CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER 0: PRELIMINARIES

SETS

SUBSETS AND COMPLEMENTS; UNION AND INTERSECTION

Class calculus

RELATIONS

Relation calculus, equivalence relations

FUNCTIONS

ORDERINGS

Order-complete sets, chains, extension of order-preserving functions

ALGEBRAIC CONCEPTS

THE REAL NUMBERS

Integers, definition by induction, b-adic expansions

COUNTABLE SETS

Subsets, unions, the set of real numbers

CARDINAL NUMBERS

Schroeder-Bernstein theorem

ORDINAL NUMBERS

The first uncountable ordinal

CARTESIAN PRODUCTS

HAUSDORFF MAXIMAL PRINCIPLE

Maximal principle, Kuratowski-Zorn lemma, axiom of choice, well-ordering principle

CHAPTER 1: TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

TOPOLOGIES AND NEIGHBORHOODS

Comparison of topologies, neighborhood system of a point

CLOSED SETS

ACCUMULATION POINTS

CLOSURE

Kuratowski closure operators

INTERIOR AND BOUNDARY

BASES AND SUBBASES

Topologies with a countable base, Lindelöf theorem

RELATIVIZATION; SEPARATION

CONNECTED SETS

Components

PROBLEMS

A Largest and smallest topologies; B Topologies from neighborhood systems; C Topologies from interior operators; D Accumulation points in T1-spaces; E Kuratowski closure and complement problem; F Exercise on spaces with a countable base; G Exercise on dense sets; H Accumulation points; I The order topology; J Properties of the real numbers; K Half-open interval space; L Half-open rectangle space; M Example (the ordinals) on 1st and 2nd countability; N Countable chain condition; O The Euclidean plane; P Example on components; Q Theorem on separated sets; R Finite chain theorem for connected sets; S Locally connected spaces; T The Brouwer reduction theorem

CHAPTER 2: MOORE-SMITH CONVERGENCE

INTRODUCTION

DIRECTED SETS AND NETS

Uniqueness of limits, iterated limits

SUBNETS AND CLUSTER POINTS

SEQUENCES AND SUBSEQUENCES

*CONVERGENCE CLASSES

Specification of a topology by convergence

PROBLEMS

A Exercise on sequences; B Example: sequences are inadequate; C Exercise on Hausdorff spaces: door spaces; D Exercise on subsequences; E Example: cofinal subsets are inadequate; F Monotone nets; G Integration theory, junior grade; H Integration theory, utility grade; I Maximal ideals in lattices; J Universal nets; K Boolean rings: there are enough homomorphisms; L Filters

CHAPTER 3: PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT SPACES

CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Characterizations of continuity, homeomorphisms

PRODUCT SPACES

Functions to a product, coordinatewise convergence, countability

QUOTIENT SPACES

Open and closed maps, upper semi-continuous decompositions

PROBLEMS

A Connected spaces; B Theorem on continuity; C Exercise on continuous functions; D Continuity at a point; continuous extension; E Exercise on real-valued continuous functions; F Upper semi-continuous functions; G Exercise on topological equivalence; H Homeomorphisms and one-to-one continuous maps; I Continuity in each of two variables; J Exercise on Euclidean n-space; K Exercise on closure, interior and boundary in products; L Exercise on product spaces; M Product of spaces with countable bases; N Example on products and separability; O Product of connected spaces; P Exercise on T1-spaces; Q Exercise on quotient spaces; R Example on quotient spaces and diagonal sequences; S Topological groups; T Subgroups of a topological group; U Factor groups and homomorphisms; V Box spaces; W Functionals on real linear spaces; X Real linear topological spaces

CHAPTER 4: EMBEDDING AND METRIZATION

EXISTENCE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Tychonoff lemma, Urysohn lemma

EMBEDDING IN CUBES

Embedding lemma, Tychonoff spaces

METRIC AND PSEUDO-METRIC SPACES

Metric topology, countable products

METRIZATION

Urysohn metrization theorem, locally finite covers, refinement, characterization of metrizability

PROBLEMS

A Regular spaces; B Continuity of functions on a metric space; C Problem on metrics; D Hausdorff metric for subsets; E Example (the ordinals) on the product of normal spaces; F Example (the Tychonoff plank) on subspaces of normal spaces; G Example: products of quotients and non-regular Hausdorff spaces; H Hereditary, productive, and divisible properties; I Half-open interval space; J The set of zeros of a real continuous function; K Perfectly normal spaces; L Characterization of completely regular spaces; M Upper semi-continuous decomposition of a normal space

