Page numbers in italics indicate an illustration or photograph.
Agricola, Georgius, 31
air-boiling process, 47–48
AK Steel, 287
aluminum industry, 261
American Can, 85–86
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 78–79, 88
American steel industry
in 1980s, 271–272, 275–278, 280–281
factors in decline, 255–256, 258–261, 263–267, 278–280
foreign imports and, 255, 259, 269, 271, 278
mini-mills and, 263–265
steel quality, 269
technology and, 259–260, 265–266
Arcelor, 287
Arthur M. Anderson, 129, 129–130
automotive industry, 81, 99, 272
Baird, Tom, 163
Balark, Carl, 220
basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs), 98, 197, 201, 203, 206–207, 259–260
additives, 211
air-emissions equipment, 197
lancing with oxygen, 205
loading of furnaces, 200–202, 203, 204
slag and, 211–212
tapping the furnace, 211
Beauchamp, Raymond “Frenchie,” 122, 136, 139
beer, 85–86
Bently, Jerry, 132
Berkman, Alexander, 61
Bessemer, Henry, 49–51, 50, 222
Bessemer converter, 50–52, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58–59
Bethlehem Iron Company, 66
Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 58, 68, 74
1920s and, 80–83
1970s and, 267–270
after World War II, 88, 90, 96, 99, 252
continuous casting and, 260
decline and close, 277, 282–283, 285
Great Depression and, 85
“L” blast furnace at Sparrows Point, 152–153, 153–155, 155, 161, 165
material improvements, 82–83
World War I and, 75–78
World War II and, 91–92
Bey, Art, 136
Biringuccio, Vannoccio, 31
cast houses, 170, 171, 172–178, 178, 179
control room for, 161, 161–164
diagram of, 158
downcomer pipes, 166–167
flushing, 157
“L” blast furnace at Sparrows Point, 152–153, 153–155, 155, 161, 165
materials positioning, 167, 169
role in making modern steel, 149
workings of, 159–160
Blough, Roger, 258
Brazil, 278
Britain, 31, 34–35, 49, 75, 84–85, 88, 92
Burt, William A., 57
Bush, George W., 285
Campbell’s, 81
Cane, Howard, 208
Carnegie, Andrew, 11, 45, 53–54, 54, 59–60, 63–64
Carthage, 23
cast houses, 170, 171, 172–178, 178, 179
Celts, 20
chain mail, 28
Chalybes people, 18
Charlemagne, 28
China, 286
Churchill, Winston, 75
Clean Air Act (1963), 266
Clean Water Act (1972), 266
coke
as fuel for blast furnace, 35, 149
rendering of, 150
smelting with, 35
colonialism, 73
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 88
Consolidated Can, 85
continuous slab casters, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224–226, 225–227, 228, 260, 264
Controlled Materials Plan, 92
converter. See Bessemer converter
copper, 16–17
Crystal Palace, 42–43, 44–45, 45
Curry, Dave, 122
Darby, Abraham, 35
De la Pirotechnia (Biringuccio), 31
De Re Metallica (Agricola), 31, 32–33
Dole, 81
DuPont, 261
Duquesne steel mill, 59
Duquette, William, 199–200, 212
Edgar Thomson Steel Works, 53, 65
Edmund Fitzgerald, 118, 124–125, 128–130
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 253
Eliade, Mircea, 17–18
Elizabeth I, 31
England, 31, 34–35, 49, 75, 84–85, 88, 92
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 97–98
Everett, Philo, 57
Experimental Negotiating Agreement (ENA), 268
Fairless, Benjamin, 96–97
Federal Steel, 64
Fisher, John, 75
Ford Motor Company, 269
foreign imports, 255, 259, 269, 271, 275–276, 278, 281
Foy, Lewis, 269–271
Franco-Prussian War, 55
Frick, Henry Clay, 59, 60, 61, 64
H. C. Frick Coke Company, 59
Garrity, Jim, 183–185, 188, 190–192
Gary, Elbert, 64, 69, 72, 74, 83, 84
Gary Works, 69
Gates, John Warne, 64
General Motors, 88
George A. Stinson, 115–119
construction of, 120
description of, 121–122, 127–128, 134–135
