 (27.122.4)
37 Museo Ex Centrale Termoelettrica G. Montemartini, Rome. Photo DeAgostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence
38 Capitoline Museum, Rome
39 Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan. Photo Scala, Florence
40 Church of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna
41–3 Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna
44, 45 Staatsbibliothek, Munich. Photo Hirmer Verlag
46 Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux
47 Bodleian Library, Oxford (MS Auct. F.2.13,f.4v)
48 British Library, London (MS Royal 2 A XXII, f. 220)
49 Photo Erich Lessing/akg-images
50 Chartres Cathedral
51 Naumburg Cathedral. Photo Jens Schlueter/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
52 British Library, London. British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images
53 British Library, London (MS 42130, f. 202v)
54 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
55 Society of Antiquaries, London
56–9 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
60 National Gallery, London
61 British Library, London (MS Harley 4431, f. 3r)
62 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
63 National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Rosenwald Collection (1943.3.158)
64 Accademia, Florence. Photo Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali e del Turismo
65 Uffizi, Florence
66 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Jules Bache Collection, 1949 (49.7.6)
67 Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. Photo Granger/Shutterstock
68 Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Brussels (MS 9242, f. 1r)
69 British Library, London (Royal 14 E IV, f. 244v)
70 Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main
71 Thyssen Collection, Lugano, Switzerland
72 National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Andrew W. Mellon Collection (1937.1.44)
73 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
74 Stanza dell’Elidoro, Vatican, Rome
75 Gemäldegalerie, Dresden. Photo Scala, Florence/bpk, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin
76 Gemäldegalerie, Dresden
77 National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
78 Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Rome. Photo Scala, Florence
79 Musée du Louvre, Paris
80 Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nürnberg (Gm 627). Photo akg-images
81 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
82 Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
83 British Museum, London
84, 85 National Gallery, London
86 National Portrait Gallery, London
87 Prado, Madrid
88 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 (29.100.16)
89 Musée du Louvre, Paris
90 Prado, Madrid
91 Hatfield House, England
92 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photo De Agostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence
93 Alte Pinkakothek, Munich. Photo akg-images/De Agostini Picture Library
94 British Library, London (Add MS 28330, f. 33r). British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images
95, 96 Westminster Abbey, London. Crown copyright. Photo Royal Commission on Historical Monuments
97 Alte Pinakothek, Munich
98 The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo
99 Musée du Louvre, Paris
100 National Portrait Gallery, London
101 National Portrait Gallery, London. Photo Art Collection 3/Alamy Stock Photo
102 National Portrait Gallery, London. Photo World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo
103 Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Photo V&A Images/Alamy Stock Photo
104 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Rogers Fund, 1922 (22.67.16)
105–8 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
109 National Portrait Gallery, London
110 Kunsthalle, Bremen. Photo The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo
111 National Museums Scotland
112, 113 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
114 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Bequest of Jacob Ruppert, 1939 (39.65.3)
115 British Museum, London
116 Lord Egremont Collection, Petworth/National Trust
117 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
118 Morgan Library & Museum, New York
119, 120 Los Angeles County Museum of Art
121–4 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
125 Galleria Palatina, Florence. Photo Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali e del Turismo
126, 127 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
128 Wallace Collection, London
129 National Portrait Gallery, London. Photo Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
130 Photo Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
131 New York Public Library
132 National Gallery, London
133 Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. The Rienzi Collection, gift of Mr. and Mrs. Harris Masterson III (96.1563)
134 J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
135, 136 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
137 National Gallery, London
138 Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo
139 Private collection
140 Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum, Hanover
141–7 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Elizabeth Day McCormick Collection/Bridgeman Images
148 National Gallery, London
149 Wien Museum Karlsplatz, Vienna/Bridgeman Images
150 J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
151 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, 1934 (34.22.1)
152 Minneapolis Institute of Art. The Minnich Collection, The Ethel Morrison Van Derlip Fund, 1966 (P.17,028)
153 Private collection/Look and Learn/Peter Jackson Collection/Bridgeman Images
154, 155 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Elizabeth Day McCormick Collection/Bridgeman Images
156 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Woodman Thompson
157 Heideloff’s Gallery of Fashion, 1796
158 Private collection, France
159 New York Public Library
160 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Woodman Thompson
161 Musée Carnavalet, Paris
162 Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen
163 Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo
164 Fashion Museum, Bath and North East Somerset Council, The Glove Collection Trust/Bridgeman Images
165–7 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Woodman Thompson
170 British Library, London (P.P.5141.d. p.339)
171 Minneapolis Institute of Art. The Minnich Collection, The Ethel Morrison Van Derlip Fund, 1966 (P.17,395)
