NOTES

Nor did it help: Talk with Harry Hopkins, June 5, 1945, Robert Meiklejohn Diary. “He told how, early in the New Deal administration he had been sent on a trip to Europe, ostensibly to study housing but actually to check up on the Foreign Service.”

“gross procrastination”: Morgenthau, personal report to the president, Jan. 15, 1944, Morgenthau Diaries, book 694, FDRL.

“reach a large measure”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 402.

“Deplorably untidy”: Ismay, Memoirs, 214.

“an animated piece”: New Yorker, Aug. 7, 1943.

“it was absolutely”: Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 257.

“would advise me”: Gromyko, Memories, 54.

“the only member”: Doenecke and Stoler, Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies, 11.

“Remember how Wilson”: Perkins,The Roosevelt I Knew, 340.

“made up the rules”: Loy Henderson, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University.

“I learned”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1110.

“in his element”: Wehle, Hidden Threads of History, 223.

“Please try”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1111.

“If I understood you correctly”: Stalin to FDR, Oct. 6, 1943, in MDMS, 171.

“The Soviet Government welcomes”: William Phillips Diary, based on the account of Cavendish Cannon, of the State Department, Nov. 12, 1943, Phillips Papers.

“The OM [old man] sat”: Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 471.

as The New Yorker described: E. J. Kahn, New Yorker, May 3, 1952.

“The destroyer in the escort”: Dictated by Roosevelt, June 1, 1944, FDR Papers.

“while the President”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 978.

“Take me to the starboard”: Rigdon, White House Sailor, 64.

“All goes well”: F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 4:1469.

“This will be”: FDR, note in longhand, FDR Papers.

“There would definitely be”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 254–55.

“We took up first”: Stimson Diary, Nov. 9, 1943.

“this command should be”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 204.

2: TRAVELING TO TEHRAN

As the three: Summersby, Past Forgetting, 173.

“Man’s desire”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 170.

“a horrible scene”: Ward, Before the Trumpet, 118.

“aside from the declaration”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 771.

“it would be”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, vol. 2, 597.

“It was unfortunate”: Dec. 15, 1943, U.K. National Archives.

“that’s what will”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 165.

“lengthy, complicated”: Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 426.

“The American chiefs of staff”: Ismay, Memoirs, 334.

“wanted the right”: Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, 330.

“there was no time left”: Ismay, Memoirs, 337.

“Winston said he”: Moran, Churchill at War, 159.

“to continue the offensive”: Major General Sir John Kennedy Diary, in Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 300–301.

“The Conference goes”: Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, 270.

“remain for two”: FDR to Stalin, Nov. 22, 1943, in MDMS, 186.

“If I suggest”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 969.

“We have made”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 397.

“a ramshackle house”: Ismay, Memoirs, 337.

“The Russian Government talk as always”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 439.

“I always agree”: Salisbury, Russia on the Way, 256.

“We had a very unenlightening talk as always”: Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 150.

“he had lived”: Rachel Polonsky, Molotov’s Magic Lantern, 64.

“It was easier”: Svetlana Chervonnaya, e-mail to author, Aug. 9, 2010.

“The Kulaks are”: Axell, Marshal Zhukov, 34.

“The Collective Farm policy”: Winston S. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 498.

“a good fellow”: Dimitrov, Diary, 145.

“sending Comrade Voroshilov”: Volkogonov, Stalin, 455.

“somewhat plump”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 355.

“little and fat”: Kathleen Harriman, Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 416.

“generals don’t often”: S. M. Shtemenko, The General Staff in the War Years (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1989), http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/shtemenko/index.html; Komsomolskaya Pravda, May 7, 2007; Lipetsk News, April 11, 2007.

“he had clung”: Volkogonov, Stalin, 498.

3: TEHRAN

“had not come”: Harriman, memo of conversations at Tehran, Nov. 27, 1943, Harriman Papers.

“The Boss”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 178–79.

“You will, of course”: Bullitt, For the President, 75.

“Plainly it is”: Moran, Churchill at War, 162.

“Everywhere you went”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 179.

“all of them”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 171.

“a small thing to do”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 196.

“I have a hunch”: King Diary, May 21, 1943.

“I did not suggest”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:283.

“My Dear Mr. Stalin”: FDR to Stalin, May 5, 1943, in MDMS, 129.

“Let’s all get a drink”: Werth, Russia at War, 617.

“I agree with you”: Stalin to FDR, May 26, 1943, in MDMS, 134.

“in addition to”: FDR to Stalin, June 16, 1943, in ibid., 141.

“You write to me”: Stalin to FDR, June 24, 1943, in ibid., 144–45.

“act of treachery”: FDR to Stalin, June 22, 1943, in ibid., 144.

he took the trouble: Stalin Papers, fond 558, op. 11, file 365.

“I thank you”: Stalin to FDR, June 26, 1943, in MDMS, 147–48.

“The battles are”: Stalin to FDR, Aug. 8, 1943, in MDMS, 150–51.

“Unfortunately, not one”: Stalin to FDR, Oct. 19, 1945, in ibid., 174.

“I would gladly”: FDR to Stalin, Oct. 21, 1945, in ibid., 178–79.

“as far as Basra”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1303.

“You are now”: Excerpts from the Press Conference, Oct. 29, 1943, APP, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

“Things are ‘in a mess’ ”: CC, 250.

“There always was”: Lash, Love, Eleanor, 399.

“His Scottish soul”: Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 737.

“He is preparing”: CC, 250.

“I still hope”: F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 3:1462.

“The possibility of traveling”: Stalin to FDR, Nov. 5, 1943, in MDMS, 180–81.

“We won’t get”: Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 29–30.

“cannot be away”: CC, 253.

“It was quite possible”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“a little worried”: CC, 252.

“I have worked out”: FDR to Stalin, Nov. 8, 1943, in MDMS, 181–82.

“is assigning high”: Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniia, 1939–1945.

“The fighting in Southern Europe”: Werth, Russia at War, 687.

“Here Ivan the Terrible”: Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, 16.

“The ‘father of the people’ ”: Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 633.

“Membership in the Comintern”: Dallin and Firsov, eds., Dimitrov and Stalin, 227.

“When we created”: Ibid., 238.

“We ought to rush”: Ibid., 253.

“that when he was ambassador”: Werth, Russia at War, 617.

“It exposes the lie”: Stalin, “The Dissolution of the Communist International,” https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1943/05/28.htm.

“We have good”: Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter, 209.

“Fine uniforms”: Werth, Russia at War, 676.

“his religious faith was the strongest”: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Coming of the New Deal, 586.

“Freedom to worship God as their”: FRUS, 1941, General, The Soviet Union, 1: 767.

“I believe there is”: F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, Sept. 3, 1941, 4:1204.

“If Moscow could get”: FRUS, 1941, General, The Soviet Union, 1:832.

“so that he might”: Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 297.

“The President wanted”: Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 16.

“the Soviets were”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 391.

“The old body snatcher”: Perkins, Roosevelt I Knew, 146.

“Public opinion of the Soviet Union”: Harriman Papers.

“Freedom for any religion”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 103.

“I believe Litvinov”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1120.

In November 1942: FRUS, 1942, 3:142.

The following day: Volkogonov, Stalin, 470.

“parts the sky”: Montefiore, Stalin, 461.

“Only a mere”: Kahan, Wolf of the Kremlin, 214–15.

4: FIRST IMPRESSIONS

“Well, you know”: Stimson Diary, May 1, 1942.

“get a little”: Hull, Memoirs, 1:205.

“a solo performance”: Stimson Diary, May 1, 1942.

“I had much to tell him”: Phillips Diary, April 29, 1943.

“Conversation was his golf”: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 60.

“With a most engaging”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 179.

“I caught him looking”: CC, 299.

“He could make a casual”: Jackson, That Man, 111.

“I never”: Ickes, First Thousand Days, 127.

“about five feet six”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 344.

“I was struck”: Deane, Strange Alliance, 24.

“Any American”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1311.

“sinister in appearance”: Leahy Diary, Nov. 30, 1943.

“The foundation of Stalin’s power”: Montefiore, Stalin, 48.

On his desk was: Berezhkov, History in the Making, 211.

after his dinner guests: Montefiore, Stalin, 116.

“I had never met”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 22.

“instinct for the basic”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 551.

“dominated his”: Montefiore, Stalin, 49.

“the frank clear gaze”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 575–76.

“You know, Orson”: Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 27.

“That was the Garbo”: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 62.

“My journey”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 218.

“a striking example”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 141.

“Marshal Stalin replied”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 482–86.

Churchill had instructed: Ibid.

“make it clear”: Foreign Office to Moscow, outward telegram, Oct. 26, 1943, U.K. National Archives.

“that the staffs work”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 496.

“He seemed so dispirited”: Moran, Churchill at War, 164.

“a poor and not”: Alldritt, Greatest of Friends, 169.

“The Anglo-American plans”: CAB/65/40/15, Minute 2, Dec. 15, 1943, U.K. National Archives.

“I think he felt”: Dictated by FDR, June 1, 1944, FDR Papers.

“Tell the President”: CC, 299.

“a direct threat”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 508–9.

“The very Reich itself”: Ibid., 510–14.

“Well, I’m glad”: McIntire, White House Physician, 173.

“Winston burst out”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 180–81.

“plainly put out”: Moran, Churchill at War, 165.

5: A MEETING OF MINDS

“how happy he”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 529.

“Mr. President,” he said: Leahy, I Was There, 209.

