‘Infinitive’ means ‘not expressing tense, person or number’. The infinitive forms of the verb are those such as aller ‘to go’, finir ‘to finish’, descendre ‘to go down’, recevoir ‘to receive’. Whereas in English the infinitive form of the verb is signalled by the presence of ‘to’: ‘to go’, in French the infinitive is signalled by an infinitive ending: aller. There are four infinitive endings, and all French verbs take one of these end ings in their infinitive form:
- er | e.g. aimer, placer, arriver, étudier |
- ir | e.g. finir, courir, venir, dormir |
- re | e.g. vendre, rire, être, paraître |
- oir(e) | e.g. s'asseoir, recevoir, avoir, boire, croire |
Most dictionaries, by convention, use the infinitive form of the verb as the headword for the entry for all parts of the verb.
A past infinitive is made up of the appropriate auxiliary verb (être or avoir) and the past participle: être allé, s’être promené, avoir vendu, avoir gagné. These are especially useful in constructions with après:
(See also Chapter 17.7.)
French infinitives may or may not translate as infinitives in English. Forms ending in - ing often provide better translations.
(See Chapter 16.2.2 for negation with infinitives.)
There are FIVE main ways in which infinitives are used in French:
Marie refuse de sortir | Marie refuses to come out |
C'est utile à savoir | It's useful to know |
Défense de fumer | No smoking |
Ralentir | Slow down |
Soulever, écarter doucement | Lift and separate carefully (instructions for opening a packet of coffee) |
Infinitives may immediately follow other verbs:
or they may follow the direct object or the indirect object of another verb:
In such cases it is important to know whether there is a linking preposition: . . . a encouragé Jean à démissionner, . . . a ordonné à Miguel de revenir, or no preposition at all: . . . veut partir. This is a difficult area for English speakers because in English infinitives are only ever preceded by to.
It is not easy to give firm rules because usage is sometimes idiosyncratic. However, rough rules- of- thumb can be given by grouping verbs together into loose meaning classes. Each class tends to select one option or the other – à, de or no linking preposition – when followed by an infinitive. The classes are listed in the following sections. Within each section verbs are listed alphabetically, and at the end of the chapter there is a comprehensive, alphabetically ordered, quick reference index to all the verbs taking infinitive complements listed in this chapter. There are special rules dealing with the agreement of the past participle in verb + infinitive constructions. These are dealt with in Chapter 9.3.3 and 9.3.9.
Movement verbs which do not have objects typically take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
aller dîner quelque part | to go and have dinner somewhere |
s'en aller vivre ailleurs | to go and live somewhere else |
arriver réparer la machine à laver | to come to repair the washing machine |
courir téléphoner à la police | to run and phone the police |
descendre commander une bière | to go down and order a beer |
monter chercher ses lunettes | to go up and look for one's glasses |
partir s'installer à Paris | to leave to go to live in Paris |
rentrer prendre son maillot de bain | to go home and get one's swimming costume |
retourner faire des courses | to go back to do some shopping |
revenir ouvrir les fenêtres | to come back to open the windows |
sortir acheter un journal | to go out to buy a newspaper |
The verb être in the past tense, with an infinitive complement, is sometimes used to mean ‘go’: nous avons été la voir ‘we went to see her’.
Movement verbs with objects typically take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
amener un copain dîner chez soi | to bring a friend home for dinner |
emmener ses enfants jouer au square | to take one's children to play in the park |
envoyer Marie chercher le docteur | to send Marie to fetch the doctor |
mener son oncle voir le château | to take one's uncle to see the castle |
Verbs of ‘obligation’, ‘necessity’ and ‘possibility’ – modal verbs – take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition (see also Chapter 11.2):
devoir parler au directeur | to have to speak to the director |
oser critiquer son patron | to dare to criticize one's boss |
pouvoir persuader son oncle | to be able to persuade one's uncle |
savoir parler italien | to be able to speak Italian |
vouloir construire une rocade | to want to build a ring-road |
Verbs of saying typically take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
affirmer connaître le patron | to state that one knows the boss |
confirmer avoir reçu le paquet | to confirm that one received the package |
déclarer comprendre ce livre | to declare that one understands this book |
dire s'intéresser à la psychologie | to say that one is interested in psychology |
nier avoir brisé l'assiette | to deny having broken the plate |
prétendre être heureux | to claim to be happy |
reconnaître s'être trompé | to admit that one was wrong |
dire, with an indirect object, can also be used as a verb of ordering (see 12.5.16). In this case it takes an infinitive complement preceded by the preposition de: dire à quelqu’un de fermer la porte ] tell somebody to close the door’.
Verbs of thinking and imagining typically take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
croire avoir fini | to believe that one has finished |
estimer pouvoir prendre le train | to reckon to be able to take the train |
(s')imaginer avoir gagné la partie | to imagine having won the match |
penser rencontrer un ami | to think one might meet a friend |
se rappeler avoir visité l'abbaye | to remember having visited the abbey |
But se souvenir ‘to remember’ takes infinitive complements with the preposition de: se souvenir d’avoir visité l’abbaye.
