Abdel-Rahman, Sheikh Omar, 308, 310, 347
Abduh, Muhammad, 218
Abu Sayyaf organization, 309
Abu Zarr, 111–112
Person and Act (Wojtyła), 74
Afghani, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-, 218
Afghanistan, 10–13, 33–40, 41, 95–105, 137, 211–215, 224–228, 305, 310, 359
“Gang of Four” in, 263, 264, 266
Kabul/Kabul University, 33–34, 35, 37, 95, 96, 103, 225, 262, 265, 355, 356, 357
Soviet invasion of, 268, 269, 270–274, 303, 307
uprisings in, 212–215
See also People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Agriculture, 18, 35, 98, 119, 127, 128–129, 249–254, 279, 359
agricultural reforms, 128, 135, 251–254, 327, 331, 332 (see also People’s Republic of China: farming by household in)
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 229, 348
Aid issues, 10, 35, 39, 95, 101
Aircraft, 228, 232, 271, 272, 273
Alcohol, 15, 45, 102, 139, 220, 225, 230, 270, 280, 282, 295
Ali Talib, Ali bin, 146
Allende, Salvador, 10
al-Qaeda, 307, 308, 310–311, 347
Amin, Hafizullah, 39, 97, 98, 99, 103, 211, 212, 261, 267–268, 269. See also under Taraki, Nur Mohammed
Amouzegar, Jamshid (Iranian prime minister), 140
Andropov, Yuri, 69, 268–269, 274
Angola, 10
Anniversaries, 223
Anti-Semitism, 207
Arab Spring, 345–347
Arjomand, Said Amir, 109
Ash, Timothy Garton, 206, 282, 287
Assad, Hafez al-, 300
Assassinations, 188, 220, 264, 291, 308, 311, 358
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 42, 358
Atheism, 69, 72, 75, 91, 99, 101, 102, 112, 213, 272, 305, 342, 345
Atlas Economic Research Foundation, 325
Authoritarianism, 1, 7, 42, 140, 301
Ayandegan newspaper, 154
Ayazi, Akbar, 95–96
Azzam, Abdullah, 221, 304–307, 308
Bakhtiar, Shapour, 143, 144, 148, 149
Balcerowicz, Leszek, 323–324
Bali nightclub bombing of 2002, 309
Banisadr, Abolhassan, 290–291, 292, 293
Banks, 2, 100, 220, 232, 233, 293, 323, 335
Banna, Hussein al-, 112, 218–219
Barfield, Thomas, 36
Bazaar merchants, 8, 91, 138, 139, 142, 289
Bazargan, Mehdi, 9, 92, 114, 138, 140, 142, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 231, 233, 238–239, 241, 291, 293
Beheshti, Mohammed (Ayatollah), 291, 348
Bell, Daniel, 3–4
Benn, Tony, 318
Beveridge Report, 54, 55, 56, 60
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 24
Bielinski, Konrad, 280
Bin Laden, Osama, 221, 224, 307, 308, 310–311
Birth control, 287
Blachnicki, Father Franciszek, 76
Blair, Tony, 321
Bogdanov, Vladimir, 214, 263–264
Boniecki, Adam, 198
Borujerdi, Hossein Tabatabai (Ayatollah), 48, 87, 88
Bouazizi, Mohammed, 345
Bretton Woods system, 3
Brezhnev, Leonid, 15, 25, 80–81, 101, 133, 263, 265, 266, 268, 268
Bribes, 128
Broken Earth: The Rural Chinese (Mosher), 249
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 169, 233–234
Bundesbank, 186
Bus Number Three (film), 248
Callaghan, James, 5–6, 51–54, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 181, 182, 186, 318
Cambodia, 100–101
Canada, 325
Canton Trade Fair, 245
Capitalism, 13, 18, 31, 53, 55, 56, 60, 75, 110, 125, 142, 220, 245, 249, 260, 279, 330, 334
Cardenal, Ernesto, 78
Carrington, Peter, 192
Carter, Jimmy, 138, 169, 170, 171, 178, 215, 231, 232, 234, 237, 238, 242, 268, 305
Casaroli, Agostino Cardinal, 72
Catholic Church, 16, 17, 18, 69, 354
sexual abuse of children by priests, 288
See also John Paul II; Vatican
Censorship, 143, 154, 208, 273, 353
Center for Policy Studies (CPS), 165, 166, 322
Centralization/decentralization, 133, 135, 241, 294, 295, 322
Charter 77 human rights group, 205, 286
Chernenko, Konstantin, 267
Chiang Kai-shek, 24, 27, 30, 173, 174
Chidambaram, Palaniappan, 326
Chile, 10
China
Huai Hai Campaign of 1948–1949, 30
See also Chiang Kai-shek; People’s Republic of China
China International Trust & Investment Corporation (CITIC), 245
China Youth, 124–125
Chinese Human Rights League, 178
Chinese Merchant Shipping Company, 258
Civil wars, 27, 30, 31, 47, 214, 222, 287, 295, 298, 309, 342, 347, 354
Clash of civilizations, 306
Class warfare, 43, 79, 134, 278, 340
Clay, Lucius, 162
Climate change, 360
Cockett, Richard, 163, 318, 321, 322
Coffin, William Sloan, 236
Cold War, 7, 10, 11, 13, 35, 72, 105, 203, 222, 237, 267, 286, 303, 305
Collard, David, 164–165
Collectivization, 129, 249, 250, 325
Communications, 4, 41, 55, 90, 213, 259, 359
Communism, 9, 12, 19, 39, 40, 71, 91, 102, 111, 164, 220, 226, 342
Communist parties, 11, 13, 15, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 38, 39, 75, 77, 95, 96, 97, 127, 174, 353–355 (see also Iran: Tudeh Party in; People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan)
and labor unrest, 278–279
See also Marxism
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 343
Competition, 61, 64, 132 133, 166, 185
Computers, 4. See also Internet
Congdon, Tim, 317
Copts, 218
Corruption, 7, 15, 37, 43, 138, 145, 216, 218, 224, 226, 249, 253, 273, 295, 301, 324, 330, 332, 333, 335, 355
Counterinsurgency warfare, 270, 272
Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory, The (Friedman), 164
Coups, 10, 11, 12, 19, 26, 38, 40, 42, 46, 88, 97, 100, 101, 109, 148, 211, 212, 214, 230, 261, 263, 265, 267
Courts/judges, 8, 39, 48, 147, 151, 153, 291, 346
Crime, 1, 34, 124, 129, 246, 274, 288
Cywiński, Bohdan, 77
Czechoslovakia, 15, 202, 205, 273, 279, 284, 287
Prague Spring in, 276–277, 286
Velvet Revolution in, 287, 345
Dancing with Dogma (Gilmour), 192
Daoud Khan, Mohammed, 11–13, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 211, 214, 225, 262, 265, 271
death of, 97
Daughter of Persia (Farmaian), 45–46
Deaths, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 48, 70, 71, 85, 87, 88, 96, 97, 101, 139, 150, 152, 213, 241, 286, 308, 333, 347
in Afghan riots, 214, 216, 262
in Algerian civil war, 309
of Chinese soldiers in Vietnam, 175
executions of political opponents, 148, 221, 289
in fire in Abadan, Iran, 140
in Great Leap Forward, 250
of hostages at Mecca, 224
in Iran-Iraq War, 292
in Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 271, 272, 274
of strikers in Poland, 275, 276, 277
Democracy, 39, 47, 109, 114, 126, 140, 150, 176, 177, 178, 325, 334, 337, 346, 359
tribal democracy, 217
Demonstrations. See Protests/demonstrations
Deng Xiaoping, 18, 22, 23–24, 25–32, 73, 120–121, 124, 127, 128, 177, 179, 223, 243, 252, 268, 329, 331, 333, 335, 351, 355, 358–359
bridge parties of, 253
four basic principles of, 178
at Party Work Conference (1978), 131–134, 256
visit to Guangdong, 335–336
visit to United States, 170–173, 175, 246, 247, 257
Development economics, 44, 324, 325
Disraeli, 192
Dissidents, 9, 17, 45, 177, 178, 199, 206, 277, 282, 284
Donoughue, Bernard, 182
“Do We Want Democracy or New Dictatorship?” (Wei Jingsheng), 177
Drugs, 1, 33, 34, 45, 102, 270, 274, 335
Dupree, Nancy Hatch, 34–35
Du Runsheng, 328
Economic growth/development, 2, 3, 8, 16, 41, 50, 57, 127, 176, 259, 295, 315, 321, 324, 330, 335
Economist, 203
Education, 7, 8, 12, 20, 39, 45, 46, 54, 64, 90, 99–100, 113, 124, 178, 216, 217, 243, 253, 272. See also Universities
Edwards, David, 217
Egalitarianism, 64, 111, 114, 133, 252, 334
Egypt, 10, 12, 40, 104, 105, 218–219, 220, 221, 222, 226, 267, 345–347
Luxor attack of 1997, 308, 347
Elections, 42, 114, 132, 140, 143, 295. See also under Great Britain; Iran
Elites, 8, 37, 39, 92, 98, 100, 105, 163, 214, 215, 289, 337, 347
Eltrinic firm, 259–260
Employment, 54, 56, 57, 109, 156, 159, 183, 192, 195, 247, 257, 313, 322, 328, 335. See also Workers
Entrepreneurship, 165, 188, 195, 244, 245, 254, 260, 318, 325, 329, 342
Equality/inequality, 2, 4, 46, 153, 330, 332, 341, 342, 351, 354
Erhard, Ludwig, 162
Ethnicity, 10, 36, 37, 98, 100, 103, 105, 150, 227, 300
Ettalat, 139
European Economic Union (EEC), 189, 318, 320
European Exchange Rate Mechanism, 320
Explorations magazine, 177
Fabian Society, 163, 164, 339, 340
Falkland Islands, 315
Fanon, Frantz, 112
Farmaian, Sattareh, 45–46, 141–142, 144
Fay, Stephen, 182
Felici, Pericle Cardinal, 67–68
Feng, C. K., 259–260
Foot, Michael, 318
Ford, Gerald, 138
Foreign aid. See Aid issues
