Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands since the First World War

Aborigines: despised and ignored by Australians, 5, 152; treatment of, by Australians equated with racism, 22; population of, 23, 150–151, 156; rights of, 23; arrival in Australia, 24; improved position of, 99; as focus of literary interest, 135; writings by, emerge in 1960s, 135–136; damage to, not willful, 148; emerge as public issue, 148; impact of early settlers on, 149–150; European impressions of, in mid-nineteenth century, 150; urbanization of, 151; first scholarly study of, 151; constitutional provisions for, 153, 161; agitation for better treatment of, 155; ignored in favor of non-Australian “natives,” 155; political attitudes of, 156–157; 1937 conference on, 155, 157–158; apartheid policy toward, considered, 158; new attitude toward, emerges in early 1950s, 159; 1960s most turbulent decade of relations with Europeans, 160; 1967 constitutional referendum on, 161; Department of Aboriginal Affairs created, 161; policy of McMahon government toward, 162; concern for, in 1970s, 163; emerge as exigent social problem after Second World War, 212

Aborigines Progressive Association, 157

Airlines of New South Wales case (1965), 117

Alpers, O. T. J., 34–35

American Commonwealth (James Bryce, 1888), 106

Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific (Andrew Sharp, 1956), 43

Anglo-Japanese alliance, 50

ANZAC, 11, 14, 21, 47, 48

ANZUS, 5, 41; creation of, 55, 220; strengths and weaknesses of, 71–72; as historical milestone in Australian-American relations, 89–90; protects Papua–New Guinea, 90–91; role in Vietnam conflict, 92–93; reappraised by Whitlam, 98

Archibald, J. F., 127

Art and Letters in New Zealand (E. H. McCormick, 1940), 35

Arts, dramatic: flourishing in Australia, 135

Arts, public support for: in Canada, 130; in Australia, 130–131; in New Zealand, 131–132

Arvidson, K. O., 140

Ashton-Warner, Sylvia, 134; Spinster (1958), 133

Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (Leeds), 142

Association for the Protection of Native Races, 157

Astley, Thea, Girl with a Monkey (1958), 133

Atlantic Charter, 54, 183

Australia: national identity of, vii–ix, 5–8, 47–49, 82, 88, 97, 100, 108, 111, 209, 211, 223–224; democracy in, 1, 21; immigration, 2, 11, 15, 22, 151, 211–212; economic development of, 2, 15; “mateship” in, 3, 17, 48; “Bean-Hancock-Fitzpatrick” vision of, 3, 14; federalism essential characteristic of, 3, 207; conservatism in, 4; economic dependence of, 5; “White Australia” policy of, 5, 11, 24–25, 99, 169; and Fiji, 6; responsibility of, in Pacific islands, 5–6; relations with New Zealand, 7–8, 66, 79; as world’s social laboratory, 10; class conflict in, 11; professional history in, 11, 15; constitutional developments in, 12; history of, as respectable academic subject, 12; significant postwar changes in, 15; universities in, 15; radicalism in, 17; development of religion in, 17–18; regional histories of, 18–19; rural social structure of, 19; biography in, 19; economic history in, 20; urbanization of, 20–21; bush legend in, 21; urban studies in, 21; Irish in, 22; women’s studies in, 31 n. 46; tariffs, 49; improved communication with New Zealand, 54–55; and formation of NATO, 55; trade increases with New Zealand after Second World War, 56–57; attempts to block nuclear testing in Pacific, 59; independent initiative in foreign policy, 83; and regional security, 84–85; economic relations with United States, 85, 93–94, 99–100; appeals to United States after Pearl Harbor, 86; postwar security of, 88–91; contribution to Korean War, 89; postwar relations with China and Japan, 89; and Vietnam, 91–93; as satellite of United States? 93; and trade with Japan, 94; cultural relations with United States, 94; communications with United States, 94; and containment of communism, 94–95; as “middle” rather than “global” power, 96; and taint of racism, 97; and recognition of communist regimes, 97; and “semicolonial” relations with United States, 97; American bases in, 91–92, 98; vital areas of interest of, 98; reorientation of foreign policy of, 99; supports tough policies on Rhodesia, Portuguese colonies, and apartheid, 99; “stigma of racialism” and the “White Australia” question, 99; economic development of, as “neither a quarry nor a sheikdom,” 99; and Pacific islands, 100; ceases to be British outpost and becomes robust middle power, 101; cooperative federalism in, 109, 113; conflicts over income tax, 109; “claimant states” of, 110; as a colonial power, 118; Parliament, double dissolution and joint sitting of, 120–121; political parties to the left of those in the United States, 122; socialism in, 122; literary output in, curtailed by First World War, 125; literary output isolated and limited until 1930s, 126 ff.; literary output much increased, 1935–1960, 131 ff.; literary achievements in 1970s, 134; literary influence on World English, 134; literary self-consciousness, emerging, 129 ff.; expatriation of writers in 1920s and 1930s, 129; reaches literary maturity in 1960s, 133–134, 141; public support for the arts, 130–131; dramatic arts flourishing in, 135; population of, disperses into interior, 148; policy toward Aborigines embarrasses government in London, 154; and cult of “Aboriginality,” 164; and South Pacific Commission and Forum, 188; economic aid to Pacific islands, 201; analysis of early discoveries of, 203; and erosion of British power, 204; economic condition in 1920, 205; and the Great Depression, 205–206, 211; party competition in, 207; and the doctrine “when Britain is at war, the Empire is at war,” 209; and security against Japan, 209, 213; Second World War decisive turning point, 210; demographic analysis of, 210; culture of, emerges as a synthesis, 211; shows no interest in New Guinea between the wars, 212; and the crisis of 1939–1941; collaboration with United States during Second World War, 213; alternation of parties in, 214; political reorientation toward United States, 214; swings to right after 1949, 217; more receptive to foreign influences than New Zealand, 219–220; condescension of, annoys New Zealanders, 220; and preparation for independence of New Guinea, 221. See also Aborigines

Australia (R. M. Crawford, 1952), 16, 23

Australia (W. K. Hancock, 1930): as watershed in Australian historiography, 9–10; as expression of urgent wish to provide democracy with self-knowledge, 13

