Page numbers refer to the print edition.
115th Field Artillery, 75
309th Infantry, 169–70
312th Labor Battalion team, 128
342nd Field Artillery, 173, 174; team, 125–26
349th Field Artillery team, 127
369th Infantry Regiment, 159–60
1907 World Series, 136
1916 World Series, 136
1917 season, xi–xii; Minor Leagues suffering in, 66; opening, 15, 16–17, 30; and players waiting to enlist, 47–48; state of war in, 42
1917 World Series, 52, 53–54, 137
1918 season: Minor League prospects for, 66–67, 79–81; opening, 82–83; players scattering after, 133, 135, 148–49; quality of play in, 119–31; schedule, 83, 136; speculation about, 60–67, 79–81, 207n41
1918 World Series, 116–17, 136–49; attendance, 140–41, 142, 143; at Comiskey Park, 138–39; game 1 of, 140–42; games 2 and 3 of, 142; game 4 of, 143; game 5 of, 144–47; game 6 of, 147; gate receipts of, 142; labor disputes at, 142–43, 144–48; lack of fan interest in, 138, 139, 141; player earnings for, 137, 142–43, 147–48; publicity, 145–46; and Registration Day, 137–38; scheduling, 136; weather, 139; wounded fighters attending, 143, 146
1919 season: opening, 183–84, 221n37; optimism about, 174; pessimism about, 134–35, 174–75; schedule, 175. See also Black Sox scandal
Acton, Harry, 153
Adams, Charles “Babe,” 120–21
Adams, Franklin P., 75
African American teams and players, 127, 128, 159–60, 191, 222n4
age, draft eligibility and, 28, 119
Ainsmith, Eddie, 83, 105–6, 108–9, 133
air crashes, 71, 84, 140, 168, 215n31
Air Service, 70–71; teams, 129
Alexander, Grover Cleveland “Pete,” 84–85, 132; alcoholism of, 185–86; armistice and, 173; and Army-Navy switch, 84; in combat, 160; fitness of, questioned, 181–82; injuries and shell shock of, 185–86; occupation duty of, 176; playing Army baseball, 125, 126; postwar form of, 184–86
Allied counterattack, 164–68
American Association (Class AA), 35, 182; and International League, 60–62; military drilling by, 21–22, 40, 43–44; shutting down, 113
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): baseball, 87–88, 127–29; discharge of, 175–76; influenza among, 152–53; players in, numbers of, 189–92
American League: Ban Johnson seeking leave from, 56–57; club owners taking over, 116–17; military preparedness scheme backed by, 1, 5–7, 11, 13–15, 40; player limit removed, 68–69; players from, in uniform, 190, 191–92; players missing from, in 1918, 69
American Soldiers Baseball League, 127–28
Anglo-American Baseball League, 129
armistice, 172–87; and restarting baseball, 174
Arms, Louis Lee, 75–76, 79; on Chemical Warfare Service, 162; on draft evasion, 95; on George Sisler, 162–63; on Minor Leagues, 101, 113
Army teams, 124–26, 127–29; Air Service and, 129; vs. Navy, 130–31; segregation of, 127, 128. See also military teams
Atlantic Fleet team, 123
Bader, Lore “King,” 60
Baker, Newton, 41, 106, 108–9, 115; 1918 World Series sanctioned by, 117
ballparks: Bat and Ball Fund Days at, 49, 51; conversion of, to military uses, 135, 193; as drilling grounds, 15
Bancroft, Dave, 153
bankruptcy, 79
Barrow, Ed, 31, 57, 60–61, 62; and 1918 World Series, 145, 148; Ban Johnson defended by, 64; resignation of, from International League, 66
Barry, Jack, 12, 16, 132; enrolling in naval reserve, 39, 59, 60; leaving officers’ school, 175; managing Boston Navy Yard team, 121–23
Barry, Thomas H., 18
baseball: in the 1920s, 193–94; ban from, 124, 193; business end of, as unpatriotic, 77; military contribution of, 189; as military training, 23; as valuable to country, 100
Baseball and the Armed Forces Committee, 191
Baseball Magazine, 192