CHAPTER 5: COMPACT SPACES

EQUIVALENCES

Finite intersection property, cluster points, Alexander subbase theorem

COMPACTNESS AND SEPARATION PROPERTIES

Compactness for Hausdorff, regular and completely regular spaces

PRODUCTS OF COMPACT SPACES

The Tychonoff product theorem

LOCALLY COMPACT SPACES

QUOTIENT SPACES

U.s.c. decompositions with compact members

COMPACTIFICATION

Alexandroff one point and Stone-Čech compactifications

LEBESGUE’S COVERING LEMMA

Even coverings

*PARACOMPACTNESS

PROBLEMS

A Exercise on real functions on a compact space; B Compact subsets; C Compactness relative to the order topology; D Isometries of compact metric spaces; E Countably compact and sequentially compact spaces; F Compactness; the intersection of compact connected sets; G Problem on local compactness; H Nest characterization of compactness; I Complete accumulation points; J Example: unit square with dictionary order; K Example (the ordinals) on normality and products; L The transfinite line; M Example: the Helly space; N Examples on closed maps and local compactness; O Cantor spaces; P Characterization of Stone-Čech compactification; Q Example (the ordinals) on compactification; R The Wallman compactification; S Boolean rings: Stone representation theorem; T Compact connected spaces (the chain argument); U Fully normal spaces; V Point finite covers and metacompact spaces; W Partition of unity; X The between theorem for semi-continuous functions; Y Paracompact spaces

CHAPTER 6: UNIFORM SPACES

UNIFORMITIES AND THE UNIFORM TOPOLOGY

Neighborhoods, bases and subbases

UNIFORM CONTINUITY; PRODUCT UNIFORMITIES

Uniform isomorphism, relativization, products

METRIZATION

Characterization of metrizability, the gage of a uniformity

COMPLETENESS

Cauchy nets, extension of functions

COMPLETION

Existence and uniqueness

COMPACT SPACES

Uniqueness of uniformity, total boundedness

FOR METRIC SPACES ONLY

Baire theorem, localization of category, uniformly open maps

PROBLEMS

A Exercise on closed relations; B Exercise on the product of two uniform spaces; C A discrete non-metrizable uniform space; D Exercise: uniform spaces with a nested base; E Example: a very incomplete space (the ordinals); F The subbase theorem for total boundedness; G Some extremal uniformities; H Uniform neighborhood systems; I Écarts and metrics; J Uniform covering systems; K Topologically complete spaces: metrizable spaces; L Topologically complete spaces: uniformizable spaces; M The discrete subspace argument; countable compactness; N Invariant metrics; O Topological groups: uniformities and metrization; P Almost open subsets of a topological group; Q Completion of topological groups; R Continuity and openness of homo-morphisms: the closed graph theorem; S Summability; T Uniformly locally compact spaces; U The uniform boundedness theorem; V Boolean σ-rings

CHAPTER 7: FUNCTION SPACES

POINTWISE CONVERGENCE

Topology and uniformity, compactness

COMPACT OPEN TOPOLOGY AND JOINT CONTINUITY

Uniqueness of jointly continuous topologies, c.o. compact spaces

UNIFORM CONVERGENCE

Uniform convergence on a family of sets, completeness

UNIFORM CONVERGENCE ON COMPACTA

Topology, completeness, k-spaces

COMPACTNESS AND EQUICONTINUITY

The Ascoli theorem

*EVEN CONTINUITY

Topological Ascoli theorem

PROBLEMS

A Exercise on the topology of pointwise convergence; B Exercise on convergence of functions; C Pointwise convergence on a dense subset; D The diagonal process and sequential compactness; E Dini’s theorem; F Continuity of an induced map; G Uniform equicontinuity; H Exercise on the uniformity ; I Continuity of evaluation; J Subspaces, products and quotients of k-spaces; K The k-extension of a topology; L Characterization of even continuity; M Continuous convergence; N The adjoint of a normed linear space; O Tietze extension theorem; P Density lemma for linear subspaces of C(X); Q The square root lemma for Banach algebras; R The Stone-Weierstrass theorem; S Structure of C(X); T Compactification of groups; almost periodic functions

APPENDIX: ELEMENTARY SET THEORY

CLASSIFICATION AXIOM SCHEME

Axiom of extent and classification axiom scheme

CLASSIFICATION AXIOM SCHEME (Continued)

Formal statement of classification axiom scheme

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA OF CLASSES

EXISTENCE OF SETS

Axiom of subsets, axiom of union, unordered pairs

ORDERED PAIRS; RELATIONS

FUNCTIONS

Axiom of substitution, axiom of amalgamation

WELL ORDERING

Existence and uniqueness of order preserving functions

ORDINALS

Axiom of regularity, structure of ordinals, transfinite induction

INTEGERS

Axiom of infinity, Peano postulates for integers

THE CHOICE AXIOM

The maximal principle

CARDINAL NUMBERS

Elementary properties, finite sets, the product of cardinals

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX