1 Pierre Genty de Bussy, De l’Établissement des Français dans la Régence d’Alger (Paris: Firmin Didot Fréres, 1839), p. 202.
1 Bruno Étienne, Abdelkader (Paris: Hachette/Pluriel, 2010), p. 109.
1 Mahfoud Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 38.
1 Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977), p. 95.
1 Ahmed Bouyerdene, Emir Abd el-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam (Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom, 2012), p. 53.
1 Bruno Étienne, Abdelkader, p. 176.
1 Rachel Heavner, ed., “Abd-el-Kader in British and American Literature,” CELAAN (Review of the Center for the Studies of the Literatures and Arts of North Africa), Vol. 6, Nos. 1 & 2, Spring 2008, pp. 58-59.
1 John W. Kiser, Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader (Rhinebeck, NY: Monkfish Book Publishing, 2008), p. 210. Many travelers in the nineteenth century kept detailed diaries and journals, as well as writing long letters to friends and family. Naturally most of those who met the Emir would have wanted to do the occasion justice. Thanks to the popularity of writing, along with the Emir’s own letters to officials and friends, we have an interesting record of his speech and behavior, plus insights into his thinking and emotions.
2 Wilfred Blunt, Desert Hawk: Abd el Kader and the French Conquest of Algeria (London: Methuen, 1947), p. 234.
3 Ibid., p. 235.
4 John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, p. 217.
5 Ibid., p. 217.
6 Wilfred Blunt, Desert Hawk, p. 238.
1 John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, p. 229.
2 Wilfred Blunt, Desert Hawk, p. 240.
3 Ibid., pp. 231-32.
4 CELAAN, p. 45.
5 Ibid., p. 51.
6 Wilfred Blunt, Desert Hawk, p. 245.
7 Ibid., p. 247.
8 CELAAN, p. 23.
1 Vista Clayton, The Phantom Caravan, or Abd El Kader, Emir of Algeria (Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1975), p. 262.
2 John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, p. 255.
3 Ahmed Bouyerdene, Emir Abd el-Kader, p. 138.
4 Wilfred Blunt, Desert Hawk, p. 256.
5 John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, p. 262.
1 Ahmed Bouyerdene, Emir Abd el-Kader, p. 108.
2 Vista Clayton, The Phantom Caravan, p. 283.
3 Ahmed Bouyerdene, Emir Abd el-Kader, p. 111.
4 “The Damascus Massacres: Letter from Abd-el-Kader,” The New York Times archive, August 20, 1860.
5 Because Abd el-Kader spoke in Arabic, which was then usually translated into French and later into English, it is impossible to have completely accurate records of what he said. This is true for the quotations attributed to him throughout this book. In this particular scene of confrontation—at which no one was taking notes, of course!—we can have only the gist of what was said. The dialogue appears in three or four different books, all varying slightly but agreeing on the general ideas.
6 Leila Tarazi Fawaz, An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), p. 97.
7 “Abd-el-Kader and the United States,” The New York Times archive, October 20, 1860.
8 John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, p. 302.
9 Ibid.
1 John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, p. 311.
2 Michel Chodkiewicz, The Spiritual Wriings of Amir ‘Abd al-Kader (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995), p. 125.
3 Ibid., pp. 127-28.
4 Abd el-Kader’s original title suggests how he regarded the purpose of his essay. He called it (translated from the Arabic): “Brief Notes Intended for Those with Understanding in Order to Draw Attention to Essential Questions.” That was shortened somewhat to the following: “Reminder to the Intelligent, Advice to the Indifferent.”
5 In addition to Abd el-Kader’s Lettre aux Français (Algiers: Editions ANEP, n.d.) itself, this discussion is based mainly on treatment of the subject in John Kiser, Commander of the Faithful, pp. 265-72 and Ahmed Bouyerdene, Emir Abd el-Kader, pp. 125-26, 136, 144, 180, 193.
6 Isabel Burton, The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land (London: Henry S. King, 1875), p. 125.
7 Isabel Burton and W. H. Wilkins, The Romance of Isabel Lady Burton, Vol. 2 (London: Hutchinson, 1897), p. 397.
8 Léon Roches’ autobiography, Trente-deux ans à travers l’Islam, published in Paris in 1887, was written some forty-five years after the time he spent with Abd el-Kader. Although he relied on personal letters and other documents from the period, that time-lapse—and his tendency to romanticize—should be kept in mind. Nevertheless, his descriptions are among the most detailed and vivid of the many reports written about the Emir.
1 Charles-Robert Ageron, Modern Algeria: A History from 1830 to the Present (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1991), p. 106.
2 The New York Times, February 25, 1873, in CELAAN, p. 101.