Bat and Ball Fund, 19–20, 48–49, 51–52, 77, 193, 222n8; and American Soldiers Baseball League, 128; Israel and, 193, 222n8; loss of supplies from, 48–49
Bat and Ball Fund Day, 49
Batchelor, E. A., 97
Bates, Ray, 42
battle, 153–71
Belleau Wood, 158
Bender, Charles “Chief,” 92
Benz, Joe, 54
Bethlehem Steel Corporation Baseball League, 90, 92, 148
betting, 210n2
Black, William, 6
Blackburne, Lena “Slats,” 93
Black Sox scandal, 124, 148, 193
Blue Devils, 206n25
Blue Ridge League, 101
Boche, 59
Boston Braves: 1919 opener of, 183–84, 221n37; enlisting, 25–27; Gowdy’s farewell party thrown by, 36; Gowdy’s return to, 186–87; military drilling of, 10, 13, 37–38
Boston Marathon, 183
Boston Navy Yard team, 121–23
Boston Red Sox, xi, 118; 1917 opener, 16; 1918 opener, 82–83; 1918 pennant won by, 132; and Dodgers, drilling controversy between, 12–13; exhibitions, 149; military drilling of, 38–39; in Navy, 59–60; patriotic displays of, 29; player demands, 137; as world champions, 136, 147. See also 1918 World Series
Bressler, Rube, 151
Brooklyn Dodgers: 1919 opener of, 183–84, 221n37; exhibition game, 184; fund-raising efforts by, 127; military drilling of, 10; and Red Sox, drilling controversy between, 12–13; registering for draft, 28
Brooklyn Navy Yard team, 122, 151
Brooklyn Royal Giants, 221n37
Brown, Innis, 75
bucket shops, 210n2
buildup, 36–55
Bulger, Bozeman, 16, 18, 218n14; on Grant and McCormick, 45; on military drills, 6–7, 17; military service of, 74
Burke, Frank “Brownie,” 160
Burns, George, 149
Burr, Alexander Thomson, 168
Bush, Leslie “Bullet Joe,” 143
Cadore, Leon, 41, 59, 72, 127, 159–60; and the 369th Infantry Regiment, 159–60; and 1919 season opener, 183–84
“camouflaged players,” 95–96
Camp Devens team, 122
Camp Dix, 127
Camp Funston, 125–26
Camp Grant team, 123
Camp Merritt team, 151
Camp Perry, 37
Camp Pike team, 124–25
Camp Sheridan, 37, 54–55, 87, 140
Carter, William G. H., 56
censorship, 58–59
Central Association (Class B), 34
Central League (Class B), 69
Central Texas League, 30–31
Chapman, Harry, 217n9
Chapman, Ray, 54
Chappell, LaVerne “Larry,” 153, 170
Charleston, Oscar, 191
Chemical Warfare Service, 162–64, 175–76
Cheseldine, R. M., 59
Chester Ship, 150
Chicago American Giants, 221n37
Chicago Cubs, 118; 1918 opener, 84, 85; 1918 pennant won by, 132; 1919 opener, 184–85; military parade before game of, 28; playing at Comiskey Park, 138–39. See also 1918 World Series
Chicago White Sox: 1917 opener, 18; 1917 pennant of, 51; in 1917 World Series, 52, 53; 1918 season of, 134; Jim Scott and, 50; military drilling of, 7–9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 43; patriotic displays by, 28–29
Chouinard, Felix “Phil,” 123, 124
Christie, George V., 76
Cicotte, Eddie, 52
Cincinnati Reds: and Christy Mathewson, 87–89, 180; exhibition game played by, 54; and Fred Toney, 72, 85–86; and Remington Arms, 222n5
Clarke, Jay Justin “Nig,” 46–47
Cleveland Indians, 11–12, 134; exhibition games played by, 54–55
Cobb, Ty, 162; gassing of, 163–64; returning home, 175
Collins, Edward, 9, 11, 53, 134
Collins, John, 184
Collyer, John L., 212n57
Colombes, France, 128
Comiskey, Charles: Ban Johnson and, 8; and industrial leagues, 95, 178; on military preparedness, 7–8, 13; and player limits, 69; public relations skills of, 8, 14; Red Cross drive of, 19, 193; stingy reputation of, 199n9; and work or fight rule, 116–17; World Series and, 41, 55, 138–39, 140–41, 148
Craft, Maurice “Molly,” 28
Craighead, Walter, 136
Crowder, Enoch, 27–28, 63, 104; and work or fight rule, 99–100, 115
Crusinberry, James, 185
Curley, James, 60