Verbs which express ‘liking’, ‘wishing’ or ‘inclination’ typically take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
adorer dîner au restaurant | to love eating out |
aimer travailler le soir | to like to work in the evenings |
aimer autant rester chez soi | to just as soon stay at home |
aimer mieux éviter les embouteillages | to prefer to avoid traffic jams |
compter commencer bientôt | to count on starting soon |
daigner donner son opinion | to deign to give one's opinion |
désirer dormir un peu | to want to sleep a little |
entendre être obéi | to mean to be obeyed |
espérer partir en vacances | to hope to go on holiday |
préférer manger seul | to prefer to eat alone |
souhaiter faire la connaissance | to wish to make somebody's |
de quelqu'un | acquaintance |
aimer can sometimes be found with an infinitive complement preceded by à: aimer à travailler le soir.
sembler ‘to seem’, and verbs with similar meaning to sembler take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
s'avérer être efficace | to turn out to be effective |
paraître dire la vérité | to appear to be telling the truth |
se révéler avoir des consequences inattendues | to turn out to have unexpected consequences |
sembler préférer les légumes | to seem to prefer vegetables |
Verbs expressing the manner in which an event is perceived take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
écouter les enfants réciter une poésie | to listen to the children reciting a poem |
entendre l'horloge sonner trois heures | to hear the clock strike three o'clock |
regarder le chien manger | to watch the dog eating |
sentir ses pieds s'enfoncer dans la boue | to feel one's feet sink into the mud |
voir Paul partir | to see Paul leave |
The verbs faire and laisser take infinitive complements without a preceding preposition:
faire travailler Pierre | to make Pierre work |
faire payer les gens | to make people pay |
laisser Pierre travailler | to let Pierre work |
laisser travailler Pierre | to let Pierre work |
laisser tomber le football pour le rugby | to drop football and take up rugby instead |
(For the placement of object pronouns in these constructions see Chapter 3.2.32.)
It is possible, but not necessary, to delete se in the verbs se taire ‘to be quiet’ and s’asseoir ‘to sit down’ when they follow faire (and sometimes also laisser):
Verbs which signal the beginning or continuation of an action typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
se mettre à rédiger un rapport | to start to draft a report |
persister à demander une réponse | to persist in asking for a reply |
Commencer and continuer are verbs which take an infinitive complement preceded interchangeably by à or by de:
commencer à/d'écrire ses mémoires | to begin to write one's memoirs |
continuer à/de faire des efforts | to continue to make an effort |
The following verbs can take infinitive complements preceded by par:
commencer par enlever le papier peint | to begin by removing the wallpaper |
finir par vendre sa maison | to finish by selling one's house |
These are nearly always rendered in English by a construction involving ‘by + verb + ing’, and contrast with the use of the same verbs with infinitives preceded by à or de:
commencer à/d'enlever le papier peint | to begin to remove the wallpaper |
finir de tondre le gazon | to finish mowing the lawn |
Verbs which express the manner in which an action is conducted typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
s'abaisser jusqu'à demander de l'argent à ses proches | to stoop to asking one's family and friends for money |
s'appliquer à apprendre le russe | to apply oneself to learning Russian |
s'apprêter à parler | to get ready to speak |
s'attarder à bavarder dans le restaurant | to linger chatting in the restaurant |
se borner à considérer les points principaux | to limit oneself to considering the main points |
concourir à assurer la défaite de l'ennemi | to combine to defeat the enemy |
condescendre à faire quelque chose | to condescend to do something |
conspirer à produire une catastrophe | to conspire to produce a catastrophe |
s'entêter à découvrir la vérité | to be bent on discovering the truth |
se limiter à corriger les plus grosses erreurs | to limit oneself to correcting the worst errors |
s'obstiner à découvrir la vérité | to be bent on discovering the truth |
s'oublier à lire un roman | to become absorbed in reading a novel |
s'en tenir à changer quelques détails | to stick to changing a few details |
travailler à se faire aimer | to work to get oneself liked |
Pronominal verbs which express a subject’s emotional reaction to an event typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
s'abêtir à trop travailler | to become stupid by working too hard |
s'abrutir à regarder la télévision | to become stupefied from watching television |
s'affoler à imaginer le pire | to panic imagining the worst |
s'amuser à mettre le professeur en colère | to have fun making the teacher angry |
se délecter à visiter Bruges | to take delight in visiting Bruges |
s'énerver à rattacher constamment ses lacets | to get annoyed constantly retying one's laces |
s'ennuyer à faire un travail monotone | to get bored doing a monotonous job |
s'irriter à expliquer qc | to get more and more annoyed as one tries to explain sth |
se plaire à tout critiquer | to take pleasure in criticizing everything |
Exceptions:
s'étonner d'être si calme | to be surprised to be so calm |
s'inquiéter de trouver la route bloquée | to worry about finding the road blocked |
s'irriter d'avoir à expliquer chaque point trois fois | to be annoyed by having to explain each point three times |
se réjouir de/à écrire des contes pour enfants | to take real pleasure in writing children's stories |
Pronominal verbs which express the effort with which an action is undertaken typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
s'acharner à trouver une solution | to be bent on finding a solution |
s'égosiller à appeler les enfants | to go hoarse calling the children |
s'épuiser à travailler | to exhaust oneself working |
s'éreinter à traîner une valise | to tire oneself out dragging a suitcase along |
s'essoufler à monter la côte | to get out of breath climbing the hill |
s'évertuer à conclure l'affaire | to do one's utmost to close the deal |
se fatiguer à répéter l'avertissement | to tire oneself out repeating the warning |
se tuer à le dire | to be sick and tired of saying it |
s'user à repeindre la maison | to wear oneself out repainting the house |
Pronominal verbs which express the dedication with which an action is undertaken typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
s'attacher à traduire la pensée du maître | to be careful to convey the master's thoughts |
s'aventurer à faire des suggestions | to be so bold as to make suggestions |
se décider à prendre sa retraite | to persuade oneself to retire |
s'essayer à gérer un restaurant | to try one's hand at running a restaurant |
se hasarder à faire une course en montagne | to venture to go up a mountain |
se résigner à tout perdre | to resign oneself to losing everything |
se résoudre à changer d'emploi | to come to terms with having to change jobs |