Foreign exchange, 185–186, 187, 188, 190, 318, 329
France, 2, 26, 47, 83, 107, 108, 112, 222, 224, 237, 318
Frank, Hans, 71
Fraser, Lady Antonia, 182
Freedom(s), 150, 151, 159, 160, 161, 162, 171, 177, 204, 205, 208–209, 286, 355
Friedman, Milton, 162, 163, 164, 167, 186, 316, 324
Fundamentals of Islam (Mawdudi), 356
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 13
Gang of Four, 23, 25, 118–119, 120, 123, 125, 169, 177, 245, 248
Gang wars, 274
Garside, Roger, 126, 174–175, 246
Gender, 53–54, 58, 100, 158, 191. See also Women
Gerges, Fawaz, 222
East Germany, 13, 198, 199, 202, 249, 279, 280, 283, 284, 287
Gierek, Edward, 15–16, 17, 18, 69, 80–81, 119, 277, 279, 282
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 15, 189
Global economy/globalization, 3, 6, 13, 14, 248, 257, 293, 324, 325, 351
Gomułka, Władysław, 15
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 273, 284, 287, 358
Government spending, 6, 51, 56, 57, 158, 166, 185, 186, 187, 188, 313, 315, 321, 322
Soviet defense spending, 273
Great Britain, 4–6, 35, 41, 42, 47, 51–65, 220, 351
budget issues in, 185, 186, 193, 315
Conservative Party conferences, 313, 314, 317
elections in, 4, 51, 54, 55, 63, 64, 156, 157, 163, 181–182, 190, 195, 316, 317, 318, 341
House of Commons, 155, 316, 320
income gap in, 321–322
National Health Service in, 54, 55, 61, 322
postwar consensus in, 5, 6, 57, 58, 161, 188, 192, 195, 314, 317, 342
“Stepping Stones” memorandum in, 191–192
unions in, 5, 6, 51–53, 57, 155, 156–157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 166, 181, 182, 183–184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 195, 314, 315, 318, 342 (see also Thatcher, Margaret: and unions)
Winter of Discontent in, 53, 54, 137, 155, 156, 157, 159, 181, 189, 192, 318
See also Thatcher, Margaret
Great Depression, 56–57, 59, 60
Group thinking, 253
Guangming Daily, 121
Hall, Peter, 182
Hamas, 297
Havel, Václav, 286
Hayek, Friedrich von, 60, 61, 62, 161, 163, 164, 167, 324, 325
Healey, Denis, 5–6, 185, 186, 317
Health care, 41, 253, 359. See also Great Britain: National Health Service in Heath, Edward, 5, 53, 57–58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 160, 165, 184, 190, 191, 314, 317, 358
Heffer, Simon, 182
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 104, 227, 271, 308, 310, 311
Helsinki Accords, 205
Heseltine, Michael, 320
Hezbollah, 151, 154, 241, 242, 295, 297–298
Holocaust, 207
Homosexuality, 287
Hong Kong, 3, 245–246, 247, 248, 254, 255, 259, 329, 330, 335, 349, 350, 351, 352
Hoskyns, John, 191–192
Hosseiniye Ershad, 113–114, 152
Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 289
Howe, Geoffrey, 185, 186, 187, 193, 313, 320 398
Hua Guofeng, 25, 118–120, 127, 130, 131, 169, 170, 173, 177, 245
Human rights, 17, 69, 72–73, 75, 79, 126, 138, 153, 178, 202, 204, 207, 208, 277, 281, 286, 349, 359
Hungary, 72, 133, 202, 249, 273
Hussain, Maulavi, 216
Hussein, Saddam, 292, 299, 300
Hu Yaobang, 121, 129, 134, 178, 331–332
Ibn Taymiyyah, 221
IEA. See Institute for Economic Affairs
Import substitution, 44
Industrialization, 3, 14, 38, 56, 119
Inflation, 2, 5, 6, 50, 51, 53, 57, 61, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 164, 166, 184, 186, 187, 188, 292, 313, 314, 315, 320, 323, 324, 332
and incomes policy in Great Britain, 317, 318
Innovation, 14, 133, 146, 166, 293
Institute for Economic Affairs (IEA), 163, 164, 165, 167, 322, 325
Intellectuals, 7, 9, 11, 17, 19, 31, 46, 91, 110, 114, 138, 179, 197, 218, 237, 343–344
and laborers in Poland, 277
International Center for Economic Policy Studies, 325
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 6, 51
Iran, 10, 12, 33, 40, 41–50, 137–154, 226, 268, 341, 346–347, 354
Assembly of Experts in, 154, 239, 240
Azerbaijan province in, 240, 241
Black Friday in, 141
constitutions in, 47, 48, 50, 87, 89, 109, 114, 139, 140, 149, 152–153, 154, 238, 239–240, 241, 290, 291, 292
Council of Guardians in, 293
departure of shah and family from Tehran, 144, 231–232
