A
Abdel-Rahman, Omar, 202
Abrams v. United States, 87–89
Abu Ghraib, 247, 266, 267, 268, 279
Obama administration and, 315
Ackerman, Bruce, 312
“actual controversy” rule, 342
Adams, John, xxv, 26
in election of 1796, 31
Addington, David, 218, 275
and surveillance
briefing, 228–229
adversarial system, in judicial process, 340–341
advisory opinions, 342
Afghan Services Bureau, 202
Afghanistan, 202
Bagram Theater
Internment Facility, 262, 268, 315
Bush (G.W.) administration and, 213
Soviet Army in, 389n6
African Union Mission
(AMISOM), 302
aggression, 352n21
Ahmed, Sheikh Sharif
Sheikh, 298
Ajaj, Ahmed, 204
Albertson v. Subversive
Activities Control Board, 180
Albright, Madeleine, 237, 252
Alien Act of 1918, deportations under, 85–86
Alien and Sedition Act of
1940, 101–105
Alien and Sedition Acts
(1798), 26, 30–40
state resolutions on, 38
Alien Enemies Act, 33
Alien Friends Act, 33, 34
Alien Registration Act, 102
Alliance for the
Restoration of Peace and
Counterterrorism, 299
American Academy of
Religion v. Chertoff, 234, 236
American Academy of
Religion v. Napolitano, 236
American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU), 92, 95, 327, 328, 401n233
American Political Trials
(Belknap), 155
American Protective
League, 80–81
American Star Chamber
Court, 274–279
Amnesty International, 300, 318
anarchists, 100
anarcho-capitalist
approach to government, 7n
Anglo-American peace
treaty (1794), 31
Anglo-American
Petroleum Agreement, 201
anti-war-movement
supporters, 186–187
Aquinas, Thomas, 5
Summa Theologica, 8, 13
Arab Spring, 305, 311
Army Field Manual, 314
Arrested Development, 220n
Articles of Confederation, weaknesses, 15–16
Ashcroft, John, 219, 229–230, 275
hospitalization, 230
assassination
ban on, 322
by drones, 305–306
Assassination Archives
and Research Center, 197n
Atlantic, 228n
al-Aulaqi, Abdulrahman, 324, 325
al-Aulaqi, Anwar, 305, 324–325
al-Aulaqi, Nasser, 328
al-Aulaqi v. Obama, 328
Authorization for Use of
Military Force (AUMF), 213, 283–284, 318
Afghan theatre under, 213–216
Ayres, David, 230
B
Bagram Theater
Internment Facility
(Afghanistan), 262, 268, 315
Baldwin, Roger, 92
Baldwin v. New York, 329
Barr, Robert, 275
Barry, John, 313
Bates, Edward, 45
Bates, John, 328
Bauer, Robert, 312
Belknap, Michael,
American Political
Trials, 155
Benghazi, 314
Berger, Sandy, 206
Biddle, Frank, 108, 126
Perilous Times, 105
bin Fareed, Sheikh Saleh, 304–305
bin Laden, Osama, 202–203
drones and, 322
escape to Pakistan, 215
on U.S. military in
Middle East, 203n
and World Trade
Center bombing, 211
Black, Hugo, 168, 194
dissent in Dennis, 163–164
Youngstown Sheet case
by, 169–170
Black Hawk Down
incident, 297
Black Panthers, FBI
investigation, 189
Blackwater drone
contractors, 307
Blair, Tony, 311
Blix, Hans, 217
Blumrosen, Alfred, 18
Blumrosen, Steven, 18
Bonaparte, Charles, 100
Borch, Fred L., 277, 279
Boumediene v. Bush, 292–294
Bourne, Randolph, 9–11, 27–28, 32–33, 57, 212, 224
“The State,” 63
Bradbury, Steven, 268
OLC memo, 270–271
Branam, Tara, 171
Brandeis, Louis, 94, 95, 162, 193
on free speech, 88
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 72, 92, 95, 184–185
Bravin, Jess, 289–290
The Terror Courts, 263, 265, 274n
Bridgeport case (NWLB), 68
Britain, seizure of
American sea vessels, 31
Brok, Elmar, 343
Browder, Earl, 144
Brown, Clarence, 149
“Brown Scare,” 96
FBI and, 100–101
Brownback, Peter, 286
Bryan, William Jennings, 75
Building & Construction
Trades Department v.
Allbaugh, 172
Burdick, Usher L., 149
Bureau of Investigation, 100
Burger, Ernest P., 125, 127
Burger, Warren Earl, 194
Burleson, Albert, control
of disloyal mail, 84–85
Burnside, Ambrose, 47, 244
Bush, George W., xxvi, 172, 202, 226
authority to conduct
War on Terror, 213
authorization of PSP, 337
claim of power
to interpret
Constitution in
secret, 253
and Japanese
compensation, 139
reelection, 247
signing statement for
Detainee Treatment
Act of 2005, 269
and torture program, 271
Bush (G.W.)
administration, 244
authorized military
force against
terrorism, 204
on counterterrorism, 208–209
global war on terror
after 9/11, 211–250
Office of Legal
Counsel, 228, 252–253
personal freedoms
after 9/11, xxix
political prosecutions, 231–236
rendition and torture
program, 258
surveillance programs, 218–219
and U.S. in Somalia, 297–301
Butterfield, Alexander, 187
Bybee, Jay S., 228, 254, 255, 256
appointment to Court
of Appeals, 267
“Interrogation of al
Qaeda Operative,” 257
Byrne, Matthew, 194
C
Cadwalader, General, 44
Calder v. Bull, 128
Cambodia, bombing, 187
Camp “Nasty-A--Military
Area” (NAMA), 261
Camp X-Ray, 277–278
capital federal offenses, acceptable process of
law, 329
Card, Andrew H. Jr., 230
Carter, Jimmy
ban on assassinations, 322
and classified
information, 244
Executive Order 12036, 322n
Case or Controversy
Clause, 342
CBS 60 Minutes, 267
Celler, Emanuel, 143, 148–149
censorship, 114
of mail, in WW I, 84–85
opposition to, 37
Center for Constitutional
Rights (CCR), 327
Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA), 144
assassination plans for
al-Aulaqi, 325
and due process under
Obama, 326–327
ISI crack-down on
agents in Pakistan, 309
network of secret
“black sites,” 258
in Pakistan, 306
centralized economic
planning, during WW
II, 120
Chamber of Commerce v.
