Introduction
1. Pass for Jean-Pierre Blanchard, 9 January 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:602–604).
2. GW to Lafayette, 23 December 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:228); GW to Edward Newenham, 25 November 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:387).
Chapter One: Family Fortunes
1. Quoted in Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, 7 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948–1957), 1:38.
2. David Humphreys, David Humphreys’ “Life of General Washington”: With George Washington’s “Remarks,” ed. Rosemarie Zagarri (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 6.
3. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976–1979), 1:7.
4. GW to Richard, 1749–1750 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:44).
5. J. M. Toner, The Daily Journal of Major George Washington, in 1751–2, Kept While on a Tour from Virginia to the Island of Barbados, with His Invalid Brother, Maj. Lawrence Washington, Proprietor of Mount Vernon on the Potomac (Albany, NY: Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1892), 39–42.
6. Ibid., 58.
7. Ibid., 58–62.
8. GW to Robert Dinwiddie, 10 June 1752 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:50).
9. GW to Robert Dinwiddie, 20 March 1754 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:78); GW to Robert Dinwiddie, 9 March 1754 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:73).
10. GW to Robert Dinwiddie, 18 May 1754 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:99).
11. GW to William Fitzhugh, 15 November 1754 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:226).
12. GW to John Augustine Washington, 14 May 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:277).
13. GW to Robert Orme, 2 April 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:246).
14. GW to Robert Orme, 2 April 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:246); GW to William Byrd, 20 April 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:249–251); GW to Carter Burwell, 20 April 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:252).
15. GW to Sarah Cary Fairfax, 30 April 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:261–262); GW to Thomas, Lord Fairfax, 6 May 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:265–266); GW to John Augustine Washington, 6 May 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:266–268); GW to Augustine Washington, 14 May 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:271–272).
16. Humphreys, Life of General Washington, 18; GW to Augustine Washington, 2 August 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:351); GW to Mary Ball Washington, 14 August 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:359).
17. GW to Warner Lewis, 14 August 1755 (Papers, Colonial Series, 1:362).
18. GW to Francis Fauquier, 5 August 1758 (Papers, Colonial Series, 5:370); John Forbes to Henry Bouquet, 23 September 1758 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:24).
Chapter Two: Love and Investment
1. GW to Richard Washington, 15 April 1757 (Papers, Colonial Series, 4:132–134).
2. Quoted in Patricia Brady, Martha Washington: An American Life (New York: Viking, 2005), 57.
3. GW to Richard Washington, 18 March 1758 (Papers, Colonial Series, 5:105–106).
4. GW to John Alton, 5 April 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:200).
5. Combined County Inventory of Slaves and Personal Property in the Estate (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:220–232).
6. Quoted in Freeman, George Washington, 3:16–17.
7. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 1 May 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:316).
8. Invoice to Robert Cary & Company, 1 May 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:317–318).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 20 September 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:350–352).
12. Invoice to Robert Cary & Company, 20 September 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:352–358).
13. Ibid.; GW to Richard Washington, 20 September 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:358–359).
14. Capel & Osgood Hanbury to GW, 1 October 1759 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:366–367).
15. Joseph Valentine to GW, 9 August 1760 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:446); GW to Robert Cary & Company, 20 June 1762 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:140); GW to Burwell Bassett, 28 August 1762 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:147).
16. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 10 August 1760 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:448); GW to Robert Cary & Company, 28 September 1760 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:460).
17. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 26 April 1763 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:202–205).
18. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 10 August 1764 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:323–326).
19. Diary, 9 April 1760 (Diaries, 1:265).
20. Plan of Philip Mazzei’s Agricultural Company, 1774 (Jefferson Papers, 1:156–159); GW to Philip Mazzei, 1 July 1779 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 21:320).
21. Memoranda, 17 September–15 November 1757 (Papers, Colonial Series, 4:405).
22. Invoice from Robert Cary & Company, 15 March 1760 (Papers, Colonial Series, 6:394); invoice from Robert Cary & Company, 10 April 1762 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:127).