se risquer à jouer en Bourse | to take risks by playing the Stock Exchange |
Note the following differences in meaning when some of these verbs are used with à and with de:
se décider à prendre sa retraite | to persuade oneself to retire |
décider de prendre sa retraite | to decide to retire |
s'essayer à gérer un restaurant | to try one's hand at running a restaurant |
essayer de gérer un restaurant | to try to run a restaurant |
se risquer à investir à l'étranger | to take risks by investing abroad |
risquer de tout perdre | to risk losing everything |
se résoudre à changer d'emploi | to accept having to change jobs |
résoudre de changer d'emploi | to resolve to change jobs |
Verbs which express the aspiration to do something, or success in achieving it, typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
arriver à obtenir gain de cause | to manage to get one's way |
aspirer à dominer sa peur | to aspire to overcome fear |
chercher à faire fortune | to seek to make one's fortune |
être disposé à favoriser qn | to be inclined to favour sb |
incliner à quitter son emploi | to be inclined to give up one's job |
parvenir à battre un adversaire | to succeed in beating one's opponent |
réussir à gagner la course | to succeed in winning the race |
tendre à éviter les problèmes | to have a tendency to avoid problems |
tenir à lire un livre | to be bent on reading a book |
viser à remporter la victoire | to aim to be victorious |
Verbs which express an unwillingness to do something typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
hésiter à critiquer qn | to hesitate to criticize sb |
rechigner à vendre ses livres | to baulk at selling one's books |
renoncer à tout relire | to give up on the idea of re-reading everything |
répugner à tout faire soi-même | to be very reluctant to do the work oneself |
Verbs which express the pressure put on someone to do something typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
condamner qn à vivre sans ressources | to condemn sb to live in poverty |
contraindre Julie à revenir | to force Julie to come back |
forcer une entreprise à baisser ses prix | to make a company reduce its prices |
obliger Pierre à partir | to make Pierre leave |
Note that the following verbs, when used in the passive, take an infinitive complement preceded by de:
être contraint de démissionner | to be obliged to resign |
être forcé de rentrer | to have to go home |
être obligé de travailler à l'étranger | to be forced to work abroad |
Verbs which invite someone to do something typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
appeler un tiers à arbitrer | to call on a third party to arbitrate |
assigner le témoin à comparaItre | to call on the witness to appear |
autoriser les clients à s'en servir | to authorize the clients to make use of it |
inviter Robert à donner son avis | to invite Robert to give his opinion |
Verbs which train or teach someone to do something typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
accoutumer un malade à prendre moins de calmants | to get a sick person used to taking fewer painkillers |
apprendre à ses élèves à parler italien | to teach one's pupils to speak Italian |
dresser un chien à aller chercher le journal | to train a dog to fetch the newspaper |
enseigner à Jacques à jouer au tennis | to teach Jacques to play tennis |
habituer un citadin à travailler en plein air | to get a town-dweller used to working in the open air |
préparer quelqu'un à traverser une période de chômage | to prepare somebody for a period of unemployment |
Note that apprendre, enseigner are the only two verbs in French which take both an indirect object preceded by à and an infinitive preceded by à:
apprendre à quelqu'un à faire quelque chose | to teach somebody to do something |
enseigner à quelqu'un à faire quelque chose | to teach somebody to do something |
Verbs which English speakers often think have indirect objects, but which in fact have direct objects, are:
aider quelqu'un à faire quelque chose | to help somebody to do something |
inviter quelqu'un à faire quelque chose | to invite somebody to do something |
obliger quelqu'un à faire quelque chose | to make somebody do something |
Verbs which encourage or cajole someone to do something typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
Note also the following contrasts involving décider:
décider quelqu'un à partir | to bring somebody to leave |
décider de partir | to decide to leave |
se décider à partir | to decide to leave (after much thought) |
consacrer ses loisirs à faire des croquis | to spend one's free time making sketches |
dépenser de l'argent à réparer sa voiture | to spend money repairing one's car |
mettre deux heures à ranger ses affaires | to take two hours to tidy one's things |
occuper son temps à lire des romans policiers | to spend one's time reading crime novels |
passer son temps à faire des mots croisés | to spend one's time doing crosswords |
utiliser ses connaissances à améliorer le sort de ses semblables | to use one's knowledge to improve the lot of one's fellow beings |
attraper qn à pêcher sans permis | to catch sb fishing without a licence |
prendre qn à fouiller dans un tiroir | to catch sb going through a drawer |
surprendre qn à voler des livres | to catch sb stealing books |
There is no real community of meaning in the verbs which take an infinitive complement preceded by de but some grouping by meaning is possible.
Note that while décourager takes an infinitive complement preceded by de, encourager takes an infinitive complement preceded by à:
accepter de sortir les poubelles | to agree to put the dustbins out |
choisir de poursuivre ses études à Paris | to choose to pursue ones studies in Paris |
convenir de retrouver qn à 20h | to agree to meet up with sb at 8.00 p.m. |
décider de prendre sa retraite | to decide to retire |
dispenser un étudiant de faire un test | to exempt a student from a test |
entreprendre de réétablir des liens | to undertake to re-establish links |
jurer à son père de lui rendre visite | to swear to ones father to visit him |
obtenir de pouvoir sortir tôt | to get permission to go out early |
permettre (à qn) de rembourser sans payer les intérêts | to allow somebody to pay back without interest |
résoudre de ne plus boire de café | to resolve to drink no more coffee |
demander à Pierre de surveiller les enfants | to ask Pierre to keep an eye on the children |
essayer de chanter une chanson | to try to sing a song |
implorer qn de revenir | to implore sb to come back |
parler de faire le tour du monde | to speak of doing a world tour |
prier qn de bien vouloir partir | to ask sb to kindly leave |
proposer à une municipalité de construire un théâtre | to put to a town hall the idea of building a theatre |
supplier qn de faire attention | to beg sb to be careful |
tâcher de terminer le travail à temps | to try to finish the work on time |
tenter de résoudre le problème sans avoir recours à lextérieur | to attempt to resolve the problem without asking for outside help |
Note: demander à qn de faire qc ‘to ask somebody to do something’, but demander à faire qc ‘to ask to do something’.