Reich, 172
charges for detainees, in
Guantanamo, 278
Chase, Salmon P., 50, 52
Chase, Samuel, 128
Cheney, Dick, 208, 218, 226, 246
plans for global
kidnapping, 252–253
and surveillance
briefing, 228–229
and torture program, 216–217, 257–267
Christian pacifism, 83
Church, Benjamin, 23–24
Church, Frank F., 197
Church Committee, 197–199
Citizens’ Commission to
Investigate the FBI, 189
citizens, response to war
destruction, 10
citizenship of traitor, Supreme Court on, 129
civil liberties. See also
specific freedoms
battle to retain, 345
of detainees, 274
FISA Court and, 342
habeas corpus and, 42–47
vs. national security, 49
rollback after 9/11, 212
war and, 11
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 139
Civil War
habeas corpus in, 42–47
martial law during, 47
civilians, court-martial, 173–175
Clapper v. Amnesty
International, 250
Clark, Tom C., 145, 152
Clarke, John H., 88
Clarke, Richard, 208, 252
classical liberalism, 5n
vs. neoconservatives, 271
clear and present danger, 156
Hand on, 158
Holmes on, 87
Medina and, 157
Clement, Paul, 270, 288
Clinton, Bill, 20n, 172
Presidential Decision
Directive 39, 251–252
Clinton, Hillary, 236, 310, 311
Clinton administration
and al Qaeda in
Afghanistan, 205–208
information
declassification
procedures, 242–243
military action against
bin Laden, 206–207
and rise of
international
terrorism, 204
war on terror, 203–208
COINTELPRO (Counter
Intelligence Program), 188
Cold War, 143–199
secrecy in, 199
Cole (USS), bombing, 208
Collamer, Jacob, 46
Combatant Status Review
Tribunals (CSRT), 268, 285–286
Comey, James B., Jr., 228–230
command responsibility
doctrine, 278–279
commander in chief, President’s authority for
military commissions, 275
Committee of
Correspondence
(Continental Congress), 25, 26
Committee of Secret
Correspondence
(Continental Congress), 26
Committee on Public
Information, 66, 73, 74–79
Committee on Spies
(Continental Congress), 25, 26
communications. See also
telecommunications
companies
with enemy, criminalization of, 244
governmental
interference with
private, 248
Communism, 96–101
atmosphere opposing, 145
Communist Party of U.S.
(CPUSA), 95, 144
collapse, 164–165
Court of Appeals on, 158
Dies Committee and, 99
FBI persecution of
members, 164
indictment against, 152
membership and
federal employment, 181
Supreme Court on, 161
Congress. See U.S.
Congress
congressional elections in
1918, Wilson request for
vote of confidence, 73
conscientious objection, pamphlet advocating, 83
conspiracy
as charge against al
Qaeda members, 278
to create totalitarian
dictatorship charge, 147
constitutionality, presumption of, 113n
containment, 145
Truman and, 178
Continental Congress, 23–26
committees as
congressional CIA, 25
contract, right to make, 66, 69–70
Coolidge, Calvin, release
of political prisoners, 92
copper shortages, in WW
II, 115
Couch, Stuart, 277, 279
Council of National
Defense, Advisory
Commission, 116–117
counterterrorism
bureaucratic problems
with, 212
Bush (G.W.) administration and, 208–209
Court of Appeals, Second
Circuit, 157–165, 205
court packing, by FDR, 112
courts of law, truth-seeking function of, 341
Cramer, Anthony, 126, 127
Cramer, Myron C., 126
Creel, George, 74, 76
Cronkite, Walter, 193
cross-examination, in
Great Communist Trial, 156
cruel and unusual
punishment, 254
curfew, for Japanese
Americans, 135
“czar” principle, 120
Daliberti v. Republic of
Iraq, 257
al-Darbi, Ahmed, 264
Dasch, George J., 125, 126, 127
Davis, David, 50
Davis, Morris, 291, 316
Davis, Raymond, 307–309
Day of Deceit (Stinnett), 118, 243–244
death penalty, for
communicating with
enemy in Revolution, 24
Debs, Eugene V., 83–84, 92
Debs v. United States, 87
Declaration of
Independence, Jefferson
and, xxiv
declaration of war
absence in Libyan-U.S.
conflict, 312
for World War I, 65
for World War II, 113
Defense Department, intelligence gathering on
Iraq WMDs, 259
Defense Production Act of
1950, 169
Defense Secrets Act of
1911, 58–59
defensive measures, as
presidential powers, 20
Democratic National
Headquarters, break-in, 194–195
Dennis v. United States, 160–164
Yates decision and, 166
Department of Homeland
Security, 235
Department of Justice, secret white paper on
terrorist classification
process, 326, 327–328
Departmental
Reorganization Act, 65–66
Depression era
freedom of speech in, 94–110
self-ownership after, 110–113
unemployment, 112
Detainee Treatment Act
of 2005, 268–271, 287, 288
detainees treatment, Obama executive orders
on, 316
Detention Review Board, 148
Deus vult (“God wills it”), 225n
Dewey, John, 92
Dewey, Thomas E., 153
DeWitt, John L., 131, 132
and Japanese
internment, 133
Dickstein, Samuel, 97–98
Dies, Martin, 98
diplomatic immunity, Davis and, 309
Directory (French
government), 31–32
Dirty Wars (Scahill), 260, 301
“disaffection” provisions, 60–61
dissenting opinion, freedom to express, 28
District Court
jurisdiction, and
military custody, 283
Doe v. Ashcroft, 238–239
Doe v. Gonzales, 238–239
domestic eavedropping, FBI and, 218
domestic spies, 188–190
Bush (G.W.)