Daniel, Dan, 63, 78; on Frank Truesdale, 120; on Fred Toney, 107; on Harry McCormick, 156; on Steel League, 93; on work or fight rule, 109
Delaware River Shipbuilding League, 91, 92, 94, 150
Dennis, D. W., 10
Dental Reserve Corps, 47
Detroit Tigers, 51, 100, 136; complaining of drills, 11; enlisting, 46–47, 162; military drilling of, 3, 12; and work or fight rule, 100
Dillhoefer, William “Pickles,” 84
disease: army service prevented by, 8; influenza, 152–53, 163, 180, 217n9; players killed by, 153, 168
Dixie League (Class D), 33
Dolan, Leo, 169–70
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 3
Doolan, Mickey “Doc,” 120
Dougher, Louis A., 95, 97, 107, 116, 163
Douglas, Phil, 143
Douglas MacArthur, 217n11
Doyle, Charles J., 181
draft: active players called in, 41–42; age and, 28, 119; appeals, 106; Ban Johnson and, 39–40, 62–66, 204n25; evasion, 72, 85, 97, 106–7; exemptions from, for heavy industry workers, 90, 94–95, 97; and lack of training cantonments, 42; lottery, 27; players registering for, 27, 28; quality of play affected by, 64, 67; statistics, 190. See also work or fight rule
drill sergeants, 1–15, 42–43, 74. See also military drills
Dugan, John, 133
Duluth, MN, team, 114
Ebbets, Charles: converting park into warehouse, 135; on drafted players, 41; on Huston’s criticisms, 78; military drilling and, 10, 12; recruiting station in office of, 19; on work or fight rule, 111
Ebbets Field, military use for, 135
Edgren, Robert, 177
Ehmke, Howard, 124
Eisenhower, Dwight, 191
Elliott, Harold “Rowdy,” 124
engineers, 45–46
equipment: Bat and Ball Fund providing, 19–20, 51–52, 77, 193; manufactured in France, 128; YMCA providing, 48, 88
Evers, Johnny, 26, 36, 83, 155, 191; joining Knights of Columbus, 89–90; seeing action, 161
exemptions. See draft
exhibition games, 184; illegal, 149; spring training, 182; for troops, 54–55, 71, 194
Faber, Urban “Red,” 52, 53, 95, 184
fans: and 1918 World Series, 138, 139, 141; gifts from, 151; and industrial leagues, 94–95; and military drills, 6, 10, 15
Farrell, J. H., 61, 79–80, 104, 182, 192
Federal Committee on Public Information, 138
Fifth Battle of Ypres. See Meuse-Argonne offensive
Fifth Naval District team, 151–52
Fillingim, Dana, 221n37
Fincher, William “Big Bill,” 125
Finneran, Joseph “Happy,” 106
First Gas Regiment, 165
Fisher, George J., 88–89
Fisher, Ray “Schoolmaster,” 127, 185
Fitzgerald, John “Honey Fitz,” 147
Fleischer, Nat, 74
Florida State League, 182
Foerster, George, 37
Forman, W. S., 40–41
Fort Bayard, 91
Forty-Second Division, 37, 45, 52–53; assigned to occupation duty, 176; exhibition game for, 54; in France, 57–59, 73, 154–55, 164
Foster, John B., 34–35
Fourth Naval District team, 151–52
Frazee, Harry: and 1918 World Series, 136, 137; Ban Johnson defended by, 64; on barnstorming, 149; Barrow hired by, 66; on military preparedness scheme, 7, 12, 38; on need for baseball, xi; signing replacement players, 132; trying to retrieve players, 122; and work or fight rule, 116–17, 211n42
Fullerton, Hugh, 79, 86, 89, 98, 191; on 1919 season, 175; on Boston Navy Yard team, 121–22; calling McCormick “yellow,” 157; on lack of fan interest, 138
Gantz, James W., 74
gas: injury from, 163–64, 165; masks, 163, 217n11; training accident, 163–64, 173
Gas and Flame Division. See Chemical Warfare Service
Georgia-Alabama League (Class D), 22–23
Gleason, Kid, 178
Glenn, Harry, 153
Goodwin, Marvin, 70–71
Gowdy, Henry “Hank,” 217n14; in 1919 season, 186–87; on Douglas MacArthur, 217n11; enlisting, 25–27; farewell party for, 36; in the Forty-Second Division, 37, 52–53, 57–59, 73, 154–55; in Fourth Ohio Infantry, 37; gifts to, 186; Guy Viskniskki and, 212n47; occupation duty of, 176; publicity featuring, 58–59, 73; on regimental team, 53, 129; seeing action, 73, 154–55; World War II service of, 194–95
