Adams, Daniel Jenifer, 64
Adams, John Quincy, 157
adjutant general, 26–28
Agricultural Revolution, 59, 149
agricultural societies, 160–161
agriculture
economic prosperity and, 153–154, 195–199
innovation of Great Britain, 149–150, 197–198, 199–200, 229
innovations in, 59, 61–62, 149–161, 195–200
presidency’s advancement of, 195–199
taxation on, 197
war’s impact on, 122
Young’s expertise on, 152–154
See also farmer-entrepreneur; farming equipment; planters; tobacco farming and business; wheat farming and business
alcohol
at social events, 51
during war, 97
Alexandria Academy, 161
American merchants
during war, 113
Washington, G., relationship with, 209, 211–212
American Philosophical Society, 197
American-made goods, 59–60, 86
textile manufacture and, 163–164, 201–202
Washington, G., support of, 165–166, 180–181
Ames, Fisher, 193
Anderson, Alexander, 196
Anderson, James (farm manager), 238–240
Anderson, John, 198
Annals of Agriculture (Young), 152, 154, 155–156, 158
antifederalists, 222
alliance with France, 226–228
attack on Washington, G., 233
armed conflict
economic burden of prolonged, 107–108
over taxation, 224–225
Washington, G., on, 81, 84, 86, 90–91
Articles of Confederation, 170, 173
Aurora, 233
Ball, Mary Johnson. See Washington, Mary Ball (mother)
balloon flight, 1–3
Banister, John, 131–132
Bank of North America, 138
Bank of United States
constitutionality debate over, 190–191
economic stability with, 192, 215
Hamilton’s proposal for, 188, 190–192
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 207, 225
Bee (Anderson, James), 197–198
Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, 1–3
Bloxham, James, 151
Board of Customs Commissioners for North America, 76
boat, self-propelled, 171
Booker, William, 243
Boston, Massachusetts
aid sent to, 82
attack on British in, 106–107, 109–110, 111–112, 113
port closing in, 80–81
Boston tea party, 80
See also nonimportation agreements
British
artisan export to America, 163–164, 201–202
French goods preference to, 167
relations with United States, 229–232
reliance on hard currency, 129
in trade relations with Native Americans, 206–207
wartime block in trade business with, 105–106, 113, 126
wartime civilian commerce with, 137
British Board of Agriculture, 198
British goods
colonists dependence on, 59–60
preference of French over, 167
British merchants
colonial resistance harming, 75
colonist debt to, 53–54
relationship with, 45–48, 54, 57, 58, 60, 67, 69
trade embargoes on, 230–231
unfair practices of, 49, 52–53
British military, 99
attack on, in Boston, 106–107, 109–110, 111–112, 113
burning of sea port towns and, 111–113
campaigns in South, 136
distribution of counterfeit currency, 123
French defeat of, 139
Mount Vernon provisions given to, 138
occupation of New York, 133, 135
supply issues for, 129–130
See also Revolutionary War
Bushnell, David, 104
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 93–94, 106, 110, 113
Carlyle & Adam, 63–64
Cary, Robert. See Robert Cary & Company
Clegg, Edmund, 163
clothing business, 65–66
colonial system, 163
criminals under, 77
frontier settlement under, 71–72
prosperity and business hindered by, 34, 50, 67, 72, 74, 166
resistance to, 57–60, 74, 75, 77–78
taxation under, 57–58, 76–77, 79
Washington, G., opposition to, 34, 50, 58, 73–74, 77–78
wheat business outside of, 60, 63–64
commander in chief. See Continental Army
commerce
Alexandria as center of, 44–45
with British during war, 137
government regulation of, 170
society strength with community of, 141
Washington, G., on frontier, 172–173
See also free trade and commerce
Confederation government, 174
commerce regulation by, 170
Constitution
Bank of United States debate and, 190–191
taxation outlined in, 203
Constitutional Convention, 175, 176–177
Continental Army
commander in chief appointment to, 86, 89–92
Congress’s financial support of, 94–95, 98–100, 108, 127, 136, 140
creation of, 85–86
decline of salary for leading, 89, 95
entrepreneurial spirit in leadership of, 91
evacuation of New York, 116
fair pay for enlistment in, 117–119, 121, 123, 127
financial management of, 93–102, 108, 113–114, 116–117
military administration in, 124, 126–127
military leadership of, 86, 89–92, 103, 106, 110–112, 117–120, 130