administration and, 217
drones for, 332
FBI and, 99–101
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 251
draft. See military draft in
WW I
draft card burning, 183
Drake, Thomas, 334
drone wars, 322–333
drones
assassinations by U.S., 303
domestic, and privacy, 331–333
drumhead courts, 47
due process, 80, 111, 167, 279, 319
and al-Aulaqi case, 329–331
Alien Enemies Act
and, 34
and CIA under
Obama, 326–327
vs. rapid convictions, in military
commissions, 276
Washington and, 30
Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 130, 274
Duncan v. Louisiana, 273
E
Eastern Europe, Soviet
Union and, 144
Eastman, Crystal, 92
economic rights, 65–71
Supreme Court on
protection for, 66
Egypt, secret police, 252
Eicher, Edward C., 108
Eisenhower, Dwight
and classified
information, 244
on U.S. in Middle East, 201–202
Electronic Privacy
Information Center, 221
Ellsberg, Daniel, 191, 193, 194
Embassy Bombings case, 207–208
embezzlement, conviction
by military tribunal for, 130
Endo, Ex parte, 138–139
enemy combatants,
executive authority to
detain, 283
equal protection under
the law, 135
Espionage Act of 1917, 59–62, 79, 138, 193, 335–336
amendments, 62–63
criminal prosecutions
under, 82–84
non-mailability
provision, 84–85
Obama and, 334–338
Supreme Court
decision on, 87–88
espionage, statutes, 58
Ethiopia, invasion of
Somalia by, 299
evidence
admissibility when
obtained by torture, 278
in criminal courts, 286
executive order
on bin Laden and al
Qaeda’s U.S. assets, 207
FDR, Office for
Emergency
Management
creation, 117
Lincoln’s suspension of
habeas corpus, 44
Supreme Court and, 172
Wilson, Committee on
Public Information
creation, 73
Executive Order 8381
(FDR), 244
Executive Order 9066
(FDR), 131–137, 138
Executive Order 9102
(FDR), 133
Executive Order 9301
(FDR), 120
Executive Order 9835
(Truman), 145
Executive Order 10340
(Truman), 168
Executive Order 12036
(Carter), 322n
Executive Order 12333
(Bush), 218, 322
Executive Order 12958
(Clinton), 242, 244
Executive Order 13292
(Bush), 244, 245, 247
Executive Order 13491
(Obama), 314, 316
Executive Order 13492
(Obama), 316
Executive Order 13493
(Obama), 316
executive state secrets, 244
extraordinary rendition, 251–252
F
FAA Modernization and
Reform Act of 2012, 331
Faheem, Muhammed, 307
fascism, 96
fear, restricting freedom, xviii
Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), 188
director term limits, 188n
and domestic spying, 99–101, 218
persecution of
Communist Party
members, 164
federal courts, evidence
requirements, 155
federal government
as civilian system, 54
and natural rights, xxvi
nullification and, 40
power of, 38
Federal Rules of Evidence
403, on probative vs.
prejudicial value of
evidence, 276
evidentiary
requirements vs.
military commission
rules, 128–130
federalism, 38
Federalist Papers, on wars, 17–18
Federalists, and English-French tensions, 33
Feinstein-Lee amendment, xix–xx
Ferguson, Homer S., 150
fifth column, 101, 131n
FISA. See Foreign
Intelligence
Surveillance Act of 1978
(FISA)
FISA Amendments Act of
2008, 248, 249–250, 334
Fish, Hamilton III, 96–97
Fish Committee, 96–97
Foley Square Trial, 152
Ford, Gerald
ban on assassinations, 322
Executive Order 11905, 322n
Ford administration, 197
Foreign Affairs Reform
and Restructuring Act, 252
foreign intelligence
services, CIA use of, 258
Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act of
1978 (FISA), 197–199, 241–242
court decisions, 338–343
and PATRIOT Act, 220
Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Court, 198, 248
Founding Fathers
as traitors, 352n15
on treason, 27–28
vision for intelligence
network, 26
442nd Regimental
Combat Team, 136–137
France
1778 alliance with, 26
concessions required
from American
delegation, 32
revolution, 30
surrender to Germany, impact in U.S., 101–110
France, Joseph I., 64
Frankfurter, Felix, 91, 287
Franklin, Benjamin, 15
as spy, 25–26
freedom, 346
presidential duty to
preserve, 203
vs. security, 3, 11–13
vs. treaties, 173–175
freedom of association, 179
Freedom of Information
Act, 243, 327, 339
freedom of movement, 12
freedom of self-defense, 12
freedom of speech, xxx, 12, 35–36, 63, 184
and clear and present
danger, 158
in Depression era, 94–110
and dissenting
opinions, 28
repression in Civil
War, 47
suppression by Nixon
administration, 187
freedom of the press, 192
Freeh, Louis, 206
Freeman’s Journal and
Catholic Register, 84, 103
Frohwerk v. United States, 87
G
Garfield, James, 49
Gates, Robert, 248
Gelles, Michael, 263
General Order No. 38, 244
Geneva Conventions, 270, 277, 288
Common Article
3, and military
commissions, 289
Gephardt, Richard A., 217
German American Bund, 98–99, 125
German culture, committee on public
misinformation assault
on, 77
German studies in U.S.
schools, 92
Germany
Berlin nightclub
bombing, 202
military, 115–116
propaganda against, 76–77
Wilson’s justification
of war with, 79
Gihaz al-Mukhabarat
al-Amma, torture, 252
Gitlow v. New York, 94
Gitmo. See Guantanamo
Bay (Gitmo) Detention
Center
global terror, 1980 to 2001, 201–209
Global War on Terror
Bush (G.W.)