“Mr. Churchill did not like”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 530.

“This organization”: Ibid.

“A European state would”: Ibid., 531.

“doubted if the United States Congress”: Ibid.

“that England and the Soviet Union”: Ibid.

“it might be possible”: Ibid., 531–32.

Stalin had written: NYT, Sept. 17, 1948.

“I hate the Germans”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 12.

“we must have”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 532.

“We have got to”: Blum, Years of War, 342.

the first requisite of the peace: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 116.

“I really feel”: Jean Edward Smith, FDR, 587.

“After all China was a nation”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 532.

“a strong and effective”: Ibid., 532–33. Blum, Years of War. Bohlen’s minutes are ambiguous as to when Stalin made the comment about the ease of converting factories, but Roosevelt’s comment makes it clear that Stalin made this statement when Roosevelt was still in the room.

Stalin had demonstrated that he: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 533.

“most certainly he would”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 180.

“coincided with that”: Deane, Strange Alliance, 42.

Churchill, stout and round shouldered: Montefiore, Stalin, 468.

tears in his eyes: Alldritt, Greatest of Friends, 173.

“with this preface”: Moran, Churchill at War, 167.

“for about ten minutes”: Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 368.

“I rapidly grew”: Alldritt, Greatest of Friends, 169.

“If we are all”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 546.

“no interest in any”: Ibid., 546–48.

“Without that feeling”: Moran, Churchill at War, 149.

“Mr. Churchill became”: Alldritt, Greatest of Friends, 171.

“he was really”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 146.

“all that was necessary to be solved”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 550.

Roosevelt again tried: Ibid., 550–52.

“If the conditions”: Ibid., 552.

As Elliott later remembered: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 184–86.

“But a weak one”: Ibid., 186.

“lost no opportunity”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 553.

“What are we”: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 18.

“I propose a salute”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 188.

“quasi-jocular fashion”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 147.

“The conflict”: Evans, Third Reich at War, 175.

“In a hundred years”: Ibid., 171.

In December 1941: Ibid., 186. Evans’s description of the soldiers’ plight is well documented and horrifying.

“If I had my way”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1289.

“When the president”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 178.

“Any such attitude”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 188.

“The British Parliament”: Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 374.

“As usual,” Roosevelt said: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 188.

Secretary of the Treasury: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 584.

Churchill, usually known: This description is an amalgam of Montefiore, Stalin, 470, 554; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 274; and Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 373–74.

“Russian, American, and British soldiers”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 190.

“I had not been there”: Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 373–74.

“When the time comes, we will”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 555.

“What you said was”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 191.

“He was,” remembered Elliott: Look, Sept. 1946.

Yet there is evidence: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 564.

“his great satisfaction”: Ibid., 565.

“When would the Commander”: Ibid.

“cookie pushers”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 774.

“there had been a question”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 128.

“Iran is definitely”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 180; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1507–8.

“This is a fine”: Montefiore, Stalin, 30; Gray, Stalin: Man of History, 386.

“a frightening figure”: Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 65.

“Stalin became gloomy”: Berezhkov, History in the Making, 288.

“I want to tell you”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 469.

6: CEMENTING THE ALLIANCE

“if we had everything”: Rigdon, White House Sailor, 81–82.

“May I come in?”: Politicheskii zhurnal [Political journal], April 5, 2004.

“Why is it, Mr. President”: Manchester, American Caesar, 154.

“what we were doing”: Perkins, Roosevelt I Knew, 84–85.

“was entirely convinced”: Fond 06, op. 5, p. 28, file 327 (“Political and informational letters received from the Embassy of the USSR in the USA from Comrades Litvinov and Gromyko, May 22–June 29, 1943”), AVP RF. Read by Molotov, who marked it up with pencil.

“the classic British foreign policy of walling”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 192.

“absolutely impossible”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 587.

“this dreadful rape”: FDR to Lincoln MacVeagh, Dec. 1, 1939, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 4:965.

“so better give”: Doenecke and Stoler, Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies, 73.

“If the cession”: Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 399.

“I am sick and tired”: Frank Costigliola, “Broken Circle: The Isolation of Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II,” Diplomatic History 32, no. 5 (Nov. 2008): 705.

“downright rudeness”: O’Sullivan, Sumner Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for a New World Order, 183.

“All those Baltic republics”: Costigliola, “Broken Circle,” 705.

“world opinion would want”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 595.

“The USA does not have”: “Political and informational letters received from the Embassy of the USSR in the USA from Comrades Litvinov and Gromyko, May 22–June 29, 1943,” fond 06, op. 5, p. 28, AVP RF.

“it would be helpful”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 595.

“Churchill instantly reacted”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“felt that it was”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 595.

“it was just an idea”: Ibid.

Roosevelt described how he edged: Jackson, That Man, 135–36.

“after thinking over”: FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, 596.

“in the common cause”: Ibid., 597.

“around the end of January”: Ibid.

“at the expense of Germany”: Ibid., 598.

“the evil core of German”: Ibid., 600.

“must have the strength”: Ibid., 603.

“whether Marshal Stalin”: Ibid.

“Although I have tried”: Churchill to Eden, personal minute, Jan. 4, 1944, U.K. Archives.

“Comrade Stalin declared”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 188.

“For God’s sake”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 143.

“The conferences have”: FDR Diary, December 1, 1943, FDR Papers.

“It seemed to me”: Berezhkov, History in the Making, 303.

“The conference, I consider”: FDR to Stalin December 3, 1943, in MDMS.

“I agree with you”: Ibid., 194.

“probably going to”: Stimson Diary, December 3, 1943.

“must be full”: Stimson Diary, April 15, 1945.

“told me the President”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 803.

“I welcome the appointment”: Stalin to FDR, December 10, 1943, in MDMS, 194; the original in fond 558, op. 11, file 367, note 55, Stalin Papers.

the cornerstone accomplishment: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 213.

“The trip was almost”: December 15, 1943, CC, 261.

“I have thus”: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 443.

“I thank the Lord”: Stimson Diary, December 3, 1943.

“The road”: Tass, Dec. 8, 1943.

“Stalin’s signature”: Tass, Dec. 12, 1943.

“The new association”: “Embassy Interpretive Report on Developments in Soviet Policy Based on the Soviet Press for the Period December, 1943,” Dec. 14, 1943, Harriman Papers.

The cable went on: Boyd, Hitler’s Japanese Confidant, 111.

“I am distressed”: Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 422.

“I do not remember”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 411.

“It is the first time”: Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 480.

“A man hewn”: Hassett, Off the Record with FDR, 226.

“You know,” he said: Perkins, Roosevelt I Knew, 382.

“in reality”: FRUS, 1944, Europe, 801.

“He began by emphasizing”: Gromyko, Memories, 108.

“It is high time”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 295.

However, calm was restored: Harriman to FDR and Hull, paraphrase of embassy telegram, Feb. 7, 1944.

“I like you but”: FDR and Hull, telegram, February 7, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“The Commanders feel they”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:653.

“In Teheran U.J. was given”: Ibid., 662.

7: STALIN SEARCHES FOR AN ALLY

Stalin, his faithful shadow: By a document signed by Lenin on January 22, 1918, Stalin was one of two people who could enter Lenin’s office unannounced. Radzinsky, Stalin, 127.

“On the problem of our relationships”: Fond 130 (Sovnarkom), op. 3, file 177, pp. 147, 151–53, GARF (State Archive of the Russian Federation).

“the principal force in the world”: Williams, American-Russian Relations, 184.

“America knows where we stand”: NYT, Dec. 1, 1930.

“The major issue is”: Fond 06, Office of V. M. Molotov, AVP RF.

“He said not”: Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union, 91.

“I go along”: F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 3:162–63.

“I think the menace”: Jean Edward Smith, FDR, 342.

“Well, of course, you know”: Blum, Years of Crisis, 55.

“awakened one night”: Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 47.

“You know, Max”: Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 81.

“Dear Bill”: Bullitt, For the President, 73–75.

“The laboring masses”: NYT, Nov. 19, 1933.

“The United States”: FRUS, Soviet Union, 1933, 44.

“By all appearances”: NYT, Dec. 28, 1933.

“To President Roosevelt”: Bullitt, For the President, 67.

“President Roosevelt is today”: Henderson, Question of Trust, 265.

“Undoubtedly Roosevelt stands out”: H. G. Wells, Modern Monthly, Dec. 1934.

“If we talk about”: Hitler, Mein Kampf, 950–53.

There was precedent: Foreman, World on Fire, 38.

“It was evident”: Malcolm Muir Jr., “American Warship Construction for Stalin’s Navy Prior to World War II: A Study in Paralysis of Policy,” Diplomatic History 5, no. 4 (Oct. 1981): 340.

“would merely lead”: Ibid., 343.

“expressed the hope”: Ibid., 346.

“saw no objection”: Ibid., 347.

“the life of a diplomat”: Davies, Mission to Moscow, 341.

“if the President”: Ibid., 346.

“relayed the good”: Muir, “American Warship Construction for Stalin’s Navy,” 350.

“until he had practically”: Sara Roosevelt, My Boy Franklin, 15.

“Storms from abroad”: Franklin Roosevelt, “Annual Message to Congress,” Jan. 4, 1939, APP.

“We can do business”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 182.

“If the Soviet Union”: Neumann, After Victory, 28.

“an obstacle to the enemies”: Stalin, interview by Roy Howard, chairman of the board of Scripps Howard Newspapers, March 1, 1936, online at Marxists Internet Archive, http://www.marxists.org.

