1. The Real Innovators Among Us
2. Geoffrey Jones,
Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
3. Gifford Pinchot III, “Who Is the Intrapreneur?” in
Intrapreneuring: Why You Don’t Have to Leave the Corporation to Become an Entrepreneur (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 28.
4. Peter F. Drucker,
Classic Drucker: Wisdom from Peter Drucker from the Pages of Harvard Business Review (Boston: Harvard Business Review Books, 2006), 69.
6. Thomas S. Kuhn,
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
11. Ray Kurzweil,
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005).
12. Salim Ismail,
Exponential Organizations: Why New Organizations Are Ten Times Better, Faster, and Cheaper Than Yours (and What to Do About It) (New York: Diversion Books, 2014).
14. “State of the Global Workplace.”
2. Six Attributes and Seven Barriers
1. Zoltán J. Ács, ed.,
Global Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Incentives: The Mason Years (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2015), 562.
2. Sjoerd Beugelsdijk and Niels Noorderhaven, “Personality Characteristics of Self-Employed: An Empirical Study,”
Small Business Economics 24, no. 2 (2005): 159–167.
3. George Pyne, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, April 25, 2014.
4. Raymond L. Price et al., “Innovation Politics: How Serial Innovators Gain Organisational Acceptance for Breakthrough New Products,”
International Journal of Technology Marketing 4, no. 2/3 (2009): 181.
5. Hoby Darling, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, May 2015.
6. Donald F. Kuratko and Michael G. Goldsby, “Corporate Entrepreneurs or Rogue Middle Managers? A Framework for Ethical Corporate Entrepreneurship,”
Journal of Business Ethics 55, no. 1 (2004): 13–30.
7. Israel Kirzner,
Competition and Entrepreneurship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973); Robert A. Burgelman, “Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy Making and Organizational Adaptation: Theory and Field Research,”
Organization Science 2, no. 3 (1991): 239–262.
8. Melissa Cardon, Richard Sudek, and Cheryl Mitteness, “The Impact of Perceived Entrepreneurial Passion on Angel Investing,” in
Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2009, ed. Andrew L. Zacharakis (Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 2009); Melissa S. Cardon and Christopher E. Stevens, “The Discriminant Validity of Entrepreneurial Passion,”
Academy of Management Proceedings 2009, no. 1 (2009): 1–6.
3. Intent: Choosing to See and Seize Opportunities
1. Ashley Strickland, “Swoon Lets YA Readers Choose Which Books Get Published,”
CNN, October 16, 2014,
https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/15/living/crowdsourced-young-adult-swoon/index.html; Sally Lodge, “Macmillan Expands Scope of Swoon Reads,”
Publishers Weekly, November 22, 2016,
https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/72101-macmillan-expands-scope-of-swoon-reads.html; Alexandra Alter, “Publishers Turn to the Crowd to Find the Next Best Seller,”
New York Times, August 11, 2014,
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/12/business/media/publishers-turn-to-the-crowd-to-find-the-next-best-seller.html.
4. Chuck House, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, December 14, 2014.
5. Richard Wiseman, “The Luck Factor,”
Skeptical Inquirer: The Magazine for Science and Reason 27, no. 3 (2003): 26–30.
6. Wiseman, “The Luck Factor.”
7. Lee Pilsbury, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, July 23, 2015.
8. Shaun Neff, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, January 6, 2014.
9. Kendra Scott, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, May 30, 2018.
10. Norris F. Krueger and Alan L. Carsrud, “Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour,”
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 5, no. 4 (1993): 315–330.
11. Albert Bandura,
Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
12. Adapted from Amanda Mortimer,
This Is It! It’s Your Life, Live It (Self-published, 2013), 185.
13. Steven Pressfield,
The War of Art: Break Through the Blocks and Win Your Inner Creative Battles (New York: Black Irish Entertainment, 2002), 161.