administration and, 216
privacy rights in, 217–226
Goldsmith, Jack, 228, 268
Goldstein, Robert, 82
Gonzales, Alberto R., 230, 254
goods, 12
Gore, Al, 206, 252
government
anarcho-capitalist
approach to, 7n
Founding Fathers on
role of, 4
minimalist
conceptualization, 8
Government Accounting
Office, 244
government intelligence
operations, committee
to investigate, 197
government transparency, vs. secret government, 346
Great Communist Trial of
1949, 152–157
prosecution reliance
on propaganda
literature, 154–155
witness identification
of party members, 156
Great Sedition Trial of
1944, 107–109, 154
Great Society, and war in
Vietnam, 178
Greenwald, Glenn, 309, 336
Gregory, Thomas, 79, 80
Guantanamo Bay (Gitmo)
Detention Center, 261
detainees’ privilege of
habeas corpus, 292
indefinite use, 318
military commissions
at, 278
Obama pledge to close, 315–316
Qahtani (inmate), 263–264
suicide by detainees, 288
Guardian, 309
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution, 20, 180, 191
Gurfein, Murray, 192, 193
H
habeas corpus, 269
in Civil War, 42–47
Constitution
protection of, 270
for enemy combatants, legislative restriction, 287
Lincoln suspension of, 43, 44, 45, 360n24
Hague Conventions, 127, 274
Haider, Faizan, 307
Hale, Nathan, 23
Hamdan, Salim, 288
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 270, 286, 288–290
Congress involvement, 286–288
and Military
Commission Act, 292
Hamdan v. United States, 270
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 279–286
Hamdi, Yaser Esam, 283–284
Hamilton, Alexander, Federalist Papers, on
wars, 17–18
Hand, Learned, 158–159, 160
Harakat al Shabab al
Mujahideen (al Shabab), 299, 301, 302
Harding, Warren, 92
Harris, Harry, Jr., 288
Harris, John, 208
Hastert, John D., 217
Haupt, Herbert H., 125
citizenship, 128–129
Hawaiian Islands
FDR advance
knowledge of attack, 118–119
Pelley statement on, 106
U.S. fleet in, 119
Hayden, Michael V., 218
Hayes, Rutherford B., 53
Haynes, William James, 277
military commission
order, 275–276
health of state, and war, 9–11, 57, 228
hearsay testimony, 147
and military
commission trials, 291
Hearst, Randolph, 246
heckler’s veto, xxxi
Heinck, Heinrich H., 125
Henry VII (King of
England), xxiv
Hicks, David, 291–292, 316
Hirabayashi, Kiyoshi, 135
Hirabayashi v. United
States, 134
Hiroshima, xxv
Hitler, Adolf, 97
Ho Chi Minh, 191
Hobbes, Thomas
influence of, 4
Leviathan, 5
Holder, Eric, 317, 319, 330–331
Holder v. Humanitarian
Law Project, 338
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 88, 94, 95, 111, 162
on clear and present
danger, 87
Hoover, J. Edgar, 90, 100, 188
House Joint Resolution
114, 217
House Rules Committee, Palmer before, 91
House Un-American
Activities Committee
(HUAC), 98
Human Rights Watch, 265, 315
Humanitarian Law
Project et al. v. Ashcroft, 237, 338
Hussein, Saddam, 257
military action against, 217
I
ideas, manipulation of
marketplace of, 245
Illaron, Susan, 338
immigrants, allegiance of, 33–34
individual autonomy, war
and, 11
inflation, Truman
approach to, 168
information, declassification
procedures, 242–243
intelligence gathering, importance in American
wars, 24–25
Intelligence Reform and
Terrorism Prevention
Act of 2004, 239, 338
Internal Security
Emergency, President’s
power to declare, 148
International Committee
of the Red Cross, 260
Internet carriers
FISA Amendments Act
of 2008 and, 250
information from, 222
Iran, overthrow of elected
prime minister, 201
Iranian hostage crisis, 202
Iraq theatre, 216–217
Iraq War Resolution, 217
ISI (Pakistani intelligence
service), 307
Islamic Courts Union
(ICU), 298–299
Islamic world, U.S.
relationship with, 201
Israel, U.S. as ally, 201
J
Jackson, Andrew, 62
Jackson, Robert, xxx–
xxxi, 99, 105
on presidential power
categories, 170–171
Japan, FDR advisors on
steps for provoking, 118–119
Japanese American
Evacuation Claims Act, 139
Japanese Americans
internment, xix, 123n, 131–137, 138
apology attempt, 195
losses from, 134
Jay, John, 31
Jefferson, Thomas, 26
and Declaration of
Independence, xxiv
in election of 1796, 31
in election of 1800, 35
jihadists, ex-patriot, 324
Johnson, Andrew, 51
Johnson, Lyndon, 180
Vietnam conflict under, 177–185
Johnson (Lyndon)
administration, troop
deployment, 20
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 144
Joint Special Operations
Command (JSOC), 12, 259
deaths of detainees, 268
secret interrogation
operation, 261
torture, 265
in Yemen, 304, 305
Jones, Anthony R., 266n
Judicial Procedures
Reform Bill of 1937, 112
judicial process, adversarial system in, 340–341
Judiciary Act of 1789, and
military commissions, 48
jurisdiction, personal vs.
subject-matter, 293
jury trial, right to, 418n53
Justice Department
declassification of
documents, 339
General Intelligence
Division, 90
K
Kanwal, Shumaila, 309
Kappe, Walter, 125
Kennedy, Anthony, 292, 293
Kennedy, John F.commutation of Scales
sentence, 179
Vietnam conflict
under, 177–185
Kentucky Resolutions of
1798, 38–40
Kenya, Al Qaeda in, 297
Kerling, Edward, 125, 126
Keynes, John Maynard, 112
Khan, Samir, 324, 325
Khobar Towers explosion, 322
Clinton and, 206
Kim II-Sung, 145–146
Kim, Stephen, 334
Kiriakou, John, 335
knowledge, power of, 227
“known unknowns”
New York Times and, 246–247
of Rumsfeld, 246
Knox, Dudley, 119
Knox, Frank, 131
Korea
division, 145–146
invasion of South by
North, 157
North, classified
information on
nuclear program, 335
U.S. military retreat, 160
Korean War, property
rights and, 167–172
Korematsu, Toyosaburo, 135–137
Korematsu v. United
States, 134
Krass, Caroline D., 312
Ku Klux Klan, 185
FBI investigation, 189
Kurdistan Workers Party
(PKK), 237
Kuwait, 203
L
Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947, 169
Laos, North Vietnam
invasion, 178
Leavitt, Humphrey H., 360n31
legal services, as goods, 12
Leibowitz, Shamai, 334
Leviathan (Hobbes), 5
Levin, Daniel, 268
Lewinsky-Clinton
scandal, 207
Lewis, C.S., xxvi
Libby, Scooter, 217, 247
liberalism, 5n
of Warren Court, 165
libertarian theory, 352n17
libertarianism, 5n
liberty, loss of, xvii
al-Libi, Abu Anas, 313
Libya, 310–314
civil war, 310–311
U.S. presence in, 296
Lichtblau, Eric, 247
Lincoln, Abraham, xvii–xviii, 49
Constitution and, 44–45
martial law declared, 360n24
suspension of natural
rights, xxv
suspension of right to
habeas corpus, 43, 44, 45, 360n24
Linder, Hans-Heinz, 125
Lippman, Walter, vi
Livingston, Edward, 34
local law enforcement
agencies, and drones, 332
Lochner v. United States, 66, 110–111
Locke, John, 13
influence of, 4
on liberty, 6n
Two Treatises of Civil
Government, 5
lockouts, NWLB
renunciation
requirement, 68
London, Meyer, 64
Los Angeles International
Airport, 262
loyalty security program, 145
Luftwaffe, 115
Lusitania, 364n86
1915 sinking, 74–75
Lyon, Matthew, 36–37
M
MacArthur, Douglas, in
Korea, 160
Maddox (USS), 180
Madison, James, vii, 3, 20, 42
Federalist Papers, 187–188
Federalist Papers No.