s'abstenir de boire du vin | to abstain from drinking wine |
se disculper d'avoir voulu supplanter qn | to exonerate oneself from having wanted to take over from sb |
refuser de s'abaisser à un compromis | to refuse to stoop to a compromise |
Exception: nier takes an infinitive complement without a linking preposition:
nier être impliqué dans l'affaire | to deny being implicated in the affair |
envisager de vivre sur une île déserte | to imagine living on a desert island |
méditer de changer de métier | to think about changing jobs |
préméditer de quitter sa femme | to plan on leaving one's wife |
projeter de quitter le pays | to think about leaving the country |
proposer de partir tout seul dans le Midi | to propose going to the south of France on one's own |
ruminer d'écrire ses mémoires | to have it in mind to write one's memoirs |
chuchoter à qn de fermer la porte | to whisper to sb to close the door |
commander à un bataillon de se préparer | to order a batallion to get ready |
dire à Pierre de rejoindre la compagnie | to tell Pierre to rejoin the company |
écrire à Marie d'aller voir sa mère | to write to Marie to go and see her mother |
hurler à qn de passer le ballon | to shout to sb to pass the ball |
ordonner à qn de quitter les lieux | to order sb to leave the premises |
prescrire à qn de se reposer | to order sb to rest |
répondre à qn de se taire | to tell sb in response to be quiet |
sommer qn de venir aussi vite que possible | to instruct sb to come as quickly as possible |
téléphoner à sa mère d'envoyer de l'argent | to phone one's mother to send money |
s'abstenir de fumer pendant trois mois | to refrain from smoking for three months |
achever de construire sa maison | to finish building one's house |
arrêter de faire l'idiot en cours | to stop playing the fool in class |
cesser de participer aux matchs de football | to stop taking part in football matches |
empêcher qn de partir en vacances | to stop sb going on holiday |
éviter de faire les mêmes erreurs | to avoid making the same mistakes |
finir de se préparer | to finish getting ready |
Compare some of the the impersonal verbs below, which take de, with the same verbs used personally, which take à (see 12.4.3):
Ça m'agace de les voir sans occupation | It annoys me to see them idle |
Ça m'amuse de le voir en colère | It amuses me to see him angry |
Ça l'attriste d'apprendre qu'elle est malheureuse | It saddens him to learn that she is unhappy |
Ça me consterne de l'apprendre | It dismays me to learn that |
Ça me dégoûte de voir ce gaspillage | It appals me to see this waste |
Ça m'ennuie d'être suivi par des journalistes | I find it wearing to be followed by reporters |
Ça la fâche d'avoir à se justifer auprès de toi | It irritates her to have to justify herself to you |
Ça les fatigue de faire la navette | It tires them to commute |
Ça l'intéresse de voir le manuscrit | It interests him to see the manuscript |
Ça l'intrigue de savoir ce qu'ils ont dit | It intrigues him to know what they said |
Ça nous irrite d'avoir à refaire le travail | It irritates us to have to do the work again |
The direct or indirect objects of verbs with infinitive complements may be omitted in French when they have a non-specific or indefinite interpretation:
Adjectives take infinitive complements preceded either by à or de, never without a preposition.
Adjectives used in impersonal constructions take an infinitive complement preceded by de:
Other common adjectives which can be used impersonally in this way are:
agréable de faire qc | pleasant to do sth |
bon de faire qc | good to do sth |
commode de faire qc | convenient to do sth |
difficile de faire qc | difficult to do sth |
facile de faire qc | easy to do sth |
important de faire qc | important to do sth |
(im)possible de faire | (im)possible to do sth |
intéressant de faire qc | interesting to do sth |
inutile de faire qc | useless to do sth |
mauvais de faire qc | bad to do sth |
merveilleux de faire qc | amazing to do sth |
pénible de faire qc | irksome to do sth |
simple de faire qc | simple to do sth |
utile de faire qc | useless to do sth |
When the adjectives in 12.7.1 are used personally (that is to describe a noun or personal pronoun) they take an infinitive complement preceded by à. Compare the personal and impersonal constructions in the following:
Since the pronouns il and ce can be used both impersonally and personally, this means that alternations like the following can be found:
(See also Chapter 3.1.22 for discussion of this construction.)
Adjectives which describe the manner in which an action is carried out typically take an infinitive complement preceded by à:
Other common adjectives which behave in this way are:
être disposé/enclin/porté à faire q | to be inclined to do sth |
être habile à faire qc | to be skilful in doing sth |
être prompt à faire qc | to be prompt in doing sth |
être seul à faire q | to be alone in doing sth |
Most other adjectives which take an infinitive complement select the preposition de:
Vous êtes libre d'essayer | You are free to try |
(but Libre à vous d'essayer | Up to you to try) |
Other common adjectives which take de:
certain/sûr de faire qc | sure to do sth |
content de faire qc | pleased to do sth |
désireux de faire qc | keen to do sth |
désolé de faire qc | sorry to do sth |
étonné de faire qc | astonished to do sth |
fier de faire qc | proud to do sth |
impatient de faire qc | impatient to do sth |
(in)capable de faire qc | (in)capable of doing sth |
susceptible de faire | qc likely to do sth |
Nouns take infinitive complements preceded either by à or by de, never with out a preposition.