Gowdy Field, 194–95
Graham, Charlie, 103
Grant, Edward, 191, 194–95; on AEF team, 129; burial of, 167, 168; crossing Atlantic, 72–73; death of, 167; enlisting, 24–25, 44–45; in Meuse-Argonne offensive, 165–68
Great Depression, 193
Great Lakes team, 123–24, 151–52
Griffith, Clark, 19; on Ban Johnson and draft, 63; Bat and Ball Fund of, 19–20, 48–49, 51–52, 77, 193, 222n8; military preparedness scheme of, 198n16; and work or fight rule, 110, 116–17
Griner, Dan, 151
Halliday, Newton S., 140
Hamilton, Earl, 124
Hank Gowdy Day, 186
Harding, Warren G., 189
Harlan & Hollingsworth, 94, 150–51
Harlem Rattlers, 159–60
Hassenpfeffer, Nicodemus, 63
Head of the Lakes–Mesaba League, 91
Hebberd, John B., 55
Heilbroner, Louis, 205n6, 211n20
Hellfighters, 159–60
Hempstead, Harry, 135, 174, 207n41
Hendryx, Tim, 3
Herrmann, August “Garry,” 62, 65, 77, 180; and 1918 World Series, 145; on Marcus Milligan, 140; on work or fight rule, 115
Heydler, John A.: and 1918 World Series, 145, 146; and 1919 season, 174, 176, 183; on players in uniform, 190
Hickey, Thomas J., 22, 113, 209n39
Hoblitzell, Dick, 47
Hogg, Bradley, 153
Hubbard, Jess “Mountain,” 127, 222n4
Huggins, Miller, 70, 83, 91–92, 135
Hummel, John, 120
Huston, Arthur, 44
Huston, T. L. “Cap,” 29–30, 149, 217n14; anger of, at Browns, 43; Ban Johnson and, 5, 6, 56–57, 65; and Bob Shawkey, 180; description of, 4; in France, 45–46, 153–54, 164–65; in Meuse-Argonne offensive, 164–65; military preparedness scheme of, 1–6, 10, 13–15, 16–19, 198n16; on patriotism, xi; returning home, 176; self-interview of, 76–79; work or fight rule and, 109; and Yankee Stadium, 194
Hyatt, Ham, 120
Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (Class B), 22, 31, 33–34, 182
Indianapolis Indians, 17–18
industrial league ball, 90–98, 212n57, 222n5; fan commentary on, 94–95; Joe Jackson playing for, 93–94, 150; players removed from, 96–97; poaching accusations against, 91–93, 209n39; press criticizing players in, 95–96, 97–98; professional players in, 91–92, 93, 95–96; revised attitudes toward players in, 176–79; sportswriters on, 95–96, 97–98
influenza, 152–53, 163, 180, 217n9
International League (Class AA), 35, 101, 182; and American Association, 60–62; financial troubles of, 31, 66, 79; and New International League, 80, 113–14, 133–34
Interstate League (Class D), 22
Jackson, Joe, 93–94, 95, 150–51; and Black Sox scandal, 193; defense of, 97, 177–78
Jackson, Virgil, 74
Jacobson, William “Baby Doll,” 47, 60
Jappe, Al, 74
Johnson, Ban, 3, 191, 193; and 1918 World Series, 136, 145; on 1919 season, 174; on American League prospects before war, 20; on canceling World Series, 40; Charles Comiskey and, 8; criticism of, 62–64; defense of, 64–65; on exemptions, 39–40, 62–66, 204n25; Huston on, 77; John Tener and, 116; military preparedness and, 5, 8–9, 11–13, 38, 44, 74; player limits removed by, 68–69; reputation of, 62–64, 66; on Steel League, 94; T. L. Huston and, 5, 6, 56–57; wanting to enlist, 56–57; and work or fight rule, 100, 110, 116–17
Johnson, Walter “Big Train,” 17, 84, 114, 133
Jones, Sam, 149
Joquel, Arthur, 215n31
Kansan (freighter), 48
Kansas City Blues, 113
Kauff, Benny, 53
Keaton, Buster, 191
Kelly, Joe, 221n37
Kilduff, Pete, 132
Killefer, Bill, 84, 85, 143, 149, 184
Kinney, W. W., 216n40
Kinsella, Dick, 80–81
Kirke, Jay, 120
Klepfer, Ed, 160
Knights of Columbus, 189; Jack Hendricks joining, 135–36; Johnny Evers joining, 89–90