43, 27
Madrid train bombing
(2004), 240
Maginot Line, 101
mail, censorship in WWI, 84–85
al Majalah, 304–305
Mann Act (1910), 100
Manning, Bradley, 334
Marbury v. Madison, 253
Marcantonio, Vito, 103–104, 149
marijuana, federal laws, 40
Markoff, John, 227n
Marshall, John, delegation
to Paris, 31–32
martial law, during Civil
War, 47
Maryland, Union Army
blockade, 43
material witness warrant, 279
Matthey, Walter, 82
Mauritania, 258
May Day riots (1919), 90
May Day Scare, and
Palmer’s credibility, 91
Mayfield v. United States, 240
McCardle, Ex parte, 51–52
McCardle, William, 51
McCarran Internal
Security Act of 1950, 146–151, 195, 284
concentration camp
provision, 148
Supreme Court attack
on, 181
Truman veto, 150–151
McCollum Memo, 118
McCormack, John W., 97–98
McCormack-Dickstein
Committee, 97–98
McGohey, John F.X., 152, 156
McKelvey, Tara, “Inside the
Killing Machine,” 326
McKenna, Joseph, 88
McKinley, William, assassination, 99
McMahon betrayal, 327–328
McMahon, Colleen, 327
McNamara, Robert, 181, 191
Medina, Harold R., 153–154, 156
Court of Appeals on
jury instructions of, 159–160
Meints, John, 81–82
Menchken, H.L., 72
mental torture, 256
Merkeel, Angela, 343
Merryman, Ex parte, 41
Merryman, John, 43
Meyer v. Nebraska, 92
Middle East oil, 201
Middle East wars, 225
military advisors, in
Vietnam, 178
Military Commission
Order No. 1, 289
military commissions, 47–51, 275–277, 290–294
at Guantanamo Bay, 277
Lincoln and, 360n24
operation, 277–279
revival, and right to
trial, 274
Military Commissions Act
of 2006, 270
Obama and, 315–319
Supreme Court and, 293
Military Commissions Act
of 2009, 317–318
military custody, and District Court
jurisdiction, 283
military draft in WW I, 74
evasion, 364n79
military interrogations, by Bush administration, 261
Military Order of
November 13, 2001, 275–277
Military Police (MPs), zero-restriction
treatment culture, 266
Military Training Act, 183
military tribunals, 124–131, 173
embezzlement
conviction by, 130
military, U.S.
Constitution on, 17
Militia Act of 1792, 29
Mill, John Stuart, 107
Millennium Plot, 262
Milligan, Ex parte, 48–51, 127, 275
Milligan, Lambdin, 48
“Milligan Rule,” 130
minority political
groups, congressional
sanctioned attacks on, 96
Les Misérables, 13
Mitchell, John, 195
mob violence, 79
Supreme Court on, 86–89
Mogadishu, Battle of, 297
Mohamed, Binyam, 262
Mohammed, Jude, 324, 326
Mohammed, Khalid
Sheikh, 204, 214, 317, 319
and September 11
attacks, 290–291
Monica Lewinsky scandal, 207
Montgomery County
Sheriff’s Office (Texas), 332
moot cases, 342
More, Thomas, treason
trial, xxiii–xxiv
Morgan, Edmund S., vi
Morris, Dick, 204
Morris, Larry, 292
Morrison v. Olson, 196
Moss, John, 244
Mueller, Robert S., III, 229, 230
mujahideen, 202
Mukasey, Michael, 280
Mundt-Ferguson
Communist Registration
Bill of 1950, 148
Mundt-Nixon Bill (1948), 148
murder, justifying, 255
Murphy, Frank, 99, 105
dissent on Korematsu, 137
Murray, Bill, “Over
There,” 73n
mutuality, contracts
lacking, 71
Myers, Henry, 62
N
Nacchio, Joseph P., 231–233
Nagasaki, xxv
Naitonal Security Council
Intelligence Directive, 144
Napoleon, 33
National Civil Liberties
Bureau, 81, 82
National Defense
Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2012, 318–319
National Defense Council, 68
National Labor Relations
Act, 172
national security
vs. civil liberties, 49
and unconstitutional
domestic government
intrusions, 190
National Security Act, 144
National Security Agency
(NSA), 144, 217
accountability shifting, 250
Snowden release of
files, 336
telephony and Internet
metadata collection, 219
timeline of warrantless
wiretapping
authorization, 339
National Security
Council, 144, 208–209
National Security Letter, In
re, 338
National Security Letters, 224, 238–240
National Transitional
Council, fighting against
Qaddafi, 311
National War Labor Board
(NWLB), 66, 67–68
nation’s belief in freedom, testing, xviii
NATO, in Libya, 313
Natural law, 4, 301, 346
and property transfers, 172
self-ownership and, 6
natural rights, xxiii–xxv, 5–7, 8–9
and federal
government, xxvi
increased respect for, 91
Lincoln’s suspension
of, xxv
right to self-ownership
and, 78
silence as, xxiv
Naturalization Act, 33
repeal, 35
Nazi Wehrmacht (Defense
Force), 115
Nazism, 96–101
congressional
investigation, 97
saboteurs in U.S., 124–127
Nelles, Walter, 92
Nelson, Donald M., 116, 120
neoconservatives, vs.
classical liberals, 271
Neubauer, Herman O., 125
neutrality of U.S., 31
New Deal, Supreme Court
and, 112
New Jersey Continentals, mutineers from, 29
New York Times, 268, 309
injunction against, 192
on Kennedy, 179
“known unknowns”
and, 246–247
on NSA monitoring
of international
telephone calls, 246
and Pentagon Papers, 190
on sedition trial, 108, 109
New York Times v. United
States, 193–194
New York Times v. United
States Department of
Justice, 327
New York World, 84
news media, 246
“Nisei” Battalion, 136–137
Nixon, Richard, 144, 148
promise of peace with
honor, 186
and Vietnam War, 184, 186–195
Nixon administration, troop deployment, 20
No Treason (Spooner), 7
noble lies, xvii
Non-Aggression Principle, 8
Non-Detention Act of
1971, xix, 195, 281–282, 284
non-mailability provision, 61–62
nonresident aliens, litigation in U.S. courts, 282
Nosair, El Sayyid, 204–205
nullification, 38–40
O
Obama, Barack, xviii, xxvi, 267, 296
Afghanistan and Iraq
war policy changes, 296
on Davis, 308
and deaths of U.S.