Australian Council for the Arts, 131

Australian Dictionary of Biography, 19

Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 161

Australian Labor party: wins election in 1929, 13, 112; loses sense of direction because of depression, 13–14; vital source of creativity in Australian society, 14; postwar reconstruction characterized by heady excitement, 14–15, 216; radical tradition of, 17; wins election of 1952, 58; wins election of 1972, 88, 95, 119; loses election of 1949, 88, 216; attitude toward U.S. base in Western Australia, 91, 98; commitment of, to expanding Commonwealth powers, 105; loses election of 1975, 106, 121; Fisher-Hughes government of 1910–1914, 107; divided over deflationary policies of Loan Council, 113–114; wins election of 1974, 120; suffers from electoral system in Senate, 122; early development of, 207–208; contributes to national self-identity, 211; alternates in office, 214; government of, espouses social democratic polity and mixed economy, 216; uncertainty about communism, 216

Australian Literature (C. Hartley Grattan, 1928), 126

Australian Loan Council, 110, 113; becomes instrument of Commonwealth ascendancy, 114

Australian–New Zealand Agreement of 1944 (“Canberra Pact”), 8, 53, 54–55, 66, 220

Australian–New Zealand Trade Agreement of 1933, 50

Australian Workers’ Union v. The Adelaide Milling Co. Ltd. (1919), 106

Ausubel, David P., 168

Bailey, John, The Wire Classroom (1972), 137

Balfour Declaration of 1926, 83

Banabans. See Ocean Island

Bank nationalization (Australia), 117, 217

Barton, Edmund, 106, 108

Barwick, Sir Garfield, 91

The Battlers (Kylie Tennant, 1941), 133

Baxter, James K., 132; Beyond the Palisade (1944), 133; and the Jerusalem Commune, 140; Jerusalem Sonnets (1970), 140

Beaglehole, J. C., 34–35, 36, 37

Bean, C. E. W., idealizes Australian experience, 10–11

“Bean-Hancock-Fitzpatrick” vision of Australia, 3, 14

Beier, Ulli, 136–137

Best Poems (Hugh McCrae, 1961), 134

Between Two Tides (R. D. FitzGerald, 1952), 135

Beyond the Palisade (James K. Baxter, 1944), 133

Binney, Judith, The Legacy of Guilt: A Life of Thomas Kendall (1968), 43

Blackburn, Justice, 162

Blainey, Geoffrey: gives a brilliant twist to geographic determinism in The Tyranny of Distance (1966), 19

Borrie, W. D.: on Aborigines, 22

Bourke, Paul: and intellectual history in Australia, 18

Brasch, Charles, 133; Disputed Ground (1948), 133; quoted, 145

Brathwaite, Errol, Fear in the Night (1959), 133

Brennan, Christopher, 127, 128, 141

British Empire and Commonwealth: erosion of power of, in Southwest Pacific, viii, 15, 40, 70, 87, 222–223; civilizing mission of, in Pacific, 33; and relations with New Zealand, 41; and problems of defense in the Pacific, 51; and the Second World War, 53; at close of First World War, 62; anti-British sentiment in Australia, 88; and EEC, 95; establishment of control in Southwest Pacific, 203–204; effects of First World War on, 205; finance and investment in Southwest Pacific, 206–207; loyalty of Australia to, 211–212; loyalty of New Zealand to, 212, 220–221; and the crisis of 1939–1941 213; its decline as important as its rise, 223

“Britishness”: of New Zealand, 33–35, 41, 62, 70, 211, 219; of Australia, 210–211

British Phosphate Commission, 195

Brookfield, Harold: “Nous sommes ici la France” in Pacific, 190

Bruce, S. M., 10, 110, 205

Bruce-Page coalition government, 110

Bryce, James, American Commonwealth (1888), 106

Buck, Peter, 40, 171

Buckley, Vincent, The World’s Flesh (1954), 133

The Bulletin (Sydney): an early outlet for Australian writers, 127

Butlin, Noel G.: central influence of, 20, 26

Butlin, S. J.: on Australian economic history, 17–18

Cakobau, Ratu Sir George, 186

Cambridge History of the British Empire, 12

Campbell, David, Collected Poems (1968), 134

Canberra Pact. See Australian–New Zealand Agreement of 1944, 53

Capricornia (Xavier Herbert, 1938), 135

Caroline Islands, 192

Carroll, James, 171, 176

Casey, R. G., 84, 85, 90

Chamberlain, Neville, 67; appeasement policy of, 209

The Changing Maori (F. M. Keesking, 1928), 176

Chifley, Ben, 114, 115, 116, 214

China: and relations with New Zealand, 75; and relations with Australia, 89, 97; threatens Southeast Asia, 94–95

Chinnery, Pearson, 155, 158

Christesen, C. B., 131

Churchill, Winston S.: disputes with Curtin over troop deployment, 87, 217; and deployment of New Zealand troops in North Africa, 217

Church Literary Award, 132

Civilising Capitalism (Bede Nairn, 1973), 26

“Claimant states,” 110

Clark, Manning: and religious influences, 16–17; A History of Australia, 18

Cliffs of Fall (Dan Davin, 1945), 133

Coates, J. G., 62, 173–175

Coghlan, T. A., Labor and Industry in Australia, 1788–1901 (4 vols., 1918), 11–12

Cole, John Reece, 132

Collected Poems (David Campbell, 1968), 134

Collected Poems (A. R. D. Fairburn, 1965), 134

Collected Poems (A. D. Hope, 1966), 134

Collected Poems (R. A. K. Mason, 1962), 134

Collected Poems (Douglas Stewart, 1967), 134

Colombo Plan, 72, 80

Commonwealth Council for Aboriginal Affairs, 161

Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, 106–107, 108

Commonwealth Grants Commission, 110, 116

Commonwealth Literary Fund, 130–131, 133

Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act: sec. 51 (xxxv), 107; sec. 92, 109, 117; sec. 105A, 109, 114; sec. 90, 109; sec. 107, 111; sec. 99, 115; sec. 96, 115; sec. 90, 115; sec. 51 (i), 117; sec. 51(xx), 117; sec. 51 (ii), 115; sec. 51 (xxix), 118; sec. 122, 118; sec. 128, 120; sec. 57, 120–121