23. GW to Robert Stewart, 2 May 1763 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:217).
24. GW to Jonathan Boucher, 9 July 1771 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:495).
25. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 20 September 1765 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:398–402).
26. Ibid.
27. GW to Capel & Osgood Hanbury, 20 September 1765 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:394).
28. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 1 June 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:83).
29. Diary, 14 April, 1 May 1760 (Diaries, 1:266–267, 275).
30. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 13 February 1764 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:286).
31. Thomas Newton, Jr., to GW, 22 March 1773 (Papers, Colonial Series, 9:203).
32. GW to Robert McMickan, 10 May 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:55).
33. Diary, 3 January 1760 (Diaries, 1:214).
34. GW to Charles Washington, 15 August 1764 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:331); Diary, 16 May 1768, 22 April 1769 (Diaries, 2:61, 146).
35. GW to Arthur Young, 12 December 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 14:506).
36. GW to Capel & Osgood Hanbury, 5 May 1768 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:85).
37. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 20 June 1768 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:100).
38. Dismal Swamp Diary, 1763 (Diaries, 1:319–326).
39. Ibid.
40. GW to William Crawford, 17 September 1767 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:27–28).
41. Diary, 13 October, 15 October 1770 (Diaries, 2:289–290).
42. Diary, 14 October, 25 October 1770 (Diaries, 2:290, 299).
43. GW to James Wood, 20 February 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 9:490).
Chapter Three: The Road to Economic Freedom
1. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 21 July 1766 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:456–457).
2. GW to Capel & Osgood Hanbury, 25 July 1767 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:15).
3. Capel & Osgood Hanbury to GW, 20 October 1767 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:44).
4. Arthur Lee to GW, 15 June 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 10:43).
5. GW to George Mason, 5 April 1769 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:177–181).
6. Ibid.
7. Quoted in Diaries, 2:152.
8. Quoted in Paul Longmore, The Invention of George Washington (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), 94–95.
9. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 20 August 1770 (Papers, Colonial Series, 8:371).
10. GW to Robert Cary & Company, 1 June 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:83).
11. GW to George William Fairfax, 10 June 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:96–97).
12. GW to Bryan Fairfax, 4 July 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:109).
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Fairfax County Resolves, 18 July 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:119–128).
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. GW to Robert McKenzie, 9 October 1774 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:171–172).
20. Quoted in Longmore, Invention of George Washington, 148.
21. Quoted in Longmore, Invention of George Washington, 151.
22. GW to John Augustine Washington, 25 March 1775 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:308); GW to George William Fairfax, 31 May 1775 (Papers, Colonial Series, 10:367–368).
23. Invoice from Robert Cary & Company, 20 December 1765 (Papers, Colonial Series, 7:420).
Chapter Four: Money: The Sinews of War
1. Quoted in Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:2.
2. GW to the New York Provincial Congress, 26 June 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:41).
3. GW to Martha Washington, 18 June 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:3–4).
4. GW to Burwell Bassett, 19 June 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:13).
5. GW to John Hancock, 10–11 July 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:88–89).
6. Address to the Continental Congress, 16 June 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:1–3).
7. GW to Robert Morris, 14 August 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 10:610).
8. GW’s Revolutionary War Expense Account Book, 1776–1780 (Library of Congress: Washington Papers, Series 5).
9. GW to John Cochran, 16 August 1779 (Edward G. Lengel, ed., This Glorious Struggle: George Washington’s Revolutionary War Letters [New York: Smithsonian Books, 2007], 187); Caleb Gibbs to John Chaloner, February 1780 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 24:315).
10. Quoted in Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (New York: Random House, 2005), 282–283, 286–287.
11. GW to John Hancock, 24 January 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 3:179).
12. GW to John Hancock, 11 July 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 5:266–267).
13. GW to John Hancock, 20 June 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 5:56).
14. General Orders, 7 August 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:260).
15. GW to John Hancock, 4–5 August 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:260).
16. GW to the Massachusetts Council, 29 August 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:376–377).
17. General Orders, 5 July 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:63).
18. General Orders, 25 April 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 4:123).
19. GW to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 4 August 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:244); GW to John Augustine Washington, 13 October 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:161).