citizens, 324
drone strikes, 323
and military
commissions, 317
as Senator, 291
Obama administration
and Qaddafi, 311
and right to trial, 315–319
torture and unlimited
rendition, 314–315
and U.S. in Somalia, 301–303
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 283–284
Office of Emergency
Management (OEM), 117
Office of Legal Counsel
(OLC), 228, 252–253
Office of Price
Administration and
Civilian Supply, 118
Office of Production
Management (OPM), 117
Ohio, criminal
syndicalism statute, 185
Olson, Culbert, 132
Operation Enduring
Freedom, 215
Operation Pastorius, 124
opinion statements, Supreme Court on, 107
Orwell, George, 201, 211, 321
Overman, Lee, 65, 90
Overman Act, 65–66
Overman Committee, 90
P
Padilla, José, 279
pain, severity in torture, 255–256
Pakistan
U.S. presence in, 296
Waziristani theatre, 306–310
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 90
PATRIOT Act of 2001, 219–226, 338
courts on
unconstitutionality, 236–242
Fourth Amendment
and, 240
government authority
to punish service
providing assistance, 224–225
material support
provision, 237
Obama signing of, 333–343
patriotism, 10
Payne, James F.X., 232
Pearl Harbor
FDR advance
knowledge of attack, 118–119
Pelley statement on, 106
U.S. fleet in, 119
Pelley Trial, 105–107, 109
Pelley, William D., 105
Pelosi, Nancy, 259
pen register, 223
Pentagon, 2001 attack, 211
Pentagon Papers, 190–195
Perilous Times (Biddle), 105
perpetual war, creating, 303
personal information, government collection
of, 226–227
personal jurisdiction, vs. subject-matter
jurisdiction, 293
personal liberty. See civil
liberties
Philbin, Patrick F., 275, 277
Philippines, fall in 1942, 115
Pierce v. United States, 89
Pink Palace court, 274
Plato, The Republic, 58
Podesta, John D., 242–243
Poindexter, John M., 226
Poitras, Laura, 336
political accountability, 248
political activism, power
of, 187
political expression, individual’s right to, 60–61
political parties, and
English-French tensions, 33
political question, in
al-Aulaqi case, 328
Posse Comitatus Act of
1878, 52–54
Poster, William Z., 144
postmaster general
control of disloyal
mail, 84–85
non-mailability
provision and, 61–62
Powell, Colin, 217
precedence of rights, theory of, 13
President
authority to conduct
war, 255
as Commander in
Chief, 19–20, 196
Constitution on war
powers, 17–18
and constitutional
protections in
wartime, 51
military commissions, 47–51
power to declare
Internal Security
Emergency, 148
and treason cases, 330
War Powers Act and, 113–114
Presidential Decision
Directive 39, 205
presidential election of
1796, 31
presidential election of
1800, 39
presidential election of
1948, 152–153
presidential power, 169
attacks on, 195–199
congressional action
and, 171
executive powers, 46
seizure of, 50
Youngstown Sheet case
on, 167–172
President’s Surveillance
Program (PSP), 218–219, 228, 248
Bush authorization, 337
press censorship, in WWI, 59–60
price regulations, 67
PRISM, 250
and Snowden, 336–338
privacy rights, 80
domestic drones and, 331–333
in Global War on
Terror, 217–226
Obama administration
and, 333–343
private communications, legal standard for search
and seizure, 340
propaganda, 72
in increase popular
support for WWI, 74–79
Senate committee to
investigate Bolshevik
and un-American, 90
property rights, 65–71
Korean War and, 167–172
protection of, 114
property transfers, Natural law and, 172
Protect America Act of
2007, 248–249, 334
The Public, 84
public information, control of, 244
public opinion, in war, 10–11
publicity, 193
Q
Qaddafi, Muammar, 310–311
al Qaeda, 202–203
attack on U.S.
embassies in
Tanzania and Kenya, 206
detainees at Gitmo, 278
first attacks on U.S.
targets, 204
in Kenya, 297
operatives detention in
secret prisons, 260
Al Shabab in Somalia
and, 302
in Somalia, 298
al Qaeda in Arabian
Peninsula (AQAP), 304
Qahtani (Guantanamo
inmate), 263–264
Qanyare, Mohamed
Afrah, 297, 298
Qassem, Talaat Fouad, 252
Quirin, Ex parte, 124–131
Quirin, Richard, 125
Qwest, 232–233
R
Rahman, “Blind Sheikh,”
204
Ramadan, Tariq, 231
visa denied to, 233–236
Rankin, John E., 149, 151
Rasul, Shafiq, 282
Rasul v. Bush, 270, 279–286
Reagan, Ronald, 139
ban on assassinations, 322
and Qaddafi, 311
REAL ID Act of 2005, 40
Reconstruction Acts, 51
Reconstruction era, military districts, 52–53
Red Scare, 86
Red Scare (Second), 138, 144, 145, 146
end of, 165–167
Reed, James A., 63
Rehnquist, William H., xxx, 50, 280
Reid, Harry, xx
Reid v. Covert, 173
Reportergate, 335
The Republic (Plato), 58
Republican Party, and
writ of habeas corpus
suspension, 45–46
Republicans, and English-French tensions, 33
revenge, drones and, 323
Revere, Paul, 24
Rice, Condoleezza, 311
right to jury trial, 418n53
right to privacy. See
privacy rights
right to self-ownership
after Depression, 110–113
Natural law and, 6
natural liberty and, 78
right to trial, 124–131
military commission
revival and, 274
Risen, James, 335
Roberts, John G., 288, 338
Rockwell, Llewellyn H., Jr., 5n
Romney, Mitt, 323
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 99
Roosevelt, Franklin D., xxv, 93
advance knowledge of
Pearl Harbor attack, 118–119
on Alien and Sedition
Act, 104
court packing, 112
on military areas, 123
and power, 121
pressure to persecute
Americans as
Communist and Nazi
sympathizers, 105
Proclamation No.