“History shows”: NYT, March 8, 1936.

“I must confess”: Chamberlain, private letter, March 26, 1939, in Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 460.

“would lend the Polish”: Ibid., 465.

“to render all”: FRUS, 1939, General, 1:235.

“Militarily and politically”: Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 469.

“The deciding element in Hitler’s”: Davies, April 18, 1939, in Mission to Moscow, 442.

“Do not touch”: Montefiore, Stalin, 233.

“being intimidated”: Troyanovsky to Litvinov, April 13, 1938, fond 05-18-147, AVP RF.

“insulting in his manner”: Hull, Memoirs, 1:743.

“strongly hates”: K. A. Oumansky to Litvinov, Dec. 8, 1938, Soviet-American Relations, 1934–1939, 102.

“Donald Maclean reported that”: Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, 97.

“By destroying Communism”: Wright, Iron Curtain, 346.

“the sudden change”: German chargé d’affaires to the German Foreign Office, telegram, May 4, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

“Litvinov along with”: Molotov to Stalin, Oct. 2, 1933, fond 558, op. 11, file 769, p. 134, Stalin Papers.

“to cut a road”: Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 521.

“would talk to his chief”: Montefiore, Stalin, 314.

“Stalin was following”: Aug. 17, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

“We are of the opinion”: May 27, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

“the most brilliant”: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 423.

“was the answer”: FRUS, Soviet Union, 1933–1939, 764.

“Tell Stalin,” he said: Davies, Mission to Moscow, 450.

“The Russian space”: Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 34.

after the first week: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 186.

“point of view regarding”: FRUS, 1939, General, 1:279.

“Perhaps when”: F.D.R. to William Phillips, Letters, 4:810.

On July 5, 1939: Greenfield, American Strategy in World War II, 52. Greenfield cites R. Elberton Smith, Army and Economic Mobilization, in United States Army in World War II, 413–15.

“were praying”: Davies, Mission to Moscow, 450.

“There are others”: Hull, Memoirs, 1:651; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 133; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 192.

“Well Captain”: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 423.

The history of the negotiations”: Roberts, Molotov, 22–23.

“safeguard vital Soviet Baltic interests”: Schulenburg to the German Foreign Office, telegram, Moscow, August 4, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

“hopes to be away”: the chargé to the secretary of state, July 20, 1939, FRUS, 1939, General, 288.

“British instructions to Drax”: Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 534.

“I am not optimistic”: Ibid., 504.

“I understand it is”: Ibid.

“My Dear Ambassador”: Ibid., 293.

Molotov told him that: Steinhardt to Welles, Welles Papers, FDRL.

“quite unusually compliant”: Aug. 16, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

“to lay the foundations”: Aug. 14, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

telegram marked “URGENT”: Ribbentrop to Schulenburg, Aug. 16, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

“Please do your best”: Ribbentrop to Schulenburg, Aug. 21, 1939, Nazi-Soviet Relations.

The British war minister: NYT, Aug. 21, 1939.

“created the greatest”: NYT, Aug. 24, 1939.

“Stalin will yet”: Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 619.

“To refrain from”: FRUS, 1939, General, 1:342.

“stared into space”: according to Albert Speer in Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 617.

“Now, Europe is mine”: Overy, Russia’s War, 49.

went duck hunting: Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 128.

“was in a very good mood”: Ibid.

“the handsomest young giant”: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 204.

“It was exactly”: Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 123.

“caused little surprise”: NYT, Aug. 22, 1939.

The British embassy advised: Ibid.

“I had never expected”: Ismay, Memoirs, 97.

“we couldn’t admit”: Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 129.

“to keep Hitler’s”: Hull, Memoirs, 1:685.

“the Russian form of brutality”: FDR to Kennedy, Oct. 10, 1939, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 4:948.

“The English and French”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 46.

“if we hadn’t”: Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 129.

“The Poles do not need”: Evans, Third Reich at War, 34.

8: BARBAROSSA

“How could you allow”: Montefiore, Stalin, 352.

Sam Woods: Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 354.

Hiroshi’s cables to his superiors: Boyd, Hitler’s Japanese Confidant, 21.

“My government will be”: O’Sullivan, Sumner Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for a New World Order, 185.

“Could Churchill be trusted”: Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 28.

“There’s this bastard”: Montefiore, Stalin, 353.

“no amount of warning”: Gromyko, Memories, 48.

“almost completely”: Evans, Third Reich at War, 189.

“to be prepared”: Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 85.

“Perhaps you can send”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 67.

“I admit,” he later told: Murphy, What Stalin Knew, 249.

“There had been a great”: Letter from Steinhardt, May 10, 1941, Steinhardt Papers.

“This morning’s early broadcast”: Phillips Diary, June 22, 1941.

“burned with guesses”: Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 207.

“increasing infringement”: Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 224.

Matsuoka told him: Bennett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory, 20.

“Rumors that Germany”: Murphy, What Stalin Knew, 187.

“I am certain”: Braithwaite, Moscow, 1941, 54–55.

“Hitler is not ripe”: Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow; Maisky Diary, June 18, 1941.

“In secret, I will tell you”: Montefiore, Stalin, 342.

“Do you want”: Lukacs, Churchill, 80.

“It gives him”: Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 112.

A little after 9:00 p.m.: Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 28.

“for immediate execution”: Murphy, What Stalin Knew, 214–15.

“Will you please tell”: Werth, Russia at War, 159.

“very pale…sitting”: Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 311.

Beginning at 3:15: Evans, Third Reich at War, 178.

“They fell upon us”: Dimitrov and Stalin, 189.

“often stopping and breathing”: Maisky article in New World Moscow, Dec. 1964.

“will merge with the struggle”: Radio address, July 3, 1941, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1946, prepared for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo, http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/GPW46.html#s7.

reorganized all aspects of defense: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 95–96.

“One day Stalin sent”: Beria, My Father, 350n.

“We are only taking”: Evans, Third Reich at War, 182.

According to World War II historian: Gerhard Weinberg, “The 2011 George C. Marshall Lecture,” Journal of Military History 75, no. 3 (July 2011).

plowing under every: FDR obituary, NYT, April 13, 1945.

“It’s a terrible thing”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 167.

“I am not willing”: Ickes, Lowering Clouds, 523.

“We must take”: FDR, “Message to Congress on the Sinking of the Robin Moor,” June 20, 1941.

“I couldn’t say we”: James Roosevelt, My Parents, 161.

“Hitler and Hitler’s armies”: NYT, June 24, 1941.

“If we see”: Ibid.

“give all possible”: NYT, June 25, 1941.

“Now we find”: Dunn, Caught Between Roosevelt and Stalin, 127.

“Stalin is on”: NYT, Aug. 6, 1941.

“I know no man”: Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 444.

“It is clear that Germany”: Phillips Diary, June 22, 1941.

British intelligence predicted the Wehrmacht: Bradley Smith, Sharing Secrets with Stalin, 21.

Lolling in a shirt: NYT, July 2, 1941.

On July 9 he sent identical: R. Elberton Smith, Army and Economic Mobilization, 135.

“get the thing through”: Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 364.

“The President made a big row”: Stimson Diary, Aug. 1, 1941.

“Can the president survive”: Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, 73.

“the government of the United States”: U.S. Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 9, 1941.

“Air transportation good”: Adams, Harry Hopkins, 234.

“a man who had retained”: Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 178.

“He welcomed me”: Adams, Harry Hopkins, 237–38.

“The Germans were a people”: FRUS, 1941, 1:803.

“he wanted me to tell”: Ibid., 813.

“and countless other millions”: Ibid.

“There is unbounded”: Hopkins to FDR, message, Aug. 1, 1941, Hopkins Papers.

“A man as susceptible”: Knoxville Journal, Aug. 2, 1941.

“Nearly six weeks”: FDR to Coy, memo, Aug. 2, 1941, LOC.

“He is a tremendously”: CC, 141.

“establishment of a wider”: Divine, Second Chance, 43.

“There was some question”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“You’d have thought”: Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 282.

“We had in mind”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 245.

“I think I speak”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 25.

“The PM…castigating”: Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 115.

“ ‘I know already how’ ”: Adams, Harry Hopkins, 243.

“He’s able to convince me”: Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 22.

“When Moscow falls”: Ibid., 30–34.

“I am sure I”: Churchill to Attlee, Aug. 12, 1941, Imperial War Museum, London.

“at the earliest”: NYT, Aug. 20, 1941.

“It is proposed”: Axell, Marshal Zhukov, 91.

The German navy had asked: Kuby, Russians and Berlin, 35.

“Requests to be allowed”: Hitler directive, Sept. 29, 1941, quoted in Radzinsky, Stalin, 489.

“Stalin seemed much more”: Cripps Diary, Sept. 9, 1941, in Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 163.

“when you arrive”: Axell, Marshal Zhukov, 179.

“In Europe the war has been won”: Flagel, History Buff’s Guide to World War II, 202.

Moscow (Stalin) is bitter: Oumansky to FDR, Sept. 11, 1941, FDRL.

“Your function will be”: Churchill to Beaverbrook in Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 295.

“total number of tanks”: FDR to Harriman, cable, Sept. 18, 1941, Harriman Papers.

“I want this figure”: FDR to Stimson, Sept. 18, 1941, Harriman Papers.

“It was the president’s”: Harriman Papers.

“We could see the flash”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 84.

“I want particularly”: FDR to Stalin, Sept. 29, 1941, in MDMS, 44.