Nouns related to verbs and adjectives which take an infinitive complement preceded by à or de typically take the same preposition:
inviter qn à faire qc | l'invitation à faire qc |
disposé à faire qc | la disposition à faire qc |
craindre de faire qc | la crainte de faire qc |
défendre à qn de fumer | Défense de fumer |
interdire à qn de faire qc | Interdiction de pénétrer en ces lieux |
menacer qn de faire qc | la menace de faire qc |
ordonner à qn de faire qc | l'ordre de faire qc |
permettre à qn de faire qc | la permission de faire qc |
désireux de faire qc | le désir de faire qc |
impatient de faire qc | l'impatience de faire qc |
Nouns which are understood as being involved in the event described by the infinitive (as subject, direct object, indirect object, instrument, or time when the event takes place) typically take an infinitive preceded by à:
Other common examples:
un appartement à louer | an apartment to rent |
du bois à brûler | firewood |
une chambre à coucher | a bedroom |
un exemple à ne pas suivre | an example not to be followed |
un fer à repasser | an iron |
un homme à craindre | a man to be feared |
une idée à examiner | an idea to explore |
une maison à vendre | a house for sale |
un pays à voir l'hiver | a country to see in winter |
une poêle à frire | a frying pan |
une pomme à cuire | a cooking apple |
des repas à emporter | take-away meals |
un roman à lire | a novel to read |
une salle à manger | a dining room |
avoir intérêt à faire qc | to have a stake in doing sth |
avoir du mal à faire qc | to experience some difficulty in doing sth |
avoir plaisir à faire qc | to take pleasure in doing sth |
être d'âge à faire qc | to be old enough to do sth |
Nous sommes cinq à faire qc | There are five of us doing sth |
être le dernier à faire qc | to be the last to do sth |
être d'humeur à faire qc | to be in a mood for doing sth |
être le premier à faire qc | to be the first to do sth |
être le seul à faire qc | to be the only one to do sth |
prendre plaisir à faire qc | to take pleasure in doing sth |
avoir l'air/l'apparence de faire qc | to appear to be doing sth |
avoir besoin de faire qc | to need to do sth |
avoir de la chance de faire qc | to be lucky to do sth |
avoir le droit de faire qc | to have the right to do sth |
avoir envie de faire qc | to want to do sth |
avoir hâte de faire qc | to be quick to do sth |
avoir honte de faire qc | to be ashamed to do sth |
avoir raison de faire qc | to be right to do sth |
avoir tort de faire qc | to be wrong to do sth |
avoir le toupet/le culot de faire qc | to have the cheek to do sth |
avoir la veine de faire qc | to be lucky to do sth |
la façon/la manière de faire | qc the manner of doing sth |
le moment de faire | qc the moment to do sth |
les moyens de faire | qc the means to do sth |
l'occasion de faire | qc the opportunity to do sth |
le temps de faire | qc the time to do sth |
Infinitives in subordinate clauses may play the role of subjects or objects. The examples we have quoted extensively above where infinitives follow the verb and/or are introduced by à and de mainly show infinitive clauses playing the role of objects in the sentence. They can also be subjects.
In some cases they are linked to the main clause by the use of c’est, in other cases they directly precede the main verb. In many cases both c’est and est are possible with minimal stylistic difference. Voici and voilà may also play a link ing role:
In certain cases, instructions are conveyed by means of infinitives rather than the more forceful imperatives. This is particularly the case where the audience is non-specific, as in road- users, consumers or students taking exams:
Ralentir: Enfants (or Attention: Ecole) | Slow down. School |
Soulever, écarter doucement | Lift and separate carefully (instructions for opening a packet of coffee) |
Ecrire les réponses au verso | Write the answers on the back of this page |
Ne répondre qu'à l'une des questions de la section ci-dessous | Answer only one question in this section |
Ouvrir doucement | Be careful when opening |
Ne pas renverser | Don't spill |
Ne pas retourner | Don't turn over |
A manier avec précaution | Be careful when handling |
Remettre entre les mains de . . . | Only to be given to . . . personally |
Appuyer sur le bouton | Press the button |
Agiter avant d'ouvrir | Shake before opening |
s'abaisser à faire qc (12.4.2) | to stoop to doing sth |
s'abêtir, s'abrutir à faire qc (12.4.3) | to become stupid from doing sth |
s'abstenir de faire qc (12.5.7, 12.5.17) | to refrain from doing sth |
accepter de faire qc (12.5.2) | to agree to do sth |
accoutumer qn à faire qc (12.4.10) | to get sb used to doing sth |
accuser qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.5) | to accuse sb of having done sth |
s'acharner à faire qc (12.4.4) | to be bent on doing sth |
achever de faire qc (12.5.17) | to finish doing sth |
adorer faire qc (12.3.6) | to adore doing sth |
affecter d'avoir fait qc (12.5.14) | to pretend to have done sth |
affirmer avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to state that one has done sth |
s'affliger d'avoir fait qc (12.5.20) | to be sorry to have done sth |
s'affoler à faire qc (12.4.3) | to panic doing sth |
aider qn à faire qc (12.4.10) | to help sb do sth |
aimer faire qc (12.3.6) | to like doing sth |
aimer autant faire qc (12.3.6) | to just as soon do sth |
aimer mieux faire qc (12.3.6) | to prefer doing sth |
s'en aller faire qc (12.3.1) | to go and do sth |
aller faire qc (12.3.1) | to go and do sth |
ambitionner de faire qc (12.5.20) | to have ambitions to do sth |
amener qn faire qc (12.3.2) | to bring sb along to do sth |
amener qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to bring sb to the point of doing sth |