mutinies in, 136
self-sufficiency of, 101
Valley Forge impact on, 129–130
Washington, G., dissuading rebellion in, 140–141
See also Valley Forge
Continental Congress
army creation by Second, 85–86
army’s financial support by, 94–95, 98–100, 108, 127, 136, 140
delegates to First, 83–84
financial management of, 92, 100–101, 123, 129, 139–140
transfer of temporary power to Washington, G., 119, 122
collapse of, 135–136
at Valley Forge, 128
wartime instability, 123
Continental Loan Office, 123, 147
Continental Navy, 105–106
Conway, Richard, 148
Cooke, Nicholas, 104
cotton manufacture. See textile manufacture
credit, 53–54
Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 253
currency, hard
British reliance on, 129
as foreign coins, 93
proponents of, 173
Washington, G., use of, 145
currency, paper
British distribution of counterfeit, 123
distrust of, 129
establishment of, during war, 93
land investments over, 144–145, 147
as treasury notes, 53–54
See also Continental currency
currency crisis, 57
debt to British merchants and, 53–54
impact on Washington, G., 146–148
National Mint and, 191–192
for planters, 53
post-war, 173–175
Custis, Daniel Parke, 37, 38–39, 44
Custis, George Washington Parke (step-grandson), 245
Custis, John Parke (stepson), 144–145
British trade business in, 45–46
Washington, G., work on, 43–44
Davis, Thomas, 65
death
dreams of, 245–246
of father, 14–15
of Washington, G., 248
of wife, 248
debt
colonist, to British merchants, 53–54
debate over federal assumption of state, 219–220
from French and Indian War, 53, 57
Hamilton’s management of national, 188–189, 216, 217
“lost million” in, 184
post-war American, 167, 174–175, 184
presidency on national, 184–185, 235
recovery through taxation debate, 217–218
reduction of American, 82
settlement of war, 212, 223–224
Washington, G., and, 4–5, 24, 50–51, 60, 69, 96, 145, 147–148
Declaration of Independence, 114
The Diaries of George Washington (Jackson & Twohig), 6, 36, 40, 68, 178
Dinwiddie, Robert, 25, 26–28, 32, 33
Dismal Swamp Company, 71, 149, 173
dog breeding, 157–158
Donaldson, Arthur, 155
Drayton, William, 161
Dunmore, Lord, 80–81, 83, 84, 85, 90
Earl of Buchan. See Erskine, David
economic conditions
with Bank of United States, 192, 215
in Panic of 1792, 216
during peace negotiations, 139–141
post-war instability in, 147, 148–149
with prolonged armed conflict, 107–108
economic freedom
armed conflict for, 81, 84, 90
French aid conflict with, 134–135
Washington, G., on, 56, 78, 83, 86, 89
economic prosperity
in 1760s, 64–65
agriculture and, 153–154, 195–199
colonial system hindering, 34, 50, 67, 72, 74, 166
freedom and dependency conflict in, 162–163
French wartime aid and, 131
peace as prerequisite for, 84, 129, 140, 166, 206, 208, 212
presidency focus on, 223
in Valley Forge, 127–128
war effort creating, 87, 90–91, 103–104
Washington, G., on, 56, 83, 87, 90–91, 103–104, 140–141, 153, 162–163, 249
economic thrift
slavery and, 162
during war, 96–98, 101, 113–114, 127, 141
Washington, G., and, 158, 238, 239–240, 249
education
lack of formal, 14–15, 34–35, 55
patron of, 161
by self-study, 17, 21, 23, 24, 46–47, 55–56, 154–156
of wife, 39
England, John, 10
entrepreneurial spirit
Continental Army led with, 91
from Great Britain, 59
in Washington, G., 3–4, 53, 54–55, 74, 91, 149–150, 254
entrepreneurs
colonial system stifling, 50
in early Virginia, 13–14
family history of, 9–10
Federal City and, 193
in manufacturing, 201–202
See also farmer-entrepreneur
Erskine, David (Earl of Buchan), 197, 200, 205, 226
estate management
mother’s, 14
of Mount Vernon in wartime, 143–144
Evans, Oliver, 159–160
Eveleigh, Nicholas, 187
Experiments and Observations on Cements (Higgins), 148
Fairfax, George William
farm manger scouting by, 149–150
friendship with, 17
surveying party led by, 18–19
Fairfax, Sally Cary, 17, 31, 35, 150
Fairfax County Courthouse, 44
Fairfax Resolves, 82–83
Falmouth, Massachusetts, 110–111
family history, 7–10
in maple sugar, 196
Washington, G., as, 149–150, 154–156, 195–199
“Farmer’s Letters” (Young), 152
farming. See agriculture; farmer-entrepreneur
farming equipment
innovations in, 196
threshing machines in, 158–159, 196, 243
Washington, G., fascination with, 62, 155
father. See Washington, Augustine, Sr.