20. John Hancock to GW, 20 October 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:212–213).
21. GW to Nicholas Cooke, 4 August 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:221).
22. GW to Joseph Trumbull, 9 June 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 4:479).
23. GW to John Jay, 23 April 1779 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 20:175).
24. GW to John Augustine Washington, 27 July 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:183).
25. GW to John Augustine Washington, 10 September 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:447–448).
26. GW to Joseph Reed, 28 November 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:449).
27. GW to John Hancock, 21 September 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:28).
28. GW to the Falmouth Committee of Public Safety, 24 October 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:225–226); GW to Philip Schuyler, 26 October 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:239).
29. GW to William Ramsay, 10–16 November 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:345).
30. GW to Joseph Reed, 31 January 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 3:228).
31. GW to Joseph Reed, 14 January 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 3:90).
32. GW to John Hancock, 24 March 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 3:523); GW to Philip Schuyler, 3 April 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 4:29).
33. GW to John Augustine Washington, 31 March 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 3:569–570).
34. GW to the New York Committee of Public Safety, 17 April 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 4:77).
35. GW to John Hancock, 22 April 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 4:106).
36. GW to John Augustine Washington, 31 May–4 June 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 4:413).
37. GW to Lund Washington, 19 August 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 6:83).
38. General Orders, 23 August 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 6:109–110).
39. GW to John Hancock, 25 September 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 6:393–400).
40. Ibid.
41. GW to John Hancock, 5 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:263); GW to John Hancock, 25 September 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 6:393–400).
42. GW to John Hancock, 25 September 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 6:393–400).
43. GW to John Hancock, 11 November 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:142).
44. GW to Lund Washington, 10–17 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:291); GW to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 12 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:321); GW to the Pennsylvania Council of Safety, 15 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:347).
45. GW to Robert Morris, 25 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:440).
46. GW to William Heath, 18 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:367).
47. GW to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 14 December 1776 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:340), quoted in Lengel, General George Washington, 180.
48. GW to John Hancock, 1 January 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 7:504).
49. John Hancock to GW, 15 January 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 8:73).
50. GW to William Heath, 23 May 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 9:504–505); GW to Richard Henry Lee, 24–26 April 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 9:256).
51. Anthony Wayne to GW, 25 November 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 12:403); Henry Knox to GW, 26 November 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 12:415); GW to John Parke Custis, 14 November 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 12:249).
52. Nathanael Greene to GW, 1 December 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 12:462).
53. GW to a Continental Congress Camp Committee, 29 January 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:399).
54. GW to James Mease, 21 January 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:305); GW to Henry Knox, 8 January 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:180–181); GW to William Grayson, 3 May 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 9:332).
55. GW to James Potter, 12 January 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:209).
56. General Orders, 20 January 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:286).
57. GW to Henry Laurens, 5 January 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:147).
58. Daniel Roberdeau to GW, 4 June 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 15:314–315).
59. GW to Gouverneur Morris, 5 September 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 16:529); GW to Anthony Wayne, 19 August 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 11:9).
60. Quoted in Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 13:694.
Chapter Five: Victory Without Peace
1. GW to James Lovell, 29 March 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 14:356); GW to George Baylor, 15 May 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 15:124).
2. GW to John Banister, 21 April 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 14:574–576).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. GW to Gouverneur Morris, 4 October 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 17:253–254).
6. Henry Laurens to GW, 20 November 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 18:231–232).
7. Ibid.; GW to the Continental Congress Committee of Conference, 13 January 1779 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 18:628).