Commonwealth Office of Education, “Literature in Australia” (1950), 129–130

Commonwealth (Australia), powers of, 105; sharply increased in 1920, 109; enhanced by Loan Council, 114; in interstate trade, 117; and corporation power, 117–118; over uniform taxation, 113–115; over external affairs, 118; further strengthened in 1950s, 119; greatly increased by High Court, 122, 123

Concrete Pipes case (1971), 117

Conditional grants, 116

Condliffe, J. B., 35

Consultative Committee on Defence Cooperation of 1972, 56

Cook, Captain James, 32, 126, 203

Cook Islands, 5, 40, 51, 74–75, 140, 182; opt for “free association” rather than independence, 187; self-government in, 194; British control of, 204

Coonardoo (Katharine S. Prichard, 1929), 135

Coral Sea, battle of, 87

Country party (Australia). See Liberal-Country coalition

Courage, James, The Young Have Secrets (1954), 133

Cowan, Peter, Drift (1944), 133

Crawford, R. M., Australia (1952), 16, 23

Cresswell, D’Arcy, 129, 132

Crocodile (Vincent Eri, 1970), 137, 138

Crowley, F. K., 19; monumental work on Australian history, 26–27

Curnow, Allen, 34, 40, 132; Recent Poems (1941), 133

Curtin, John: and wartime cooperation with New Zealand, 52; appeals to U.S. at outbreak of war, 86, 90, 96; disagrees with Churchill on troop deployment, 87; Fabian socialist outlook of, 100; banking policies of, 114; shows political fortitude in uniform tax scheme, 115; inclined to maintain traditional British orientation, 214

Dark, Eleanor, The Timeless Land (1941), 133

Darwin: bombing of, 88

Davidson, J. W.: as constitutional adviser in Samoa, 183; on “Samoan distaste for alien rule” and the inevitability of independence, 187; on emergent nationalist sentiment in Micronesia, 192–193

Davin, Dan, Cliffs of Fall (1945), 133

De Gaulle, Charles, 191

Démocratie en Nouvelle-Zélande (André Siegfried, 1904), 33

Disputed Ground (Charles Brasch, 1948), 133

Dixon, Owen: as “greatest Australian jurist of all time,” 111; mischievous influence of, 115

Downs, Ian, The Stolen Land (1970), 137

Drift (Peter Cowan, 1944), 133

Dryland, Gordon, 133

Duckworth, Marilyn, 133

Duffy, Gavan, 108, 109, 111; dissents in Garnishee cases of 1931, 114; appointed chief justice in 1931, 114

Duggan, Maurice, 132

Duguid, Charles, 155

Dulles, John Foster, 89, 90, 96

Education. See Australia; New Zealand; Pacific islands; etc.

Eisenhower, Dwight, 86

Electoral system (Australia), 122

Elkin, A. P., 155, 158

Elliott, Sir James, 132

Engineers’ case (1920), 108–114; criticized by Owen Dixon, 111; criticized by H. V. Evatt, 112

English. See World English

Enos, Apisai: on “Niugini Literature,” 137

Eri, Vincent, Crocodile (1970), 137, 138

Espíritu Santo: islanders protest white settlements on, 197; nationalist movement in, 197

Esthus, Raymond, From Enmity to Alliance (1964), 85

European Economic Community, 41, 56, 73, 75, 78, 95, 218, 220

European Vision and the South Pacific (Bernard Smith, 1960), 39

Evatt, H. V.: and the Australian–New Zealand Agreement of 1944, 53, 100–101; at San Francisco Conference, 54; and attitude toward world affairs, 60; as less dignified than P. Fraser, 66; and wartime foreign policy, 87–88, 215; and Australia’s postwar security, 89, 215; legacy of, 97; as ideological schizophrenic, 108; agrees with Dixon that literal interpretation of Australian law cannot solve all problems, 111; regards Engineers’ case with suspicion, 112; on losing side in Engineers’ case, 112; appointed to High Court, 112; believes in continuity of Australian politics, 112; dissents in Garnishee cases, 114; upholds state rights, 123 n. 5; and trust territories, 124 n. 28; leads reorientation toward United States, 214; believes Australia should assume British responsibilities east of Suez, 215; rejects power politics in favor of United Nations, 215; fears militaristic-imperialistic revival of Japan, 215; failure of, due to his obsession with ideals rather than with realities of foreign relations, 214; as leader of opposition, 1950–1960, 215

Excise duties (Australia), 115–116

Fairburn, A. R. D., 132; Collected Poems (1965), 134

Fear in the Night (Errol Brathwaite, 1959), 133

Fiji, 6, 86, 140; race relations and nationalism in, 186–187; independence of, 186; joins United Nations, 186–187; Banabans resettled in, 196; as example of change in the Pacific islands, 201; British control of, 204; economy of, 205; Indians in, 210, 212, 222; during Second World War, 214; no delight in decolonization, 222

Finlayson, Roderick, 132

First World War: influence of, vii; “blooded” Australia, 10; and conscription in Australia, 10; Australian attitudes shaped during, 11; influence of, on literary productivity in antipodes, 125; effects of, on British power in Pacific, 205

Firth, Raymond, Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori (1929), 176

FitzGerald, R. D., 128; Forty Years’ Poems (1965), 134; Between Two Tides (1952), 135

Fitzpatrick, Brian: as important historian of the 1930s, 14; pioneers tradition of radicalism, 17; work eclipsed, 20; on Labor’s heroic role in the Australian class struggle, 25

Five-Power Defense Agreement, 99

The Fortunes of Richard Mahoney (Henry Handel Richardson, 1920), 128

Forty Years’ Poems (R. D. FitzGerald, 1965), 134

The Foundation of Australia (Eris O’Brien, 1937), 14

Founding of New Societies (Louis Hartz, 1964), 25

Frame, Janet, 130, 132, 134

France in the Pacific, 41, 204; and nuclear testing, 59, 78, 191; averse to political development, 188; mission civilisatrice, 190; policy of assimilation, 190; and land alienation in New Hebrides, 198; imperial financial system of, 207

Franklin, Miles, 127

Fraser, Malcolm, 4, 106, 116; forms caretaker government, 121; landslide victory of, in 1975, 121; and concern for Aborigines, 163