Federal City, 246
construction in retirement of, 244
design and establishment of, 192–194
entrepreneurs and, 193
Federal Government, 183–184
Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Madison, & Jay), 186, 232
Ferry Farm, 14
financial management
adolescent experience with, 19
of Continental Army, 93–102, 108, 113–114, 116–117
of Continental Congress, 92, 100–101, 123, 129
of farm renovation and business, 156
gambling and, 44
military success and sound, 32–33, 87, 113–114
skills as aide-de-camp, 31–32
flour. See wheat farming and business
foreign affairs
conflict in, 244
neutrality proclamation in, 227–229, 251
presidency on, 208–209, 211–212, 225–226, 251–252
trade embargoes on British in, 230–231
treaties negotiated in, 232–233
Fox, Charles James, 229
France
discharge of debt to, 223–224
Great Britain’s conflict with, 226–228
Native American relations and, 207
threat of invasion by, 244, 246
trade and commerce with, 105, 131, 166–168
wartime financial aid from, 134–135, 138
See also French and Indian War; French military
Frederick the Great (king), 252
free trade and commerce
establishing transportation for, 205–206, 233
with Native Americans, 168–169, 206–207, 225
peacetime military for protection of, 168–169, 212–213
presidency’s development and promotion of, 204–205, 208–213
regulatory body for, 169–170
during Revolutionary War, 104–106, 113, 122, 126
Washington, G., advocacy for, 166–170, 204
French
Braddock’s expedition to confront, 30
goods over British, 167
Ohio region land battles with, 22, 26–29, 33–34
French and Indian War, 49–50, 72
lessons from, 87, 90, 98, 249–250
Washington, G., reputation from, 84
British defeat in New York by, 139
Washington, G., on wartime aid from, 132–134
French Revolution (1789), 225–226
frontier expansion and settlement, 68 (fig.)
colonial restriction on, 71–72
commerce and, 172–173
Jefferson on, 171
Native Americans and, 54, 57, 163–165, 225
under presidency, 205–207
Washington, G., land acquisition for, 70–74, 85, 90
Washington, G., support and push for, 171–173, 240–241
Genêt, Edmond Charles, 228–229
George III (king), 198, 199, 233
Gibbs, Caleb, 96
Great Britain
agricultural innovation of, 149–150, 197–198, 199–200, 229
entrepreneurial influence from, 59
export of technologies to America, 201–202
France’s conflict with, 226–228
Lear’s trip to, 199–200
manufacturing innovation of, 199–200, 229
Native American relations and, 207
Revolutionary war on economy of, 107
taxation of farmers in, 197
trade business with, 45–46, 169–170
trade embargoes on, 81–83, 229, 230–231
violation of Treaty of Paris by, 207–208
See also British
Great Dismal Swamp. See Dismal Swamp Company
Greene, Nathanael, 125–126
gristmill. See mill business
Gunston Hall, 41
Hamilton, Alexander, 168, 234, 246
birth and early life of, 186
debt management of, 188–189, 216, 217
as Federalist Papers co-author, 186, 232
as financier, 137
Jefferson’s hatred and suspicions of, 216–218, 219–220, 221–222
on manufacturing subsidies, 203
National Bank and Mint proposals by, 188, 190–192, 193
on neutrality in foreign affairs, 227–228
Panic of 1792 and, 216
political slander of, 233
push for second term of Washington, G., 222
as secretary of Treasury, 187–189, 251
on trade embargoes with Great Britain, 231