elections in, 347–348
Green Movement in, 348–349
Iranian Freedom Movement in, 92, 107, 138
Iranian Revolution, 83–84, 115, 137, 214, 230, 231, 237, 289, 294, 301, 345
parliament in, 153, 290, 291, 292, 293
People’s Mujahideen in, 291
Persepolis celebration in (1971), 49–50
public/private life in, 295
reforms in, 7–8
Revolutionary Council in, 143, 148, 150, 152, 233, 239
Revolutionary Guards in, 152, 239, 241, 242, 292, 298
SAVAK in, 42, 43, 46, 48, 93, 114, 140, 143, 148, 154, 230, 289
shah of Iran, 7, 8–9, 41, 42–50, 83, 88, 89, 107, 108–109, 113, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143–144, 145, 150, 213, 223, 230, 231–232, 295, 297, 343, 358
Tudeh Party in, 7, 43, 44, 46, 151, 154, 345
US Embassy attacked and hostages taken, 229–238, 242
White Revolution in, 43–44, 48, 50, 88, 99, 138, 153
See also under Soviet Union; United States
Iraq, 10, 85, 88, 90, 105, 107, 292, 299, 300. See also Iran: Iran-Iraq War
Isamuddin, Riduan, 309
Islam, 37, 88, 105, 110, 112–113, 216, 226
Alawi sect, 300
and economics, 292–293
Islamic calendar, 223
Islamic State/Republic, 91, 104, 112, 114, 140, 143, 146, 147, 151, 154, 216, 219, 220, 227, 228, 242, 271, 272, 296, 300, 305, 307, 309 (see also Theocracy)
and monarchy, 147
and revolution, 112, 113, 114, 147
rise of political Islam, 218, 221, 222, 225, 346
See also Muslims; Shiites; Sunnis; Wahhabism
Islambouli, Mohammed Shawki, 308
Islamic Government (Khomeini), 146, 147, 154, 294
Islamic Jihad, 295, 298, 308, 347
Islamic People’s Republican Party, 150, 240
Islamic Republican Party (IRP), 152, 291, 348
Israel, 2, 8, 48, 89, 154, 231, 242, 298
Arab-Israeli conflict, 105, 221, 297, 304
Jamaat-e-Islami, 220
Jamiat-e Islami, 12, 104, 213, 214, 227, 272
Japan, 3, 29, 173, 174, 248, 257, 354
Jaruzelski, Wojciech (General), 282–283, 284
Jay, Peter, 6
Jemaah Islamiah, 309
Jerusalem, 297
Jiang Qing, 23, 24, 25, 118, 119, 125, 248
Ji Dengkui, 127–128
Jihad/Jihadis, 103, 216, 219, 226, 306, 309, 347, 359
John Paul I (Pope), 67
John Paul II (Pope), 18, 73–81, 137, 280, 281, 359
critics of, 287–288
legacy of, 288
return to Kraków diocese, 206–207
return to Poland, 197, 198, 200–209, 277–278, 282, 284, 285, 287
See also Wojtyła, Karol Józef
John XXIII (Pope), 74
Joseph, Keith, 61, 63, 64, 160, 165–166, 184–185, 192, 193, 314
Judiciary. See Courts/judges
Justice, 9, 43, 79, 84, 85, 92, 111, 138, 146, 153, 175, 206, 223, 282, 291, 292, 353
Kakar, Mohammad Hassan, 310
Kania, Stanisław, 282
Kapuściński, Ryszard, 44
Karmal, Babrak, 38, 98, 99, 212, 261, 262, 269
Kashani, Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi, 88
Kashf-i Asrar (Khomeini), 87–88
Kaufman, Michael, 286
Kaunda, Kenneth, 188–189
Keynes, John Maynard, 51, 56, 161, 166, 167, 313, 316, 318, 324
KGB, 69, 198, 214, 263, 267, 269
Zenit special forces of, 266, 274
Khalaji, Mehdi, 349
Khamenei, Seyyed Ali (Ayatollah), 113, 221, 239, 290
Khmer Rouge, 100–101
Khoeiniha, Mohammad Mousavi (Ayatollah), 232
Khomeini, Ruhollah (Ayatollah) 8–9, 47, 48, 49, 58, 83–93, 113, 145–153, 218, 230, 234, 237, 239, 241–242, 294–295, 299, 300–301, 344, 358, 359
death of son of, 139
in exile, 90, 91, 107–108, 139, 142, 143, 144, 231
father of, 85
guardianship of the jurist theory of, 146, 154, 239, 240, 290, 298
and Palestinian cause, 231, 297
return to Iran after exile, 145, 296
and US Embassy attack, 232–233
Khorasani (Ayatollah), 150
Khrushchev, Nikita, 18, 19, 24, 120, 123, 133
secret speech of, 30–31, 32, 131
Kinnock, Neil, 319
Kissinger, Henry, 13, 169, 231
Kosygin, Aleksey, 133, 214, 267
Kurds, 151
Kuron, Jacek, 199
Land reform, 43, 88, 89, 90, 99, 100, 212, 293, 352
Language, 42, 73, 92, 98, 113, 202, 213, 215, 219, 221, 225, 244, 246, 286, 335
Latin America, 10, 294, 325, 326
Lawson, Nigel, 320
attack on US Marine Corps barracks in, 295
Israeli invasion of (1982), 298
Lee Kwan Yew, 173
Legitimacy, 146, 204, 221, 284, 348
Lenin, V. I., 30, 84, 102, 148, 153, 154, 221, 227
Letwin, Shirley Robin, 187
Liberalism, 162
Lin Biao, 19–20
Li Peng, 334