Fraser, Peter: and efficient wartime administration, 37; and wartime cooperation with Australia, 52; stresses importance of good relations with U.S., 54; at San Francisco Conference, 54, 183; and attitude toward world affairs, 60, 65; as more realistic than flamboyant Evatt, 66; supports Churchill, 67; and trusteeship, 74; and the Maoris, 178–179; outraged at British Singapore strategy, 217

From Enmity to Alliance (Raymond Esthus, 1964), 85

Fulbright, J. William: describes American-Australian relations as “semicolonial,” 97

Garnishee cases (1931), 114

George VI: Aborigines seek to petition, 157

Gilbert and Ellice Islands: and canoes at sea, 186; annexed by Great Britain in 1892, 188, 204; local government flourishes in, 189; and Ocean Island dispute, 196, 199–200; partition of, 199–200, 222; independence of, 222

Gilmore, Mary, 127, 128; Selected Poems (1963), 134

Girl with a Monkey (Thea Astley, 1958), 133

Gollan, Robin: identifies radical themes in Australian history, 17

Gorton, John, 93, 96, 116

Governor general (Australia): reserve power of, 121

Gowda, H. H. Anniah, Powre above Powres: Essays in South Pacific Literature (1977), 144–145

Grants Act (Australia), 115

Grattan, C. Hartley, 16; leaves imprint of scholarship on Southwest Pacific, viii; as oddity in context of Southwest Pacific, 14; on biracial society in New Zealand, 44; and prophecies he might have made, 107; Australian Literature (1928), 126; influential survey of Australian literature in 1920s, 126; on political independence in Pacific islands as “a fantasy of disordered idealists, 189; judgment of, on H. V. Evatt, 214

Great Britain. See British Empire and Commonwealth

Greenwood, Gordon, 16

Grey, Sir George, 44; Mythology and Traditions of the New Zealanders (1854), 139

Griffith, Samuel, 106, 108

Hancock, Sir Keith (W. K.): and theme of mastering a continent, framing a polity, and forging an identity, 2, 7, 8, 9, 13; Australia (1930), 9; as half-expatriate, 9; historical interpretation of Australia, 13; far-reaching influence of, 16–17; brisk dictum on Aborigines, 23

Happy Valley (Patrick White, 1941), 133

A Haunted Land (Randolph Stow, 1956), 133

Hawaii, 86, 189, 204, 219, 223

Hemi (pseud.). See Baxter, James K.

Herbert, Xavier, Capricornia (1938), 135

The Hexagon (Hal Porter, 1956), 133

Higgins, H. B., 106, 108, 111

High commissioner for the western Pacific, 189

High Court of Australia: and new view of central power, 107, 109; its dicta of 1920 converted into constitutional rule, 110; wavering path of, under Latham, 113; influence of Dixon and Evatt on, 112–113; and unaccustomed burst of enterprise in Concrete Pipes case, 117; has not yet delineated corporation power, 117–118; broad interpretation of “external affairs” power, 118; encourages Commonwealth fiscal powers, 119; upheld double dissolution and joint sitting in 1974, 120; and comparison of role with that of U.S. Supreme Court, 106, 122–123

A History of Australia (Manning Clark, 1963), 16–18

Holyoake, Sir Keith, 4, 37

Hope, A. D., 130; Collected Poems (1966), 134

Hughes, William Morris: claims tragic sacrifice for sixty thousand at Paris Peace Conference, 10, 47; and conscription, 10; and security in the Pacific, 50; and conflict with Woodrow Wilson at Paris Peace Conference, 82–83, 100; forms Nationalist government, 107; and relations with H. B. Higgins, 111

Hyde, Robin (pseud.), 129, 132

“Immunity of instrumentalities,” 106

Imperial Conference (1937), 67

Imperial preference, 49

Imperial War Cabinet, 47, 62, 82

“Implied prohibitions,” 106, 111–112

Income tax (Australia): conflict over, 109, 113–115

Indochina. See Vietnam

Inglis, K. S., 12; on influence of Catholic Church, 18

International Labor Organization, 67

Interstate trade (Australia): power over, of limited significance, 117

Introducing Australia (C. Hartley Grattan, 1942), 14

Investment in Australian Economic Development (N. G. Butlin, 1964), 20

In Your Hands, Australians (C. E. W. Bean, 1938–1942), 11

Irvine, R. F., 34–35

Isaacs, Isaac, 106, 108

James v. Commonwealth (1936), 111

Japan: and New Zealand, 50–51, 63, 65; and “Yellow Peril,” 51; and Pearl Harbor, 53; and Australia, 82, 85, 94–95; checked at Coral Sea, 87; Peace Treaty of 1951, 89; replaces U.K. as Australia’s best customer, 94, 100; Pacific conquests of, threaten antipodes, 213

Jessie Mackay Memorial Prize for Verse, 131, 132

Jindyworobak movement, 135, 140

Johnson, Colin, Wild Cat Falling (1965), 136

Johnson, Lyndon B., 92, 95

Journal of Religious History (Sydney), 18

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 117

Keneally, Thomas, 130

Kennedy, John F., 92, 193

Kerr, Sir John, 121–122

Kiddle, Margaret, 19

Kiki, Albert Maori, Kiki: Ten Thousand Years in a Lifetime (1968), 136–137

Kirk, Norman, 4, 37, 58, 60, 79, 80; major policies of, 75–78

Kissinger, Henry, 95, 98

Knox, Sir Adrian, 108, 111

Labor party (Australia). See Australian Labor party

Labour History, 25

Labour party (New Zealand): radical politics of, in 1930s, 37; becomes “right-wing” under Peter Fraser, 37; and equal pay for women, 42; foreign trade policy of, 50; attitude toward League of Nations, 51, 64; declared war in 1939 on its own account, 51; returns to power in 1972, 58–59, 75; wins election of 1935, 64–65, 178; and collective security in 1930s, 65, 209; and Western Samoa, 74; foreign policy of, under Norman Kirk, 76–78, 80; loses election of 1975, 81; policy toward Maori land and housing, 175–176; relations with Ratana, 178; abandons policy of assimilating Maoris, 179; loses election of 1949, 179, 218; achieved power for first time in 1935, 208; policy of, in interwar years, 208, 209; and policies of “socialized capitalism,” 208; and cultural nationalism, 211; electoral fortunes of, since 1941, 214; “disheveled and exhausted” in 1949, 217–218; defense policies of, in late 1930s, 217; postwar government unsure of ideology, 218; loses election of 1949, 218