Washington, G., relationship with, 186–187, 188, 220–221
Hare, Robert, Jr., 165
Harrison, Benjamin, 174
Hastings, Selena, 163–165
Henry, Patrick, 57–58, 176, 233
Higgins, Benjamin, 148
House of Burgesses, 8
royal governor dissolving of, 79
Stamp Act resolutions in, 57–58
Washington, G., first election to, 39, 51, 53, 54
Washington, G., reelections to, 77, 83
Howe, William, 97–98, 115, 124, 129–130
Howells, Thomas, 201–202
Humphreys, David, 166, 181, 226
imports. See trade business
independence
internal stability and, 141
Washington, G., support of, 111, 114
Industrial Revolution, 59, 160
influenza, 189
inheritance, 4, 14–15, 25, 29–30, 31, 35
invention and innovation
in agriculture, 59, 61–62, 149–161, 195–200, 229
for military purposes, 104, 198
organization devoted to, 198
presidency’s role in, 182, 194–196, 202–203
self-propelled boat as, 171
in textiles, 163–164
Washington, G., advocacy and use of, 1–3, 104, 148, 158, 199, 243–244, 251
James River Company, 173
Jay, James, 164
as envoy to Great Britain, 231–232, 233
as Federalist Papers co-author, 186, 232
Jefferson, Thomas, 4–5, 192, 250
on agricultural advancement, 196
correspondence with, 169, 180, 182, 187–188
on currency crisis, 173–174
Federal City design and, 193
on frontier settlement, 171
hatred and suspicions of Hamilton, 216–218, 219–220, 221–222
on Jay Treaty, 233
on manufacturing subsidies, 200, 202, 203–204
on National Bank proposal, 190
on neutrality in foreign affairs, 227, 251
push for second term of Washington, G., 217–220, 222
resignation plans of, 223
textile manufacture and, 163
John Hanbury & Company of London, 46, 48
Lafayette
correspondence with, 165, 166–167, 169, 180, 201, 208, 209
dogs from, 157
land acquisition, 13
adolescent study of, 17
in family history, 8–10
over paper currency for security, 144–145, 147
of Virginia Regiment, 72–73
wartime, 146
land disputes
with Native Americans, 22, 26–28
land ownership
by Washington, G., 42, 50, 72–73, 146, 147, 164–165, 171–172, 246
in Washington, G., Last Will and Testament, 246
See also Mount Vernon
land sales and rentals, 241–243
Last Will and Testament, 245
father’s, 14
wife in, 247
Laurens, Henry, 134
de Lavallée, Gilles, 163
Lear, Tobias, 183, 199–200, 229–230, 248
Lee, Arthur, 77
Lee, Billy, 246
Lee, “Light Horse” Harry, 71
American-made support by, 60
correspondence to, 175
on government’s role in fiscal stability, 176
Potomac navigation support of, 171
speculation and gamble of, 149, 157
taxation rebellion quelled by, 225
Leigh, John, 161
L’Enfant, Pierre, 193–194
Lewis, Fielding, 70
Lincoln, Benjamin, 161
Livingston, Abraham, 113
Locke, John, 241
Louis XVI (king), 225
Loyalists
in burning of Norfolk, 111
lack of support from, 130
Macpherson, John, 104
American-made support by, 60
correspondence with, 175
as Federalist Papers co-author, 186, 232
on foreign affairs, 251
on frontier settlement, 171
on Jay Treaty, 233
on National Bank proposal, 190–191
on trade embargoes, 230
manufacturing
entrepreneurs in, 201–202
government subsidies for, 200–204
Great Britain’s innovation in, 199–200, 229
Washington, G., fascination with, 194–195
See also Industrial Revolution; textile manufacture
maple sugar production, 196
maps, 178 (fig.)
of frontier, 68 (fig.)
of Mount Vernon, 36 (fig.), 40 (fig.)
of Virginia, 6 (fig.)