8. GW to James Warren, 31 March 1779 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 19:673–674).
9. GW to Benjamin Harrison, 5–7 May 1779 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 20:332–333).
10. GW to John Sullivan, 4 February 1781 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 21:181–183).
11. Ibid.
12. Quoted in Michael Cecere, “How Lund Washington Saved Mount Vernon” (Journal of the American Revolution, 14 April 2014, http://allthingsliberty.com/2014/04/how-lund-washington-saved-mount-vernon/).
13. Diary, 14 August 1781 (Diaries, 3:409).
14. Quoted in Lengel, General George Washington, 344.
15. GW to John Augustine Washington, May 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 15:286), quoted in Lengel, General George Washington, 345.
16. GW to the Officers of the Army, 15 March 1783 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 26:227).
17. Circular to the States, 8 June 1783 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 26:483–496).
18. Ibid.
Chapter Six: An Estate Grows, a Nation Stumbles
1. GW to Martha Washington, 18 June 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:5).
2. GW to Lund Washington, 20 August 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 1:335–337).
3. GW to John Parke Custis, 28 September 1777 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 11:341).
4. GW to John Parke Custis, 26 May 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 15:224–225); GW to Lund Washington, 15 August 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 16:315).
5. GW to John Parke Custis, 3 August 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 16:230–231).
6. GW to John Parke Custis, 12 October 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 17:353); GW to Lund Washington, 15 August 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 16:315); GW to Lund Washington, 24–26 February 1779 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 19:258–259).
7. GW to Lund Washington, 26 November 1775 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 2:432).
8. GW to Fielding Lewis, Jr., 27 February 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 1:161).
9. GW to Charles Lee, 4 April 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:198).
10. GW to Richard Conway, 4 March 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:361).
11. GW to George William Fairfax, 10 November 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:349).
12. GW to Charles Carter, 20 January 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:48–49).
13. Ibid.
14. GW to George William Fairfax, 30 June 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:87–92).
15. George William Fairfax to GW, 23 January 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:517–521).
16. Quoted in Elizabeth Pinney Hunt, ed., Arthur Young on Industry and Economics (Bryn Mawr, PA, 1926), 9; Arthur Young, The Autobiography of Arthur Young, ed. Mathilda Betham-Edwards (London: Smith, Elder, 1898), 27.
17. Young, Autobiography of Arthur Young, 29.
18. Hunt, Arthur Young on Industry and Economics, 13.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 14–20.
21. Quoted in ibid., 24.
22. GW to Samuel Chamberline, 3 April 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:190).
23. Quoted in Hunt, Arthur Young on Industry and Economics, 24–25, 32–22.
24. Arthur Young to GW, 7 January 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:498–500).
25. GW to Arthur Young, 6 August 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:196–200).
26. Charles Vancouver to GW, 5 November 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:142).
27. GW to John Beale Bordley, 17 August 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:450).
28. GW to Levi Hollingsworth, 20 September 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:268).
29. Papers, Presidential Series, 10:235, 11:230.
30. Farm Reports, 26 November 1785–15 April 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:389–409).
31. GW to William Fitzhugh, Jr., 15 May 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:52).
32. Lafayette to GW, 16 April 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:504); Samuel Morris to GW, 21 September 1787 (Papers, Confederation Series, 5:335–336).
33. Clement Biddle to GW, 16 October 1788 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:48).
34. Arthur Young to GW, 1 July 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 5:405); Diary, 22 January 1790 (Diaries, 6:12–13).
35. GW to Tobias Lear, 26 June 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 8:300); Washington’s Plan for a Barn, 28 October 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:280). See illustration in latter.
36. GW to William Drayton, 25 March 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:605–606).
37. Benjamin Lincoln to GW, 24 September 1788 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:6).
38. GW to Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, 17 December 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:463–464).
39. GW to John Leigh, 9 January 1787 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:314).
40. GW to Lund Washington, 15 August 1778 (Papers, Revolutionary War Series, 16:315).
41. GW to John Francis Mercer, 24 November 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:394).
42. GW to John Francis Mercer, 9 September 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:243).
43. GW to Edmund Randolph, 25 December 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:473).
44. James Jay to GW, 20 December 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:202–203).
45. GW to James Jay, 25 January 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:293).
46. GW to the Countess of Huntingdon, 27 February 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2: 394–395); Richard Henry Lee to GW, 27 February 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:395).