“The quantities requested”: Harriman to FDR, Oct. 29, 1941, Harriman Papers.

“He was very restless”: Beaverbrook notes, Harriman Papers.

“growing satisfaction”: Harriman to FDR, third meeting with Stalin, Harriman Papers.

“He looked”: Abramson, Spanning the Century, 293.

“The quantity and quality”: Harriman Papers.

“it has now been decided”: Harriman and Beaverbrook, joint press release, Moscow, Oct., 1, 1941, Harriman Papers.

“With the exception of Faymonville”: Burns to Hopkins, memo, Aug. 16, 1941, Hopkins Papers.

“Hopkins had power”: Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, 75.

“both Molotov and Stalin”: Davies to FDR, Jan. 18, 1939, FDR Papers.

“It is more probable”: Interview with Erskine Caldwell, probably late August 1941, Steinhardt Papers.

“Stalin’s denunciation”: Beaverbrook’s notes on meeting, Sept. 30, 1941, Harriman Papers.

“He is nothing but a crook”: Stimson Diary, Aug. 5, 1941.

by November more than: Axell, Marshal Zhukov, 85.

“For all military”: NYT, Oct. 10, 1941.

“The news is very bad”: Stimson Diary, Oct. 10, 1941.

FDR held a press conference: Hopkins memo, Oct. 13, 1941, Hopkins Papers.

“Stalin called me”: G. A. Borkov, Zadolgo do saliutov [Long before the Fireworks] (Poltava, 1994), 67–71. Other generals and party officials remember the meeting as taking place a few days later. All, including General Joseph Apanasenko and N. M. Pegov, first secretary of the Maritime Committee, agree the meeting was in the time period October 12 to October 15.

“You should do everything”: N. M. Pegov, Blizkoe-dalekoe [The nearby and the far-out] (Moscow: Politizdat, 1982), 110–13, http://stalinism.ru/Elektronnaya-biblioteka/Vstrechi-so-Stalinyim/Page-9.html.

“October 16 was a day”: Sakharov, Memoirs, 42.

“The railmen gave us”: Medvedev, Josef Stalin and Josef Apanesenko. The Far Eastern Front in the Great Patriotic War, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, Jan, 8 2003.

“I have approved”: FDR to Stalin, Oct. 30, 1941, in MDMS, 48–49.

“With respect to your”: Stalin to FDR, Nov. 4, 1941, in ibid., 52.

“[It] may be dangerous”: Vyshinsky Diary, Nov. 6, 1941, fond 558, op. 11, file 363, Stalin Papers.

“the mental and physical strain”: Paraphrase of Steinhardt to Hull, telegram, Nov. 3, 1941, Steinhardt Papers.

“someone who is fully”: FDR to Steinhardt, cable, Nov. 5, 1941, MDMS, 53.

“They seriously counted”: Speech at Celebration Meeting, Nov. 6, 1941, http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/GPW46.html#s7.

“must be quickly removed”: Volkogonov, Stalin, 436.

Andrei Sakharov, then twenty: Sakharov, Memoirs, 44.

“The war is won”: Look, June 27, 1944.

“Men of the Red Army”: Speech at Red Army Parade, Nov. 7, 1941, http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/GPW46.html#s7.

Vyshinsky informed Ambassador Cripps: Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 1940–42, 210.

By December 18, Stalin was discussing: Ibid., 223.

On the previous evening: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 98.

“Thank God!”: Litvinov, 1943 memo, fond 05, Litvinov Papers, AVP RF.

“It was a terrible thing”: FRUS, 1941, 4:730.

“He began,” wrote Stimson: Stimson Diary, Dec. 7, 1941.

“In spite of the horror”: Perkins, Roosevelt I Knew, 379–80.

“Our planes were destroyed”: Reston, Deadline, 106.

America was readier: Isador Lubin to Hopkins, Dec. 8, 1941, Hopkins Papers.

“The Chief Soviet Military Advisor”: FRUS, 1941, 4:746.

“proceeded to say”: Ibid., 742.

“First, I am suggesting”: FDR to Stalin, Dec. 14, 1941, in MDMS, 55–56.

“Roosevelt has just summoned”: Vyshinsky Diary.

“As there was no mention”: Stalin to FDR, Dec. 17, 1941, in MDMS, 56.

“Russia today”: FRUS, 1941, 4:747.

“was most encouraging”: Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 1940–1942, 223.

9: ROOSEVELT, STALIN, AND THE SECOND FRONT

“We’ve got to”: Greenfield, American Strategy in World War II, 29.

“divert sizable portions”: Rzheshevsky, War and Diplomacy, 182.

“involving the utilization”: FDR to Stalin, April 11, 1942, in MDMS, 64.

“Your people and mine”: FDR to Churchill, April 3, 1942, in Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, Roosevelt and Churchill, 202.

“Strike in Europe Now”: Sunday Express, March 29, 1942, in Hastings, Winston’s War, 233.

“sympathetic. It seemed”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 523–24.

“momentous proposal”: Winston S. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 317.

“At long meeting”: Hopkins to FDR, April 15, 1942, Hopkins Papers.

“The British Government”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 528.

“He had no real confidantes”: Ward, Before the Trumpet, 9.

“bringing his hand”: King Diary, April 15, 1942.

“Let me thank you”: Stalin to FDR, April 20, 1942, in MDMS, 65.

“eventually more or less”: Cripps Diary, Dec. 18, 1941, in Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow.

“urging him”: Churchill to Stalin, March 12, 1942, in Stalin’s Correspondence with Churchill and Attlee, 40.

“an overall statement”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 1:222.

he thought Göring “attractive” and Goebbels “likable”: Lukacs, Five Days, 62.

“only one word”: Feb. 20, 1942, FRUS, 1942, 3:521.

“I know you”: FDR to Churchill, March 18, 1942, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 1:421.

“Every promise”: Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 338.

“Civilization is being completely”: MacMillan, Paris 1919, 67.

“a rabble from the gutters”: Reston, Deadline, 118.

“a callous”: Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, 579.

“If Hitler invaded”: Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 255.

“listened attentively”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1173.

“had us in a swivet”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 39–40.

“Straight from the aerodrome”: Rzheshevsky, War and Diplomacy, 224.

“eyes would dart”: Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 344.

A large chunk: Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 254.

“he is not very pleasant”: CC, 159.

“It was pretty difficult”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 558–59.

roly-poly, voluble: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 68.

Cross would never again: Robert Meiklejohn, conversation with Hopkins, June 5, 1945, Hopkins Papers.

“It had been difficult”: FRUS, 1942, Europe, 3:567.

twenty-six prisoners: Hopkins Papers.

“if any nation”: FRUS, 1942, Europe, 3:569.

“If you cannot beat”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“It is necessary”: Rzheshevsky, War and Diplomacy, 177.

“Roosevelt’s considerations”: Ibid., doc. 82, sent June 1, 1942, 204.

“do not see an acute need”: Ibid., 179.

“which it was assumed”: William Phillips, notes, Oct. 6, 1942, Phillips Papers.

“about social reforms”: Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 250.

“Hitler’s strength would be”: FRUS, 1942, Europe, 3:576.

“the war would be decided”: Ibid.

“Could we say”: Ibid., 577.

“Ships could not be”: Ibid., 582.

Hitler and Ribbentrop had exerted: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 564.

“obviously Hitler had”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 565.

“I am, therefore”: Ibid., 569.

“try to get”: Stalin to Molotov, n.d., in Rzheshevsky, War and Diplomacy, 193–94.

he had omitted one point: FRUS, 1942, Europe, 3:580.

“ought not to have”: Ibid., 581.

“a palpable surge”: Ibid.

“We expected to set up”: Ibid., 582.

a blistering cable: Rzheshevsky, War and Diplomacy, 210.

“In the course of”: Ibid., 220.

“We shall have to accept”: Ibid., 219.

“You must inform”: Ibid., 221.

“a real success”: Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, Roosevelt and Churchill, 219.

“[I] got him”: CC, 160.

“I am sure”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 577–78.

“Britain could ‘give no promise’ ”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 119–20.

“Though the problem”: FRUS, 1942, Europe, 3:576.

“the great satisfaction”: Molotov to FDR, June 12, 1942, in MDMS, 70.

“I remained calm”: Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 45.

“the speediest possible opening”: Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 277.

“Our American friends”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 1:458.

“If Sledgehammer is finally”: Matloff and Snell, War Department, 277.

“Hopkins, Marshall and King”: FDR to Hopkins, Marshall, King, handwritten letter, FDR Papers.

“It may not ripen”: Stimson Diary, July 26, 1942.

“the blackest day”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Stalin, 648.

“we make a real drive”: Stimson Diary, Aug. 7, 1942.

“We failed to see”: Persico, Roosevelt’s Secret War, 208.

“The French will offer”: Ibid.

“Stimson always considered Torch”: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 427.

“Please,” he said: MDMS, 93.

“In their hunt for oil”: NYT, Nov. 7, 1942.

“represents another step”: FRUS, 1942, Europe, 3:477.

“Dear Mr. Cassidy”: Stalin, “The Allied Campaign in Africa,” Nov. 13, 1942, http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1942/11/13.htm.

10: POSTWAR PLANNING

“the dominant issue”: Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, 25.

“the first great agency”: Divine, Second Chance, 25.

“The President”: Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 21.

Guarded at all times: George Elsey to author, March 6, 2004.

According to a Map Room officer: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 20.

went complaining to FDR: Rigdon, White House Sailor, 15.