4. Need: Knowing Where to Look
1. Janet Bumpas, “Innovation Track Record Study,” Strategyn, 2010.
2. Google annual 10-Ks for 2001 and 2008.
4. “Our Company,” Google, n.d., accessed July 31, 2018,
https://www.google.com/about/our-company/; Timothy O’Keefe, “Because We LUV You!”
Southwest Airlines, December 4, 2011,
https://www.southwestaircommunity.com/t5/Southwest-Stories/quot-Because-we-LUV-you-quot/ba-p/36586; “We Pioneer,” Amazon, n.d., accessed July 31, 2018,
https://www.amazon.jobs/en/working/working-amazon; “Company Overview,” Alibaba Group, n.d., accessed July 31, 2018,
https://www.alibabagroup.com/en/about/overview; “A Purpose Beyond Profits,” Johnson & Johnson, October 8, 2009,
https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/a-purpose-beyond-profits; Barbara Farfan, “Disney’s Unique Company Mission Statement,”
Balance Small Business, November 12, 2017,
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/disney-mission-statement-2891828.
5. Marina Zhurakhinskaya, interviewed by Kaihan Krippendorff, January 21, 2016.
6. Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema,
The Discipline of Market Leaders: Choose Your Customers, Narrow Your Focus, Dominate Your Market (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995).
7. Mehrdad Baghai, Steve Coley, David White, and Stephen Coley,
The Alchemy of Growth: Practical Insights for Building the Enduring Enterprise (Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1999).
8. Vijay Govindarajan,
The Three Box Solution: A Strategy for Leading Innovation (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2016).
9. Peter F. Drucker,
Innovation and Entrepreneurship (New York: Harper Business, 2006).
5. Options: How to Generate Disruptive Ideas
1. Jean Feiwel, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, June 18, 2018.
5. Lois Kelly and Carmen Medina,
Rebels at Work: A Handbook for Leading Change from Within (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2014); Carmen Medina, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, February 28, 2015.
6. Value Blockers: Neutralizing “Corporate Antibodies”
1. Michael Feiner,
The Feiner Points of Leadership: The 50 Basic Laws That Will Make People Want to Perform Better for You (New York: Business Plus, 2005).
2. Gordon Bell, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, January 2, 2015.
3. George Day, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, May 31, 2018.
4. “The Xbox, the Duke, Jurassic Park: The Fascinating Career of Seamus Blackley,”
IGN Unfiltered 31, YouTube, May 15, 2018,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi7T80JJLsY; Dean Takahashi, “The Making of the Xbox: How Microsoft Unleashed a Video Game Revolution (Part 1),”
Venture Beat, November 14, 2011,
https://venturebeat.com/2011/11/14/making-of-the-xbox-1/2/.
5. Brendan Ripp, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, April 4, 2016.
7. Kaihan Krippendorff,
Hide a Dagger Behind a Smile: Use the 36 Ancient Chinese Strategies to Seize the Competitive Edge (Grand Prairie, TX: Platinum Press, 2008), 6.
8. Nidhi Srivastava and Anand Agrawal, “Factors Supporting Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Explorative Study,”
Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 14, no. 3 (2010): 163–171.
9. Michael E. Porter and Victor E. Millar, “How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage,”
Harvard Business Review 63, no. 4 (1985): 149–160.
10. See, for example, George Day,
Innovation Prowess: Leadership Strategies for Accelerating Growth (Philadelphia: Wharton Digital Press, 2013); Srivastava and Agrawal, “Factors Supporting Corporate Entrepreneurship.”
11. Based on the Charles A. O’Reilly, David Nadler, and Michael Tushman, “Designing and Aligning Organizations: The Congruence Model,” working paper, Harvard Business School, 2016.
7. Act: Getting Permission to Experiment
3. Peter Sims,
Little Bets: How Breakthrough Ideas Emerge from Small Discoveries (New York: Free Press, 2011).
5. Eric Ries,
The Startup Way: How Modern Companies Use Entrepreneurial Management to Transform Culture and Drive Long-Term Growth (New York: Crown, 2017).
6. Michael Schrage,
The Innovator’s Hypothesis: How Cheap Experiments Are Worth More Than Good Ideas (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).
7. Prescott Logan, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, December 10, 2014; interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, June 12, 2015.
12. Jeff Sutherland and J. J. Sutherland,
Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time (New York: Crown Business, 2014), 214.
8. Team: Building an Agile Team
1. John P. Kotter, “Accelerate!”
Harvard Business Review, November 2012,
https://hbr.org/2012/11/accelerate; see also John P. Cotter,
Accelerate: Building Strategic Agility for a Faster-Moving World (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2014).
3. Don Hastings and Leslie Hastings, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, June 14, 2016; see also Donald F. Hastings and Leslie A. Hastings,
Behind the Mask: Embrace Risk and Dare to Be Better (Bloomington: Xlibris, 2014).
4. George Day, “Research on Growth Leaders,” unpublished paper, 2016.
5. Susan Douglas and Bernard Dubois, “Looking at the Cultural Environment for International Marketing Opportunities,”
Columbia Journal of World Business 12, no. 4 (1977): 102–118; Geert Hofstede, “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories,”
International Business Studies 14, no. 3 (1983): 75–89; David K. Tse, John K. Wong, and Chin Tiong Tan, “Towards Some Standardized Cross-Cultural Consumption Values,”
Advances in Consumer Research 15, no. 1 (1988): 387–395.
7. Chris McChesney, Sean Covey, and Jim Huling.
The 4 Disciplines of Execution: Achieving Your Wildly Important Goals (New York: Free Press, 2012).
8. Hanneke J. M. Kooij-de Bode, Daan L. Van Knippenberg, and Wendy P. Van Ginkel, “Good Effects of Bad Feelings: Negative Affectivity and Group Decision-Making,”
British Journal of Management 21, no. 2 (2010): 375–392.
11. Tracy Stapp Herold, “Top Fastest-Growing Franchises for 2015,”
Entrepreneur, February 6, 2015,
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241670; Ananya Barua, “Top 10 Largest Hotel Chains in the World,”
List Surge, September 14, 2015,
https://listsurge.com/top-10-largest-hotel-chains-in-the-world/.
12. Pat Pacious, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, March 8, 2016.
9. Environment: Creating Islands of Freedom
6. Quoted in Mark Batterson,
ID: The True You (Maitland, FL: Xulon, 2004), 56.
7. Canaan Mash,
Don’t Give Up! You Are Stronger Than You Think (Morrisville, NC: Lulu, 2015), 29.
18. Jeffrey G. Covin and Dennis P. Slevin, “A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior,”
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16, no. 1 (1991): 7–26; G. T. Lumpkin and Gregory G. Dess, “Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance,”
Academy of Management Review 21, no. 1 (1996): 135–172.
19. One of the most popular cultural innovation assessments several of our clients have applied is the Situational Outlook Questionnaire (SOQ). “Situational Outlook Questionnaire (SOQ),” Creative Problem Solving Group, n.d., accessed July 31, 2018,
http://www.cpsb.com/assessments/soq.
20. Interview with company executive by Kaihan Krippendorf, August 10, 2016.
21. Ellen R. Auster and Lisa Hillenbrand,
Stragility: Excelling at Strategic Changes (Toronto: Univesity of Toronto Press, 2016).
22. Rita McGrath, “The End of Competitive Advantage,” presentation, New York, March 22, 2017.
25. Jim Wiandt, “Nate Most, Exchange-Traded Fund Inventor, Dies at Age 90,”
ETF.com, December 8, 2004,
http://www.etf.com/sections/features/281.html?nopaging=1; Jack Willoughby, “Farewell, Mr. ETF,”
Barron’s, January 3, 2005,
https://www.barrons.com/articles/SB110445253365513525.