Kofoed, J. C., 74
von Kolnitz, Alfred “Fritz,” 177–78
Krueger, Ernie, 221n37
labor disputes, 142–43, 144–48
Lafitte, Ed “Doc,” 47, 129, 130, 131
Lakjer, Marie “Tiger Lady,” 220n25
Landis, Kenesaw Mountain, 193
Lanighan, Matt, 169–70
Lannin, Joe, 113
Latham, Walter Arlington “Arlie,” 130, 191
Lavan, John “Doc,” 124
League Island Navy Yard, 91
Lewis, George “Duffy,” 60, 124
Lewis, Harry, 74
Liberty Bonds, 53, 54, 83, 192–93
“Liberty League,” 103
Lieb, Frederick G., 3, 15, 61, 64; on 1918 World Series, 132; on draft, 69; on Fred Toney, 179; on Harry McCormick, 156; on state of 1918 teams, 120, 121; on Steel League controversy, 97–98; on work or fight rule, 100, 109–10
limit, player, 68–69
Lincoln Giants, 221n37
Lobert, Hans, 92
Lockport, NY, 169–70
the “Lost Battalion,” 166, 168
Luneville Sector, 73
Macbeth, W. J. “Bill,” 5, 137, 198n15; on 1918 World Series, 138–39, 144, 145, 146; on Cleveland vs. St. Louis, 134; on Harry McCormick, 157; on Huston, 78; on the New International league, 80; on work or fight rule, 109
Mack, Connie, 15; Ban Johnson defended by, 65; defending shipyard players, 176–77; on drafted players, 42
Magee, Sherwood, 153
Malone, Lew, 221n37
Mamaux, Al, 92
managers, new jobs found by, 135–36
Mann, Leslie, 143
Maranville, Walter “Rabbit,” 26, 47; and 1919 season opener, 183–84; armistice and, 172; in Navy, 60, 121, 123; rejoining Braves, 127
Mare Island team, 124
Marshall, Harry, 83
Marshall, Thomas, 15
Martin, Edward, 143
Mathewson, Christy, 45, 86, 90; armistice and, 173, 180; bonds sold by, 193; in Chemical Warfare Service, 162, 163–64; and Cincinnati Reds, 87–89, 180; death of, 180; injured by gas, 163–64, 173, 180, 186; suffering influenza, 163, 173; YMCA and, 87–89
Mayer, Walter, 149
Mays, Carl, 142
Maysville, KY, 138
McAdoo, William, 193
McBride, George, 28
McCarthy, Tommy, 114
McCormick, Harry “Moose,” 217n14; on AEF team, 129; enlisting, 24–25, 44–45; to France, 58; reassignment of, 156–57; shell shock suffered by, 155–57; in World War II, 194
McGeehan, W. P., 74
McGillicuddy, Cornelius. See Mack, Connie
McGillicuddy, Roy, 121
McGrath, Ed, 187
McGraw, John, 7; Ban Johnson and, 117; Fred Toney and, 107; Gowdy and, 53; Mathewson hired by, 180; on servicemen’s fitness to play, 181–82
McInnis, Brick, 152
McInnis, John “Stuffy,” 144, 152
McKay, J., 3
McMullin, Fred, 124
McNally, Mike, 60, 129; and Army-Navy game, 130, 131
Menosky, Michael “Leaping Mike,” 129, 160
Merkle, Fred, 149
methodology, xii
Meuse-Argonne offensive, 164–68, 169–71
Michigan-Ontario League, 182
Milan, Jesse “Zeb,” 28
military drills, 1–6, 10, 13–15, 16–19, 198n16; army regulations and, 2; demonstration of, 16–19; effect of, on baseball play, 10–11; fans and, 6, 10, 15; of Major League teams, 1–15; as missed opportunity, 77; players unhappy with, 11; prize for, 13, 43; publicity of, 13–14
military teams, 121–31, 151–53; overseas circuit, 127–31; segregation of, 127, 128; Southern Association doomed by, 102
Miller, Hank, 149
Miller, Hugh “Hughie,” 157–59
Miller, John “Dots,” 70, 206n11
Minor Leagues, 200n15; classes of, 21; deaths of players from, 168–70; failing, 22–23, 33–35, 69, 101–4, 200n15; on industrial leagues’ recruiting, 209n39; instability of, 21–23, 30–35, 66–67, 79–81, 100–101; Major League poaching by, 114; Majors signing players from, 102; military drilling in, 10; military service of players from, 192, 211n20; patriotic displays by, 17–18; player and territorial rights in, 32; postwar, 182–83; proposed mergers in, 60–61, 67, 80; work or fight rule and, 112–14
Mitchell, Clarence, 125, 173–74