“the army and the navy”: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 21.

“I should absolutely”: Stimson Diary, Aug. 29, 1941.

“The War Department will”: Vogel, Pentagon, 335.

“The President said”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“On the assumption”: Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, 108.

“It has been recommended”: Ibid., 109n2a.

“Whatever words we might”: Hull, Memoirs, 2: 1574.

“then said…that”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“We didn’t feel”: in Rees, The Nazis, 15–16.

“Lee’s surrender”: FDR to Hull, Jan. 17, 1944, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 2:1486.

“He wanted no negotiated”: Hopkins notes, March 22, 1943, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 715.

“Frankly, I do not”: F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 2:1486.

“so far as the German surrender”: Stalin to Harriman, June 10, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“There had been a good deal”: Press conference, Honolulu, July 29, 1944.

“We Marxists believe”: NYT, March 5, 1935.

“no more fit”: Stalin to Stanisław Mikołajczyk, n.d., Harriman Papers.

The execution of these plans: Davies, Mission to Moscow, 389.

In 1928 the Soviet Union: Overy, Russia’s War, 17.

“On the whole, the three”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 65–71.

“I couldn’t get”: Kathleen Harriman to Mary Harriman, April 18, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“Stalin,” Ambassador William Standley reported: Standley, Admiral Ambassador, 381.

Litvinov was having breakfast: Fond 06, op.5, Molotov Secretariat files, AVP RF. FRUS, 1941, Far East, 730–31.

“his successor as Foreign Commissar”: FRUS, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, The Far East, 1943, 3:522.

“when he chose”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 78.

Molotov and Stalin believed: Gromyko, Memories, 401.

“how Litvinov was”: Perlmutter, Not So Grand Alliance, 258.

“I came to the conclusion”: Litvinov, fond 06, Molotov Secretariat files, AVP RF.

“If we wish to eliminate”: Litvinov memo, June 2, 1943, in Perlmutter, Not So Grand Alliance, 245–46.

“Now, without any”: Stalin to FDR, June 11, 1943, in MDMS, 138–39, fond 558, op. 11, file 365, Stalin Papers.

“Since the opening”: Stalin to FDR, Aug. 8, 1943, in MDMS, 150–51; fond 558, op. 11, Stalin Papers.

“with the purpose”: Stalin to FDR, Aug. 22, 1943, in MDMS, 155.

“I notice that in the Soviet Union”: “Talk with the German Author Emil Ludwig, December 13, 1931,” Bolshevik, April 30, 1932, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1931/dec/13.htm.

“unrelenting pressure”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 218.

“I do not underrate”: Ibid.

11: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

“We’ll organize Europe and Asia”: Montefiore, Stalin, 348.

“Eventually she [Russia]”: Deane, Strange Alliance, 226.

“With a view of shortening”: MDMS, 190.

“I had just seen”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 214.

“reading from a paper”: Harriman to FDR, Dec. 26, 1943, Harriman Papers.

At their first meeting: Feb. 2, 1944, meeting in the Kremlin, Harriman Papers.

“When German resistance”: Feb. 3, 1944, FRUS, Europe 1944, 4:943.

“Let them go”: Feb. 3, 1944, meeting in the Kremlin, Harriman Papers.

“was anxious to know”: Harriman and Stalin, conversation, June 10, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“when you are ready”: FDR to Stalin, Aug. 19, 1944, in MDMS, 252.

“I have received”: Stalin to FDR, Aug. 22, 1944, ibid., 253.

“Stalin inquired”: Harriman to FDR, telegram, Sept. 23, 1944, FDR Papers.

“Sufficient supplies could be”: Harriman cable, Oct. 10, 1944, Harriman Papers.

On December 14: Harriman to FDR, navy cable, Dec. 15, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“It is fair to say”: Harriman to FDR, Dec. 29, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“No, not that island”: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 338.

“solely for the purpose”: Deane, Strange Alliance, 51.

“It was my first telephone”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 293.

“I have arranged”: Donovan to Harriman, Jan. 5, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“The Attorney General”: Donovan to Leahy, memo, March 7, 1944, NARA.

“The question presented”: FDR to Harriman, March 15, 1944, FDRL.

“The Soviet acceptance”: Harriman to FDR, March 17, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“an unfavorable public”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 283.

“The domestic political”: For Ambassador Harriman, Personal and Secret from the President, March 30, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“a highly dangerous”: Persico, Roosevelt’s Secret War, 291.

“The Joint Chiefs of Staff”: FDR to Harriman, March 15, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“the Soviet Government”: FRUS, Europe, 1944, 4:950.

“With reference to radio”: FDR to Harriman, cable, March 30, 1944, NARA. General Marshall later told Donovan that both proposals had actually been sidetracked by Admiral Leahy. “When I saw General Marshall in Washington I discussed with him the question of why the exchange of the Donovan Mission had been turned down at the White House and also the proposed reciprocal establishment of radio communication stations with the Soviet Union. He told me with the utmost frankness and as a friend (with the request that I tell nobody) that he believed Admiral Leahy was unfriendly to me personally. He did not know why, but thought that Admiral Leahy’s naval loyalty to Admiral Standley was the basis of it rather than anything against me personally.” Memo of Conversation, W. A. Harriman, General Marshall, Subject: Admiral Leahy, Washington, D.C., May 11, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“The president is my friend”: CC, 316.

“At Tehran the Marshal”: NYT, Aug. 24, 1944.

“We must follow”: Order of the Day of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Moscow, May 1, 1944.

“They [the English] find nothing sweeter”: Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, 73.

“The summer offensive”: Stalin to FDR, June 7, 1944, in MDMS, 235–36.

“We are going”: Harriman to FDR, cable, June 11, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“After seven days’ fighting”: Werth, Russia at War, 775–76.

“Not later than”: Stalin to FDR, June 21, 1944, in MDMS, 238.

“too early”: Blum, Years of War, 239.

“I consider as quite”: Stalin to FDR, March 10, 1944, in MDMS, 216.

“What is the main”: Notes from the Meeting Between Comrade Stalin and Economists Concerning Questions in Political Economy, Jan. 21, 1941, Cold War International History Project, Digital Archive, working paper 33, Wilson Center.

“The government of the USSR”: Paraphrase of Harriman to Morgenthau, embassy cable, April 20, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“Yesterday I called”: Blum, Years of War, 250.

“England and Russia have to”: Ibid.

“Well done. You are”: Ibid.

“That’s good”: Ibid., 251.

“Russia doesn’t need the Fund”: Ibid., 258.

“The proposed formula”: Ibid., 261.

“a feeling of definite need”: NYT, July 13, 1944.

Harriman, in Moscow, was instructed: FRUS, 1944, Europe, 4:996.

“the answer is”: Blum, Years of War, 275.

“was very anxious”: NYT, July 21, 1944.

“desire to collaborate”: Blum, Years of War, 277.

“If we start”: Dunlop, Donovan, 450–51.

“There are all grounds”: A. A. Gromyko, “On the Issue of Soviet-American Relations, 14 July, 1944,” fond 06, Office of Molotov, op. 6, p. 45, file 603 (Letters of A. A. Gromyko …, July 14–24, 1944), p. 22, AVP RF.

“Our approach was clear”: Gromyko, Memories, 148.

“The work was exceptionally”: Ibid.

“The president finally”: Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, 130–31.

“we did not have room”: Gromyko, Memories, 150.

“and be sent to Miss Tully”: Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, 131.

“As the president was clearly”: Gromyko, Memories, 150.

“The three delegations met”: Ibid., 148.

“The Assembly would”: FDR to Stalin, Aug. 31, 1944, in MDMS, 255.

“I hope to have”: Stalin to FDR, Sept. 7, 1944, in ibid., 256.

“I also hope”: Stalin to FDR, Sept. 14, 1944, in ibid., 257–58.

“almost exclusively”: Interpretative Report on the Soviet Press, Oct. 17, for the period August 28–October 12, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“did not wish”: FDR to Harriman, cable, Dec. 15, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“What means are available”: Harriman to FDR, speech delivered at the Joint Celebration meeting of the Moscow Soviet of Working People’s Deputies and Representative of Moscow Party and Public Organizations, Nov. 6, 1944.

“Naturally, I agree”: Stalin to FDR, Dec. 25, 1944, in MDMS, 278.

“much anticipation”: Curtis Roosevelt, Too Close to the Sun, 277.

12: THE NEW WEAPON: THE ATOMIC BOMB

“This letter is the last”: Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb.

“We should do it”: Rhodes, Dark Sun, 61.

“often visited”: Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, 183.

“to let you know”: Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 529.

Kurchatov’s staff in January 1944: Gordin, Red Cloud at Dawn, 139.

As he signed it: Edward Teller, Memoirs, 147.

“Some recent work”: Isaacson, Einstein, 474.

“Alex, what you are after”: Ibid., 476.

“What bright idea”: Nat Finney, “How F.D.R. Planned to Use the A-Bomb,” Look, March 14, 1950.

“in detail”: Sherwin, World Destroyed, 29.

“a systematic mobilization”: Ibid., 31.

“in order that”: FDR to Churchill, Oct. 11, 1941.

“to open up discussions”: Sherwin, World Destroyed, 78.

“pushed not only”: FDR to Vannevar Bush, March 11, 1942; Malloy, Atomic Tragedy, 55.

“I was with the President”: Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 526.

“tell our friends”: Frankfurter memo, April 18, 1945, ibid.