172 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Woodman Thompson
173 Journal des Dames et des Modes, 1826
174 La Belle Assemblée, London, 1831
175, 176 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Woodman Thompson
177 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Coat: Catharine Breyer Van Bomel Foundation Fund, 1981 (1981.210.4). Trousers: Purchase, Irene Lewisohn and Alice L. Crowley Bequests, 1982 (1982.316.11)
178 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Irene Lewisohn Bequest, 1977 (1977.91.1)
179 Allgemeine Modernzeitung, Leipzig, 1840
180 National Portrait Gallery, London
181 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Woodman Thompson
182 Gianni Dagli Orti/Shutterstock
183–5 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
186 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
187 Tallandier/Bridgeman Images
188, 189 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
190 Amoret Tanner Collection/Shutterstock
191 Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts (1963.30.18331)
192 Château Compiègne
193 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
194 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
195 Musée du Louvre, Paris
196, 197 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
198 Tailor and Cutter, 1870
199 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
200, 201 National Gallery, London
202, 203 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
204 Guildhall Art Gallery, London
205 Art Institute of Chicago, Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection
206 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
207 John Wanamaker Dry Goods Catalogue no. 25, Fall and Winter, 1888–89, p. 62
208 Punch, February 1880
209 Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo. Bequest of Mr William Chase
210 Tate, London
211 National Gallery, London
212 Private collection
213 The West End Gazette, 1886
214 British Costume for Spring and Summer, 1884
215 Osterreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna
216, 217 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
218 Der Bazar, Berlin, 1894
219 The West End Gazette, 1894
220, 221 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
222 Tate, London
223 La Gazette du Bon Ton, 1914
224 Art-Goût-Beauté, 1923
225–8 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
229 Bibliothèques spécialisées de la Ville de Paris
230–2 Museum of Costume, Platt Hall, Manchester
233 Private collection
234, 235 De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images
236 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
237 Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
238 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
239, 240 Photo Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
241 Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
242 The Sketch, 25 May 1910
243 The Sketch, 2 November 1910
244 Photo Ullstein, Berlin
245 Photo Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
246 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-56751)
247 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-56752)
248 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-85524)
249 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
250, 251 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
252 Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo
253–5 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
256 Photo Ullstein, Berlin
257 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
258 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
259 Ladies’ Tailor Fashions, 1929
260 Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
261–3 Photo Ullstein, Berlin
264 Jeanne Lavin Collections, Paris
265 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
266, 267 Jeanne Lavin Collections, Paris
268 Private collection
269 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
270 Photo Ullstein, Berlin
271 Photo Radio Times Hulton
Picture Library
272 Private collection
273 Photo Ullstein, Berlin
274 Private collection
275–8 Photo Ullstein, Berlin
279 Photo Carl Oscar August Erickson/Condé Nast via Getty Images
280 Costume Institute. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
281 Photo Thomas Newspapers Ltd.
282 Photo John Rawlings/Condé Nast via Getty Images
283 Photo The National Archives/SSPL/Getty Images
284 Reproduced by permission of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. Copyright © Michael Shmith. Photo Athol Shmith, 1914–1990, Australia
285 Photo Horst P. Horst/Condé Nast via Getty Images
286 The Tatler, 16 April 1958
289 From the pamphlet, ‘I Was Lord Kitchener’s Valet’ by David Block, 1970s
290 Photo Bill Ray/Life Magazine/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
291 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
292–4 Courtesy Yves Saint Laurent
295 Photo Gianni Penati/Condé Nast via Getty Images
296 Biba catalogue, early 1970s
297 Photo Vogue magazine, © Condé Nast
298 Photo Sue Snell
299 Photo Niall McInerney
300 Photo Daniel Simon/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
301 Photo Ted Thai/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
302 Photo Arthur Elgort/Condé Nast via Getty Images
303 Photo courtesy Thierry Mugler
304 Photo Niall McInerney
305 Photo Moschino
306, 307 Photo Arthur Elgort/Condé Nast via Getty Images
308 Photo Daniel Simon/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
309 Photo Niall McInerney
310 Photo courtesy Missoni
311 Photo courtesy Yohji Yamamoto
312 Photo Niall McInerney
313 Drawing courtesy Christian Lacroix
314 Photo Julio Donoso/Sygma via Getty Images
315 Photo Neville Marriner/Associated Newspapers/Shutterstock
316 Photo Guy Marineau/Condé Nast via Getty Images
319 Photo Sean Ellis
320, 321 Photo Chris Moore. Courtesy Alexander McQueen
322 Photo Giannoni G. Courtesy Ozwald Boateng
325 Photo courtesy Dries Van Noten
326 Photo courtesy Fendi
327 Photo Alessia Pierdomenico/Bloomberg via Getty Images
328 Photo Maria Valentino for the Washington Post/Getty Images
329 Photo Rex Features
330 © Louis Vuitton
331 Photo Suzanne Plunkett - WPA Pool/Getty Images
332 Photo Matt Baron/BEI/Rex Features
333 Photo Stuart Atkins/Rex Features
334 Photo Michel Dufour/WireImage via Getty Images
335 Photo Estrop/Getty Images
336 Photo Jamie McCarthy/Getty Images for Gucci
337 Photo Kevin Mazur/Getty Images for Fenty Beauty
338 Photo Bernard Weil/Toronto Star via Getty Images
339 Photo Steven Ferdman/Getty Images
340 Photo Kay-Paris Fernandes/Getty Images
341 Photo Peter White/Getty Images
342 Photo Justin Tallis/AFP/Getty Images