La Nauze, J. A.: likens recent production of scholarship to “industrial revolution,” 16

Landfall (New Zealand), 132

Lang, John Dunmore, 9

Larkin, T. C: remarks of, on “Vogel and Seddon howling empire from an empty coast” and on New Zealand’s acquisition of Samoa “in an atavistic flurry of imperialism,” 183

Latham, J. G., 85; appointed chief justice in 1936, 113; influence of his political opinions on High Court, 113

Lawson, Henry, 127, 128

League of Nations, 51, 64, 82–83, 194, 204

Lee, John A., 44, 132; biography of, by Erik Olssen, 44

The Legacy of Guilt: A Life of Thomas Kendall (Judith Binney, 1968), 43

Levers Pacific Plantations Ltd., 188

Liberal-Country party coalition (Australia), 88; wins 1975 election, 106; continues strengthening of Commonwealth powers begun by Labor government, 114; is comfortable with cooperative federalism 1949–1972, 118–119; defeated in 1972, 119; beginnings of, 207

Liberal party (New Zealand): controls government from 1891 to 1911, 33; radical politics of, in 1890s, 37; becomes “lower-middle-class respectable,” 37

Lindsay, Norman: influence of, in 1920s, 128

Lissington, M. P., 41

“Literature in Australia” (Commonwealth Office of Education, 1950), 129–130

Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 1

Loi-cadre of 1957, 191

“Long Pink Cloud,” 3; as distinct from “Long White Cloud,” 4–5, 36

The Long White Cloud (William Pember Reeves, 1898), 5, 33

Lyons, J. A., 52, 84

Lyons-Latham government (Australia), 114

McArthur’s case (1920), 109–111, 117

McAuley, James, Under Aldebaran (1946), 133

McCormick, E. H., 128–129; Art and Letters in New Zealand (1940), 35

McCrae, Hugh, Best Poems (1961), 134

McDowell, Judith H., 138–139

McEwen, John M., 56, 183

Mackenzie, Kenneth, 128

McMahon, William, 96, 162

McQueen, Humphrey: on Australian workers’ being “fog-bound within capitalism,” 26

Malaya: emergency in, 72

Malaysia, 98, 99, 186

Man Alone (John Mulgan, 1949), 133

A Man and His Wife (Frank Sargeson, 1940), 133

Manila treaty of 1954. See SEATO

Mansfield, Katherine (pseud.), 128

Maori Affairs Department, 178, 180

Maori Land Board, 175

The Maori People Today, 178

Maoris: New Zealand policy toward, 5, 43–44, 139; migration to New Zealand, 42; growth of Christianity among, 43–44; level of culture among, 139; language, 139; treatment of, compared with Aborigines, 154, 182; renaissance of, after 1920, 168, 171, 182; resist assimilation, 169; and alienation of land, 170, 173–174; fight with distinction in First World War, 171; and influenza epidemic of 1918–1919, 172; and experience during Great Depression, 172; land development and changing population trends, 175–176; and integration into European economy, 176; fight with distinction in Second World War, 178; cultural identity of, 179; and urbanization, 179, 212, 219; housing policy toward, 180; “pepper-potting” of, 180–181; National government policy toward, 179–181; influence of, on New Zealand culture, 219

Maoritanga, 40, 140, 176–177, 179

Maori wars, 32, 126, 139

Mariana Islands, 192

Marquesas Islands, 204

Marshall, George C., 86

Marshall, J. R., 37, 56

Marshall Islands, 192, 193–194

Mason, R. A. K., 132; Collected Poems (1962), 134

Massey, W. F.: and class struggle in New Zealand, 36; at Paris Peace Conference, 47; on unity of British Empire, 62; and defense of New Zealand, 63

Massey Commission on the Arts (Canada, 1951), 130

Meanjin Quarterly, 131

Melbourne, A. C. V., 11

Melbourne Theatre, 135

Melville, Herman: taunting question by, on New Guinea, 136

Menzies, Sir Robert, 88, 112, 115, 116; supports U.S. in Vietnam, 92; on independence for Papua–New Guinea, 118

Micronesia, 192–193

Middleton, O. E., 132

Millar, T.B., 56, 82

Modern Australian Literature (1900–1923) (Nettie Palmer, 1924), 126–127

Modern Language Association, 142

Moffat, Jay Pierrepont, 85

Morrell, W. P., New Zealand (1935), 34; on heroic deeds of Anzacs, 34

Mouvement de L’Action des Nouvelles-Hébrides, 198

The Moving Image (Judith Wright, 1946), 133

Mphahlele, Ezekiel, 136

Muldoon, Robert D., 4, 37, 81

Mulgan, John, 132; Man Alone (1949), 133

Murphy, Lionel K., 120

Mythology and Traditions of the New Zealanders (Sir George Grey, 1854), 139

Nairn, Bede: on Labor leaders as a creative minority, 26

Nash, Walter, 37, 65; biography of, by Keith Sinclair, 44, 50

National Aboriginal Advisory Committee, 165

National Federation party (Fiji), 186

Nationalist party (Australia), 10; origins of, 107

National Missionary Council of Australia, 157

National party (New Zealand): lack of research on, 4; comes to power in 1949, 37, 218; and equal pay for women, 42; returns to power in 1975, 81; policy of, toward Maoris, 179–181; is unable to dismantle managed economy after 1949, 218

Native Lands Acts (New Zealand), 169

Native Representation Act (New Zealand), 170

Native Rights Act (New Zealand), 170

Nauru: independence of, 187, 195; as classic case of economic imperialism, 195; passed from control of Germany to Australia, 204

Neilson, Shaw, 127, 128

New Caledonia, 86; mission civilisatrice has free rein in, 190; French exploitation of, 191–192; black nationalist youth movements become politically important in, 192; nationalism in, 196–198; rudimentary nature of political institutions in, 197; French control of, 204; European community of, largest in the islands, 210; during Second World War, 214

