‘3 Ds’– defence, diplomacy, and development (US) 397
9/11 events 134–135, 140, 143, 204, 390, 392, 393, 401
A Framework for World Bank Involvement in Post-Conflict Reconstruction 203
A Modern History of Tanganyika 89
A Political Agenda for Nigerian Women 159
Abacha, Sani 184
Accra Agreement 198
Acheampong, General 266
Afrique Equitorial Française (AEF) 376
Afrique Occidental Française (AOF) 376
Africa and global economy: aid for trade 371; developed countries’ agricultural policies 371–372; export concentration (Herfindahl) index 362–365; export structure 362–364; introduction 361–362; trade composition and patterns 362–366; WTO 366–370, 371
African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries (ACP) 367
African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) 101
African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) 382
African cultures 75
African Development Bank (AfDB) 210, 419
African Economic Community (AEC) 379–380, 381, 387
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) 300, 364, 422
African Islam 138
African National Congress (ANC) 12, 14, 30, 147, 257, 261, 316–317, 391
African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa 147, 157
African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) 46
African Political Systems 125
African poor 319
African Power and Politics Programme (APPP) 346–347, 350, 352–355
African Standby Force 382
African Union (AU) 383–385, 386–387; civil war 174; NEPAD 383; peacebuilding 202, 210; public policy 316; Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Policy Framework 202; transfer of power 279; women in politics 150
African Union peacekeeping force to Somalia (AMISOM) 393, 396, 400
Africanization of Islam 138
Afrobarometer (public opinion survey): 3, 233, 245, 276, 279–281, 285; demand for democracy (2002–08) 279; (2008) 278; perceived extent of democracy (2008) 280; rejection of military rule (2008) 276–278; satisfaction with democracy 281–282; supply of democracy (2002–08) 283; support for democracy (2008) 276–278
aid, trade, investment, and dependency: conclusions 307; dependency and policy space 304–307; economic policy post-independence 295–303; global forces, national policies 303–304; introduction 295
AIDS see HIV/AIDS
al-Qaeda 144, 391–392, 394–401, 411
al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 144, 398, 399–400
Algeria: women in nationalist politics 150–151
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) 173
‘allogène’ term 115
Amin, Samir 209
Amnesty International (AI) 21, 218
An Agenda for Peace (UN) 203–204, 206
Anderson, Allan 127
Angola: Cold War 179; Executive Outcomes 49, 52–54; oil 412; peacebuilding 206; private security 52–53, 55; rebel movements 20; repression 230; socialist economics 179; Sonangol NOC 182, 422
Annan, Kofi 343
Ansar al-Dine (jihadi group) 400
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) 383
Arab oil embargo (1973) 296
arabisants (Muslim intellectuals) 144
ArmorGroup (security company) 54
Arusha Agreement in Rwanda 171–172, 192–193
‘assimilation’ policy (France) 135
Association Malienne pour l’Unité et le Progrès d’Islam (AMUPI) 136
Augustine of Hippo 123
authoritarian rule: conclusions 20–22; introduction 14–15; legacies 19–20; military rule and politics without politicians 17–19; one-party states 15–17
autochthony and politics of belonging: African settings 116–118; Cameroon 111–114, 118; colonial roots 110–111; concept 109; conclusions 118; Côte d’Ivoire 114–116, 118; introduction 108–110; post-colony 111
Bachelet, Michelle 150
Bagostora, Théoneste 171
Banda, Hastings 20, 40–42, 409
Banyamulenge (‘Congolese Tutsi’) 116–117
Barza Inter-Communataire in DRC 220
Basadi, Emang 154
bauxite reserves 91
Bédié, Henri Konan 115–116, 195–196
Benin: authoritarian legacies 20; Boni, Yayi 234; corruption 341; cotton production 372; elections 405
Benjamin, Daniel 392
Berlusconi, Silvio 272
Bertelsmann Institute, Germany (rule of law) 39
Bienen, Henry 19
‘big man’ politics 3–4, 59, 77–78, 228, 244, 252, 346–348
bilateral investment treaties (BITs) 305
bin Laden, Osama 144
Blackwater (security company) 53
Blah, Moses 197
Blair, Tony 185
blood diamonds 185
Bokassa, Jean-Bédel 19
Boko Haram (Muslim sect) 143
bolsa família (Brazil) 315, 319–320
Boni, Yayi 234
Boone, Catherine 117
born-again Christians 129
Botswana: democracy 67, 317, 405; education 314; indigenous leadership 350; international marginality 91; militarization of government 21; multi-party elections 227; nationalism 13; success 7, 91; Tswana 98; violence 5; women in democracies 154
Boye, Mame 153
Brahimi Report (2000) (Peacekeeping Reform) 205
British Colonial Office 313, 319
Bryant, Gyude 198
Buhari, Muhammadu 18
Bula matari 41
bureaucracy: professional culture 78, see also informal practices of civil servants
Burkina Faso: power-sharing 196; proportional representation 192
Burundi: autochthony 116; CNDD-FDD 194; ethnic bargaining 171, 171–172; FNL 194; FRODEBU 193–194; Hutu 193–194; legal pluralism 219–220; post-conflict elections 20; post-conflict peacekeeping 211; post-conflict power-sharing 191, 193–194, 199; regime change 172; Tutsi 193–194; UN mandate territory 193; UPRONA 193–194; women in democracies 153
Buthelezi, Inkosi Mangosuthu 12
Buyoya, Pierre 171