“like hell”: Ferrell, Dying President, 34.

“Luckily they still”: Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 501.

“It was terrible”: Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 530.

“I did not like”: Ibid., 530.

Bohr sent FDR a long memo: Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 731–35.

“Roosevelt agreed that an approach”: Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 536–37.

“Even six months”: Sherwin, World Destroyed.

“converting Germany into a country”: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 803.

“He spoke of this paper”: Stimson Diary, March 29, 1945.

“We cannot get our people”: King Diary, Sept. 11, 1944.

“The suggestion that the world”: Hyde Park aide-mémoire, Sept. 18, 1944, in Sherwin, World Destroyed, 184.

“a terrific show”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 971.

“This Conference has been”: Ibid., 970.

“Yes, I am tired”: Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, 18.

“the question of whether”: Malloy, Atomic Tragedy, 64.

“should be ready”: FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 383.

“I told him”: Stimson Diary, December 31, 1944.

“much to be said”: Sherwin, World Destroyed, 111–12.

“the time had been reached”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 33. “Whole story of my part in atomic program to be done soon. FDR called me in to tell me about the whole thing. Stimson knew about the atom project—Hull didn’t.” Stettinius to Walter Johnson, Oct. 9, 1948, Stettinius Papers.

“might ask us”: Stettinius to Johnson, Oct. 10, 1948, Stettinius Papers.

Stettinius had actually: Conference at Yalta with General Marshall on what should be said to U.S.S.R. if they used the atomic bomb. Stettinius to Johnson, Oct. 9, 1948.

“on the grounds that de Gaulle”: Churchill to Eden, minute, March 25, 1945, in Sherwin, World Destroyed, 135.

“Bush is so delighted”: Stimson Diary, Feb. 13. 1945.

Bush had another idea: Ibid., Feb. 15, 1945.

“We are up against”: Ibid., March 5, 1945.

“We talked steadily from 8:30”: King Diary, March 9, 1945.

“It is approaching”: Stimson Diary, March 8, 1945.

13: YALTA

FDR looked as if a great load: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 509–10.

“If we had spent”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 390.

“extremely neat and clean”: Harriman to FDR, Dec. 6, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“We are all in agreement”: FDR to Churchill, Sept. 28, 1944, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 3:339.

“the indiscriminate killings”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 138.

“I truly wish”: Edward Delano Diary, 1841, courtesy of Diana Delano.

“I reacted so strongly”: Winston S. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 209.

“To the President”: Moran, Churchill at War, 159.

“Why be apologetic”: Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 239.

“No great portion”: Winston S. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 204.

“what might be called”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 1:403.

“When he found that”: Stimson Diary, April 22, 1942.

“among the most miserable”: Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 18.

“favoring freedom for all”: Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 343.

“We had no objection”: Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 20.

“It is alarming”: Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2008.

“I am not at all attracted”: Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 10.

“I have not become”: Ibid., 106.

“Bengal is rapidly”: Ibid., 139.

“This is the way royalty”: Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 350.

“Bengal famine is one”: Keneally, Three Famines, 96.

“Many of the rural areas”: Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 394.

“did not care”: Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 199.

“We made efforts to secure”: Hull, Memoirs, 2:1496.

“Winston sent me”: Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 232.

“has been due to the hoarding”: King Diary, Sept. 12, 1944.

“The PM said the Hindus”: Colville Diary, Feb. 21, 1945, in Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1232.

“a preliminary flourish”: Mukarjee, Churchill’s Secret War, 205.

Modern estimates: Hastings, Inferno, 412.

“The Big Four—ourselves”: Elliott Roosevelt, Look, Sept. 9, 1946.

“It’s the most horrible thing”: Kimball, Juggler, 144.

“I said that all India”: Phillips Diary, April 29, 1943.

“The recent conduct”: Stalin to FDR, April 21, 1943, in MDMS, 126.

“I can well understand”: FDR to Stalin, April 26, 1943, in MDMS, 126.

“we began a tour”: Kathleen Harriman letter to Pamela Harriman, Jan. 28, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“The evidence that made”: Harriman to FDR, Jan. 25, 1944, Harriman Papers.

According to Lord Moran: Moran, Churchill at War, 271.

camouflaged brown and pink: C. E. Olsen, “Full House at Yalta,” American Heritage, June 1972.

“The Soviets just couldn’t”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 393.

“Physically he is only half”: Moran, Churchill at War, 277.

“absolutely charming”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 391–92.

“I was horrified”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 234.

“certain to come up”: Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 21.

“thinks it will be very wearing”: CC, 390–91.

“We came on board”: Ibid., 393.

“That’s where they”: Asbell, Mother and Daughter, 187.

“take another nap”: CC, 393.

“slept and slept”: Stettinius calendar notes, Feb. 2, 1945, Stettinius Papers.

“he worked with his usual”: Rigdon, White House Sailor, 139.

“Our chief objective”: Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 24.

“the great American Illusion”: Stettinius to Walter Johnson, Feb. 2, 1945, Stettinius Papers.

“Pleasant but no business”: Eden, Reckoning, 592.

“My father and all the British party”: Sarah Churchill, Thread in the Tapestry, 76.

“No Roosevelt, then”: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 209.

“the PM walked by the side”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1171.

“a countryside as bleak”: Ibid., 1172.

NKVD preparation for the conference: Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, 222–27; “Reports to Molotov and Correspondence,” Fond 06, op. 7a, p. 57, file 3, 32–33, 34, 36–42, 45–46; “Reports of NKVMF and NKVD to Comr. V. M. Molotov in Connection with Preparation for the Crimean Conference, 10–27 January 1945,” fond 06, op. 7a, p. 57, file 4, 27–29, 45, 46–47, AVP RF.

“The president, of course”: Molotov Diary, “Reception of U.S. Ambassador Harriman, January 20, 1945,” fond 06, op. 7a, p. 57, file 2 (Crimean Conference, 1945), 10–11, AVP RF.

“that this question”: FRUS, 1943, 3:788–89.

“He wanted to read it”: Blum, Years of War, 305.

“the United States government”: Gromyko to Vyshinsky, Jan. 26, 1945, fond 06, op. 7a, p. 57, file 5 (Crimean Conference, 1945), 10–22, AVP RF.

“the Americans and the British”: Gusev to Molotov, fond 06, op. 7a, p. 57, file 5 (Crimean Conference, 1945), 23–27, AVP RF.

“The USA is not interested”: Pechatnov, Stalin, Ruzvelt, Trumen, 47.

“If Mother went”: Asbell, Mother and Daughter, 182.

“I had to refuse”: Montefiore, Stalin, 446.

“Trying to maintain good”: Churchill War Rooms, London.

“did not confine”: Eden, Reckoning, 593.

“I doubt if Winston”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“very much struck”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 571.

“in actual fact”: Ibid., 572.

14: ORGANIZING THE WORLD

Carlo Levi: Barbara Tuchman, “If Mao Had Come to Washington,” Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1972.

“rich sense of humor”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 83.

“We understand each other”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 574.

“Naturally, I agree”: Stalin to FDR, Dec. 25, 1944, in MDMS, 278.

“We have no treaty”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 381.

“That is what I like”: Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter, 177.

“Mutual information is”: Stalin to FDR, Jan. 15, 1945, in MDMS, 285.

“What were the wishes”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 587.

“I have never known”: Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, 241.

“the complete confidence which the president”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 587.

“While Roosevelt reacted”: Gromyko, Memories, 109–10.

“his hand was”: King Diary, Dec. 4, 1942.

“immediately interjected, ‘Ah-ha’ ”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 114.

“would give it to the president”: Ibid.

powers “represented at this table”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 589.

“The eagle should permit”: Ibid., 590.

“If Hitler surrendered unconditionally”: Ibid., 611–16.

“this was an extremely”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 128.

“I can get the people”: Ibid., 127; FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 628.

“either here or later”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 120.

“and he was sure”: Ibid., 130.

“We have a plan”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 620.

“Why not take all”: Ibid., 634.

“purely a family dinner”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 134.

“What are the main social elements”: Gromyko, Memories, 111.

“We sat with him”: Ibid.

“Quite agreeable and amusing”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1182–83.

“Where are you”: Chuikov, End of the Third Reich, 117.

“Great Britain alone”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 139.

“on the basis of”: Ibid.

“as to believe”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 661.

“It is our earnest”: Ibid., 662.

“I have, to my regret”: Stalin to FDR, Dec. 26, 1944, in MDMS, 279.

realized what the question: Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, 242.

“What powers had Mr. Churchill”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 665.

“Mr. Churchill had said”: Ibid., 669.

“They are terrified of Germany”: Harriman, press conference, Claridge’s hotel, May 4, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“Privately they say”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 710.

“is played by hostile”: Stalin to FDR, Feb. 16, 1944, in MDMS, 205; original in fond 558, op. 11, file 367, Stalin Papers.

“Cooperation and understanding”: Professor Lange, Mr. Hamilton, and Stalin, conversation, May 18, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“He [Mikołajczyk] is fully”: FDR to Stalin, June 17, 1944, in MDMS, 237.

“During the visit”: Report dated June 21, 1944, in Vladimir Lota, “The Secrets of the Polish ‘Tempest,’ ” Russian Military Review, no. 12 (2009).

“and especially democratic”: Stalin to FDR, June 24, 1944, in MDMS, 239–40.

“Both the Polish National Committee”: Stalin to FDR, Aug. 9, 1944, in ibid., 249.