parents’, 11–12
Mason, George, 176
on militia formation, 84
on nonimportation agreements, 77, 79–80, 82
son of, 240
Mason, John, 240
McHenry, James, 170
merchants. See American merchants; British merchants; trade business
Meredith, Samuel, 187
Methodists, 163–164
Mifflin, Thomas, 108
military, peacetime, 168–169, 212–213, 230–231
military administration, 250
as aide-de-camp, 31–32
during Ohio Valley expedition, 27–28, 29
in retirement, 244
See also Continental Army; financial management
military leadership
as adjutant general, 26–28
as colonel of Virginia Regiment, 32–34
in dissuading rebellion, 140–141
duty leading to, 85
economic extravagance and, 97–98
in organizing Virginia militia, 84
skills gained from, 55
See also Continental Army
military service
feelings about, 32, 34, 37, 89–90
mother’s take on, 30
social status in, 28
militia
forming of Virginia, 84
Washington, G., on economy of, 117–118
mill business, 253
invention of automated gristmill for, 159–160
renovation of gristmill for, 62–63, 64
Milne, James, 201
mint. See National Mint
missionaries, 163–164
Mississippi Land Company, 57, 71, 77, 173
Morris, Robert, 96, 137–138, 185–186, 192
mother. See Washington, Mary Ball
adolescence at, 16
estate management of, 143–144, 238–243, 252
estate preservation of, 253–254
farm and mill transformation at, 155–156, 159–160
farm managers of, 114, 129, 144, 145–147, 149–151, 238–239
farm rentals at, 241–242
Federal City location and, 193
foreign goods for, 209–210
house and land overview of, 41–43, 146
in Last Will and Testament, 246–247
profitability of industries at, 69, 146–147
renovations to, 37, 38, 39, 40 (fig.), 46, 81, 148–149, 240
slaves at, 42–43, 65, 138, 162, 246, 248
textile business at, 65–66
tobacco farming at, 48–49
trade embargoes impact on, 230
war’s impact on, 138, 143–144, 146
Washington, L., estate and, 25
wheat business at, 65–66
Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, 253
mule breeding, 156–157
National Bank. See Bank of United States
National Board of Agriculture, 155
nationalism, 152–153
Native Americans
adolescent experience with, 19
colonial protection from, 71–72
France and Great Britain relations with, 207
free trade and commerce with, 168–169, 206–207, 225
frontier settlement and, 54, 57, 163–165, 225
Ohio region land dispute with, 22, 26–28
treaty negotiations with, 72
Neutrality Act, 229
British attack and occupation of, 115, 122, 133, 135
British defeat in, 139
Continental Army evacuation in, 116
financial panic in, 216
Newenham, Edward, 3
nonimportation agreements
Washington, G., support of, 77–80, 81–85
See also Fairfax Resolves
Norfolk, Virginia, 111
Northern Neck, 13, 16, 17, 18–19, 26
O’Donnell, John, 210–211
Ohio Company, 22–23, 25, 27, 72
Ohio region, 246
French land disputes in, 22, 26–29, 33–34
Native American battles in, 207–208
Native American land disputes in, 22, 26–28
Ohio Valley expedition
management problems in, 28, 29
Washington, G., leadership of, 26–29
Paine, Tom, 120
Panic of 1792, 216
Patent Act, 202–203
Patriots
financial motivation and, 116–117
peace
economic prosperity dependence on, 84, 129, 140, 166, 206, 208, 212
negotiations for, 139–141, 232
Washington, G., commitment to, 84, 90–91, 129, 140, 166, 206, 212, 216, 225, 226
Pearce, William, 202
Philadelphia
British occupation of, 124
Constitutional Convention in, 175–176
Continental Congress in, 83–84, 85
cotton manufacturing in, 202
Pinckney, Thomas, 232
pirates, 169
planters, 51
currency crisis for, 53
on nonimportation agreements, 77, 78, 79–80
Washington, G., study of, 24
See also tobacco farming and business; wheat farming and business
plow, 62
von Poellnitz, Friedrich, 159, 195
Pontiac’s War, 57
post office, 204
Potomac Company, 206, 240, 241, 254
Potomac River, 18
blocking navigation on, in war, 110
Federal city established on, 192–193
first land acquisitions along, 22
fishery on, 66–67, 72, 73, 254
navigation of, for trade and settlement, 74, 171–173, 205–206
Powel, Elizabeth Willing, 222, 223, 237, 238
presidency, 148, 159, 175–176, 178 (fig.)