Mogridge, George, 92
Monroe, Ed, 97
Moran, Pat, 180
Morris, Walter, 22
Morton, Guy, 124–25
Murphy, Rod, 124
National Agreement of Professional Base Ball Associations, 32
national anthem. See “The Star-Spangled Banner”
National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, 31–32, 61–62
National Commission: advising on draft deferments, 104–5; criticism of, 146; labor disputes and, 142–43, 144–48; supporting Minor Leagues, 62; ticket prices reduced by, 137; World Series scheduled by, 52, 136
National League: Heydler as president of, 145, 146; players from, in industrial jobs, 192; players from, in uniform, 190, 192; players missing from, in 1918, 69; and preparedness drills, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12–13, 37–38; Tener resigning from, 118; urging players to enlist, 65–66
Nationals. See Washington Senators
Navy, 189; vs. Army, 130–31; Boston Red Sox in, 59–60; recreation funds of, 19–20; teams, 121–24, 129–31
Newark, NJ, team, 114
New England League, 182
New International League. See International League (Class AA)
New York Giants: in 1917 World Series, 52, 53; enlisting, 24–25; exhibition game of, 71; Fred Toney and, 107; Mathewson and, 180
New York Lincoln Stars, 221n37
New York State League (Class B), 33, 61, 79–80; closure of, 182; and New International League, 80
New York Yankees: 1917 opener, 16–17; 1918 opener, 83–84; exhibition game, 184; finishing 1918 season, 132–33; military drilling of, 1–4, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16–17
North Carolina League, 30
Northern League (Class D), 33
Northwestern League (Class B), 34, 90
Northwest International League, 182
Nowlin, Bill, 141
Noyes, Winfield “Win,” 42, 125
Nunamaker, Les, 3
occupation duty, 176
Oeschger, Joe, 153
O’Hara, Billy, 23–24
Ohio-Pennsylvania League, 200n15
Ohio State League, 200n15
O’Loughlin, Francis “Silk,” 54
O’Neale, James Saunders, 160–61
O’Neil, Bucky, 74
Organized Baseball: definition of, 21, xi; dependent on Enoch Crowder, 27–28, 100, 105; recovery of, in the 1920s, 193–94; speculation about, 20–21, 65
Pacific Coast League, 35, 102, 103–4, 182
“Paint and Putty Leagues,” 94
Paris Base Ball Association, 127–28
Parnham, James “Rube,” 105
Patriots’ Day, 183–84
Pennock, Herb, 26, 60, 121, 129; in Army-Navy game, 130, 131; on getting back to baseball, 174
Perry, Scott, 116
Pershing, John J. “Black Jack,” 42; on Belleau Wood, 158; on Meuse-Argonne offensive, 164
Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 42
Pfeffer, Jeff, 59, 126, 151, 183
Philadelphia Athletics: 1918 opener, 82–83; closing 1918 season, 133; granting free admission to servicemen, 28–29; military drilling of, 3, 17; players drafted, 41–42
Pick, Charlie, 142
Pipp, Wally, 175
plane crashes, 71, 84, 140, 168, 215n31
Plattsburg Movement, 24–25
players: “camouflaged,” 95–96; civilian jobs sought by, 34; civilian war efforts of, 192–93; criticism of, 60; discharged from military service, 175–76; enlisted, rejoining teams, 126–27; enlisting, 46–47, 59–60, 69–73, 95, 104, 205n6; farming, 217n63, 217n9; fighting overseas, 23–24; in industrial leagues, 91–92, 93, 95–96; interviews of, after war, 179–81; killed in wartime, 139–40, 167, 168–70; labor demands of, 137; military service statistics for, 69, 119, 189–92, 211n20, 222n4; over draft age, 119; salary of, 77, 199n9; scattering after 1918 season, 133, 135, 148–49; unpaid, 33
Ponder, Elmer, 160
Portland Buckaroos, 102
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 155–57, 185–86
Powell, Ray, 221n37
Powers, Johnny, 103
Prendergast, Mike, 84