s'amuser à faire qc (12.4.3) | to have fun doing sth |
appeler qn à faire qc (12.4.9) | to call on sb to do sth |
s'applaudir d'avoir fait qc (12.5.6) | to congratulate oneself on having done sth |
s'appliquer à faire qc (12.4.2) | to apply oneself to doing sth |
appréhender de faire qc (12.5.10) | to be fearful of doing sth |
apprendre à qn à faire qc (12.4.10) | to teach sb to do sth |
s'apprêter à faire qc (12.4.2) | to get ready to do sth |
arrêter de faire qc (12.5.17) | to stop doing sth |
arriver faire qc (12.3.1) | to come to do sth |
arriver à faire qc (12.4.6) | to succeed in doing sth |
aspirer à faire qc (12.4.6) | to aspire to do sth |
assigner qn à faire qc (12.4.9) | to call on sb to do sth |
s'attacher à faire qc (12.4.5) | to cling to doing sth |
s'attarder à faire qc (12.4.2) | to linger doing sth |
attraper qn à faire qc (12.4.13) | to catch sb doing sth |
s'attrister à faire qc (8.4.3) | to be saddened doing sth |
autoriser qn à faire qc (12.4.9) | to authorize sb to do sth |
s'aventurer à faire qc (12.4.5) | to be so bold as to do sth |
s'avérer être qc (12.3.7) | to turn out to be sth |
avertir qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to warn sb to do sth |
avoir droit de faire qc (12.5.20) | to have the right to do sth |
en avoir marre de faire qc (12.5.20) | to be fed up doing sth |
avoir peur de faire qc (12.5.10) | to be afraid to do sth |
avoir regret d'avoir fait qc (12.5.13) | to regret having done sth |
blâmer qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.5) | to blame sb for having done sth |
se borner à faire qc (12.4.2) | to limit oneself to doing sth |
brûler de faire qc (12.5.20) | to have a great desire to do sth |
cesser de faire qc (12.5.17) | to stop doing sth |
charger qn de faire qc (12.5.5) | to make sb responsible for doing sth |
chercher à faire qc (12.4.6) | to seek to do sth |
choisir de faire qc (12.5.2) | to choose to do sth |
chuchoter à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to whisper to sb to do sth |
commander à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to order sb to do sth |
commencer à/de faire qc (12.4.1) | to start to do sth |
commencer par faire qc (12.4.1) | to start by doing sth |
comploter de faire qc (12.5.20) | to plot to do sth |
compter faire qc (12.3.6) | to count on doing sth |
concourir à faire qc (12.4.2) | to combine to do sth |
condamner qn à faire qc (12.4.8) | to condemn sb to doing sth |
condescendre à faire qc (12.4.2) | to condescend to do sth |
conduire qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to bring sb to do sth |
confirmer avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to confirm having done sth |
conjurer qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to plead with sb to do sth |
consacrer du temps à faire qc (12.4.12) | to spend time doing sth |
conseiller à qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to advise sb to do sth |
consoler qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.20) | to console sb for having done sth |
conspirer à faire qc (12.4.2) | to conspire to do sth |
se contenter de faire qc (12.5.20) | to be happy to do sth |
continuer à/de faire qc (12.4.1) | to continue to do sth |
contraindre qn à faire qc (12.4.8) | to force sb to do sth |
convaincre qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to convince sb to do sth |
convenir de faire qc (12.5.2) | to agree to do sth |
convier qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to invite sb to do sth |
courir faire qc (12.3.1) | to run to do sth |
craindre de faire qc (12.5.10) | to fear to do sth |
croire avoir fait qc (12.3.5) | to believe to have done sth |
daigner faire qc (12.3.6) | to deign to do sth |
décider de faire qc (12.4.5, 12.4.11 and 12.5.2) | to decide to do sth |
décider qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to make sb decide to do sth |
se décider à faire qc (12.4.5, 12.4.11) | to make up one's mind to do sth |
déclarer avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to declare that one has done sth |
déconseiller à qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to advise sb not to do sth |
dédaigner de faire qc (12.5.20) | not to lower oneself to do sth |
défier qn de faire qc (12.5.20) | to challenge sb to do sth |
défendre à qn de faire qc (12.5.9) | to forbid sb to do sth |
dégoûter qn de faire qc (12.5.20) | to put sb off doing sth |
se délecter à faire qc (12.4.3) | to take delight in doing sth |
demander à qn de faire qc (12.5.4) | to ask sb to do sth |
démentir avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to deny having done sth |
se dépêcher de faire qc (12.5.12) | to hurry to do sth |
dépenser de l'argent à faire qc (12.4.12) | to spend money doing sth |
désaccoutumer qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to wean sb off doing sth |
descendre faire qc (12.3.1) | to go down and do sth |
désespérer de faire qc (12.5.20) | to despair of doing sth |
déshabituer qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to wean sb off doing sth |
désirer faire qc (12.3.6) | to want to do sth |
déterminer qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to make sb decide to do sth |
devoir faire qc (12.3.3) | to have to do sth |
dire avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to say that one has done sth |
dire à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to tell sb to do sth |
se disculper d'avoir fait qc (12.5.7) | to exonerate oneself from having done sth |
dispenser qn de faire qc (12.5.2) | to allow sb not to do sth |
dissuader qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to dissuade sb from doing sth |
douter de pouvoir faire qc (12.5.20) | to doubt that one is able to do sth |
dresser un animal à faire qc (12.4.10) | to train an animal to do sth |