47. GW to Lafayette, 29 January 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:264).
48. GW to Clement Biddle, 20 July 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:387); GW to Tobias Lear, 7 November 1790 (Papers, Presidential Series, 6:635).
49. GW to David Humphreys, 25 July 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:148–149).
50. GW to Lafayette, 15 August 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:214–216).
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. GW to Moustier, 17 August 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:455–459).
54. Ibid.
55. To Chastellux, 5 September 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:228–229).
56. Sentiments on a Peace Establishment, May 1783 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 26:374–398).
57. Ibid.
58. GW to John Marsden Pintard, 2 August 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:188–189); GW to Lafayette, 15 August 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:216).
59. GW to Thomas Jefferson, 29 March 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 1:239); GW to James Warren, 7 October 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:299–300).
60. Quoted in Papers, Confederation Series, 2:538.
61. GW to James McHenry, 22 August 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:198–199).
62. Diary, 6 September 1784 (Diaries, 4:9).
63. GW to Richard Henry Lee, 14 December 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:181–183).
64. Diary, 4 October 1784 (Diaries, 4:58).
65. Joel Achenbach, The Grand Idea: George Washington’s Potomac and the Race to the West (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 125.
66. GW to William Grayson, 22 August 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:193–194).
67. GW to Benjamin Harrison, 18 January 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 1:56); GW to Edward Newenham, 10 June 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 1:439).
68. GW to Henry Knox, 5 December 1784 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:171–172), quoted in Papers, Confederation Series, 3:561–562.
69. GW to Henry Knox, 26 December 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:481); GW to Henry Lee, Jr., 31 October 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:318); GW to James Madison, 5 November 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:331).
70. Edmund Randolph to GW, 6 December 1786 (Papers, Confederation Series, 4:445).
71. Diary, 22 July 1787 (Diaries, 5:183); Peter Legaux to GW, 26 January 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:288–291).
72. Jonathan Elliott, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 5 vols. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1836–1901), 3:44–45.
73. GW to William Barton, 7 September 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:503); GW to Benjamin Lincoln, 26 October 1788 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:73).
Chapter Seven: Building a National Economy: Washington’s First Term
1. Diary, 16 April 1789 (Diaries, 5:445–447).
2. GW to the Citizens of Baltimore, 17 April 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:64); GW to the Delaware Society for Promoting Domestic Manufactures, 19–20 April 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:78–79).
3. GW to Edward Newenham, 29 August 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:487); GW to Lafayette, 18 June 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:337–338); GW to Thomas Jefferson, 31 August 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:494).
4. Quoted in Papers, Presidential Series, 1:261.
5. Quoted in Papers, Presidential Series, 1:260–261, 2:155–157; Diary, 20 October 1789 (Diaries, 5:468).
6. Undelivered First Inaugural Address: Fragments, 30 April 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:158–173).
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. First Inaugural Address: Final Version, 30 April 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:175).
10. Tobias Lear to John Field, 7 January 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:195).
11. Board of Treasury to GW, 9 June 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:456).
12. Board of Treasury to GW, 15 June 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 3:10, 25).
13. Memoranda on Thomas Jefferson’s Letters, 27 August 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 4:494).
14. GW to Alexander Hamilton, 28 August 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:480–481).
15. H. Z. to GW, 24 March 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:441).
16. William Jackson to Clement Biddle, 2 May 1790 (Papers, Presidential Series, 5:393–396).
17. James Madison to GW, 21 February 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:395–397).
18. Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank, 23 February 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:425–452); GW to Alexander Hamilton, 23 February 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:452).
19. GW to George Skene Keith, 22 June 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:492).
20. GW to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 25 October 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:116).
21. Quoted in Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), 631; quoted in Papers, Presidential Series, 7:395–397.
