INDEX

A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

• abdomen, 53
• absorption, 2
• amino acids, 2, 10
• ammonia, 14
• amphibians, 20
• amylase, 9
• anus, 57
• asparagus, 70
• bacteria
  • ammonia formation by, 14
  • to break down waste, 16, 59, 62
  • for cellulose digestion, 54
  • commensal bacteria, 64
  • in uncooked foods, 51
• bad breath, 24–25
• balanced diets, 29–30
• barfing, 51–54
• beeturia, 70
• belching, 45–47
• betalain, 70
• bile, 8, 13
• binding (proteins), 4
• bird droppings, 57
• bitter taste receptors, 19, 21
• bladder sphincters, 71–72
• bladders, 66
• blue urine, 70
• boluses, 9, 33
• borborygmi, 43
• brain and capsaicin, 26–27
• breathing and swallowing, 40–41
• broccoli, 19, 21
• building blocks, 1
• burping, 45–47
• butterflies, 20–21, 67
• calories, 7
• cane toads, 20
• capsaicin, 26–28
• Capuchin monkeys, 67
• carbohydrates, 2
• cats, 31
• cecotropes, 17
• cell walls, 12
• cells, fuels for, 2
• cellulose
  • commensal bacteria and, 64
  • indigestible by humans, 17
  • in plant cell walls, 12, 17
  • regurgitation and, 54
• chemistry, 1
• chest muscles and bladder, 71
• chewing gum, 48–50
• chili peppers, 26–28
• choking, 36, 39
• chyme
  • in diarrhea, 56
  • gases in, 43–44
  • in large intestine, 16
  • in small intestine, 13
  • in stomach, 10
• cilantro, 21
• cloaca, 57
• colds and taste, 22
• commensal bacteria, 64
• compounds in food, 2
• concentrated urine, 70
• contraction of muscles, 4
• cooling effects in food, 28
• cows, 12
• cud, 54
• deer, 70
• defecation, 16, 62–64
• desmoteplase (DSPA), 35
• diarrhea, 56–58
• digestion, 1–17
  • defined and described, 1
  • digestive tract, 16
  • large intestine, 16–17
  • liver, 13–15
  • pancreas, 13
  • pizza nutrition and digestion, 2–10
  • small intestine, 12
  • stomach, 11
• eating and drinking slowly, 43, 46, 60
• electrolytes, 57
• elimination, 55–73
  • diarrhea, 56–58
  • farting, 59–61
  • feces, 16, 62–64
  • urination, 65–73
• emulsifying, 15
• energy, 2
• enzymes, 4, 9–10, 13, 33
• epiglottis, 37, 39
• esophageal sphincters, 47
• esophageal wall, 37
• esophagus, 9, 37, 54
• farting, 59–61
• fats, 2, 5
• fatty acids, 10
• fear and vomiting, 52, 54
• fecal pellets, 17
• feces, 16–17, 62–64
• fight-or-flight response, 54
• flamingos, 38
• flatus, 59–61
• flies, 23
• fuel from food, 1–2
• fulmars (birds), 53
• garlic, 24–25
• genes and genetics, 19, 21
• germs, 33, 51, 56
• giraffes, 12
• glands (saliva glands), 33–35
• global warming, 47
• glucose molecules, 2, 9
• greenhouse gases, 47
• growls and grumbles, 43–44
• gum base, 48
• hemoglobin, 68
• herbivores, 12
• hoopoe birds, 57
• hormones, 4
• hornworms, 25
• hot peppers and spices, 26–28
• hues, 68
• Hydnora africana, 64
• hydrogen sulfide, 61, 64
• intestines
  • intestinal noises, 44
  • large intestine, 2, 8, 16–17
  • small intestine, 2, 10, 12
• iron, 30
• kidneys, 58, 65–66, 68–69
• king penguins, 11
• kite (bird), 20
• large intestine, 2, 8, 16–17
• larvae, 20–21, 25
• laughing and peeing, 71–72
• lipase, 10
• liver, 8, 13–15, 68
• maltose, 9
• medulla, 51
• menthol, 28
• methane, 47
• methyl mercaptan, 64
• microbes, 62. See also bacteria
• micronutrients, 7
• milk, 24, 27
• minerals, 2, 5–7, 30
• Monarch butterflies, 20–21
• mouth digestion, 9, 33–35
• mucus and smell, 22
• nasal cavity, 40
• nausea, 52. See also vomiting
• nerves, 6
• nicotine, 25
• nutrients, 1. See also minerals; vitamins
• omnivores, 17
• organs, 4
• oxygen, 30
• pancreas, 8, 13
• parotid glands, 33
• pee and poop. See elimination; feces; urination
• pepsin, 10
• peristaltic waves, 10, 37
• pink urine, 70
• pizza, 2, 6–10
• plankton, 38
• poisonous animals, 20–21, 25
• polar bear livers, 14–15
• pollen, 64
• polymers, 48
• poop and pee. See elimination; feces; urination
• porcupines, 67
• potassium, 30
• prey animals, 20
• proboscis (flies), 23
• proteins
  • and bacteria, 14, 17
  • in the body, 4–5, 29
  • digestion by enzymes, 10
  • in pizza, 2
• rabbits, 17, 70
• red blood cells, 68
• reflexes
  • burping, 46
  • diarrhea, 56
  • swallowing, 36, 38
  • vomiting, 53
• regulation, 4
• regurgitation, 54
• ruminants, 54
• saliva and saliva glands, 9, 33–35
• salt, 7, 22, 35, 66–67
• sloths, 38
• small intestine, 2, 10, 12
• smell and taste, 22–23
• smell receptors, 22
• snakes, 41
• spewing, 51–54
• sphincters (bladder), 71–72
• sphincters (esophageal), 47
• sphinx moths, 25
• spit. See saliva and saliva glands
• starches, 2
• stethoscopes, 44
• stomach, 42–54
  • burping, 45–47
  • chewing gum, 48–50
  • in food pathway, 8–10
  • growls and grumbles, 43–44
  • king penguins, 11
  • vomiting, 51–54
• stress hormones, 54
• sublingual glands, 35
• submandibular glands, 35
• sugars, 10, 29–31
• sulfur gases, 24
• swallowing, 32–41
  • and breathing, 40–41
  • choking, 39
  • and laughing, 40–41
  • saliva, 33–35
  • swallow reflex, 36
  • and talking, 39
  • tongue movement in, 38
  • upside down, 36–38
• sweet receptors, 31
• swiftlets, 35
• tasting and food, 18–31
  • bad breath, 24–25
  • hot peppers and spices, 26–28
  • smell and taste, 22–23
  • sugars, 29–31
  • taste buds, 23
  • taste differences, 19–21
  • taste receptors, 19, 21, 22
  • taste tests, 23
• throwing up, 51–54
• tissues, 1, 4
• trachea, 36, 39
• umami, 22
• upside down swallowing, 36–38
• urea, 14
• urethra, 57
• urination, 65–73
  • animal urine facts, 67, 70, 73
  • laughing and peeing, 71–72
  • needing to pee, 65–66
  • pee color, 68–70
• urine, 14
• urochrome, 68
• uvula, 37
• vampire bats, 31, 35
• vitamin A, 14–15, 30
• vitamin B, 30
• vitamin C, 7
• vitamin D, 14–15
• vitamin E, 14–15
• vitamin K, 30
• vitamins, 2, 5–6
• vomiting, 51–54
• water and capsaicin, 28
• wolf spiders, 25
• zinc, 7, 30