écouter qn faire qc (12.3.8) | to listen to sb doing sth |
écrire à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to write to sb to do sth |
s'efforcer de faire qc (12.5.20) | to force oneself to do sth |
s'égosiller à dire qc (12.4.4) | to go hoarse saying sth |
emmener qn faire qc (12.3.2) | to take sb to do sth |
empêcher qn de faire qc (12.5.17) | to prevent sb from doing sth |
encourager qn à faire qc (12.4.11, 12.5.1) | to encourage sb to do sth |
s'énerver à faire qc (12.4.3) | to get annoyed doing sth |
engager qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to bring sb to do sth |
enjoindre à qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to suggest to sb that they do sth |
s'ennuyer à faire qc (12.4.3) | to get bored doing sth |
enrager d'avoir fait qc (12.5.3) | to be angry about having done sth |
enseigner à qn à faire qc (12.4.10) | to teach sb to do sth |
entendre faire qc (12.3.6) | to intend, mean to do sth |
entendre qn faire qc (12.3.8) | to hear sb doing sth |
s'entêter à faire qc (12.4.2) | to be bent on doing sth |
entraîner qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to cause sb to do sth |
entreprendre de faire qc (12.5.20) | to undertake to do sth |
envier qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.20) | to envy sb for having done sth |
envisager de faire qc (12.5.15) | to imagine doing sth |
envoyer qn faire qc (12.3.2) | to send sb to do sth |
s'épuiser à faire qc (12.4.4) | to exhaust oneself doing sth |
s'éreinter à faire qc (12.4.4) | to tire oneself out doing sth |
espérer faire qc (12.3.6) | to hope to do sth |
s'essayer à faire qc (12.4.5) | to try one's hand at doing sth |
essayer de faire qc (12.4.5, 12.5.4) | to try to do sth |
s'essouffler à faire qc (12.4.4) | to get out of breath doing sth |
estimer avoir fait qc (12.3.5) | to reckon to have done sth |
s'étonner de faire qc (12.4.3) | to be surprised at doing sth |
être contraint de faire qc (12.4.8) | to be obliged to do sth |
être disposé à faire qc (12.4.6) | to be inclined to do sth |
être forcé de faire qc (12.4.8) | to have to do sth |
être furieux d'avoir fait qc (12.5.3) | to be furious at having done sth |
être obligé de faire qc (12.4.8) | to be forced to do sth |
être tenu de faire qc (12.5.20) | to be obliged to do sth |
s'évertuer à faire qc (12.4.4) | to do one's utmost to do sth |
éviter de faire qc (12.5.17) | to avoid doing sth |
excuser qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.8) | to excuse sb for having done sth |
exhorter qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to exhort sb to do sth |
faire faire qc à qn (12.3.9) | to make sb do sth |
faire semblant de faire qc (12.5.14) | to pretend to do sth |
se fatiguer à faire qc (12.4.4) | to tire oneself out doing sth |
feindre d'avoir fait qc (12.5.14) | to pretend to have done sth |
féliciter qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.6) | to congratulate sb on having done sth |
finir de faire qc (12.4.1, 12.5.17) | to finish doing sth |
finir par faire qc (12.4.1) | to finish by doing sth |
se flatter de faire qc (12.5.6) | to imagine oneself doing sth |
forcer qn à faire qc (12.4.8) | to make sb do sth |
frémir de faire qc (12.5.10) | to shudder at doing sth |
se garder de faire qc (12.5.20) | to make sure not to do sth |
gémir de faire qc (12.5.20) | to groan at doing sth |
se glorifier d'avoir fait qc (12.5.6) | to be proud of having done sth |
gronder qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.5) | to scold sb for having done sth |
habituer qn à faire qc (12.4.10) | to get sb used to doing sth |
se hasarder à faire qc (12.4.5) | to venture to do sth |
se hâter de faire qc (12.5.12) | to hasten to do sth |
hésiter à faire qc (12.4.7) | to hesitate to do sth |
hurler à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to shout to sb to do sth |
s'imaginer faire qc (12.3.5) | to imagine doing sth |
implorer qn de faire qc (12.5.4) | to implore sb to do sth |
inciter qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to incite sb to do sth |
incliner à faire qc (12.4.6) | to be inclined to do sth |
s'indigner d'avoir fait qc (12.5.3) | to be furious at having done sth |
s'inquiéter de faire qc (12.4.3, 12.5.10) | to worry about doing sth |
interdire à qn de faire qc (12.5.9) | to forbid sb to do sth |
inviter qn à faire qc (12.4.9, 12.4.10) | to invite sb to do sth |
s'irriter de/à faire qc (12.4.3) | to become irritated doing sth jurer (à qn) |
de faire qc (12.5.2) | to swear (to sb) to do sth |
laisser qn faire qc (12.3.9) | to let sb do sth |
se limiter à faire qc (12.4.2) | limit oneself to doing sth |
louer qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.6) | to praise sb for doing sth |
méditer de faire qc (12.5.15) | to think about doing sth |
se mêler de faire qc (12.5.20) | to be mixed up in doing sth |
menacer (qn) de faire qc (12.5.3) | to threaten to do sth (sb with doing sth) |
mener qn faire qc (12.3.2) | to take sb to do sth |
mériter de faire qc (12.5.6) | to deserve to do sth |
mettre x jours à faire qc (12.4.12) | to take x days to do sth |
se mettre à faire qc (12.4.1) | to start doing sth |
monter faire qc (12.3.1) | to go up and do sth |
négliger de faire qc (12.5.11) | to neglect to do sth |
nier avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to deny having done sth |
obliger qn à faire qc (12.4.8, 12.4.10) | to make sb do sth |
s'obstiner à faire qc (12.4.2) | to be bent on doing sth |
obtenir de qn de faire qc (12.5.2) | to get permission from sb to do sth |
occuper son temps à faire qc (12.4.12) | to spend one's time doing sth |
offrir à qn de faire qc (12.5.20) | to offer sb (the chance of) doing sth |
omettre de faire qc (12.5.11) | to omit to do sth |