journey on, 117–119, 131–133, 135–137, 141–142
pictured, 120
St. Clair River passage, 139
unloading of, 142–144
Germany, 29–30, 84–85, 91–92, 97, 260
Gilpin, James L., 156–157, 159–162, 164–167, 169–170, 172–173, 176, 178
Girdler, Tom, 90
Godack, Frank, 208
Gott, Edwin, 267
Grace, Eugene, 81–82, 84, 90, 92, 96, 257, 263, 268
Great Depression, 84–90
Great Lakes area, 57–58, 102–105, 103, 265
gunpowder, 31
Hamilton, Alexander, 49
Hanna Mining Company, 107
Harding, William, 83
Henry Steinbrenner, 123, 126–127
Hirsamaki, Marty, 128, 131–132, 142
Hoerr, John, 269–270, 275, 278–279
Homer, Arthur, 99
homogenous steel, 37
Hoover, Herbert, 31
Hormel, 81
hot strip mills. See rolling mills
Huntsman, Benjamin, 36–38
integrated mills, 149–150
International Steel Group (ISG), 283, 285
iron-ore boats
description of, 118–119, 121–122, 131–133
Edmund Fitzgerald, 118, 124–125, 128–130
Henry Steinbrenner, 123, 126–127
life working on, 135, 137–138, 140–141
loading of Stinson, 117–118
pictured, 117, 119, 120, 124–125, 127
straight-deckers vs. self-unloaders, 143
iron smelting
colonies and, 33–34
German smelting and, 29–30
Renaissance and, 30–31
See also blast furnaces
Israelites, 18–19
Jamestown, 33–34
Japan, 25–26, 27, 28, 91–92, 98, 259–260, 269
Jellicoe, Adam, 39
Jensen, Andy, 122
Johnston, J. Bruce, 278–279
Jones and Laughlin Steel Company, 77, 81, 88, 260, 267
Kaiser, Henry, 92
Kaiser Steel, 250
Kalwa, Bill, 175
Kennedy, John F., 258–259
Kitchener, Horatio, 75
Krupp, Alfred, 55–56
Krupp, Gustav, 73–74
labor. See unions
Lackawanna Steel Company, 77, 81, 276
Lavoisier, Antoine, 40
Little Steel Strike of 1937, 90
LNM Holdings, 286
Lopez, Toribio, 139
Lykes Corporation, 267
Lynch, Austin, 219
Mack, Gus, 192–195
MacLean, Jack, 115–117
Makosky, Nil, 118
Marathon Oil Company, 272
Marshall Plan, 97–98
Maryland Steel Company, 66, 77
McLouth Steel, 260
McSorley, Ernest, 128–130
Merritt Brothers, 63
Mesabi iron-ore vein, 63, 105, 108-109, 110. See also Great Lakes area
meteorites, 15–18
Mezzadri, Joe, 211–212
Midvale-Cambria Steel Company, 77
Midvale Steel Company, 81
mini-mills, 262–263, 263–265, 278, 281
Mittal, Lakshmi, 280, 281–282, 286
Mittal Steel, 281–282, 286–287
More, Thomas, 48
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 64–65, 69
Murray, Philip, 87–88, 90–91, 96–97
Napoleon, 41
Nasmyth, James, 51
National Defense Commission, 90
National Emergency Steels, 91
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 85–86
National Steel Company, 88, 277
National War Labor Board, 78
natural resources, 59, 63, 66, 69, 105, 110. See also taconite
Nippon Koukan, 277
Nucor, 264–265, 278, 282–283, 286–287
Oglebay Norton, 128
Ohio Steel Works, 74–75
Olson, Richard, 123, 126, 131–132, 136, 138–143
OPEC, 267
Chief Opechancanough, 34
open-hearth process, 55–56, 59
open-hearth shops
carbon content, 189–190
finished steel in receiving ladles, 195, 196, 197
size of, 183
slag and, 189
steelmaking reactions, 189
tapping of the furnace, 192–194
walkouts, 193
Paxton, Joseph, 44
Pennsylvania Steel Company, 66, 77
Philistine people, 18–19
phlogistonism, 40
phosphorus, 50–51, 55–56, 157, 189
Lake Superior iron ore and, 57
pig iron, 30, 47-48, 50-51, 149. See also blast furnaces
Pinkerton National Detective Agency, 61
primary mills
defects in ingots and, 219
pictured, 218
scarfers, 220
slicing of slabs, 220
universal mills, 215–217, 216, 219
unmolding ingots, 215
Progressive Movement, 72–73
railroad industry, 53–55, 58–59, 65–66, 73, 115–116, 272
Rajanen, Don, 117–118, 130, 135, 139, 142–143
Raleigh, Walter, 33
Reagan, Ronald, 276
recession of 1981–1982, 271