Cameroon: autochthony 111–114, 118; Chad pipeline 180; decentralized unitary states 32–33; electoral authoritarianism 230–231; federalism 26; repression 230
Cape Town Central City (security company) 56
Carothers, Thomas 39, 230, 269–270, 407
Catholic Church 129
Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC) 382
Central African Republic (CAR): authoritarian legacies 19–20; collapse of state 341; Domitien, Elizabeth 148; military rule 17–18
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in US 393
Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana) 2
Chad: civil war 174; Cameroon pipeline 180; collapse of state 341; petro-state 180
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Meandeleo (CHADEMA) 154
Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) 154, 234, 344
China: decentralization 26; GDP 418; Taiwan 418
China and Africa: African resource bounty 416–418; conclusions 423–424; democracy 7; DRC 420; ECOWAS 386; FOCAC process 421–423; food security 416; introduction 414; investment 306, 412; NEPAD 386; new markets and diplomacy 418–419; oil 180; resource security 415–416; Sasol company 417; Sonangol company 422; source of Chinese engagement 414–415; state-owned enterprises 418, 420; from state-owned enterprises to retail shopkeepers 419–420; Zambia 420
China International Fund 422
China State Construction Engineering Corporation 419
Christian religious ideas 124
Chung, Chin Hong 124
civil society organizations (CSOs) 330
civil war: Chad 174; conclusions 174; DRC 174; economic logic of ethnic exclusion 167–169; information problems and ethnic exclusion 169–170; introduction 165–166; political bargaining in uncertainty environment 170–174; politics 165; social peace in weak states 166
civilian African executives (military/rebel experience) 20–21
Class Counts 83
class politics: African history 84–85; conclusions 91–92; continuity and change in colonial era 87–90; independence 90–91; introduction 83–84; slavery, trade and inequality 85–87
Cold War: Angola 179; ‘client states’ 410; domestic governance in Africa 404; end 1, 5, 39, 52, 109, 111, 156, 174, 184, 202–203, 206, 243, 360, 405, 410; gifts 90; mercenaries 49; oil-importing states 183–184; politics 390; post war trends 108, 140, 149
Colonial and Development Welfare Act, 1940 312
Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) 392
Common External Tariff (CET) 381
Common Market for Eastern and Southern African Countries (COMESA) 378, 381, 383, 386, 387
Communaté Économique de l’Afrique de l’ouest (CEAO) 378, 381
Communaté Économique des Pays de l’Afrique Central (CEEAC) 378
Communaté Économique des Pays des Grand Lacs (CEPGL) 378
Communist Manifesto 83
Communist Party of China (CPC) 415, 421
Compaoré, Blaise 196, 200, 387
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Sudan 1, 27, 31, 193, 204
Concern (NGO) 326
Conflict Prevention Network (ECOWAS) 203
Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Network (OECD) 203
Congo-Brazzaville: civil war 166–167; oil politics 179
consociational democracy 189; see also power-sharing consolidation of political regimes 283–285; (2008) 285
Constituency Development Fund (CDF) 256, 258
Cook, Albert 325
copper reserves 91
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine 86, 87
corporate social responsibility (CSR) 185
corruption 335, see also informal practices of civil servants; neopatrimonialism
Côte d’Ivoire: authoritarian legacies 20; autochthony 114–116, 118; FPI 195, 197, 199; military/rebel groups 54; one-party states 15; political coalitions 169; post-conflict power sharing 194–197; private security 54; religion 133; slavery 87; stability 6
Cotonou Partnership Agreement 300, 385
Dahl, Robert A. dictum 242–243
Darfur: civil war 174; conflict 193
de Klerk, F. W. 12
de Waal, Alex 211
Decalo, Samuel 17
del Ponte, Carla 219
‘demand-side’ of public and private goods in Ghana 245–247
democracy: Botswana 67, 317, 405; China and Africa 7; consociational 189–191, 191–192; demand 278, 279; demand and supply (2000–08) 288–289; elections 241; extent 280; Gambia 405; Ghana 20, 231; Guinea 231, 239; Kenya 231, 239; Latin America 68; Malawi 408–409; Mauritania 411; Mauritius 405; Muslim politics 140–143; neopatrimonialism 67; no-party 265–267; perceived supply 289; popular demand 276–279; progress in Africa 235–236; rule of law 67; satisfaction 281–282; South Africa 30, 317; support for 276–278; Uganda 239
democracy promotion: conclusions 412; competing objectives/donor deficiencies 409–410; decline 411–412; description 404–405; difficulties 409; effectiveness 408–411; impact 408–409; recipient countries’ counter-leverage 410–411; types 406–407; why promote democracy? 405–406
Democratic Alliance (South Africa) 30
Democratic Experiments in Africa 60
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): autochthony 116; Barza Inter-Communataire 220; China, 420; civil war 174; collapse of state 341; conflict 2; death of president 231; federalism 25–26, 32–33, 35; ICC 219, 220–221; insecurity 391; Ituri province 221–222; military/ rebel groups 54; mineral wealth 417; peacebuilding 206, 211; politics of ethnicity 95; private security 54; Rwanda 204; slavery 87; UN peace operation 208
Department for International Development (DfID) of the UK government 258, 332
Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DKPO, UN) 203
Development Round (WTO) 299
Diouf, Abdou 136
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) 204
Djamous, Hassan 173
Dodd-Frank Act (2010) (US) 187
Doe, Samuel 167
Domitien Elizabeth 148
Dyncorp International (security company) 53–54
East Africa al-Qaeda (EAAQ) 395
East Africa Customs Union (EACU) 385–386
East African Common Market Organization (EACMO) 376
East African Community (EAC) 377–378, 381, 382, 386, 387
Eboua, Samuel 113
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA, UN) 377, 378–379, 380
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) 378–379, 381–383
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Conflict Prevention Network 203; Côte d’Ivoire 195; Gbagbo, Laurent 238; Liberia peace process 198; regional integration 377–379, 382–383, 386
Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) 300, 385–386
economic policy in post-independence Africa: from development to crisis (1970s) 296–297; globalization and ‘partnership’ (from mid-1990s) 299–303; structural adjustment and stagnation (1980s and early 1990s) 297–299
‘economic voting’ 246
economy of affection: concept 335; conclusions 344; conflicting institutions 341–342; description 335–337; informal institutions 337–338; political governance 342–344; structure and agency in political analysis 334–335; substitutive institutions 338–340
ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) 386
Egypt 85
electoral authoritarianism and multi-party politics: Africa’s regimes 228–229; conclusions 235–236; emergence 229–231; introduction 227–228; party systems 231–235
Elf-Aquitaine oil company 179, 184
emerging legislatures: ‘coalitions for change’ 259–261; constituency service and campaign finance 268–269; conclusions 262–263; essential need for democracy 252–253; four core functions 253–254; incentives 254–255; performance measurement 261–262; resources 256–258; rules 255–256
Endorois (ethnic group) in Kenya 100
Equatorial Guinea: EITI 186; oil 412
Ethiopia: al-Shabaab 400; elections 239; Empress Zauditu 147–148; Eritrea 1, 150; federalism 25, 34–35; food and aid 310; Ogaden National Liberation Front 394; post-conflict peacebuilding 211; Productive Safety Net Programme 310; PSNP 316, 318; security 243, 394
ethnic exclusion (economic logic of): colonial legacies 167–168; resource constraints 169; wealth accumulation 168–169
ethnic groups 12, 95–106, 349–350
ethnic politics see politics of ethnicity
Ethnic Power Relations dataset 166
European Commission (EC) Ituri investment 221
European Economic Community (ECC) 376–377
European Overseas Development Fund (FEDOM) 376
European Union (EU) and Africa: democracy promotion 407, 409; Economic Partnership Agreements 305; elections 238–239; EPAs 300, 385; Everything but Arms scheme 300; regional organizations 382; tribunals in Kenya 411
Everything but Arms scheme (EU) 300
Executive Outcomes (EO) (security company) 49, 52–54
exports, aid, and investment in sub-Saharan Africa (1980–2010) 300
extent of democracy 280; see also Afrobarometer
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) 185–186
Fabianism 331
Failed States Index 391
Federal Executive Council (FEC) in Nigeria 18–19
federalism and decentralization: architecture and attractions 24–27; conclusions 34–35; constraints 27–28; decentralised unitary states 31–34; federation 28–31; introduction 24
Feminist Activist Coalition (FEMACT) in Tanzania 160
‘first lady syndrome’ 152
‘first people’ term 101
Fondation Reine Elisabeth pour l’assistance Médicale aux Indigènes (FOREAMI) 324
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 326, 417
Force Nouvelles (FN) in Côte D’Ivoire 195
Forces Nationales de Libération (FNL) in Burundi 194
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 1977 (US) 184
foreign direct investment (FDI) 180
Foreign Military Financing (FMF) in US 21
Forum for China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) 421–423
Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE) in Uganda 160
Francophone Sahel (Senegal, Mali, and Niger) 134, 135–137, 140–141, 143
Freedom from Hunger Campaign (FFHC) 326
Freedom House 3, 38–39, 44, 228, 262, 281, 408
Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO) 33
Friere, Paolo 331
Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) 171, 193–194
Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI) 195, 197
frontline states 405
Futa Djallon 86
Gabon: death of president 231; repression 230
Gacaca courts in Rwanda 222
the Gambia: democracy 405
Gbagbo, Laurent 116, 195–197, 231, 238
GDP (gross domestic product): agriculture 372; cabinet sizes 169; CAR 18; China 418; Gulf of Guinea 180; judicial independence 39; per capita growth in sub-Saharan Africa (1990–2011) 302; social policy 310, 319; South Africa 55, 381; trade ratio 362
Gender and Development Action (GADA) 159
gender politics: authoritarian regimes 152–153; qualitative research 148
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 366–367, 371