“Wasn’t the Warsaw rising justified”: Werth, Russia at War, 795.

In September, after agreeing: King Diary, Sept. 14, 1944.

“was the London Poles”: Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 231.

“made the situation even worse”: Stalin to FDR, Dec. 27, 1944, in MDMS, 281.

“The British government could not agree”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 671.

“The old gentleman”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:591.

“My dear Marshal Stalin”: FDR to Stalin, Feb. 6, 1945, in MDMS, 292.

He was “unconvinced”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 710.

these proposals fully guaranteed: Ibid., 712.

the dominions of the British: Ibid.

“This is not good”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 174.

“All of the below”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 862.

“Now we are in for”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 184.

“and then get them”: Ibid.

“none of these places”: ERS to WJ, interview, Oct. 10, 1948, Stettinius Papers.

“Somehow or other”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 196.

“We have had good”: Hiss’s account, given to Bohlen shortly after the incident took place. Stettinius Papers; Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, 252–53.

General MacArthur estimated: William Manchester, Best American Essays, 498.

“I will not consider”: Halberstam, Coldest Winter, 596.

“The Chiefs of Staff suggest”: Joint Chiefs of Staff report, Jan. 18, 1945, Stettinius Papers.

“working towards”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 536.

“We desire Russian entry”: Undated memo to the Joint Chiefs, Recommendation to FDR to present to Stalin, Stettinius Papers.

“the man who will”: Bullitt, For the President, 67.

“Japan should be stripped”: Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 526.

“The Russians wished again”: From Harriman. Personal for the President. Paraphrase of Navy cable dated Dec. 14, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“margarine Communists”: Meiklejohn Diary, June 9, 1944, Harriman Papers.

“We’ve just saved”: Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 317.

15: SETTLING ISSUES

The Catholic Church was a thorn: Rose, Dubious Victory, 51.

“I am not for the Argentines”: Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 39.

FDR’s proposal in essence: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 793.

“We would be found”: Ibid., 778–93.

“As we were having”: Stettinius undated interview, ERS to WJ, Stettinius Papers.

“Great quantities of food”: Leahy, Diary, Feb. 8, 1945.

“He enjoyed himself”: Kathleen Harriman, Harriman Papers.

“He toasted Churchill”: Kathleen Harriman, Harriman Papers.

“Who’s that in the pince-nez”: Montefiore, Stalin, 483.

“Stettinius remembered”: Oct. 10, 1948, interview, ERS to WJ, Stettinius Papers.

“Interpreters of the world”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 182.

he left his seat: McIntire, White House Physician, 215.

“History has recorded many meetings”: Gromyko, Memories, 112.

“to the people”: Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 45.

“would be unlikely”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 826.

“Stalin was so pleased”: Gromyko, Memories, 116.

“at the free”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 836.

“The present Polish Provisional Government”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 224.

“The present Provisional Government of Poland”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 842.

He closed, according to Hopkins: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 865.

Churchill’s outburst so amused: Eden, Reckoning, 595.

“I find that it”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 852.

“Mikolajczyk is a representative”: Ibid., 853.

“to create democratic institutions”: Ibid., 853–54.

should not extend past five: Ibid., 832.

“If we agree”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 251–52.

“on the understanding”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 872.

“strong support”: Ibid., 873.

“One cannot help noticing”: Moran, Churchill at War, 279–80.

“Very good”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 907.

“I have rather changed”: Ibid., 908.

“since this was the president’s”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 859.

“Stalin rose and gripped”: Moran, Churchill at War, 280.

“Stalin…spoke with great”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 263–64.

“The answer is simple”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 266.

“What should I make”: Gromyko, Memories, 113.

“The Marshal thinks”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 265.

“Mr. President: You get into trouble”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 860.

“suddenly looked up”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 270–71.

Stalin now suggested: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 905.

asked how long ago: Stettinius notes, Yalta, Feb. 10, 1945. This conversation was heard slightly differently by note takers Charles Bohlen, H. Freeman Matthews, and Stettinius. Each recorded slightly different versions of the interchange; this is Stettinius’s.

hoped the Marshal: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 274.

thus illustrating: Ibid., 275.

“and it was difficult”: Ibid., 276.

“extremely powerful”: Ibid., 278.

“For those who attributed”: Eden, Reckoning, 594.

“extremely anxious”: Hopkins to Byrnes, Feb. 12, 1945, Hopkins Papers.

“It will occupy a place”: Stettinius to Molotov, Feb. 14. 1945, from Cairo, Stettinius Papers.

“If a room has three walls”: Salisbury, Russia on the Way, 318.

“undoubtedly with the purpose”: Leahy Diary, Feb. 14, 1945.

16: POST-YALTA PROBLEMS

Time magazine wrote: Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 45.

“The conference has produced”: Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, 438.

“It was plain to all of us”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 524.

“Do you conscientiously”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Excerpts from the Press Conference Aboard the U.S.S. Quincy En Route from Yalta,” Feb. 23, 1945, APP, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

“None too soon”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 527.

“He made it so promptly”: NYT, March 2, 1945.

“The Crimea Conference”: APP, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

“the conference turned out: CC, 397.

“not only its historical yesterday”: U.S. embassy memo, Harriman Papers.

“very pleased”: Beevor, Berlin, 137.

“The general atmosphere”: Levering, Debating the Origins of the Cold War, 99.

the Moscow press announced: Cable, U.S. embassy memo, Feb. 19, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“There should be no rush”: April 12, 1945, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 368.

“Do not worry”: Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 51.

“The Red Army completely”: Order of the Day, Feb. 23, 1945, http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/GPW46.html#s7.

“Each ally will provide”: FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, 946.

Harriman seemed to think it “unbelievable”: FRUS, 1945, 5:1085.

Also, as Molotov told: Molotov to Harriman, March 13, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“the difficulties which are being”: FDR to Stalin, March 3, 1945, in MDMS, 298–99; Stimson Diary, March 3, 1945.

“our local representatives”: Stalin to FDR, March 5, 1945, in MDMS, 299.

“With reference to the question”: FDR to Stalin, March 17, 1945, in ibid., 300.

On March 20, American fighter planes: U.S. Military Mission, Moscow, March 20, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“In regard to the information”: Stalin to FDR, March 22, 1945, fond 558, op. 11, file 370, Stalin Papers, in MDMS, 301.

“The war prisoners say”: Harriman Papers.

“sleeping on the floor”: Harriman to FDR, March 24 and 26, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“two boys he had talked with”: Stimson Diary, April 2, 1945.

According to Stimson, it was precipitated: Ibid., March 13, 1945.

Alexander explained: Telegram to the Combined Chiefs of Staff, March 11, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“Apparently Churchill…overruled”: Stimson Diary, March 12 and 13, 1945.

“The President was agreeable”: King Diary, March 13, 1945.

“Germany will try”: Montefiore, Stalin, 475.

“Recalling the friendly”: FDR to Stalin, March 24, 1945, in MDMS, 302–03.

“The facts are as follows”: FDR to Stalin, March 24, 1945, in MDMS, 304.

“I and Mr. Molotov regret”: Stalin to FDR, March 27, 1945, in MDMS, 305.

“The Soviet Government”: Stalin to FDR, March 29, 1945, in MDMS, 305–07.

“It was one of the few times”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 209.

“There is no question”: FDR to Stalin, March 31, 1945, in MDMS, 308.

“I have received”: Stalin to FDR, April 3, 1945, in MDMS, 312, fond 558, op. 11, file 370, Stalin Papers.

“I have received with astonishment”: FDR to Stalin, April 4, 1945, in MDMS.

“Molotov as usual”: Frank, Downfall, 111.

“Japan, an ally of Germany”: NYT, April 6, 1945.

“He was cheerful”: Leahy, I Was There, 342.

“We Russians believe”: Stalin to FDR, April 7, 1945, in MDMS, 315–17.

if the Red Army triumphed: Evans, Third Reich at War, 683; NYT, Feb. 25, 1945.

“the old men”: Evans, Third Reich at War, 685.

“You have, of course”: Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, 110.

Soldiers of the Red Second Guards: Axell, Marshal Zhukov, 138.

“The Germans had concentrated their forces”: Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 221.

A force of 2.5 million men: Beevor, Berlin, 147.

On the evening of March 31: Meiklejohn Diary, March 31, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“Berlin has lost”: Stalin to Eisenhower, telegram, April 1, 1945, Harriman Papers.

the Berlin siege: D’Este, Eisenhower, 691–92; Report to the Combined Chiefs of Staff, reprinted in NYT, June 24, 1946.

“no longer a particularly”: D’Este, Eisenhower, 695.

“The German people as a whole”: Neumann, After Victory, 133.

“Personally, and aside from”: Greenfield, American Strategy in World War II, 19.

“In conversations with his inner circle”: Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 220–21.

“The fall of Berlin”: Churchill to FDR, April 1, 1945, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 3:605.

“sent an explanation”: CC, 414.

“Where in the hell did”: Beevor, Berlin, 204.

17: ROOSEVELT DIES

“Russia was going to be”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“We have learned”: Inaugural address, Jan. 20, 1945, APP, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

“Let the horses go back”: King Diary, Dec. 5, 1942.

“he would welcome”: King Diary, March 13, 1945.

“We are the new”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 243.

“The Warsaw government cannot under”: FDR to Stalin, March 31, 1945, in MDMS, 311.

“Matters on the Polish question have really”: Stalin to FDR, April 7, 1945, in ibid., 320.

