Contents

Praise for Christendom Destroyed

About the Author

The Penguin History of Europe

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Maps

List of Illustrations

List of Genealogies

Maps

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe

Habsburg Europe in the Later Sixteenth Century

The Thirty Years War in German Lands

Europe’s Frontiers in 1648

Introduction

1. The Fall of Western Christendom

From the ‘Silver Age’ to the ‘Iron Century’

2. Human Replenishment

3. Urban and Rural Worlds

4. Treasure and Transaction

5. Noble Pursuits

Grasping the World

6. Europe in the World

7. Earth and Heavens Observed

8. Being in Touch

Christendom Afflicted

9. Politics and Empire in the Age of Charles V

The Jagiellon Dynasty in the Sixteenth Century

The Habsburg Dynastic Sphere of Influence in the Era of Charles V

The Succession to the French Crown in the Sixteenth Century

10. Schism

11. Reaction, Repression, Reform

Christian Commonwealths in Contention

12. Conflicts in the Name of God

Pretenders to the Portuguese Crown in 1580

13. Living with Religious Divisions

The Austrian Habsburg Dynastic Inheritance

14. Churches and the World

15. The Waning of Crusade

Christian States in Disarray

16. The Business of States

17. States in Confrontation

18. War at Large

19. Times of Troubles to the East and West

Conclusion: Europe’s Paroxysm

Illustrations

Acknowledgements

Further Reading

Index