Ghana: ABANTU network 160; autochthony 117; Centre for Democratic Development 2; chieftaincy 350; ‘demand-side’ of public and private goods 245–247; democracy 20, 231; economy 91; ‘first lady syndrome’ 152; gender politics 152; local justice 354; National Assembly 257; National Democratic Congress (NDC) 238; New Patriotic Party 247; no-party democracy 265–267; oil 187; parliament 260; ‘Public Tribunals’ 40; Rassemblement de Républicans 195; Rawlings, Nana Agyeman 152; religion 128; rule of law 40; slavery 87; UNIGOV 266; ‘wifism’ 152; women in nationalist politics 151; women’s movements and political change 160
Ghana Bar Association 42
Global Women’s Conference (1985) 149
Gluckman, Max 86
Google 2
Gouled, Hassan 231
Govender, Pregs 155
Gowon, Yakubu 18
Grillo, Ralph 86
Group4Securicor (security company) 55–56
Guellah, Ismail Omar 231
Guinea: class 85; democracy 231, 239; women in nationalist politics 151
Guinea-Bissau: proportional representation 192; women in politics 150
Gulf of Guinea (oil): companies 182–183; development in 1990s 178–180; importing states 183–184; international ‘progressive agenda’ 185–186; states 180–182
Habilitationsschrift 117
Habre, Hissene 173
Hart, Keith 91
Herbst, Jeffrey 3
Herfindahl index (export concentration) 362–365
Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) 301
HIV/AIDS 7, 129, 315–316, 370, 386
Horowitz, Donald 190
Houphouët-Boigny, Felix 114–116, 169
hudud penalties 137
Human Rights Watch (HRW) 184, 218
Hutu (ethnic group): Burundi 193–194; refugees 116
Hutu Power 171
‘hybrid’ regimes 229
Impact Tribu-Une 113
import substitution industrialization (ISI) 296
In Larger Freedom (UN report) 206
informal practices of civil servants: ‘area of suspicion’ 73; bureaucracy 76–78; clientelism 72; conclusions 78–79; contempt for anonymous users 73–74; corruption 70–74; ‘culture of impunity’ 74; favours 74; formal and real 72; introduction 70; logics 74; ‘one-selfism’ 73, 75; other logics 74; practical norms 74–76; ‘priveligism’ 73
Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in South Africa 12, 30
Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) 2
institutional conflict: collapse 341; reform 342; stalemate 341–342
Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) 377, 382–383, 385
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) 148
Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Desertification (IDADD) 381
International Criminal Court (ICC) 215, 218–222
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 216, 217, 219, 220–222
international financial institutions (IFIs) 180, 184
International Labour Organization (ILO) 91, 313–314, 315–316
International Military Education and Training (IMET) in US 21
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 6, 39, 79, 91, 114, 185, 297–298, 300, 318
international NGOs (INGOs) 202, 318, 328, 329–330, 336
International Olympic Committee (IOC) 418–419
introduction to African politics: African state and identity politics 3–5; Afrobarometer 3; conflict continent 5; democratic transitions and political development 5–7; Google 2; regional and international dimensions 7; summary 1–3
Islam: Africa 401; movements 4; Muslim and the West 144; new realities 127–128, 129; public role 233; religious change 139; Somalia 4
Islamic Armed Group (GIA) 144
Islamic Courts Union (ICU) 393
Islamic feminism 141
‘Islamic revival’ 139
Ivoriens de souche (of the trunk) 115–116
Izala movement in Nigeria 139
Johnson, Prince 198
Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen 228, 241
juju 128
Kabbah, Ahmed Tejan 53
Kahwa, Mandro Panga 221
Kalenjin (ethnic group) in Kenya 98, 100, 343
Kazibwe, Wandera Specioza 153
Kenya: African Peer Review Mechanism 46; al-Qaeda 395; assassinations 16; authoritarian legacy 20; capitalist society 92; constituency development funds 258; democracy 231, 239; Endorois 100; EU-funded tribunals 411; federalism 26, 31–32, 35; ILO report 91; Kalenjin 98, 100, 343; Kikuyu 351; majimbo constitution 13; Maasai 98; National Assembly 258, 262; nationalism 13–14; negative political conditionality 408; NGOs 328–329, 410; one-party states 15; parliament 257, 260; pastoralist communities 98; pirates 411; political governance 342–343, 344; politics of ethnicity 95; power-sharing 191; private security 55–56; rule of law 40, 42–43, 45; stability 6; women’s movements and political change 159
Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) 13
Kenya African National Union (KANU) 13, 15, 17, 31 ‘Kenya crisis’ 344
Kerékou, Mathieu 20
Khama, Ian 21
Kibaki, Mwai 343
Kikuyu (ethnic group) in Kenya 13, 97, 343, 351
King Leopold II of Belgium 87
Kinigi, Sylvie 153
Kirkley, Leslie 325
Konare, Oumar 150
La Nouvelle Expression 112
Lady Chelmsford League 325
Lakwena, Alice 127
Latin America: social welfare policies 313
le village electoral 112
leadership 350
Least-Developed Countries (LDC) 367, 372–373
legislatures: constituency service 253; institutional mechanism 253; legislation 253; oversight 253; see also emerging legislatures
Lekhanya, Justin 238
Lentz, Carola 117
Lesotho: old age pensions 318; textile industry 364
Liberia: China State Construction Engineering
Corporation 419; conflict 5, 54; Doe, Samuel 167; military/rebel groups 54; National Transitional Legislative Assembly 198; peacebuilding 206; Perry, Ruth 148; post-conflict power-sharing 197–199; private security 54; Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson 147, 156, 228, 241; women in democracies 156
Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) 197
Linas Marcoussis agreement in Côte d’Ivoire 195–196
‘lineage mode of production’ 347
Lome Convention (1975) 385
Lonsdale, John 121
Loraux, Nicole 118
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda 204, 218
Lugard, Frederick 137
Maatshe, Thoko 154
‘magical charms’ 128
Maendeleo ya Wanawake 151
majimbo (regionalist) constitution in Kenya 13
makwere-kwere (South African immigrants) 117
Malawi: authoritarian legacies 20; challenges for courts 46; democracy 408–409; NGOs 318; rule of law 40, 42, 44–45; ‘town chiefs’ 355
Malawian Congress Party (MCP) 20
Mali: Boni, Yayi 234; democratization and Muslim politics 140–141; elections 238; Family Code 233; federalism 26, 33; Muslim groups 141; Touré, Amadou 234
Malkki, Liisa 117
Mandani, Mahmood 209
Mandela, Nelson 200
Mano River Women’s Peace Network 159
Marshall Plan 296
Maasai (ethnic group): Kenya 98; Tanzania 100
Matembe, Miria 157
Mau Mau (Kenya) 13
Mauritania: democracy 411; military rule 18; religion 135
Mauritius: democracy 405; multi-party elections 227; public welfare 319; success 7, 91; welfare state-building 315; women in democracies 153
medicine and religion 128
members of parliament (MPs): constituency development fund 258; constituency service 253–255; contact with electorate 257; elections 254; managerial staff 257; PR 253; one-party states 16; salaries 256, 259
memorandum of understanding (MOU) 386, 387
Merafhe, Mompati 384
Military Professional Research Incorporated (MPRI) 53–54
Millenium Challenge Account (MCA) in US 407
Millenium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in US 43, 301
Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) 300, 316
Minani, Jean 194
Minerals (non-fuel): 417
Minimum Income on School Attendance (MISA) 318
Mitterrand, François 112
Mobutu, Joseph 32
Moi, Daniel arap 15, 40, 42, 231, 408
Moodie, Dunbar 86
morality issues 352
Mossi (Burkina Faso) 110
most favoured nation (MFN) principle 371
Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) 197
Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in Zimbabwe 14, 154
Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) 179
Mozambique: decentralized unitary state 33, 35; democracy 239; federalism 26; FRELIMO 33; indigenous leadership 350; proportional representation 192; rebel movements 20
Mugabe, Robert 14, 154, 231, 318
Museveni, Yoweri 7, 31, 46, 204, 265, 317, 384
Muslim politics in West Africa: democratization 140–143; description 134–135; introduction 133–134; religious change 138–140; state context 135–138; ‘war on terror’ 143–144
Muslim Sahel groups 168
Mutharika, Bingu 45
Namibia: control and civil liberties 14
National Constitutional Assembly (NCA) in Zimbabwe 154
National Democratic Congress (NDC) in Ghana 238
National Endowment for Democracy in US 407
National Liberation Front (FLN) in Algeria 151
National Oil Companies (NOCs) 179, 182–183
National Party in South Africa 30
National Resistance Movement (NRM) in Uganda 31, 147, 265
National Transitional Legislative Assembly in Liberia 198
National Women’s Commission in Nigeria 153
nationalism, one-party states, and military rule: authoritarian rule 14–19; introduction 11–12; nationalism and after 12–14
Ndadaye, Melchior 171
Ndebele (ethnic group) in Zimbabwe 97
Ndi, John Fru 112
‘neopatrimonialism’ concept 3, 59, 166, 268, 341, 351
neopatrimonialism and political regimes: conceptual shortcomings 61–68; conclusions 68; definition 60–61; delineation 62; history 59–60; introduction 59; operationalization 62–64; politics and administration 64–65; regimes 66–68; subtypes 65–66
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) 203, 210, 383, 386
New Patriotic Party (NPP) in Ghana 247
New World Disorder 411
Niger: corruption 341; democratization and Muslim politics 140–141; Muslim groups 141
Niger Development Commission 185
Nigeria: al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 144; amalgamation of north and south 137; class 86; committee system 257; elections 245; federalism 25, 28–29, 34–35; ‘first lady syndrome’ 152; Francophone Sahel 143; gender politics 152, 153; international ‘progressive agenda’ 184; Izala movement 139; military rule 18–19; Muslim politics 137–138; National Women’s Commission 153; oil politics 179; politics of ethnicity 95; private security 55; regime change 172; sharia law 142; slavery 86; Sokoto Caliphate 137; Sufis and anti-Sufis 139; ‘wifism’ 152; women in nationalist politics 150; women’s movements and political change 159–160
Nigeria Women’s Union 150
Nkrumah, Kwame 14, 15, 40, 151, 265, 377
Nkurunziza, President Pierre 21, 194
Nlep, Roger 112
non-governmental organizations (NGOs): bureaucracy 77; case study: Oxfam in Tanzania 330–332; civil society actors and the state: NGOs from 1990s 329–330; colonial period 325–326; conclusions 332; ‘contracted agents’? NGOs from 1980s 327–329; corruption in oil industry 185; democracy promotion 406–407, 410; description 322–323; development is politics: from relief to development 326–327; disease control and food provision (oil states) 181; gender politics 152; Ghana and women’s movements 160; government influence 301; historical reliance 7; indigenous people 101; indigenous resources 349; international NGOs 202, 323–324, 328, 330–331; gender and democracy 154; introduction 322–323; Kenya 410; leaders’ relationship 350; local problem solving 356; Malawi 318; Mali 233; population survival 91; private security 55; reformist agenda in oil producing countries 187; research 2; ‘second-generation integration’ 380; trade agreements 298; types 323; voluntary sector 324–325; what is the NGO? 323–324; see also Freedom House
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 239
Northern Nigeria Penal Code 137
Nyalali, Frances 42
Nyerere, Julius 16–17, 40, 151, 331, 340
Obadango, Olusegan 142
Odinga, Raila 343
official development assistance (ODA) 322, 328–329, 371
Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) in Ethiopia 394
oil: companies 182–183; importing states 183–184; reserves 91, 416–417; states 180–182
oil politics: contemporary challenges to reform 186–187; international ‘progressive agenda’ 184–186; introduction 178; oil development in 1990s 178–180; oil states, oil companies, and oil importers 180–184
Okoya, P. Y. 18
Ondimba, Omar Bongo 200
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): anti-corruption convention 184; Conflict Prevention and Post Conflict Reconstruction Network 203; democracies 232; donor cartel 423; education 310; political parties (1960–2000) 271; women in politics 147
Organization of African Unity (OAU) 174, 377–378, 379, 383
Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) 179
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 415
Ouddei, Goukoni 173
Oxfam: Kirkley, Leslie 326; Tanzania 330–332
Pacific Architect Engineers (security company) 53
pan-Africanism and regional integration: conclusions 387; external actors 385–387; fast-track continental integration 383–385; introduction 375; schemes 375–379; schemes (second phase) 380–382; security 382–383; unity 14; weaknesses in schemes 379–380
parallel importing 369
Paris, Roland 207
Parliamentary Powers Index (PPI) 262
Parti Démocratique de la Côte D’Ivoire (PDCI) 15, 195
Party and Its Government (PIG) in Zambia 17
‘path of least resistance’ (country policy choices) 307
patrimonialism: term, 59; developmental 352–353; see also neopatrimonialism
peacebuilding (post-conflict): concept and practices 203–205; conclusions 212; contested politics 210–212; introduction 202–203; liberal governance 206–207; local participation and ownership 209–210; perspectives 205–210; social justice 209; stabilization 207–209; United Nations 203
Perry, Ruth 148
Pew Charitable Trusts: Research Centre 143;
Global Attitudes Project 397–398
Ping, Jean 385
political bargaining in uncertainty environment: co-conspirators and commitment problem 172; ethnic bargaining as commitment problem 171–172; ethnic bargaining as two-level game 170–171; introduction 170; regime change and commitment problem 172–173; substituting civil war risk for coup risk 173–174
political parties: Africa 267–269; authoritarianism 267; cartel thesis 270–271; comparative perspective 269–272; definition 267–268; frontiers 272; no-party democracy 265–267
political regimes: consolidation 275, 286; diversity 275, 286–288; hybrid systems 275, 286
politics of development: conclusions 355–356; developmental patrimonialism 352–353; going with the grain 347–349; going with the grain criticisms 350–352; indigenous resources 349–350; introduction 346–347; local anchorage 355; practical hybrids 353–354
politics of ethnicity: conclusions 105; context 4; elections 16; ethnic invention, imagination, and motivations 96–99; introduction 95–96; negotiation and renegotiation 99–102; political salience 102–104
Politique Africaine 115
Polity Project 3
‘Poor governance’ 70
post-colonial Africa: first three decades 39–42; rule of law and multi-party era 43–46
Post-Conflict Fund (PCF) 203
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) 301, 304, 410
power of elections: conclusions 247; ‘demand-side’ of public and private goods in Ghana 245–247; elections in Africa 239–241; introduction 238–239; repression and toleration 241–244
power-sharing: Africa and consociational democracy 189; Africa (recent) experience 192–199; introduction 189; path dependency 200
Preferential Trading Area (PTA) 378–379, 381
‘president for life’ 350
private military corporations (PMCs) 53, 57
private security companies (PSCs) 55–56, 57
Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) 310
proportional representation (PR) 192, 253, 261
public opinion and democratic consolidation: conclusions 288–290; ‘democracy’ term 276; diverse trajectories 286–288; introduction 275–276; perceived supply of democracy 279–283; popular demand for democracy 276–279; regime consolidation in Africa 285–286; regime consolidation model 283–285
Public Tribunals in Ghana 40
Publish What You Pay (PWYP) campaign 185, 187
Quakerism 331
radio trottoir 129
Rajoelina, Andry 238
Rassemblement de Républicans (RDR) in Côte d’Ivoire 195
Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (RDA) in Guinea 151
Ravalomanana, Marc 272
Rawlings, Jerry 40, 152, 197, 266
Rawlings, Nana Agyeman 152
reformist agenda in oil producing countries 186–187
regional economic communities (RECs) 382–383, 384, 386, 387
‘religio’ term 123
religion and politics: Africa 350; conclusions 130; intellectual categories 122–125; introduction 121–122; nationalist effect 125–126; new realities 126–129; spiritual insecurity 129–130