press: on Army-Navy game, 131; criticizing industrial league players, 95–96, 97–98
Price, James, 64
Prince, Ben, 106
Prohibition, 193
quality of play: in 1918 season, 119–31; draft affecting, 64, 67
Quinlan, Thomas A. “Finners,” 170–71
Quinn, John Picus, 120
racism: nicknames and, 46; and segregated teams, 127, 159–60
Rainbow Division. See Forty-Second Division
recreation funds, 20, 193. See also Bat and Ball Fund
recruitment, examinations a hindrance to, 7–8
Red Cross donations, 78, 193; Charles Comiskey giving, 19, 77; and drill prize, 43; by New York Giants, 71
Redding, Dick “Cannonball,” 191, 222n4
Registration Days, 27, 28, 104, 137–38, 190
Remington Arms, 222n5
“return to normalcy,” 189
Rice, Grantland, 17, 25; on 1918 season, 67, 132; on armistice, 172; military service of, 74, 75–76; returning home, 180–81; securities lost by, 181; sports not covered by, 111–12; war memories of, 194
Rice, Thomas, 199n39; on Christy Mathewson, 89; on Huston, 77–78; on military drills, 12–13, 14; on Steel League, 96
Rickey, Branch, 162, 163, 175–76
Risberg, Charles “Swede,” 124
Roaring Twenties, 193
Robbins, George S., 178
Roosevelt, Archibald, 44
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 18–19
Roosevelt, Kermit, 44
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 44
Roth, Dave, 153
Rowland, Clarence “Pants,” 9–10, 18
Rubin, Richard, 73
Ruel, Herold “Muddy,” 125
Ruelbach, Ed, 198n15
Runyon, Damon, 53; on the Lost Battalion, 166–67
Ruppert, Jacob, 16, 29; on Ban Johnson and draft, 63; description of, 4; and Huston’s self-interview, 78–79
Russell, Albert, 9
Ruth, Babe, 82–83, 93, 194; and 1918 World Series, 141, 143; influenza contracted by, 153; injury of, 143, 216n40; war service of, 148–49
Sanders, Roy, 120
Schauer, Alexander “Rube,” 42
Schmandt, Ray, 125
Schwab, Charles M., 90–91
Scott, Everett, 149
Scott, James “Death Valley Jim,” 9, 47, 49–50, 52; commissioned, 69–70; World Series share given to, 55
Seattle Shipbuilders’ League, 34
Selective Service Act, 27
Seventy-Seventh Division, 72–73, 165–68
Shafer, Arthur “Tillie,” 71, 191, 206n13
Sharman, Ralph, 140
Shawkey, Bob, 126, 179–80, 220n25
Shean, Dave, 143
Sheridan, Gene, 151
Sheridan, J. B., 95, 119, 157–58
Shibe Park, 15
shipyards and Shipyard League, 34, 90, 150–51, 176–79. See also industrial league ball; Steel League
Shorten, Charles Henry “Chick,” 60
Sibert, William, 162
Sims, William, 130
Sisler, George, 162–63
Sixteenth Engineers (Railway), 45–46
Skipper, John C., 185–86
slackerism, 3, 84, 95, 111–12, 189, 192
Sloan, Yale, 47
Sloane, William, 88
Smiley, Walter, 7–11, 13, 18, 29, 42–43
Smith, Elmer, 160
Smith, E. V., 14
Smith, Sherrod “Sherry,” 71, 160
Society of the American Baseball Research (SABR), 191, 222n4
South Atlantic League, 182
Southern Association, 102, 182, 192
Southworth, Billy, 102
Spalding’s Guide, 192
Spanish flu, 152–53, 163, 180, 217n9
Speaker, Tris, 11, 54, 114, 175, 193
Speaks, John C., 26
Sporting News, 78, 124, 125, 127, 158, 173; on 1918 World Series, 146; on industrial leagues, 96, 98, 178; on influenza outbreak, 152; poems in, 70, 96; on sportswriters’ service, 75; yeomen criticized by, 60, 122
sportswriters: on heroism, 158; on industrial league ball, 95–96, 97–98; poem about, 75–76; service of, 74–76, 160–61, 180
spring training: exhibition games, 71, 182; military preparedness at, 6, 8, 9–10
Stahlhefer, Harry W., 69
Standard Shipbuilding, 150
Stars and Stripes: on 1918 World Series, 146; Hank Gowdy interviewed by, 154–55; sports not covered by, 111–12, 138, 156, 212n47
“The Star-Spangled Banner,” 17, 29, 141–42
Steele, Bob, 98