22. Diary, 5 October 1789 (Diaries, 5:453).
23. Thomas Fielder to GW, 29 October 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 4:219); GW to David Humphreys, 20 July 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 8:358–359); Thomas Fielder to GW, 29 August 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 13:574).
24. GW to Friedrich von Poellnitz, 23 March 1790 (Papers, Presidential Series, 5:274).
25. Charles Vancouver to GW, 5 November 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:144).
26. Thomas Jefferson to GW, 1 May 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 8:144).
27. GW to Arthur Young, 15 August 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 8:431).
28. Circular on the State of American Agriculture, 25 August 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 8:453–454).
29. GW to Tobias Lear, 6 May 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 16:26).
30. George F. Wehrs to GW, 25 January 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:47–51).
31. Tobias Lear to GW, 25 December 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 14:620–623).
32. Tobias Lear to GW, 26–30 January 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 15:117).
33. GW to Lafayette, 29 January 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:263).
34. GW to Robert Sinclair, 6 May 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:359).
35. GW to Thomas Jefferson, 13 February 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:299–300).
36. Ibid.
37. GW to Henry Dorsey Gough, 23 August 1797 (Papers, Retirement Series, 1:316).
38. Edmund Randolph to GW, 10 January 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:217).
39. GW to Alexander Hamilton, 14 October 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:79); GW to Henry Dorsey Gough, 4 February 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:527).
40. Thomas Jefferson’s Memorandum of Conversations with Washington, 1 March 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:9).
41. B. Francis to GW, 25 May 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:415–418).
42. Undelivered First Inaugural Address: Fragments, 30 April 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:158–173).
43. GW to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 25 October 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:215–216).
44. GW to the Earl of Buchan, 22 April 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:469–470).
45. GW to Arthur Young, 5 December 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:254–255).
46. GW to the United States Senate, 4 August 1790 (Papers, Presidential Series, 6:188–191).
47. GW to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 25 October 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:112).
48. GW to Lafayette, 29 January 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:264).
49. GW to Thomas Jefferson, 31 August 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:494).
50. GW to Lafayette, 10 June 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:447–448).
51. James McHenry to GW, 17 July 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:548).
52. GW to John Christian Ehler, 10 October 1795 (Papers, Presidential Series, 19:365).
53. GW to Tench Tilghman, 17 August 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:187–189); Tench Tilghman to GW, 25 August 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:204–206); GW to Tench Tilghman, 29 August 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 3:208–209).
54. John O’Donnell to GW, 9 September 1790 (Papers, Presidential Series, 6:412).
55. GW to the United States Congress and House of Representatives, 8 December 1790 (Papers, Presidential Series, 7:45–47); Brown & Francis to GW, 13 December 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:387–388); GW to Brown & Francis, 7 January 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:155–157).
56. GW to Alexander Spotswood, 7 February 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:550).
57. Undelivered First Inaugural Address: Fragments, 30 April 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 2:158–173).
Chapter Eight: Keeping the Peace: Washington’s Second Term
1. GW to David Humphreys, 20 July 1791 (Papers, Presidential Series, 8:359).
2. Thomas Jefferson’s Memorandum of Conversations with Washington, 1 March 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:6–8).
3. Thomas Jefferson to GW, 23 May 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:408–414).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Thomas Jefferson’s Memorandum of Conversations with Washington, 10 July 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:535–537).
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. GW to Alexander Hamilton, 29 July 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:588–592).
11. Alexander Hamilton to GW, 18 August 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:12–13).
12. GW to Alexander Hamilton, 23 August 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:30); GW to Edmund Randolph, 26 August 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:45).
13. Alexander Hamilton to GW, 30 July–3 August 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:594–596); Thomas Jefferson to GW, 9 September 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:96–106).
14. Alexander Hamilton to GW, 30 July–3 August 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:594–596); Madison’s Conversations with Washington, 5–25 May 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:349–354).
15. Elizabeth Willing Powel to GW, 17 November 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:395–397).
16. GW to the United States Congress and House of Representatives, 3 December 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 14:466).