religious demography of West Africa 133–134
religious leaders 138
Republic of Congo: elections 239; natural resources 243
Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone 53
Richmond, Oliver 212
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 405
rule of law and the courts: challenges 46; conclusions 46–47; introduction 37–39; post colonial Africa 39–46
Rwanda: Arusha Agreement 171–172, 192–193; autochthony 116; Democratic Republic of Congo 204; ethnic bargaining 171, 171–172; Gacaca courts 220; genocide 6; Habyarimana, Juvenal 167; Hutu 116–117, 192; ICTR 220; peacebuilding 211; politics of ethnicity 95; reform 342; regime change 172; RPF 353; Tristar 353; Tutsi 116; women in democracies 156
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) 171–172, 217, 219, 221, 353
Sahel: education 354
Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) 144
Saracen International (security company) 53
Sasol (South African oil company) 417
Sassou-Nguesso, Denis 21, 167, 230
satisfaction with democracy 281–282; see also Afrobarometer
Sawyer, Amos 198
security and privatization of force and violence: conclusions 57; everyday security 55–56; introduction 49–50; public/private distinction 50–52; war and conflict 52–55
security sector reform (SSR) 204
Seko, Mobutu Sese 405
Senegal: authoritarian legacies 19–20; corruption 341; decentralized unitary states 33; democratization and Muslim politics 142; economy 361; federalism 26; Muslim politics 136; one-party states 15; women in democracies 153
Senghor, Léopold Sédar 14, 136
Service Auxiliaire de l’Assistance Médicale aux Indigènes (SADAMI) 324
sharia (Islamic law) 133, 137, 142–143, 400
Shongwe, Dzeliwe 148
Sierra Leone: class 85; Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration 204; Executive Outcomes 49; legal pluralism 219–220; peacebuilding 206; politics of ethnicity 95; privatization of military power 53; violence 5; women in democracies 156
Simone, AbdouMaliq 109
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson 147, 156, 228, 241
social assistance and social insurance expenditures 311
social policy: conclusions 319–320; introduction 309–311; origin and post-war eclipse by ‘development’ 311–313; slow expansion of spending in post-war Africa 313–315; social change, democratization, and welfare state-building (late 20th century) 315–318
Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria 137
Somalia: al-Shabaab 398, 400; CIA 393; collapse of state 341; indigenous leadership 350; Islam 4; military/rebel groups 54; research 2; Saracen International 53; surveillance 410; Transitional Federal Government 25, 54, 393, 394, 396; USAID 399
Somalis (ethnic group) in Horn of Africa 98
Sonangol (Angolan oil company) 422
Songhay (Mali) 85
South Africa: affirmative action (women in politics) 159; African National Congress 12, 14, 30, 147, 257, 261, 316–317, 391; apartheid 1, 12, 89, 147, 315; capitalism 89; control and civil liberties 14; democracy 30, 317; federalism 25, 34; Freedom Charter 14; HIV/AIDS 7, 316; Inkatha Freedom Party 12, 30; legislative support for political parties 232; makwere-kwere 117; Mandela, Nelson 200; Mbeki, Thabo 195, 200; miners’ strike 86; MPs 257; National Party and Democratic Alliance 30; private security 55; proportional representation 192; social assistance programmes 312; social reality 92; Truth and Reconciliation Commission 216, 217; United Democratic Front 14; welfare state-building 315; women in democracies 155–156; Women’s National Congress 155; xenophobia 117
South Africa Native National Congress (SANNC) 12
South Africa Police Service 55
South Sudan: ‘Comprehensive Peace Agreement’ 193; separation from North 1
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 376
Southern African Development Community (SADC) 150, 153, 316, 377, 379, 382–383, 385–387
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) 378, 380
Special Court for Sierra Leone 219
state: capacity 3, see also authoritarian rule; one-party rule; neopatrimonialism
state-owned enterprises (SOEs): Africa; 296, 298; China 418, 420
Stewart, Patrick 396
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) 297–303, 305, 380, 410
substitutive institutions: charisma 340; clientelism 338–339, 341; pooling 339; self-defence 339–340
Sudan: al-Qaeda 395; Comprehensive Peace Agreement 27, 31, 193, 204; federalism 25, 30–31, 35; post-conflict peacebuilding 211; South/ North separation 1; see also South Sudan
Sudanese Women’s Union 151
Sufis: militancy 144; Nigeria 130
Sultan of Sokoto 86
sungu sungu (vigilante group) in Tanzania 339
Sunnites 138
‘superstitio’ term 123
supply of democracy (2002–08) 283; see also Afrobarometer
support for democracy (2008) 276–278; see also Afrobarometer
Supreme Military Council (SMC) in Nigeria 18
Swaziland 148
Taiwan: China 418; ‘dollar diplomacy’ 421
Tandja, Mamadou 46
Tanzania: authoritarian legacies 19–20; Chama Cha Mapinduzi 234; cut flowers 366; democracy 239; education 314; federalism 25; FEMACT 160; land conflicts 353; Maasai 100; Nyerere, Julius 40, 151; Oxfam NGO 330–332; political governance 342–343; sungu sungu vigilante group 339; women in democracies 154; women’s movements and political change 160; Zanzibar 35