Steel League: vs. Shipyard League, 150. See also industrial league ball
Stengel, Charles “Casey,” 47–48, 59, 151
St. Louis Browns: Cleveland skipping doubleheader against, 134; military drilling of, 3, 43
St. Louis Cardinals: 1918 opener, 84, 85; draft controversy and, 105
Stoddart, Dayton, 44
Street, Charles “Gabby,” 50, 106, 129, 165, 219n48
Tan, Cecilia, 141
teams. See military teams; specific teams
Tener, John: and Ban Johnson, 57, 63, 116, 204n25; on Christy Mathewson, 88; Huston on, 77; military preparedness and, 2; on National League prospects before war, 20–21; on player limits, 68; resignation of, 118; on war tax, 30; on work or fight rule, 110–11, 116; on World Series, 40
Tesreau, Charles “Jeff,” 92
Texas League, 35; folding, 102; military drilling by, 22; return of, 182
Thirtieth “Old Hickory” Division, 76
Thompson, Denman, 43, 48; on work or fight rule, 105–6, 108, 109
Thorne, H. G., 10
“Three Inseparables,” 75
ticket prices, 137
Toledo Mud Hens, 18
Toney, Fred, 72, 85–86, 106–7, 179
Toronto Maple Leafs, 133–34
transportation costs, 101–2, 141
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 82
trenches, clearing, 173
troops: critical of sports back home, 111–12, 156; deaths among, 139–40, 167, 168–70; discharged, 175–76; French, military parade of, 206n25; heroism among, 157–59, 166–67; pace of deployment of, 161; World Series news sent to, 138
Troy, Robert Gustave “Bun,” 168
Truesdale, Frank, 120
Trumbull, Walter, 75
Tuscania (troop ship), 46
Tuthill, Harry, 11
Twenty-Fourth Infantry team, 221n37
Tyler, George, 143
Union League, 60–62
U.S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, 90–91
Vaughn, Jim “Hippo,” 107, 141, 142, 147
Vernon team, 182
Virginia League (Class C), 22, 100–101, 112, 182
Viskniskki, Guy T., 212n47
Waidley, Jack, 10
“Wake Up, America!” campaign, 18
Walsh, Jimmy, 60
war: baseball as diversion from, xi; and baseball’s outlook, 20–21; declaration of, 15; news of, 82, 83; preparations for, 16–35
war agreement (National Baseball Association), 102
Ward, Aaron, 125
war effort, civilian, 192–93
war “hysteria,” 97–98
war tax, 30
Washington Park, 135
Washington Senators, 19; 1918 opener, 83–84; and Bat and Ball Fund, 52; closing 1918 season, 133; military drilling of, 3; registering for draft, 28; and work or fight rule, 105–6
weather, baseball affected by, 30, 31, 54, 139
Webb, Erwin, 84
Weeghman Park, 138
Western Canada League, 182
Western League (Class A), 32, 102, 103, 182
White Mountain League, 41–42
White Slave Traffic Act, 85–86
Whittlesey, Charles S., 166, 168
Wild Waves, 121–23
Williams, Claude “Lefty,” 95, 178
Wilson, Woodrow: on baseball, 40–41; contributing to Bat and Ball Fund, 20; skipping games, 83; war declared by, 15
Wisener, Winfred B., 10
Witt, Lawton “Whitey,” 41–42, 60, 121, 123
Wolfe, Edgar, 150
Woollcott, Alexander, 167
work or fight rule, 99–118, 134, 178, 192, 211n42; application of, to baseball, 105, 108–11; farming and, 217n63; industrial leagues benefiting from, 113, 114, 212n57; Minor Leagues and, 112–14; monetary loss stemming from, 109–10; public perception created by, 103, 177; timing of, 111, 115–17
World Series: 1907, 136; 1916, 136; 1917, 52–54, 137; 1918, 116–17, 136–49; canceling, 40, 41; critique of, 76–77; host cities, 136; labor disputes at, 142–43, 144–48; winnings from, 54, 76–77, 137; and work or fight rule, 116–17
Yankee Stadium, 194
Young, Lemuel “Pep,” 149
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 189; baseball equipment donated by, 48, 88; baseball league, 128; and Christy Mathewson, 87–89; War Work Council, 88
Zeider, Rollie, 149