“means not its liquidation”: Ibid., 319–20.

“If you deem”: Stalin’s Correspondence with Churchill and Attlee, 1941–1945, 313.

“I very much hope”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 3:562.

“The Yalta agreements”: Ibid., 563.

“I cannot agree”: Ibid., 568–69.

“You will recall”: Ibid., 593.

“If Marshal Stalin agrees”: Ibid., 583.

“This would look”: Ibid., 618.

“We simply cannot allow”: Stimson Diary, April 2, 1945.

“There has been growing”: Ibid., April 3, 1945.

“We’ve taken a great risk”: FDR to Chester Bowles, March 20, 1945, Chester Bowles interview, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University.

“Stalin said to me”: “Excerpts from the Last Press Conference in Warm Springs, Georgia,” April 5, 1945, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

Dr. Bruenn had noted: Costigliola, “Broken Circle,” Diplomatic History 32, Nov. 2008, 712.

“after he gets the peace organization”: CC, 411.

“He is very slowly”: Ibid., 412.

“Thomas Jefferson, himself”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 879.

“You may send it”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 3:631.

“I would minimize”: Ibid., 630.

“I was terribly shocked”: Blum, Years of War, 17.

“I must confess”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 439.

“I have replied”: MDMS, 322.

At 1:06 the Map Room received: FDRL.

“I have a terrific pain”: CC, 418.

“I thought that once”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 421.

high blood pressure: Costigliola, “Broken Circle,” 712–13.

“The ambassador was obviously not quite”: Pechatnov, Stalin, Ruzvelt, Trumen, 314.

“immediately, if this is convenient”: Ibid., 313.

“he seemed deeply moved”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 440.

“deeply shaken”: Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 39.

“The President knew”: Harriman memo, April 13, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“Marshal Stalin then stated”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 442–43.

“Our policy regarding Japan”: Harriman to Truman, navy cable, April 14, 1945, Harriman Papers.

“the great organizer”: Pechatnov, Stalin, Ruzvelt, Trumen, 317.

“I want you to know”: Hopkins to Stalin, cable, April 13, 1945, Hopkins Papers.

“I agree completely”: Stalin to Hopkins, April 15, 1945, fond 06, Office of Molotov, AVP RF.

“The news of the death”: Pechatnov, Stalin, Ruzvelt, Trumen, 34, 35.

18: HOPKINS TURNS BACK THE CLOCK

“FDR’s one really great”: CC, 403.

“to be very careful”: Stimson Diary, April 23, 1945.

Leahy, who, in fact, was: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 82.

“a strong American”: Leahy, I Was There, 351.

“I have never been”: McCullough, Truman, 376.

“a perfectly normal”: Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman, 120.

“Quite unexpectedly”: Gromyko, Memories, 122.

“Almost at once”: Ibid.

“I was a little taken”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 453–54.

“was more than pleasing”: Leahy, I Was There, 352.

“been influenced from a sense”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 311.

“It is a very nice thing”: Blum, Years of War, 402.

“untimely and incredible”: Herring, Aid to Russia, 208.

“Do not barge in with pitiful”: Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, 15.

“Of course once we get on”: Churchill to Eden, Jan. 4, 1944, Foreign Office, London.

“got steamed up”: Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, 251–52.

“Britain only wanted to”: Truman to Acheson, March 15, 1957, in Affection and Trust, 162.

“This was consistent”: Feis, Between War and Peace, 126.

“I advised not starting”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 221.

“I remind the Conference”: Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, 134.

“had suffered so much”: Press conference, April 29, 1945, in ibid., 135.

“It would not be an unreasonable”: NYT, April 30, 1945.

“Czechoslovakia must vote”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 214.

“If the Soviet Union”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 320.

“too ill even”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 887.

“volunteer troublemakers”: NYT, June 29, 1945.

“Ike said he felt”: Feis, Between War and Peace, 80–81n.

The next evening, at the second: FRUS, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, 1:32.

“anyone with commonsense”: Ibid., 32.

“If the refusal to continue”: Ibid., 33.

“It would be a great tragedy”: Ibid., 35.

“If Mr. Molotov”: Ibid.

“It is my earnest hope”: FDR to Stalin, Feb. 7, 1944, in MDMS, 202.

The third meeting was even more reassuring: FRUS, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, 1:42.

Hopkins danced one dance: Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 183.

“whether he realizes”: From the Secretary of State to the Acting Secretary of State for his eyes only, undated, Stettinius Papers.

“sure Hitler was still alive”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 912.

“I feel I owe it”: Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, 219.

“can alone prevent”: “Forty-Fourth Day,” June 7, 1945, Stettinius Papers.

“if they so desire”: Stettinius Papers.

“Well, it’s all done”: Transcript of conversation, June 7, 1945, Stettinius Papers.

“Moscow wanted to make sure”: Gromyko, Memories, 68.

“his personal and official”: Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, 232.

“Mr. Hopkins had made good”: Stettinius to Acting Secretary, June 5, 1945, Stettinius Papers.

“Stalin knows Poland well”: Salisbury, Russia on the Way, 260.

By war’s end it was supplying: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 857.

“The foundation for the alliance”: Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, 195.

“will become the soul”: Quoted in NYT, June 27, 1945.

“It is certainly”: Harry S. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Mo.

“Stalin had no respect”: Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 221.

“The only suggestion”: Stimson Diary, June 6, 1945.

Marshall, in fact, went on record as saying: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 357.

“We were busy”: Stimson Diary, July 3, 1945.

“a cosmic phenomenon”: Gordin, Five Days in August, 46.

“his doctor had insisted”: Rigdon, White House Sailor, 195–96.

To guard the 1,195-mile route: Montefiore, Stalin, 496.

At a break in the conference: Reston, Deadline, 165.

“a new bomb”: Gordin, Red Cloud at Dawn, 8.

“no muscle moved”: Montefiore, Stalin, 499.

“I was sure”: Feis, Between War and Peace, 177.

“making notes on a sheet”: Montefiore, Stalin, 501.

“Ask for anything”: Rhodes, Dark Sun, 178.

“O.K. to release”: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 90.

“Roosevelt clearly felt”: Levering, Debating the Origins of the Cold War, 93–94.

“has shaken the whole world”: Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 366.

“They’re jumping the gun”: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 92.

“The bombs dropped on Japan”: Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 58.

“as atomic blackmail”: Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, 27.

“Glory to the armed forces”: NYT, Sept. 3, 1945.

EPILOGUE

“I believe that”: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 643–45.

“I consider the problem”: Ibid. I am indebted to Frank Costigliola for bringing to my attention, in his book Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances and in conversations with me, the discussion that took place at the September 21 cabinet meeting and its misrepresentation in the press.

“We do not have a secret”: Notes on cabinet meeting, Sept. 21, 1945, Matthew J. Connelly Papers, Truman Library.

Stimson had no intention: FRUS, 1945, 2:55.

“we are now in”: Forrestal Diary, Sept. 21, 1945, Mudd Library, Princeton University.

“conceive of a world”: Matthew J. Connelly Papers, Truman Library.

“If we give”: Forrestal Diary, Sept. 21, 1945, Mudd Library.

“We should continue”: Matthew J. Connelly Papers, Truman Library.

“We are only”: Ibid.

“relationships are improving”: Ibid.

“Trust had to be”: Forrestal Diary, Sept. 21, 1945, Mudd Library.

“If we protect”: Matthew J. Connelly Papers, Truman Library.

“as to whether”: Ibid.

“completely, everlastingly”: Forrestal Diary, Sept. 21, 1945, Mudd Library

“but in this case”: Matthew J. Connelly Papers, Truman Library.

“Plea to Give”: NYT, Sept. 22, 1945.

“At a U.S. Cabinet meeting”: Time, Oct. 1, 1945.

“atomic carriers”: Millis, Forrestal Diaries, 538.

“The Russians cannot possibly”: Sept. 24, 1948, diary entry, in ibid., 495.

“The underlying attitude”: Ibid., 95.

Fifty-five out of sixty-one: Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 326.

“felt himself in closest agreement”: FRUS, 1945, 2:56.

“undue emphasis was being given”: Millis, Forrestal Diaries, 102.

At an impromptu press conference: NYT, Oct. 9, 1945.

“Both were concerned”: Elsey, Unplanned Life, 42.

“I fail to see”: Bohlen, Witness to History, 175.

“better give them gracefully”: Doenecke and Stoler, Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies, 73.

“He knows American production figures better”: Salisbury, Russia on the Way, 260.

Loan negotiations had stalled: Thomas Paterson, “The Abortive American Loan to Russia and the Origins of the Cold War, 1943–1946,” Journal of American History 56, no. 1 (1969): 70.

“would give it to the president”: Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 114.

“It would be suicide”: Time, Oct. 1, 1945.

“going along nicely”: NYT, March 3, 1946.

“This was impossible”: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Cycles of American History, 1.

“I had it placed”: Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 239.

“Do you believe”: Sept. 24, 1946, “J. V. Stalin on Post-war International Relations,” Soviet News (1947), http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/GPW46.html#s7.

On April 12, 1946: NYT, April 13, 1946.

“Had Roosevelt lived”: Robert Sherwood interview with Anthony Eden, Aug. 27, 1946, in Frank Costigliola, “Broken Circle: The Isolation of Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II,” Diplomatic History 32, (Nov. 2008): 716.

“Whether Russia gets control”: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 642.

“Roosevelt was a great statesman”: Montefiore, Stalin, 486.