ordonner à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to order sb to do sth |
oser faire qc (12.3.3) | to dare to do sth |
oublier de faire qc (12.5.11) | to forget to do sth |
s'oublier à faire qc (12.4.2) | to become absorbed in doing sth |
pâlir de faire qc (12.5.10) | to blanch at doing sth |
paraître faire qc (12.3.7) | to appear to do sth |
pardonner à qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.8) | to pardon sb for having done sth |
parler de faire qc (12.5.4) | to speak of doing sth |
partir faire qc (12.3.1) | to leave to do sth |
parvenir à faire qc (12.4.6) | to succeed in doing sth |
passer son temps à faire qc (12.4.12) | to spend one's time doing sth |
penser faire qc (12.3.5) | to think one might do sth |
permettre à qn de faire qc (12.5.2) | to allow sb to do sth |
persister à faire qc (12.4.1) | to persist in doing sth |
persuader qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to persuade sb to do sth |
plaindre qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.20) | to pity sb for having done sth |
se plaire à faire qc (12.4.3) | to take pleasure in doing sth |
pousser qn à faire qc (12.4.11) | to push sb into doing sth |
pouvoir faire qc (12.3.3) | to be able to do sth |
préférer faire qc (12.3.6) | to prefer to do sth |
préméditer de faire qc (12.5.15) | to think about doing sth beforehand |
prendre qn à faire qc (12.4.13) | to catch sb doing sth |
préparer qn à faire qc (12.4.10) | to prepare sb for doing sth |
prescrire à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to order sb to do sth |
presser qn de faire qc (12.5.20) | to put pressure on sb to do sth |
prétendre avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to claim to have done sth |
prévoir de faire qc (12.5.20) | to foresee doing sth |
prier qn de faire qc (12.5.4) | to ask sb politely to do sth |
projeter de faire qc (12.5.15) | to think about doing sth |
promettre à qn de faire qc (12.5.20) | to promise sb to do sth |
proposer (à qn) de faire qc (12.5.4, 12.5.15) | to propose doing sth (to sb) |
se rappeler avoir fait qc (12.3.5) | to remember having done sth |
rechigner à faire qc (12.4.7) | to baulk at doing sth |
réclamer de faire qc (12.5.20) | to demand to do sth |
recommander à qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to recommend sb to do sth |
reconnaître avoir fait qc (12.3.4) | to admit to having done sth |
redouter de faire qc (12.5.10) | to fear doing sth |
refuser de faire qc (12.5.7) | to refuse to do sth |
regarder qn faire qc (12.3.8) | to watch sb doing sth |
regretter d'avoir fait qc (12.5.13) | to regret having done sth |
se réjouir de/à faire qc (12.4.3, 12.5.13) | to take pleasure in doing sth |
remercier qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.18) | to thank sb for having done sth |
se remettre d'avoir fait qc (12.5.20) | to recover from having done sth |
renoncer à faire qc (12.4.7) | to give up doing sth |
rentrer faire qc (12.3.1) | to go home and do sth |
se repentir d'avoir fait qc (12.5.13) | to regret having done sth |
répondre à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to tell sb in response to do sth |
reprocher à qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.5) | to reproach sb for having done sth |
répugner à faire qc (12.4.7) | to be reluctant to do sth |
se réserver de faire qc (12.5.20) | to reserve the right to do sth |
se résigner à faire qc (12.4.5) | to resign oneself to doing sth |
résoudre de faire qc (12.4.5, 12.5.2) | to resolve to do sth |
se résoudre à faire qc (12.4.5) | to accept having to do sth |
retourner faire qc (12.3.1) | to go back and do sth |
réussir à faire qc (12.4.6) | to succeed in doing sth |
se révéler avoir/être qc (12.3.7) | to turn out to have/be sth |
revenir faire qc (12.3.1) | to come back and do sth |
rêver de faire qc (12.5.20) | to dream of doing sth |
risquer de faire qc (12.4.5) | to risk doing sth |
se risquer à faire qc (12.4.5) | to take risks in doing sth |
rougir de faire qc (12.5.20) | to blush at doing sth |
ruminer de faire qc (12.5.15) | to think about doing sth |
savoir faire qc (12.3.3) | to be able to do sth |
savoir gré à qn de faire qc (12.5.18) | to be grateful to sb for doing sth |
sembler faire qc (12.3.7) | to seem to do sth |
sentir qn faire qc (12.3.8) | to feel sb do sth |
sommer qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to instruct sb to do sth |
sortir faire qc (12.3.1) | to go out and do sth |
se soucier de faire qc (12.5.10) | to care about doing sth |
souhaiter faire qc (12.3.6) | to wish to do sth |
soupÇonner qn d'avoir fait qc (12.5.5) | to suspect sb of having done sth |
sourire de faire qc (12.5.20) | to smile at doing sth |
se souvenir d'avoir fait qc (12.3.5) | to remember having done sth |
suggérer à qn de faire qc (12.5.1) | to suggest doing sth to sb |
supplier qn de faire qc (12.5.4) | to beg sb to do sth |
surprendre qn à faire qc (8.4.13) | to surprise sb doing sth |
tâcher de faire qc (12.5.4) | to try to do sth |
téléphoner à qn de faire qc (12.5.16) | to phone sb to do sth |
tendre à faire qc (12.4.6) | to have a tendency to do sth |
tenir à faire qc (12.4.6) | to be bent on doing sth |
s'en tenir à faire qc (12.4.2) | to stick to doing sth |
tenter de faire qc (12.5.4) | to try to do sth |
travailler à faire qc (12.4.2) | to work at doing sth |
trembler de faire qc (12.5.10) | to tremble to do sth |
se tuer à faire qc (12.4.4) | to be sick and tired of doing sth |
s'user à faire qc (12.4.4) | to wear oneself out doing sth |
utiliser ses connaissances à faire qc (12.4.12) | to use one's knowledge in doing sth |
se vanter d'avoir fait qc (12.5.6) | to boast of having done sth |
viser à faire qc (12.4.6) | to aim to do sth |
voir qn faire qc (12.3.8) | to see sb doing sth |
vouloir faire qc (12.3.3) | to want to do sth |