2561, 126
Roosevelt, Theodore, 63–64, 100
Rosen, James, 334
Rosenberg, Julius and
Ethel, 149
Rothbard, Murray N., vii, 7n
roving wiretaps provision, 221
Rumsfeld, Donald, 216, 246, 254, 258–259
Military Commission
Order No. 1, 277
Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 270, 279–286
al-Ruqai, Nazih Abdul-Hamed, 313
Rutledge, Harry D. Jr., 232
S
saboteurs
denial of right to
civilian trial, 124
Nazi, in U.S., 124–127
Safire, William, 227
Saigon, planned military
operations in, 191
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 303–304
Sanders, Bernie, xix
Saturday Evening Post, 109
Saudi Arabia, 203
secret base in, 305
Scahill, Jeremy, 308
Dirty Wars, 260, 301
Scales v. United States, 179
Scalia, Antonin, 283
dissent in Hamdi, 284–285
Schaefer v. United States, 88
Schenck v. United States, 86–87
Scott, Winfield, 44
searches and seizures
protections, 80
unreasonable, 221
secrecy
in Cold War, 199
PATRIOT Act and, 222
Secret Committee
(Continental Congress), 25
secret government, vs. government
transparency, 346
security, xvii
vs. freedom, 3, 11–13
as goods, 12
Sedition Act of 1798, 33, 34–35
Sedition Act of 1918, 62–65, 79
criminal prosecutions
under, 82–84
repeal, 91
sedition, Lyon indictment
for, 37
Selective Service Act of
1948, 169
self-determination, 111, 301
self-ownership
after Depression, 110–113
Natural law and, 6
natural liberty and, 78
self-preservation, 360n31
Separation of Powers
principle, 168, 196
September 2001 attacks, xxvi, 211
efforts to link Iraq, 216
Shane, Scott, 232
Sharia courts, 298
Sharia law, 310
Sheldon, Hugh, 216
Silent Majority, 187
Silver Shirts, 105
Slahi, Mohamedou Ould, 261–263
Smith Act of 1940, 101–105, 138, 151
criminal prosecutions
under, 152–157
membership provision
of, 179
Supreme Court on, 162
Yates decision and, 165–166, 167
Smith and Wesson case
(NWLB), 67–68
Smith, Bryant, 50
Smith, Howard W., 102
“sneak and peek” warrant
provision, 223, 241
Snowden, Edward, 246, 335–338
and PRISM, 336–338
social compact, 78–79
Constitution as, 7
Socialist Party, 89
government overthrow
advocated, 94
Socialist Workers Party, FBI investigation, 189
Socialists, and May Day
riots, 90
Somalia, U.S. presence in, 296, 297–303
South Carolina, nullification of federal
law, 39
Southeast Asia, 178
sovereignty, 39
Soviet Union, 143
U.S. views of, 177–185
Special Committee on
Un-American Activities
to Investigate Nazi
Propaganda, 98
Special Forces, Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and
Escape (SERE) program, 259
The Spirit of ‘76 (film), 82
Spooner, Lysander, No
Treason, 7
spying, domestic, with
drones, 332
Stalin, Josef, and Korean
conflict, 146
Standards of Conduct for
Interrogation, 254–255
state laws, First
Amendment protections
and, 95
state secrecy
statutes on, 58–59
and war power, 259
state wars, 352n21
states
and Congressional
acts, 40
legitimate power of, 7
stealth technology, and
drones, 332
steel industry, 168
STELLARWIND, 218–219, 337
Sterling, Jeffrey, 335
Stevens, John Paul, 283, 289, 290
dissent in Hamdi, 284–285
Stimson, Henry, 133
Stinnett, Robert B., Day of
Deceit, 118, 243–244
Stockholm Syndrome, 263
Stokes, Rose, 83
Stone, Geoffrey R., 105, 106–107, 191
Stone, Lausen H., 126
strict scrutiny standard of
review, 136
strikes, NWLB
renunciation
requirement, 68
Students for a Democratic
Society, 186
Suárez, Francisco, 5
subject-matter
jurisdiction, vs.
personal jurisdiction, 293
Subversive Activities
Control Board (SACB), 147, 180
Sudan, 203
“Suicide Pact,” xxix
Summa Theologica
(Aquinas), 8, 13
Sumners, Hatton, 104
Supply Priorities and
Allocation Board
(SPAB), 117
Supreme Court, 18. See
also specific case names
appellate jurisdiction
after Civil War, 51–52
on mob violence, 86–89
opposition to
Bush’s military
commissions, 279–294
and presidential
executive orders, 171–172
Quirin case problems, 127–130
and relationship to
Congress, 287
Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape
(SERE) program, 259
Swann, Robert L., 279
Swift, Charlie, 288
Syngman Rhee, 145
T
Taft administration, protection of military
information, 58
Taft, William Howard, 67
Taguba, Antonio M., 266
Taliban, 205–206
control of Afghanistan
in 2001, 213
response to Bush
call for bin Laden
surrender, 214–215
Talleyrand, Marquis de, 32
Taney, Roger Brooke, 43
on Presidential powers, 359n10
Tehran, U.S. Embassy in, 202
telecommunications
companies
FISA Amendments Act
of 2008 and, 250
information from, 222
NSA capture and
storage of phone
conversation
content, 340
NSA monitoring of
international calls, 246
Tenet, George, 218, 259
Terminiello v. Chicago, xxix–xxxi
The Terror Courts
(Bravin), 263, 265
terrorism. See also World
Trade Center
1980 to 2001, 201–209
Berlin nightclub
bombing, 202
Madrid train bombing
(2004), 240
Terrorism Surveillance
Program, 218–219, 228, 337
testing nation’s belief in
freedom, xviii
Tet Offensive, 183
Texas Law Review, 50
Thiel, Werner, 125
Thompson, Robert, 156–157
thought crimes, imprisonment for, 90
torture, 205, 250, 251
Bush administration
and, 253
Bybee on conditions
constituting, 256
challenges to Bush’s
power and sanction
of, 267
Cheney program, 257–267
by Egypt secret police, 252
Obama administration
and, 314–315
U.S. Code on, 254
Torture Memos, 254–257
torture statements, and
military commission
trials, 291
Torture Victims Prevention
Act of 1991, 255
Total Information
Awareness, 226–250
Trading with Enemy Act, 114
traitors
Founding Fathers as, 352n15
meaning in 1700s, 27
transparency of
government, 243
treason, 26
England’s punishment
for, 27
Founding Fathers on, 27–28
Pennsylvania farmers
and, 29
treaties, vs. freedom, 173–175
trial, right to, 124–131
military commission
revival and, 274
Truman, Harry, xxv, 144
approach in Korean
War, 168
call for overseas
initiatives, 144–145
and communist
containment, 178
truth, xvii
Two Treatises of Civil
Government (Locke), 5
U
U-boats, 115
in New York and
Florida, 124–127
Ulema, of Afghan imams, 214
Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 289, 316
United Nations Security
Council
and no-fly zone over
Libya, 311
Resolution 83, 146
U. S. Congress, 17–19
ceding of power to
President, 144
Congressional
Research Service
Report (2009), 245
delegation of power to
declare war, 215–216
intelligence briefings
for Gang of Eight, 258
investigatory
committees, 96
jurisdiction stripping
after Civil War, 51–52
power to suspend
habeas corpus, 43, 45–46
and presidential power, 171
and president’s
commitment of
troops to conflicts, 196
protection of military
information, 58
United States v. Carolene
Products, 112
United States v. O’Brien, 180, 183–184
United States v. Rahman, 204
United States v. Robel, 181–183
United Steel Workers of
America, 168
U.S. Army, in 1940, 115
U.S. citizens, protections
abroad, 173
U.S. Constitution, 346
as agreement among
states, 39
Article III, 330
Bush’s claim of power
to interpret in secret, 253
Contracts Clause, 111
and ex post facto law, 128
Founding Fathers on
role of government, 4
reasons for, 16
as social compact, 7
Suspension Clause, 43, 283, 284, 285, 293
and Guantanamo, 293
Treason clause, 124, 205, 356n37
and al-Aulaqi case, 329–331
and First
Amendment, 27–28
war powers
allocation, 16–21
World War I, and
violations, 58
First Amendment, xxx, 35, 72
clear and present
danger, 156
and public’s right to
know, 192–193
and state laws, 95
Supreme Court
and, 92
underlying premise, 162
Fourth Amendment, 80, 190, 221, 248
PATRIOT Act and, 240
Fifth Amendment, 67, 80, 111, 114, 173–175, 329–331
Due Process, 167.