Literacy, 7, 36, 39, 41, 43, 88, 99–100, 294
Literature, 246
Liu Bocheng, 29
Liu Shaoqi, 18, 19, 30, 31, 128, 173
London School of Economics (LSE), 162, 163
López Portillo, José, 78
Lord, Winston, 32
L’Osservatore Romano, 198
MacLaine, Shirley, 170–171
Mahdi, Muhammad al-, 146, 223, 224
Major, John, 321
Makiya, Kanan, 345
Management, 134, 162, 171, 172, 250, 257, 273, 276, 313, 329
Mandelson, Peter, 321
Mao Zedong, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23–24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 84, 104, 117–118, 119, 120, 123, 127, 131, 135, 179, 249, 293, 305–306, 330
death of, 25, 123, 124, 129, 169, 173
legacy of, 174
Market issues, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 133, 162, 163, 164, 181, 185, 257, 314, 316, 317, 321, 322, 325, 331, 334, 351
market revolution of 1980s and 1990s, 167
Martial law, 141, 333. See also under Poland Martyrs, 197, 216, 223, 292, 298
Marxism, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 25, 29, 38–39, 60, 72, 100, 102, 105, 111, 121–122, 202, 206, 342, 355
Islamic Marxism, 114
Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 103–105, 228, 272, 310, 311, 359
Mawdudi, Abul Ala, 112, 219–220, 221, 227, 306, 344
Mecca/Medina, 223, 224, 234, 296, 300
Media, 42, 90, 108, 121, 144, 172, 175, 198, 239, 241, 242, 245, 246, 283, 298, 311, 334, 336
in Poland, 199, 205, 207, 208, 280
See also Press; Television
Meisner, Maurice, 179
Merino, Gustavo Gutiérrez, 78
Michnik, Adam, 199, 206, 282, 285
Middle class, 43, 45, 47, 58, 109, 138, 140, 149, 157, 158
Mileposts (Qutb), 220–221
Militaries, 7, 11, 15, 19, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 39, 40, 42, 90, 97, 98–99, 119, 134, 171, 188, 270, 292
Iranian military, 148–149, 152
mutiny/defections in Afghan army, 214, 262
See also People’s Republic of China: People’s Liberation Army
Militias, 119, 149, 150, 152, 154, 206, 211, 216, 217, 238, 242, 297, 298
Modarres, Seyyed Hassan, 87, 88
Modernization, 7, 8, 11, 12, 34, 35, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 75, 92, 100, 110, 112, 126, 131, 132, 134, 166, 173, 174, 218, 294, 324, 340, 352, 355, 357–358
socialist modernization, 135
See also People’s Republic of China: and Four Modernizations
Mohammad (Prophet), 219, 222, 223
Money supply/monetarism, 6, 53, 61, 62, 159, 166, 167, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 193–194, 313, 315, 317
Montazeri (Ayatollah), 296
Mont Pèlerin Society, 161–162, 324
Moral Majority, 360
Mossadeq, Mohammed, 7, 42, 46, 88, 109, 230
Motahhari, Morteza (Ayatollah), 113, 142, 152
Mountbatten (Lord), 188
Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 348
Mujahideen, 215, 267, 270, 304, 305, 307, 356, 357
Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK), 149, 151, 212, 241–242, 298
Mullahs, 12, 37, 39, 40, 226, 227, 294, 301, 349
Muslim Brotherhood, 91, 104, 112, 219, 220, 223, 226, 346
Muslims, 40, 47, 96, 102, 105, 110. See also Islam; Quran; Shiites; Sunnis
Muslim Youth Organization, 226, 227
Najibullah, Mohammed, 303, 309, 357
Nationalism, 12, 42, 47, 126, 138, 155, 209, 215, 218, 222, 234, 300, 355
Nationalization, 4, 7, 42, 43, 46, 55, 58, 61, 62, 88, 153, 159, 183, 185, 195, 230, 293, 318, 321
Neoconservatives, 164
New Civilization, A (Webb), 340
Niazi, Abdur Rahim, 225–226
Nicaragua, 78
Nigeria, 296
Nixon, Richard, 3, 138, 159, 169, 170
Nonalignment, 35
Nonviolence, 278, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287, 345, 347, 348
Nuri, Sheikh Fazlollah, 87
Nuristani people, 103, 104, 215, 217, 228
Occidentosis: A Plague from the West (Al-e Ahmad), 46
Ode, Robert C., 235–236
Ogilvy & Mather firm, 245
Oil, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 42, 43, 49, 50, 55, 88, 137, 141, 222, 230, 232, 273
Operation Eagle Claw, 238
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 2, 4
Otaibi, Juhayman al-, 224
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 7. See also Iran: shah of Iran
Pahlavi Foundation, 293