New Guinea. See Papua–New Guinea

New Hebridean National party. See Vanuaaka party

New Hebrides: Anglo-French Condominium and land alienation in, 189–190; mission civilisatrice equivalent to establishment of white plantation economy, 190; nationalism in, 196–198; and establishment of condominium, 204; during Second World War, 214

New History of Australia (F. K. Crowley, 1974), 26–27

New South Wales, 110, 115

New Zealand: national identity of, vii–viii, 4–5, 7, 40–42, 47–49, 63–64, 75–76, 81, 181, 209, 220, 223–224; and immigration, 2, 12, 33, 40, 47, 63, 211–212; economic trends in, 2–3, 35, 37–38; “mateship” in, 3, 48; “Reeves-Beaglehole-Airey” vision of, 3; conservatism in, 4; economic dependence of, 4; race relations in, 5, 38–40, 43–44, 168–186; and Fiji, 6; responsibility in Pacific islands, 6; relations with Australia, 7–8, 66, 79; irritation at Australian attitude, 7; dominion status, 33; state economic controls, 33; “Britishness” of, 33–35, 62, 70, 128; self-image of, 35; temperance in, 36; labor discontent in, 36; radicalism in, 36–37, 208; universities in, 43–44; provincial histories, 44; tariffs, 49–50; and Japan, 50–51, 67–68; and the Second World War, 52–55, 217; and naval defense, 51; and defense cooperation with Australia, 52, 90–91; and improved communication with Australia, 54–55; and formation of NATO, 55; trade with Australia increases after Second World War, 56–57; attempts to block nuclear testing in Pacific, 59; Polynesians given greater freedom in, 59; differs from rest of Commonwealth on autonomy, 62; and Royal Navy, 63; and League of Nations, 64; asserts independence in foreign policy, 64–65, 80; and collective security, 65; establishment of foreign affairs bureaucracy, 66; and Australian-New Zealand Agreement of 1944, 66; and control over own armed forces, 66; opposes appeasement, 68; and San Francisco Conference of 1945, 68; and United Nations, 69–70, 72, 80; and postwar policy toward Japan, 70–71; insistence on policy of “universalism,” 71; independence in foreign policy symbolized by ANZUS, 71; and defense arrangements in Southeast Asia, 72; and China, 72–73; and Suez crisis of 1956, 73; and Vietnam, 73, 76; and EEC, 73, 75; and changing trade patterns, 74; and major changes under Kirk government, 75–76; and South Africa, 77; and nuclear testing, 59, 78–79; and aid to Pacific islands, 78–79; and Southeast Asia, 79–80; as satellite of United States? 93; and South Pacific Commission, 101; literary output in, curtailed by First World War, 125; literary output isolated and limited until 1930s, 126 ff.; literary output much increased, 1935–1960, 131 ff.; literary achievements in past decade, 134; literary influence on World English, 134; literary self-consciousness, emerging, 129 ff.; expatriation of writers in 1920s and 1930s, 129; reaches literary maturity in 1960s, 133–134, 141; public support for the arts, 131–132; surpassing humility of, unchallenged by Australians, 140–141; race relations in, thought to be better than elsewhere, 168; insignificance of non-Polynesian minorities in, 169; European preponderance in population decreasing, 169; constitutional progress in midnineteenth century, 169; and Polynesians other than Maoris, 182; and Pacific islands, 182–183; and South Pacific Commission and Forum, 188; grants self-government to Cook Islands, 194; attitude toward Pacific islands in contrast with Australia’s, 194–195; analysis of early discoveries of, 203; and erosion of British power, 204; economic development of, in 1920, 205; and the Great Depression, 205–206, 211; failure to maintain par with sterling a traumatic experience, 206; socialism in, with capitalist base, 208; attitude toward collective security and the League of Nations, 209; and the doctrine “when Britain is at war, the Empire is at war,” 209; and security against Japan, 209, 213; Second World War decisive turning point, 210; demographic analysis of, 210, 219; reacts to Australian nationalism, 211; and unrest in Samoa, 212; and crisis of 1939–1941, 213; collaboration with United States during Second World War, 213; alternation of parties in, 214; conservatives forced to maintain managed economy, 218; and post-Second World War foreign trade, 218–219; culture of, influenced by Maoris, 219; less receptive to foreign influences than Australia, 219–220; annoyed by Australian condescension, 220; seeks to preserve British connection, 220; forced by history to act nationalistically, 221. See also Maoris

New Zealand (W. P. Morrell, 1935), 34

New Zealand: A Short History (John C. Beaglehole, 1936), 35

New Zealand 1769–1840 (H. M. Wright, 1959), 43

New Zealand–Australia Free Trade Agreement, 7–8, 41, 56–57, 58–59, 79

New Zealand Authors’ Week, 131

New Zealand Company, 32

The New Zealanders (Maurice Shadbolt, 1959), 133

New Zealand in Evolution (Guy H. Scholefield, 1919), 33

New Zealand in the World (F. L. W. Wood, 1940), 35

New Zealand Literary Fund, 132

New Zealand Settlements Act, 169

Ngarimu, Te Moana Nui a Kiwa, 178

Ngata, Apirana, 40, 171, 174–177

Nieu, 5, 40, 74, 182

Nimitz, Chester W., 53

Niugini. See Papua–New Guinea

Nixon, Richard M., 95

Nixon Doctrine, 75–76, 96, 98

Ocean Island: importance of phosphates in, 187, 188–189; inhabitants resettled, 196, 199; controlled by British Phosphate Commission, 196

O’Connor, Richard, 106, 108

O’Dowd, Bernard, 127

Olssen, Erik, John A. Lee (1977), 44

Organic Decree of 1887 (French), 190

O’Sullivan, Vincent, 133

Ottawa Conference of 1932, 85, 206

Our Nation’s Story: A Course of British History, 34

Pacific islands: decolonization of, vii, 57, 101, 118, 221–223; race relations in, 5–6; economic development of, 6, 221; linguistic problems of, 6; literary developments in, 6, 134, 139–140; administration of, 34; regional security in, 71; and New Zealand, 74–75, 78–79, 182–183, 188; and Australia, 100–101, 188; and Second World War, 188; French policy in, 189–192; nationalism in Micronesia, 193; Samoa sets pace for independence in, 194; as case study in economic imperialism, 195–196; lasting effects of imperialism in, 196–198; and paradox of colonial self-determination, 199–200; political independence and economic dependence of, 200–201; analysis of early discoveries of, 203; demography of, 210; find security in European overlordship, 212; as a “protective shield,” 212; questionable value of decolonization of, 222; independence and destabilization of indigenous cultures, 222–223. See also individual island groups