See also due
process
Takings Clause, 65
Sixth Amendment, 173–175
Fourteenth
Amendment, 369n10
U.S. Special Forces, capture of accused
terrorists, 313
University of Notre Dame, 235
unreasonable searches
and seizures, 221
unripe cases, 342
Urban II (pope), 225n
USA PATRIOT Act of
2001, 219–226, 338
courts on
unconstitutionality, 236–242
Fourth Amendment
and, 240
government authority
to punish service
providing assistance, 224–225
material support
provision, 237
Obama signing of, 333
Uzbekistan, 307
V
Vallandigham, Clement, 47–48
Vallandigham, Ex parte, 47–51
Vardaman, James K, 63
vice president, exception
to declassification rules, 245, 246
Vietnam conflict, 20
draft dodgers, 73
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution, 180
under JFK and LBJ, 177–185
and Nixon, 184
U.S. casualties, 195
as war of aggression, 191–192
Vietnam Moratorium of
November 1969, 187
vigilantism, 89. See also
mob violence
Vinson, Fred, 161–162
violence, 352n17
against a person, 8
Virginia Resolutions of
1798, 38–40
voice-mail
communications, government access to, 222
void for vagueness
doctrine, 237
Volstead, Andrew, 60
Voltaire, 81
voluntary organizations, enforcing law with, 79–82
W
wage regulations, 67
Wage Stabilization Board, 168
Waldron, Charles, 83
Wallace, Henry A., 120, 152
Walsh, Frank P., 67
Walsh, Thomas, 62
Walton, Reggie B., 341
war
citizens’ response to
destruction, 10
and health of state, 9–11, 57, 228
president and
constitutional
protections in, 51
repression of thoughts
on propriety, 244
Warren on overexercise
of authority, 182
War Boards, 115–116
war hysteria, 10, 224
in 1950s, 149, 150
after 9/11, 212
Bush and, 291
FDR and, 94
and Japanese
internment, 131
Korean invasion and, 146, 157–158
and Muslim
crackdowns, 325
and persecution of
dissenters, 231
Supreme Court and, 130, 163, 165
Truman and, 145, 150
in WW II, 101, 108
War Industries Board, 66, 68–71
war on terror
beginnings, 204
Clinton administration
and, 203–208
War on Terror
Congresses, 257
war powers, 17, 266–267
allocation under
Constitution, 16–21
jurisprudence, 182–183
and state secrecy, 259
War Powers Acts (1941
and 1942), 113–114
War Powers Resolution of
1973, 18, 195–197
Obama and, 312
War Production Board
(WPB), 119–120
War Relocation Authority, 133
War Resources Board
(WRB), 116
warlords, in Somalia, 297–298
warrant, xx
warrantless wiretapping, NSA authorization, 339
Warren Court, 165–167
Warren, Earl, 132, 153, 178
Watkins opinion, 166–167
Warren, Lindsay, 97
Washington, George, xxv, 24, 314
response to mutiny, 29
Washington Post, 109, 190
and Pentagon Papers, 190
waterboarding, 261, 292
Watergate, 190–195
Watkins v. United States, 166–167
Waziristani (Pakistani)
theatre, 306–310
weaponized drone
warfare, 322
weapons, in Somalia, 299
weapons of mass
destruction (WMDs), 216–217
intelligence gathering
on, 259
Weathermen, 186
Webb, Edwin, 60
Webb Amendment, 61
West Coast Hotel v.
Parrish, 110, 112
Whiskey Rebellion, 29–30
Whitney v. California
(1927), 95
Williams, Mark, 227
Wilson, James, 29
Wilson, Woodrow, xxv, 58, 59
Justice Department, 65
peace platform, 365n94
political suppression, 71–86
reaction to Lusitania
sinking, 75
request for vote of
confidence, 73
stroke, 89–90
suppression of
unpopular
viewpoints in WWI, 72–79
wiretap authorizations, 198
wiretap warrants, 221
Wolfowitz, Paul, 216, 285–286
Woods, Thomas, Nullification, 39–40
Woodward, Bob, 306n
Obama’s Wars, 296
Wool Division
Controversy, 69–71
workweek, for World War
II duration, 120
World Trade Center
1993 bombings, 204–205
2001 attack, 211
and permanent
state of
emergency, 274
World War I
censorship of mail, 84–85
and Constitution
violations, 58
declaration of war, 65
suppression of
unpopular
viewpoints, 72–79
World War II
Congress declaration
of war, 113
economic preparation, 118
writ of attachment, 44
Wyden, Ron, xx
X
XYZ Affair, 30–33
Y
Yates v. United States, 165
Yemen, 303–306, 325
U.S. presence in, 296
Yoo, John C., 218, 254, 268, 277
letter on legal
arguments
for avoiding
international
criminal jurisdiction, 257
Youngstown Sheet and
Tube Co. vs. Sawyer, 167–172
Yousef, Ramiz, 204
Yugoslavia conflict, 20n
Z
Zabara, Mullah, 306