Redfield, Daisy, 57
Republic Steel, 88, 90, 260, 277
Reutter, Mark, 260
Reynolds Aluminum, 261
Roanoke Island colony, 33
Rockefeller, John D., 63–64
roller method, 39
rolling mills
coilers, 239
compensating for crowning, 236–238
soaking pits, 231
stand-to-stand rolling, 228, 230, 231, 233, 236
Romans, 23–24
Roosevelt, Theodore, 73
Rudacille, Deborah, 265
Russia, 78
Saugus River (Massachusetts) ironworks, 48, 48
Sault Ste. Marie, 134
scarfers, 220
Schneider Frères (France), 74
Schoolcraft, Henry, 134
Schwab, Charles M., 64–65, 74–77, 77, 81–82, 84, 88–90
Seric steel, 23
Severstal, 287
Sheffield, 37–38
Shuster, Joseph, 15
Siegel, Jerry, 15
Siemens-Martin process, 56
Sikkila, Arvid “Bill,” 134–135, 139, 143
Škoda (Austria-Hungary), 74
skyscrapers, 81
slag, 21
air-boiling process and, 47
basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs), 211–212
continuous slab casters and, 225
disposal of, 176–177
mini-mills and, 264
open hearth process and, 56, 189, 196–197
Smith, Adam, 40
soaking pits, 215
Spain, 23
Sparrows Point steel works, 66–67
aftermath of World War II, 99
closing of, 287
Great Depression and, 84
“L” blast furnace, 152–153, 153–155, 155, 161, 165
material improvements, 82–83
St. Clair River, 139
St. Marys River, 135–137
steam engines, 40–41
steel, structure of, 240–242
steelmaking
chemical progress and, 73
two-step process for, 149
See also basic oxygen furnace (BOF); continuous slab casters; open-hearth shop; primary mills
steel mills
in Europe, 54–55
iron works and, 59
labor conditions in, 60–61
Union Iron Works (Pennsylvania), 53–54
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 88, 90–91. See also United Steelworkers of America (USWA)
Strohmeyer, John, 255–256, 268–269, 279–280
submarines, 75–76
taconite
development of pelletizing, 265
journey to blast furnaces, 146
mining and processing, 105, 110–114
Telford, Thomas, 44
tempering, 23–24
Teutonic tribes, 24
Texas Oil and Gas, 272
Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist, 55–56
Thomson, Edgar, 53
Trautlein, Donald, 271–272, 275–277
Treaty of Versailles, 79
Truman, Harry, 96–97
Tutankhamun, 19
tuyères, 169–170
Tytus, John Butler, 93, 95, 237
Union Iron Mills, 53
unions
1960s price hikes, 258–259
agreements in 1980s, 268, 272, 275
Homestead strike sand, 61, 62–63
Little Steel Strike of 1937, 90
mini-mills and, 264
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 88–91
strike of 1919, 78–79
Taft-Hartley Act, 96
US Steel shutdown of 1985, 278
wage/price hike negotiations, 96–97
work hours, 83
United States Steel Corporation, 64–65, 69, 72–74, 80
1960s price hikes, 258–259
1970s and, 270
aftermath of World War II, 99
attempts at diversification, 272
basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs), 260
Great Depression and, 84
reductions of 1980s, 277
shutdown of 1985, 278
unions and, 88
United Steelworkers of America (USWA)
1960s price hikes, 258–259
agreements in 1980s, 268, 272, 275
creation of, 91
LTV agreement, 283
US Steel shutdown of 1985, 278
See also Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC)
universal mills, 215–217, 216, 219
US Export-Import Bank, 270
USX, 277
vanadium, 21
Vikings, 25
Virginia Company, 33–34
Wagner Act, 90
Warren, Kenneth, 255, 265–266, 279
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, 277
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 73–75
Wilkinson, John, 40
Williams, Calvin, 190
Wilson, Woodrow, 75
World War I, 74–78
Wright, Walter, 224–226, 228, 231, 239
Youngstown and Masillon Steel Company, 90
Youngstown Sheet and Tube, 88, 90, 267, 269
Zook, John, 243–248