The Pacific: Its Past and Future (Guy H. Scholefield, 1919), 34

Pacific Phosphate Company, 195

Pacific War Council, 68

Palmer, Nettie, Modern Australian Literature (1900–1923) (1924), 126–127

Papua–New Guinea: race relations in, 5; cultural influences in, 7, 137–138; administration of, 34, 154, 195; and Second World War, 53, 213, 214; protected by ANZUS, 90–91; achieves independence, 79, 100, 118, 187, 222; appearance of a distinctive literature in, 136 ff.; kept by Australia under “quaintly old-fashioned rule,” 195; separatist movements in, 200; control of Papua passed from Britain to Australia, 204; control of New Guinea passed from Germany to Australia, 204; Australia shows remarkably little interest in, during interwar years, 212; and postwar Labor reconstruction policies, 216; and Australian preparation for independence, 221

Paris Peace Conference of 1919, 10, 47, 82, 192

Paterson, “Banjo,” 127

Payroll Tax case (1971), 119

Pearce, Sir George, 83, 85

P.E.N. Gazette (N.Z.), 131

P.E.N. New Zealand Centre, 131–133

Pharmaceutical Benefits case (1946), 119

Phillips, N. C.: and the “Long Pink Cloud,” 36

Pitcairn Island, 204

Poetry in Australia and New Zealand: in 1920s and 1930s, 127–129; “bush” poetry, 127–128; reaches maturity in 1960s, 133–134; Aboriginal, 137

Polynesians: in New Zealand, 38, 42–43, 59

Population and Australia (W. D. Borrie, 1975), 22

Population growth: in Australia, 15; in New Zealand, 42

Porter, Hal, 129; The Hexagon (1956), 133

Port Moresby, 136, 200

Pouvanaa a Oopa: as leader of Tahitian nationalism, 191

Powers, Charles, 108

Powre above Powres (H. H. Anniah Gowda, ed., 1977), 144–145

Premiers’ Conference, 106, 113–114

Price, Charles, 22, 24

Prichard, Katharine S., Coonardoo (1929), 135

Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori (Raymond Firth, 1929), 176

Professional Engineers’ case (1959), 119

Public support for the arts. See arts, public support for

The Quest for Security in New-Zealand (W. B. Sutch, 1942), 35

Rassemblement Démocratique des Populations-Tahitiennes, 191

Ratana, T. W., 40, 172, 177

Rawlinson, Gloria, 132

Recent Poems (Allen Curnow, 1941), 133

Reeves, William Pember, 32, 43, 44; The Long White Cloud (1898), 5, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41

Reform party (New Zealand), 175

Religion. See Australia; New Zealand; Pacific islands

Rich, George, 108, 111

Richardson, Henry Handel (pseud.), 128

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 86

Rowley, C. D., Aboriginal Policy and Practice (3 vols., 1970–1971), 24

Rowling, Wallace (“Bill”), 37, 80–81

Rusden, G. W., 9, 32

Samoa, Western, 5, 40, 182, 183, 204; cultural influences in, 7; and New Zealand, 74–75, 138; literary activity in, 139–140; and distaste for alien rule, 187; land-holding in, 190; as leader of anti-colonial movement in Pacific, 194, 212, 221; during Second World War, 214

San Francisco Conference of 1945, 68, 88, 217

Sargeson, Frank, 132; A Man and His Wife (1940), 133

Savage, M. J., 52, 65, 67, 178

Sawer, Geoffrey: proposal for state consumption tax upheld by High Court but frustrated by crippling conditions, 116

Scholefield, Guy H., New Zealand in Evolution (1909), 33; The Pacific: Its Past and Future (1919), 34

Scullin, James: leads ALP into deep trouble, 112; defeated in election of 1931, 114

SEATO, 41, 55, 71, 90–91, 98, 99, 220

Seddon, Richard J. (“King Dick”), 37, 44, 168, 208

Selected Poems (Mary Gilmore, 1963), 134

Senate (Australia): role of, in defeat of Whitlam government, 120–122

Serle, Geoffrey, 26; quoted, 135, 141

Shadbolt, Maurice, The New Zealanders (1959), 133

Sharp, Andrew, Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific (1956), 43

Siegfried, André, La Démocratie en Nouvelle-Zélande (1904), 33

Sinclair, Keith, 132; Walter Nash (1978), 44, 50

Singapore base, 51, 63, 65, 83, 85–87, 217; as symbol of British power east of Suez, 209; fall of, 213

Slessor, Kenneth, 128

Smith, Bernard, European Vision and the South Pacific (1960), 39

Smith, Kingsford, 85

Smith, S. Percy: and Maori canoe theory, 42

Social Science Research Council of Australia, 161

Société Française des Nouvelles-Hébrides, 190

Society Islands, 204

Solomon Islands: made into British protectorate, 188, 204; no traditional basis for selfgovernment in, 189; decolonization in, 198–199; independence of, 199, 222; separatist movement in Bougainville, 200; during Second World War, 214

Sons for the Return Home (Albert Wendt, 1973), 139–140

South Africa: and relations with New Zealand, 77

South Australia, 110

Southern Cross (airplane), 85, 94

South Pacific Bureau of Economic Cooperation, 78

South Pacific Commission: establishment of, 54, 75, 100–101; encourages cooperation of metropolitan powers in Pacific, 58; effectiveness of, 101; islanders patronized by, 188; Australian and New Zealand support for, 221

South Pacific Forum, 6, 58, 75, 78, 101, 188

Soviet Union: intrusion of, into Indian Ocean, 95

Spencer, Sir Baldwin, 152

Spender, Percy, 55, 89, 90

Spinster (Sylvia Ashton-Warner, 1958), 133

Stanner, W. E. H.: on the “Great Australian Silence,” 23

Starke, H. E., 108, 111

State Banking case (1947), 119

State-rights in Australia, 105, 122–123; views of Owen Dixon on, 112; views of H. V. Evatt on, 112