Tanzanian African National Union (TANU) 15–16
Tanzanian Women’s Union 151
terrorism, security, and the state: conclusions 400–401; contested concepts 390–391; ‘hearts and minds’-securitization of development and humanitarian aid 396–399; introduction 390; rethinking ungoverned space 395–396; securitization of state building 393–395; terrorist threats 399–400; ‘ungoverned space’ and security threats 391–393
terrorist threats: al-Qaeda 399–400; radicalization of African diaspora 400
The African Poor 314
Thwala, Ntombi 148
Tiako-i-Madagasikara 272
Titi, Bibi 151
Togo 231
Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) 421
Touré, Amadou 234
Touré, Sekou 151
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 367, 369–370
trade: African countries’ membership of trade organizations 367–369; trade orientation (of sub-Saharan African countries) 362–363
Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Partnership 392
Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in Somalia 25, 393, 396
transitional justice after atrocity: conclusions 222; hybridity and holism 219–222; introduction 215–216; neo-colonialism and foreign transitional justice 218–219; peace versus justice and human rights advocates 217–218; unclear objectives 217–218
Tristar (Rwandan company) 353
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa 216, 217
Tswana (ethnic group) in Botswana 98
Tutsi (ethnic group): Burundi 193–194; Rwanda 116
Twa (ethnic group) in Central Africa 98
Ubu’s kingdom 74
Uganda: affirmative action (women in politics) 157, 159; courts 46; democracy 239; federalism 26; Forum for Women in Democracy 160; ICC 219, 220–221; Lord’s Resistance Army 204, 218; Mengo Hospital 325; military rule 17–18; National Resistance Movement 31, 265; no-party democracy 265, 267; peacebuilding 208, 211; presidential elections 317; regime change 172
uhuru (freedom) in East Africa 14
União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) 53
UNIGOV proposal in Ghana 266
Union Africaine et Malgache du Coopération Économique (UAMCE) 377
Union Douaniere de L’Afrique de l’Ouest (UDAEO) 377–378
Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA) 381
Union pour le Progrès National (UPRONA) in Burundi 171, 193–194
United Democratic Front (UDF) in South Africa 14
United National Independence Party (UNIP) in Zambia 15–17
United Nations (UN): An Agenda for Peace 203–204; Department of Peacekeeping Operations 203; disease control and food provision 181; Human Rights Commission 419; In Larger Freedom 206; indigenous populations 108; Kenya 55; Rwanda 217; security sector reform 394; Special Court for Sierra Leone 198; Women in Development 152–153; women in politics 147
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 300, 318
United Nations Decade for Women, Development and Peace (1975–85) 149
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 203
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) 377
United Nations High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change 205, 207
United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 208, 221
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) 208
United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (UNPBC) 202
United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations 108
United States (US): ‘3Ds’– defence, diplomacy, and development 397; Afrobarometer 3; CIA and Somalia 393; Congress 262; democracy promotion 407, 409; ‘fixing failed states’ 393; Foreign Military Financing 21; International Military Education and Training 21; Millenium Challenge Account 407; Millenium Challenge Corporation 43, 301; National Security Strategy 392; Somalia 393
United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) 11–12, 21–22, 180, 392–393
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 258, 329, 399
Uwilingiyimana, Agathe 153
von Oppen, Achim 117
Wade, Abdoulaye 136, 153, 305, 387
Wahhabis 138
‘wealth-in-things’ concept 117
welfare reforms 320
welfare state 319
West Africa Cotton Improvement Program 372
Westminster Foundation for Democracy in UK 407
‘wifism’ 152
Wolpe, Harold 89
Women in Development (WID) 149–150, 152–153
women in politics: affirmative action 157–159, 160; African nationalism 150–151; Africa’s democracies 153–156; conclusions 160; elections 241; gender politics 152–153; global picture 149–150; introduction 147–149; movements and political change 159–160; political independence 151–152; regional statistics 157–158
Women’s National Congress in South Africa 155
World Bank 2, 6, 39, 90, 114, 186, 203, 296–299, 301, 305–306, 315–316, 386–387, 419
World Conference (1995) 150
World Trade Organization (WTO) 7, 298–300, 305, 361, 366–370, 371–373, 385
Zaire see Democratic Republic of Congo
Zambia: authoritarian legacies 19–20; Bounding Villages 117; China 420; ethnicity 268; miners 88, 90; rule of law 40–45; UNIP 17
Zanzibar: federalism 25; Tanzania 25
Zetaheal Mission (religion) in Ghana 129
Zimbabwe: electoral authoritarianism and multi-party politics 230; Mugabe, Robert 14; Old Age Pension Act 318; politics of ethnicity 95; power-sharing 191; welfare 318; women in democracies 154–155
Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) 14, 154–155
Zolberg, Aristide 3
Zuma, Jacob 257