acceptance of second term of, 222–223
agriculture advancement during, 195–199
anti-government uprisings during, 233–234
Cabinet during, 183, 187–188, 202, 223, 227, 229, 234, 249, 251
domestic trade and commerce in, 204–205
economic prosperity focus in, 195–199, 223
election to, 179
farewell address for, 234–236
feelings about second term of, 215, 217, 218–219, 222
on foreign affairs, 208–209, 211–212, 225–226, 251–252
frontier navigation and expansion under, 205–207
inaugural dress, 180–181
inaugural speech for, 181–183
international trade and commerce during, 208–213
invention and innovation and, 182, 194–196, 202–203
manufacturing industry support in, 200–203
on national debt, 184–185, 235
neutrality proclamation during, 227–229, 251
push for third term of, 234
taxation during, 224–225
treaties negotiated under, 232–233
price gouging
Fairfax Resolves on, 83
Principio Iron Works, 10–11, 25
on government involvement in manufacturing, 202
on National Bank proposal, 190
as opponent to ratification, 176
on trade embargoes, 230
rebellions, 136, 140–141, 174–175, 224–225
Residence Act, 193
military administration in, 244
Mount Vernon estate management in, 238–243, 252
revenue officials, 224
Revolutionary War, 249
American merchants during, 113
atrocities of, 122
blocking navigation on Potomac River in, 110
in Boston, 106–107, 109–110, 111–112, 113
British campaigns in South, 136
on British economy, 107
British occupation of New York, 133, 135
British occupation of Philadelphia, 124
burning of sea port towns in, 110–113
civil distress in, 122–123, 132
civilian commerce with British during, 137
Continental currency instability during, 123
economic prosperity after, 87, 90–91, 103–104
economic thrift during, 96–98, 101, 113–114, 127, 141
extravagance of military leaders in, 97–98
French intervention in, 105, 131–135, 138, 139
impact on agriculture, 122
impact on Mount Vernon, 138, 143–144, 146
market manipulation during, 103, 128–129
military pay established during, 117–119
motivation of soldiers for, 119–120
paper currency established in, 93
property rights protection in, 103
slaves fighting in, 162
supply chain interruption in, 102–103, 105–106, 129–130
trade and commerce during, 104–106, 113, 122, 126
victory at Yorktown in, 139, 186
wife’s life during, 92, 96, 143
See also Continental Army; Valley Forge
Robert Cary & Company
Washington, G., debt to, 50
Washington, G., relationship with, 45–46, 49, 58, 69, 75, 81, 86–87
de Rochambeau, Comte, 139
Royal Gift, 156–157
safe-passage passes, 1–3
salary
for leading Continental Army, 89, 95
Scottish, 201
Shays’ Rebellion, 174–175
silk, 53
Simpson, Gilbert, 146
abolishment and economic thrift of, 162
at Mount Vernon, 42–43, 65, 138, 162, 246, 248
in Revolutionary War, 162
Washington, G., and, 162, 241, 242, 246, 248
Smith, Adam, 169
colonists opposition to, 57–58, 86
subsidies, 200–204
supply chain, 102–103, 105–106, 129–130
Talleyrand, 244
Tariff Act, 185
taxation
agricultural, 197
armed resistance to, 224–225
under colonial system, 57–58, 76–77, 79
in Constitution, 203
debate over debt recovery through, 217–218
post-war, 175
See also Townshend Acts
tea, 79–81
See also Boston tea party
textile manufacture
British artisans for American, 163–164, 201–202
at Mount Vernon, 65–66
in Virginia, 163
Thompson, Charles, 179
threshing machine, 158–159, 196, 243
Tilghman, Tench, 210
tobacco farming and business, 4
boon and risk of, 7, 13, 47–48
decline in 1760s, 48–49, 61, 64
family fortune based in, 7–8
move to wheat from, 60–61, 63–64, 86, 250
profitability in 1740s, 13
self-study of, 46–47
trade and, 47–49
Washington, G., in, 47–49, 56, 58, 67, 69
trade business
beer in, 52–53
under colonial system, 50
with France, 105, 131, 166–168
with Great Britain, 45–46, 169–170
piracy in, 169
as postcolonial nation, 162–163
Tariff Act for, 185
tobacco farming with, 47–49
wartime block of British, 105–106, 113, 126
Washington, G., education of, 23, 56
Washington, G., in, 24, 45–50, 58, 64, 67, 69, 75, 77, 81, 104–106
with West Indies, 4, 24, 64, 67, 77, 131, 169
See also American merchants; British merchants; free trade and commerce
trade embargoes
with Bermuda, 106
with Great Britain, 81–83, 229, 230–231
impact on American commerce, 226, 230–231
See also nonimportation agreements
transparency, 95–96
transportation
internal commerce and, 205–206, 233
on Potomac River, 74, 110, 171–173, 205–206
Treasury Department
establishment of, 183
Hamilton as secretary of, 187–192, 251
report of national debt from, 184
Treaty of Paris, 140, 207–208, 232
Treaty of Peace and Commerce, 232
Treaty of San Lorenzo, 232–233
Trenton-Princeton campaign, 120–122
Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr., 100
Trumbull, Joseph, 105, 108, 113
tuberculosis, 23
United States
British relations with, 229–232
French minister to, 167
See also presidency
United States Navy, 231
Valley Forge
Continental Army strength after, 129–130
Hamilton at, 186
as hub of commerce, 126–128, 137
winter camp beginnings at, 125–126
Vancouver, Charles, 196
Vandalia, 73–74
Virginia
cotton manufacturing in, 163
entrepreneurs in early, 13–14
family’s arrival in, 7–8
first public office in, 26
map of, 6 (fig.)