17. Proclamation, 15 September 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:122–123).
18. Proclamation, 25 September 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 16:725–727).
19. Address to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 6 November 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:345).
20. GW to Thomas Jefferson, 1 January 1788 (Papers, Confederation Series, 6:3).
21. GW to David Humphreys, 23 March 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:363).
22. GW to the Earl of Buchan, 22 April 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:469).
23. Philadelphia Merchants and Traders to GW, 16 May 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:599).
24. Quoted in Papers, Presidential Series, 14:636–637.
25. Tobias Lear to GW, 26–30 January 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 15:121).
26. Betty Washington Lewis to GW, 23 March 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 15:434).
27. GW to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 3 December 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 14:464).
28. Alexander Hamilton to GW, 14 April 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 15:581–594).
29. GW to the United States Senate, 16 April 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 15:608–609).
30. Citizens West of the Allegheny Mountains to GW, December 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 14:655–656).
31. Alexander Hamilton to GW, 26 October 1795 (Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 19:350–352).
32. GW to Patrick Henry, 9 October 1795 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 34:334–335); GW to James Anderson, 24 December 1795 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 34:405–410).
33. Farewell Address, 19 September 1796 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 35:214–238).
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
Chapter Nine: The Road Home
1. Diary, 4 March 1797 (Diaries, 6:236); GW to James Anderson, 7 April 1797 (Papers, Retirement Series, 1:79).
2. GW to Elizabeth Willing Powel, 26 March 1797 (Papers, Retirement Series, 1:53).
3. GW to William Pearce, 18 December 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 14:561).
4. GW to Anthony Whitting, 21 April 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:464); GW to George Augustine Washington, 31 March 1789 (Papers, Presidential Series, 1:475); GW to Anthony Whitting, 5 May 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 12:524).
5. GW to James Anderson, 18 June 1797 (Papers, Retirement Series, 1:193).
6. James Anderson to GW, 21 June 1797 (Papers, Retirement Series, 1:200).
7. GW to James Anderson, 21 December 1797 (Papers, Retirement Series, 1:524–526); GW to James Anderson, 22 May 1798 (Papers, Retirement Series, 2:288).
8. GW to John Mason, 2 January 1798 (Papers, Retirement Series, 2:2).
9. GW to Tobias Lear, 6 May 1794 (Papers, Presidential Series, 16:28).
10. GW to Arthur Young, 18–21 June 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 10:461); GW to Anthony Whitting, 13–14 January 1793 (Papers, Presidential Series, 11:626); GW to William Pearce, 25 January 1795 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 34:103–104).
11. Terms on Which the Farms at Mount Vernon May Be Obtained, 1 February 1796 (Fitzpatrick, Writings, 34:441–447).
12. GW to Patrick O’Flynn, 15 April 1798 (Papers, Retirement Series, 2:241–242); GW to Robert Lewis & Sons, 1 February 1785 (Papers, Confederation Series, 2:317–318); William Booker to GW, 6 June 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:102); William Roberts to GW, 21 June 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:139).
13. GW to James Anderson, 1 November 1798 (Papers, Retirement Series, 3:164).
14. GW to Clement Biddle, 28 April 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:28–29).
15. George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:517).
16. GW to George Washington Parke Custis, 7 January 1798 (Papers, Retirement Series, 2:4–5).
17. GW to George Washington Parke Custis, 19 March 1798 (Papers, Retirement Series, 2:149).
18. Joseph E. Fields, ed., “Worthy Partner”: The Papers of Martha Washington (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 321–322.
19. George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:477–527).
20. GW to James Anderson, 13 December 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:455–477).
21. Tobias Lear’s Narrative Accounts of the Death of George Washington, 15 December 1799 (Papers, Retirement Series, 4:542–555).
22. Ibid.
Conclusion
1. Arthur Young to GW, 18 January 1792 (Papers, Presidential Series, 9:478–479).
2. Ibid.