Pakistan, 10, 12, 24, 34, 38, 40, 215, 228, 234, 271–272, 307, 311
intelligence services in, 217, 303, 304
Palestinians, 222, 231, 297, 304, 305
Palestine Liberation Organization, 91, 105
Pashtuns, 38, 40, 98, 103, 215, 227, 272
Paul VI (Pope), 75
PDPA. See People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Peasants, 128, 174, 243, 249, 251, 253, 279, 328
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), 11, 96, 98, 101, 211–212, 214, 264
Khalq/Parcham groups in, 38, 39, 99, 212, 228, 261, 262 (see also Taraki, Nur Mohammed: and Hafizullah Amin)
People’s Republic of China, 18–20, 21–32, 215, 327–337
Anhui Province in, 250–251
Baoan Foreign Trade Base in, 256
Canton Trade Fair in, 254
Central Party Work Conference (1978), 117–118, 123, 127–129, 130, 131, 133, 173, 256, 331
Chinese Communist Party in, 353–355
Cultural Revolution in, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 31, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123–124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 170, 173, 174, 243, 247, 248, 255, 256, 331
communes in, 128, 129, 244, 249–254, 328
economic reforms in, 32, 134, 135, 326, 327, 330–331, 333, 352, 353
entrance point to, 254, 349–350
Export Processing Zones in, 257, 329, 352
farming by household in, 128, 129, 251–254, 327, 328
foreign investments in, 255, 256, 257–258, 258–259, 260, 329
and Four Modernizations, 119, 127, 176, 178
Great Leap Forward in, 18, 31, 32, 119, 128, 129, 174, 176, 249, 250, 252, 328
Guangdong Province in, 245–246, 250, 257, 258, 259, 260, 335
Hainan Island in, 330
Hundred Flowers campaign in, 249
martial law in, 333
People’s Liberation Army in, 117, 119, 175, 248
Shanghai in, 334–335
Shekou in, 258–259
Shenzhen in, 256, 258, 259, 329, 330, 334, 350–351
Sichuan Province in, 251–252, 328
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in, 260, 329–330, 332, 334, 335–336, 352
Third Plenum in (1978), 134–135, 137, 170, 244, 246
Tiananmen Square in, 23, 120, 124, 125, 127, 130, 134, 284, 332, 333, 355
Town and Village Enterprises (TVEs) in, 328
Xidan Democracy Wall in, 125–127, 129, 175–176, 177
See also under United States
Personality cult, 18, 19, 132–133, 265
Peter the Great, 132
Pinter, Harold, 181–182
Platform (film), 326
Poland, 13, 15–18, 31, 68, 71–72, 75–76, 80–81, 119, 137, 197–209, 223
constitution of, 205
KOR organization in, 17, 18, 77, 199, 200, 205, 277, 280
Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, 275, 277, 280, 281
martial law in, 283, 284, 285, 286
public/private realms in, 200, 201
SB secret police in, 17, 69, 74, 77, 198, 199, 275
Solidarity in, 273, 280–281, 282, 284, 285, 287, 344, 353
Politics and religion, 343
Popiełuszko, Jerzy, 286
Popper, Karl, 162
Populism, 294
Pound sterling currency, 184, 186, 193
Poverty, 7, 49, 54, 59, 128, 174, 175, 176, 238, 254, 321, 328, 341
largest poverty-reduction program, 336
“Practice Is the Sole Criterion for Truth,” 121
Press, 143, 154, 158, 194, 199, 291, 326
Prices, 15, 17, 51, 55, 57, 58, 137, 138, 162, 166, 184, 186, 187, 188, 273, 277, 279, 323
price controls, 55, 186, 188, 332
Prior, James, 191–192, 193, 194, 317
Privatization, 43, 62, 159, 188, 194–195, 316, 318, 321, 322
in Europe (1985 to 2000), 326
Productivity, 2, 3, 5, 14, 61, 322, 324, 328
Propaganda, 14, 16, 29, 39, 162, 164, 214, 237, 248, 296, 355, 356
Prostitution, 45, 48, 102, 225, 247, 335
Protests/demonstrations, 17, 46, 48, 83, 96, 101, 110, 137, 138, 139, 141–142, 143, 149, 151, 262, 283, 332, 346
Public opinion, 16, 23, 54, 89, 176, 194, 195, 273, 315, 317
Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 296, 346
Qadir, Abdul, 262
Qahtani, Abdullah Hamid Mohammed al-, 224
Quran, 102, 109, 112, 146, 148, 216, 218, 220, 221, 237, 241, 246, 291, 292, 294, 297, 307
Qutb, Sayyid, 220–221, 223, 306, 307
Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 104, 105, 213, 221, 227, 271
Rajai, Mohammed-Ali, 290
Reece, Gordon, 158
Referendums, 155. See under Iran
Regulations, 55, 133, 156, 166, 194, 316, 318, 330, 339–340