27. Jim Wiandt and Will McClatchy, eds.,
Exchange Traded Funds: An Insider’s Guide to Buying the Market (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2001).
29. Wiandt and McClatchy,
Exchange Traded Funds.
31. Michael Doumpos, Panos M. Pardalos, and Constantin Zopounidis, eds.,
Handbook of Financial Engineering (New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2008).
32. David Berman, “The Canadian Investment Idea That Busted a Mutual-Fund Monopoly,”
Globe and Mail, February 19, 2017, updated April 14, 2017,
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-150/how-a-canadian-etf-that-toppled-the-mutual-fund-monoply/article34086222/; Doumpos, Pardalos, and Zopounidis,
Handbook of Financial Engineering, 69.
33. Wiandt and McClatchy,
Exchange Traded Funds.
35. State Street Global Advisors, “SPY.”
36. State Street Global Advisors, “SPY.”
38. State Street Global Advisors, “SPY.”
39. Doumpos, Pardalos, and Zopounidis,
Handbook of Financial Engineering, 70; Stephen D. Simpson, “A Brief History of Exchange-Traded Funds,”
Investopedia, January 22, 2018, updated October 11, 2018,
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/exchangetradedfunds/12/brief-history-exchange-traded-funds.asp; Ari I. Weinberg, “Should You Fear the ETF?”
Wall Street Journal, December 6, 2015,
https://www.wsj.com/articles/should-you-fear-the-etf-1449457201.
40. Eisen and Krouse, “The Dinner That Changed the Investing World”; Simpson, “A Brief History of Exchange-Traded Funds.”
41. Eisen and Krouse, “The Dinner That Changed the Investing World.”
42. State Street Global Advisors, “SPY.”
44. Gary Hamel,
What Matters Now: How to Win in a World of Relentless Change, Ferocious Competition, and Unstoppable Innovation (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2012), 128.
10. For Leaders: How to Unleash Internal Innovation
1. Jake G. Messersmith and William J. Wales, “Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance in Young Firms: The Role of Human Resource Management,”
International Small Business Journal 31, no. 2 (2011): 115–136; Jeffrey G. Covin, Kimberly M. Green, and Dennis P. Slevin, “Strategic Process Effects on the Entrepreneurial Orientation–Sales Growth Rate Relationship,”
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30, no. 1 (2006): 57–81.
9. David Bem, PPG’s CTO and VP for Science and Technology, interview by Kaihan Krippendorff, May 22, 2017.
16. “How Tencent Pushes Employees.”
19. Xuan Tian and Tracy Yue Wang, “Tolerance for Failure and Corporate Innovation,”
Review of Financial Studies 27, no. 1 (2014): 211–255.
20. Soper, “Amazon’s Secrets of Invention.”
25. Robert Sinclair, president of Li & Fung, interview by Kaihan Krippendorf, November 30, 2017.
27. Joanna Barsh, “A Conversation with Gary Hamel and Lowell Bryan,”
McKinsey Quarterly 1, no. 1 (2008): 24–35.
Appendix A: Are Entrepreneurs the Innovators?
Appendix C: Team Frameworks
1. See John Doerr,
Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs (New York: Portfolio, 2018).
2. John Kotter,
Accelerate: Building Strategic Agility for a Faster-Moving World (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2014).
3. Chris McChesney, Sean Covey, and Jim Huling,
The Four Disciplines of Execution: Achieving Your Wildly Important Goals (New York: Free Press, 2016).
4. See Adam Berke, “What the Heck Is a Growth Team?”
Venture Beat, November 19, 2016,
https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/19/what-the-heck-is-a-growth-team/; Casey Winters, “What Are Growth Teams For, and What Do They Work On?,”
Greylock Perspectives, November 27, 2017,
https://news.greylock.com/what-are-growth-teams-for-and-what-do-they-work-on-a339d0c0dee3.
5. Jeff Sutherland and J. J. Sutherland,
Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time (New York: Crown Business, 2014).