Quick Reference Material

Emergency topics

Arrests Adult resuscitation image pp. 232–233

Obstetric resuscitation image p. 244

Neonatal resuscitation image pp. 242–243

Paediatric resuscitation image pp. 238–240

Trauma resuscitation image pp. 236–237

Emergencies Abdominal pain image p. 294

Aggressive behaviour image p. 370

Anaphylaxis image pp. 484–485

Bradyarrhythmia image p. 262

Breathlessness image p. 276

Burns image pp. 480–481

Chest pain image p. 246

Clotting abnormalities image p. 418

Coma image pp. 344–345

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) image p. 330

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) image p. 417

GI bleed image p. 304

Hepatic encephalopathy image p. 318

High INR image p. 418

Hyperglycaemia image p. 330

Hyperkalaemia image p. 399–403

Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state (HONK) image p. 332

Hypertension image p. 268

Hypoglycaemia image p. 328

Hypokalaemia image pp. 399–403

Hypotension image p. 488–489

Hypoxia image p. 276

Limb pain image p. 458

Liver failure image p. 318

Overdose image p. 506

Paediatric seizure image p. 349

Psychosis image p. 378–381

Rash image p. 424

Red eye image pp. 440–442

Reduced GCS image pp. 344–345

Renal failure/kidney injury image p. 386

Shock image pp. 490–495

Shortness of breath image p. 276

Stridor image p. 290

Stroke image p. 354

Tachyarrhythmia image p. 254

Seizures image p. 348

Normal values

Despite national efforts to standardise laboratory testing and reporting, exact ranges vary between hospitals, these figures serve as a guide.

Haematology see image p. 580
Hb–men 130–180g/L WBC 4–11 × 109/l
Hb–women 115–160g/L

• N∅

 2.0–7.5 × 109/l (40.75%)
MCV 76–96fl

• L∅

 1.3–3.5 × 109/l (20.45%)
Plts 150–400 × 109/l

• E∅

 0.04–0.44 × 109/l (1.6%)
Ferritin 12–200micrograms/l B12 197–866pg/ml
TIBC 42–80μmol/l Folate 2–20micrograms/l
Clotting see image p. 581
INR 0.8–1.2 APTTr 0.8–1.2
PT 11–16s APTT 35–45s
Fibrinogen 1.5–4.0g/l D–dimer <0.3mg/ml (<300ng/ml)
U+Es see image p. 582
Na+ 133–146mmol/l Ca2+ (adjusted) 2.2–2.6mmol/l
K+ 3.5–5.3mmol/l PO43− 0.8.1–5mmol/l
Urea 2.5–7.8mmol/l Mg2+ 0.7–1.0mmol/l
Creatinine 70.150μmol/l HCO3− 22–29mmol/l
Osmolality 275.295mOsmol/kg Cl− 95–108mmol/l
LFTs see image p. 583
ALP 30–130units/l Bilirubin 3.21micrograms/l
ALT 3–35units/l Albumin 35–50g/l
γGT 10–55units/l Total protein 60.80g/l
Other
Amylase 0–120units/l CRP <5mg/l
Fasting glucose 3.5–6.0mmol/l ESR <20mm/h
Immunoglobulins 24–37g/l CK 25–195units/l
Cholesterol <6mmol/l LDH 70–250units/l
Triglycerides 0.5–1.9mmol/l PSA 0–4ng/ml
Blood gases see image pp. 598–599
pH 7.35–7.45 PaO2 10.6–13.3kPa
Base excess ±2mmol/l PaCO2 4.7–6.0kPa