Native American attacks on frontier of, 54
prosperity under colonial system, 34
17th century society in, 8
social and economic gap in, 13
See also Northern Neck
Virginia Association, 79–80
Virginia Convention, 83, 84–85
Virginia Regiment
land claims by veterans of, 72–73
Washington, G., as colonel in, 32–34
Walker, Thomas, 70
war. See armed conflict; French and Indian War; Revolutionary War
War Office, 100
Washington, Ann Fairfax (sister-in-law), 16, 29
Washington, Augustine, Jr. (half brother), 11, 14
Washington, Augustine, Sr. (father)
contract with Principio Iron Works, 10–11
death and estate of, 14–15
first marriage and children of, 9, 11
second marriage and children of, 11–12
Washington, George
as adjutant general, 26–28
adolescence of, 16–22
agricultural innovation and, 61–62, 150, 154–156, 158, 196
American-made goods supported by, 165–166, 180–181
animal breeding business of, 156–158
antifederalist attack of, 233
on armed conflict, 81, 84, 86, 90–91
as bachelor, 35
beer brewing and trade of, 52–53, 165–166
birth and childhood of, 11–15
charity of, 146, 183, 185, 247
as colonel in Virginia Regiment, 32–34
colonial system opposition of, 34, 50, 58, 73–74, 77–78
Congress granting national power to, 119, 122
consumer habits of, 48, 50–51, 56–57, 59, 60, 80, 86–87
at Continental Congress, 83–86, 87
courtship and marriage to wife, 37–38, 39
on currency, 144–145, 146–148, 173–175
death, 248
debt and, 4–5, 24, 50–51, 60, 69, 96, 145, 147–148
on economic freedom, 56, 78, 83, 86, 89
on economic prosperity, 56, 83, 87, 90–91, 103–104, 140–141, 153, 162–163, 249
on economic thrift, 158, 238, 239–240, 249
education and self-study of, 14–15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 34–35, 46–47, 55–56, 154–156
entrepreneurial spirit in, 3–4, 53, 54–55, 74, 91, 149–150, 254
estate management and, 15, 24, 143–144, 238–243, 247
failure at Fort Necessity, 29, 34
Fairfax family influence on, 16–17
family history of, 7–10
as farmer-entrepreneur, 149–150, 154–156, 195–199
father’s death and inheritance, 14–15
Federal City design by, 193–194
financial support of family by, 147
first public office for, 26
fishery of, 66–67, 72, 73, 254
on free trade and commerce, 166–170, 204
French and Indian War reputation of, 84
on French intervention in war, 132–134
on frontier expansion and settlement, 70–74, 85, 90, 171–173, 240–241
health of, 189, 190, 215, 216, 217, 218–219
on high-risk investments, 149
in House of Burgesses, 39, 51, 53, 54, 77, 83
independence support by, 111, 114
inheritances, 4, 14–15, 25, 29–30, 31, 35
land acquisitions and, 4, 21–22, 70–74, 85, 90, 144–147
land ownership by, 22, 42, 50, 72–73, 146, 147, 164–165, 171–172, 246
Last Will and Testament of, 245, 246–247
letters, papers and diaries of, 1, 19, 20–21, 27, 28, 52, 58–59, 77–78, 109, 131–132, 133–134, 168
manufacturing fascination of, 194–195
military administration of, 27–28, 29, 31–32, 124, 126–127, 244
military leadership of, 26–29, 32–34, 55, 84, 85, 86, 89–92, 103, 106, 110–112, 117–120, 130, 140–141
military service and, 30, 32–33, 34, 37, 89–90
on militia, 117–118
mill business of, 62–63, 64, 144, 159–160, 243, 253
on National Bank and Mint, 190–192
Native Americans and, 19, 168–169, 206–207
nonimportation support of, 77–80, 81–85