Statute of Westminster, 83, 84, 209

Stead, C. K., 40, 132

Stephens, A. G., 127

Stewart, Douglas, 131; Collected Poems (1967), 134

The Stolen Land (Ian Downs, 1970), 137

The Story of New Zealand (A. S. Thomson, 1859), 32

Stow, Randolph, 136; A Haunted Land (1956), 133

Strehlow, Theodore, 155

Suez crisis of 1956, 73

Sutch, W. B., The Quest for Security in New Zealand (1942), 35 , 36, 37

Sutherland, I. L. G., 178

Sweetman, Edward, 11

Sydney Opera House, 135

Tangi (Witi Ihimaera, 1973), 140

Tasmania, 110; abandons taxes on petrol and tobacco in return for federal grant, 116

Temperance: in New Zealand, 36

Tennant, Kylie, The Battlers (1941), 133

Thomson, A. S., The Story of New Zealand (1859), 32

Thomson, Donald, 155, 158

The Timeless Land (Eleanor Dark, 1941), 133

Tirikatene, Eruera, 177

Tokelau Islands, 5, 74, 182

Tonga, 6, 135, 140; never loses independence, 189; British control of, 204; independence of, 222

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (United States), 192–193

Tuamotu Islands, 204

Turnbull Library, 131

Tuvalu, 199–200, 222; formerly Ellice Islands. See also Gilbert and Ellice Islands

The Tyranny of Distance (Geoffrey Blainey, 1966), 19

Uniform Tax case (1942), 113, 115, 119

Uniform Tax scheme (Australia): origins of, 109, 114–115; should be called “Commonwealth monopoly of income taxation scheme,” 115

Union des Communautés des Nouvelles-Hébrides, 198

United Kingdom. See British Empire and Commonwealth

United Nations, 88, 96, 99, 118, 194

United States: rising influence of, in Southwest Pacific, vii–viii, 88–89; irritated at Australian-New Zealand Agreement of 1944; 66; increasing influence of, in New Zealand, 70; postwar policy toward Japan, 70–71; and security in Southwest Pacific, 71–72, 90; economic relations with Australia, 85, 93–94, 99–100; assistance to Australia, 86; image of Australian as “a large blank continent with a zoological sense of humor,” 87; troops in Australia, 87; bases in Australia, 91–92, 98; and Vietnam, 92–93, 95–96; cultural relations with Australia, 94; communications with Australia, 94; and “semicolonial’ relations with Australia, 97; and the question of “who owns Australia?” 99; capitalism in, 110; administration of Trust Territory, 192–194; and Australian-New Zealand collaboration during Second World War, 213; Australia’s political reorientation toward, 214; wartime role as surrogate for Britain, 214, 217; Evatt’s policy toward, 215

United States Supreme Court: on federalism, 106

University of Papua-New Guinea, 136, 137

Urbanization. See Australia; New Zealand; Pacific islands

Victoria v. Commonwealth (1957), 119

Vietnam: and New Zealand, 73, 76, 220; collapse of French power in, 90; and Australia, 92–93; end of war in, 95–96, 98

Vision (periodical), 128

Vizzard’s case (1933), 111

Vogel, Julius, 32–33, 38, 44

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon: dreams of great things for Australia and New Zealand, 12; theory of colonization, 33

Walter Nash (Keith Sinclair, 1978), 44, 50

Ward, J. M.: describes revolution in Australian scholarship, 16, 17, 27

Ward, Russel: and ideal of “mate-ship,” 17–18

Washington Conference of 1921–1922, 83

Washington naval treaties, 50

Webb, Beatrice: repelled by vulgarity of Australian society, 8 n. 2

Webb, Sydney, 1, 3

Weber, Adna: on urbanization, 20–21

Weir, J. E., 132

Wendt, Albert, Sons for the Return Home (1973), 139–140

West, Morris, 130

Western Australia, 110

Western Pacific High Commission, 54

Wheatley, Phyllis, 139

“White Australia” policy, 5, 11; motives for, 24–25; breakdown of, 99

White, Patrick: early wanderings, 129; well received in later years, 130; Happy Valley (1940), 133; awarded Nobel Prize in 1973, 134; Australian influences on, 141

Whitehead, Alfred North, 151

Whitlam, Gough, 4, 8, 58, 60, 79; and Vietnam War, 93; becomes prime minister in 1972, 95; reassesses foreign policy, 96–97, 101; inherits Evatt mantle, 97; reexamines American alliance, 98–101; as “pragmatic nationalist,” 98–99; strongly supports cooperation with independent islands, 101; abandons term “Commonwealth,” 105; “most sophisticated and aggressive ‘centralizer’ in the country’s history,” 105; offers to cede sales taxes to states, 116; relies on corporation power for economic legislation, 117–118; attempts at reconstruction of federalism thwarted, 119–120; and double dissolution, 120; defeated in Senate, 121; demand for republic a consequence of his regime, 122; concern of, for Aborigines, 163

Wickard v. Filburn (1942), 117

Wild Cat Falling (Colin Johnson, 1965), 136

Willard, Myra, 11

Wilson, Helen, 132

Wilson, Woodrow: and conflict with Hughes at Paris Peace Conference, 82–83, 100

Winks, Robin W., 168

The Wire Classroom (John Bailey, 1972), 137

Women: in Southwest Pacific, 2; in New Zealand, 42

Wood, F. L. W., New Zealand in the World (1940), 35

Wood, G. Arnold, 11

Woodhouse, A. E., 132

Woodward, A. E., 163

Workers’ Education Association, 11

“World English,” 134; as language of worldwide currency, 6, 142; emergence of a literature in, 142, 144; problems of study and teaching of, 143–144

The World’s Flesh (Vincent Buckley, 1954), 133

Wright, David McKee, 127

Wright, H. M., New Zealand, 1769–1840 (1959), 43

Wright, Judith, 134; The Moving Image (1946), 133

The Young Have Secrets (James Courage, 1954), 133

Young Maori party, 171, 172, 176