Rentier states, 36
Return to Oneself (Shariati), 112
Revealing of Secrets, The (Khomeini), 145–146
Revolution/rebellion, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 110, 122, 139, 142, 219, 237, 260, 296, 322, 341, 344
counterrevolution, 74, 123, 162, 192, 273, 322, 324, 326, 348, 358
measuring impact of revolutions, 289
revolutionary committees (komitehs), 149–150, 151, 153
revolutions and dual government, 150
See also Afghanistan: uprisings in; Islam: and revolution
Rhodesia, 188–189
Rights, 12, 39, 53, 72, 74, 79, 99, 140, 179, 203, 296. See also Human rights
Riots, 213, 214, 234,, 240, 241, 315, 316, 319
Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 60, 161, 163
Rockefeller, Nelson, 231
Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin, 211
Romania, 287
Rong Yiren, 245
Rong Zhiren, 243, 244, 245, 260
Rule of law, 149
Rushdie, Salman, 299
Russia, 132, 153, 237. See also Soviet Union
Saatchi, Maurice and Charles, 159
Sachs, Jeffrey, 323
Sadat, Anwar, 10, 267, 296, 308
Safi, Samiullah, 102–103
SALT II treaty, 268
Sanjabi, Karim, 142
Sapieha, Adam Stefan Cardinal, 71, 75
Saudi Arabia, 12, 40, 215, 222–224, 234, 271, 296–297, 307, 346
Sayyaf, Abdul Rab Rasul, 104, 105
Sazegara, Mohsen, 107, 108, 109, 110–111
Schell, Orville, 246–247
Science, 20, 60, 119, 122, 134, 218, 227, 339, 340, 342
Scotland, 155
Secret police, 46, 72, 90, 104, 214, 217, 261, 283, 286. See also Iran: SAVAK in; KGB; Poland: SB secret police in
Secularism, 12, 42, 47, 78, 84, 87, 89, 101, 138, 149, 150, 153, 218, 225, 227, 271, 298, 344, 349, 357–358, 359
Seldon, Arthur, 164
Self-governance, 206
Shabestari, Mohammed Mojtahed, 349
Shahabadi, Mohammed Ali (Ayatollah), 218
Sharia, 40, 88, 90, 114, 145, 220, 222, 239, 303, 346
Shariati, Ali, 9, 111–115, 137, 151, 237, 342, 344
Shariatmadari, Mohammed Kazem (Ayatollah), 48, 88, 89, 92, 138, 139, 150–151, 154, 239–241, 289–290
Shebarshin, Leonid, 266–267
Shiites, 8, 9, 37, 43, 45, 58, 86–87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 139, 141, 147, 214, 222, 223, 226, 237, 239, 292, 294, 298, 300, 301, 348
erfan mystical tradition of, 84, 86, 218
in Saudi Arabia, 296–297
Shirazi, Mirza Hasan, 47
Singapore, 3, 132, 173, 248, 257, 352
Singh, Manmohan, 325
Slipyj (Cardinal), 286
Smith, John, 319
Socialism, 42, 47, 61, 111–112, 135, 161, 163, 167, 170, 177, 195, 222, 273, 274, 317, 322, 323, 326, 339–340, 345, 351
socialism with Chinese characteristics, 334
socialist democracy, 178
Soroush, Abdulkarim, 349
South Africa, 10
South Korea, 3, 248, 257, 345, 352, 354
Sovereignty, 26, 48, 68, 109, 230, 351
Soviet Union, 9–10, 13–15, 18, 19, 39, 50, 69, 72, 305, 326, 345
and Afghanistan, 10–11, 35, 36, 39, 95, 99, 101–102, 213, 214, 228, 263, 264, 265, 266–274, 279, 282, 309
afgantsy veterans in, 274
and Communist China, 31
Stagflation, 164
Stalin, Joseph, 18, 27, 30–31, 39, 70, 74, 123, 211
Standard of living, 2, 16, 29, 31, 57, 123, 124, 128, 175, 257, 359
Stanisław (Saint), 80, 81, 197, 201, 203
Stevas, Norman St. John, 314
Stowe, Kenneth, 183
Strauss, Norman, 191–192
Strikes, 5, 15, 17, 51, 53, 124, 137, 141, 143, 156–157, 190, 192, 316, 322
and political demands, 280
secondary, 194
in Soviet Union, 279
welfare benefits for strikers, 194
working days lost to, 184
Students, 12, 15, 17, 19, 26, 48, 58, 75, 92, 110, 111, 123, 124, 129, 139, 142, 151, 174, 222, 225–226, 243–244, 283, 332, 333
Iranian students’ beliefs about America, 237 (see also Iran: US Embassy attacked and hostages taken)
Polish students, 277
See also Young people
Sufism, 37, 40, 85, 87, 111, 227
Sun newspaper, 181
Sunnis, 37, 47, 85, 91, 104, 216, 223, 225, 297, 300, 301, 306, 311, 347
Suslov, Mikhail, 100
Switon, Kazimierz, 200
Szczepanowski, Stanisław, 80. See also Stanislaw (Saint)
Taiwan, 3, 24, 125, 170, 172, 246, 247, 257, 352, 354
Tajiks/Tajikistan, 227, 272, 309
Taleqani, Ayatollah Mahmoud, 9, 92, 138, 142, 151–152
Taliban, 299, 310–311, 347, 355
Taraki, Nur Mohammed, 39, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 212, 214–215