Ohio Valley expeditions and, 26–29
parents’ marriage, 11
as patron of education, 161
peace commitment of, 84, 90–91, 129, 140, 166, 206, 212, 216, 225, 226
power granted by Continental Congress, 119, 122
push for peacetime military, 168–169, 212–213, 230–231
relationship with Fairfax, S., 17, 31, 35, 150
relationship with Hamilton, 186–187, 188, 220–222
relationship with Jefferson, 217–220, 222
relationship with merchants, 45–48, 49, 54, 57, 58, 60, 67, 69, 75, 81, 86–87, 209, 211–212
relationship with mother, 12, 19, 30, 31, 44, 249
relationship with Washington, L., 12–13, 15, 16, 19
relationship with Young, 154–155, 159, 161, 196–197, 200, 229–230, 252
rise to upper class, 25–26
slavery and, 42–43, 65, 138, 162, 241, 242, 246, 248
surveying career of, 17–21, 25, 55
tea party reactions of, 80–81
temper of, 16, 34, 37, 66, 74, 146
textile business of, 65–66
tobacco farming and, 47–48, 56, 58, 60, 67, 69
trade business and, 24, 45–50, 58, 64, 67, 69, 75, 77, 81, 104–106
wealth of, 4–5, 25–26, 89, 146–148, 179, 246–247
wheat farming and business of, 59–64, 158–160
See also Continental Army; Mount Vernon; presidency; Revolutionary War
Washington, Jack (brother), 46
Washington, John (great-grandfather), 7–9
Washington, John Augustine (brother), 30, 31, 85, 107, 112–113
Washington, John Augustine, Jr., 253
Washington, Lawrence (grandfather), 9
Washington, Lawrence (half brother), 11, 14
death and estate of, 25, 29–30
failing health and trip to Barbados of, 23–25
investment in Ohio Company, 22–23
marriage of, 16
Washington, G., relationship with, 12–13, 15, 16, 19
Washington, Lund (cousin)
concession to British military of, 138
correspondence with, 119, 144, 145–146
as farm manager at Mount Vernon, 114, 129, 144, 145–147, 149
Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis (wife), 4, 35, 245–246
courtship of, 37–38
death of, 248
education of, 39
in Will and Last Testament, 247
Washington, Mary Ball (mother)
education from, 15
estate management by, 14
marriage of, 11
on military service, 30
son’s financial support of, 147
Washington, G., relationship with, 12, 19, 30, 31, 44, 249
Washington, Mildred Warner (grandmother), 9
Washington, Richard (cousin), 37
“Washington’s Navy,” 105–106
Wayne, “Mad” Anthony, 125, 207, 225
wealth
with land ownership, 13, 16, 17
marriage increasing, 39
of Washington, G., 4–5, 25–26, 89, 146–148, 179, 246–247
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 169
West. See frontier
West Indies
as Hamilton’s birthplace, 186
trade business with, 4, 24, 64, 67, 77, 131, 169
trip to Barbados in, 23–25, 27
wheat farming and business
changeover to, from tobacco, 60–61, 63–64, 86, 250
impact on Mount Vernon, 65–66
scientific approach to, 61–62, 158
threshing machine and, 158–159
See also mill business
White House on the Pamunkey River, 38, 39
wife. See Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis
Winlaw, William, 158–159
Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., 187
wool manufacture. See textile manufacture
XYZ Affair, 244
Young, Arthur
agricultural expertise of, 152–154
birth and early life of, 151–152
character of, 200
as nationalist, 152–153
publications of, 152, 154, 155–156, 158
Washington, G., relationship with, 154–155, 159, 161, 196–197, 200, 229–230, 252