death of, 266
and Hafizullah Amin, 262–266
Taxation, 5, 6, 29, 35, 57, 61, 91, 142, 156, 158, 159, 161, 166, 182, 185, 188, 190, 195, 231, 272, 318, 319, 322, 323, 329
value-added tax (VAT), 186, 193
Technology, 3–4, 20, 119, 132, 133, 134, 142, 171, 218, 227, 247, 257, 293, 329, 359
Television, 158, 172, 199, 205, 208, 222, 236, 241, 246, 247, 331
Teng, Teresa, 247–248
Terrorism, 1, 15, 79, 308, 309. See also Suicides: suicide bombings
Thalib, Jaffar Umar, 309
Thatcher, Margaret, 53–54, 59–61, 62–65, 73, 155, 156, 181–195, 313–326, 341–342, 351, 359
cabinet of, 184–185, 190–193, 194, 315, 319
campaign tactics/speeches of, 158–159, 160–161
and civil service, 184
domineering style of, 192–193, 319, 320
economic thinking of, 166–167
first public statement as prime minister, 183
and miners’ strike of 1984–1985, 194, 316, 319
resignation of, 321
shadow side of Thatcher era, 321–322
Thatcherism, 64, 163, 164, 165, 187, 316, 321, 324, 325, 326, 342
and unions, 189–190, 191, 192, 194 (see also Great Britain: unions in)
and values/moral principles, 60, 187, 342
visit to Buckingham Palace, 182–183
Theocracy, 145, 151, 152, 153, 233, 238, 239. See also Islam: Islamic State/Republic
Thorneycroft, Peter, 192
Tigers of East Asia, 3. See also individual countries
Tomášek, Cardinal František, 286
Torture, 19, 22, 79, 220, 240, 245
Trade, 16, 38, 44, 166, 245, 246, 256, 257, 258, 320, 336
Tunisia, 345
Turkmens, 151
Tyranowski, Jan, 70
Unemployment, 2, 4, 5, 6, 44, 46, 54, 56, 57, 124, 138, 182, 313, 315, 322, 323, 331
Unions, 4, 200, 277, 282. See also under Great Britain; Thatcher, Margaret
United States, 8, 161, 162, 186–187, 268
and Afghanistan, 10, 35, 36, 39, 215, 271, 273, 299, 305
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 42, 215, 304
and Iran, 48, 89, 90, 96, 138, 229, 230, 233, 238, 242
medical treatment for shah of Iran in, 231–232
and People’s Republic of China, 169, 170, 171, 172
World Trade Center in, 308
See also Deng Xiaoping: visit to United States
Universities, 8, 12, 19, 26, 34, 39, 40, 41, 46, 70, 72, 103–104, 109, 123, 124, 139, 151, 162, 174, 219, 225, 226, 243, 291. See also Students
Uzbekistan, 309
Vance, Cyrus, 233–234
Second Vatican Council, 74–75, 281
See also under People’s Republic of China; Soviet Union
Violence, 15, 79, 85, 109, 139, 148, 208, 262, 274, 344, 359. See also Nonviolence
Volcker, Paul, 187
Von Mises, Ludwig, 162
Wages, 2, 51, 57, 132, 155, 186, 188, 257, 259, 275, 276, 279, 280, 317, 323, 329
Wałęsa, Lech, 276, 280, 281, 286
Walters, Alan, 315
Wang Dongxing, 118–119, 130–131, 134
Wang Zaomin, 246–247
Ward, Angus, 234
Washington Post, 172
Weapons, 149, 214, 215, 216–217, 228, 229, 230, 271, 298, 303, 304, 310
Wei Jingsheng, 175–177
Welfare state, 55, 56, 57, 161, 162–163, 293, 316, 321, 322, 340, 342, 359
Whitelaw, Willie, 192
Wojtyła, Karol Józef, 17–18, 68, 69–77, 198. See also John Paul II
Wolf, Markus, 199
Women, 39, 46, 54, 64, 159, 193, 246, 287, 359
in Afghanistan, 12, 36, 99, 101, 102, 100, 212, 356–357, 360
in Iran, 8, 41, 43, 48, 92, 153, 229, 230, 294, 348
women’s right to vote, 43, 48, 88, 153, 294
See also Prostitution
Workers, 2, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 26, 51, 63, 69, 70, 76, 124, 141, 150, 156, 158, 172, 174, 181, 182, 192, 197, 200, 204, 259, 275–276, 278–279, 283, 319, 331, 340
See also Employment; Strikes; Unions
World Bank, 44
Wyszyński, Stefan Cardinal, 16, 77, 281
Yazdi, Ebrahim, 107, 108, 142, 152, 232, 233, 300
Ye Jianying (Army Marshal), 118, 120, 127, 131
Yom Kippur war, 2
Young, Hugo, 191
Young people, 16, 35, 40, 41, 45, 46, 64, 92, 113, 221, 222, 274, 287, 295, 348, 355. See also Students
Yu Guangyuan, 129, 131–132, 256
Zahir Shah (King of Iran), 11, 37–38, 96, 97
Zhao Ziyang, 128, 251–252, 252–253, 332, 333, 334
Zhou Enlai, 22–23, 26, 119, 126, 127, 130, 332
Zhu De (Marshal), 24
Zhuo Lin, 29–30
Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad, 215, 220, 271
Zierer, Edith, 71