Abductions, government-inititiated, 189–90, 193, 194–95
Academia Coreana, Myongji University, 16n27
accident rates, worker, 172
ADD (Agency for Defense Development), 23, 27
administrative capacity, governmental, 5–6, 9
administrative democracy. See democracy values, Park era
African Americans, U.S. political exclusion, 114–15
Agency for Defense Development (ADD), 23, 27
Agency for Rural Revitalization (ARR), 152, 153
Agricultural Bank Law, 152
Agricultural Cooperative, 152–54
Agricultural Extension Office, 152–53, 158–59
Ahn, Byong Man, 149
aid leverage, impact on economic planning, 70–71
American Development Loan Funds (DFL), 70
American Pfizer, 126
Amnesty International, 199
Amsden, Alice, 134
anti-communism ideology: and bureaucratic power, 174; and economic policy, 5, 12–13, 89–90, 96–97; in national goal hierarchy, 97–98; as repression justification, 188; as U.S. motivation, 109, 188, 190. See also cold war, influence on political economy
Argentina, worker accident rates, 172
ARR (Agency for Rural Revitalization), 152, 153
assassinations/assassination attempts: North Korean, 19, 21, 23, 32, 40n31, 105n10; South Korean, 3, 7, 36, 137
Association of Korean Studies, 192
Australia, Freedom House survey, 4, 15n7
authoritarian nostalgia, 7–8, 108
authoritative hierarchy, in social identity, 178–80
Banking sector, 5, 26, 61, 152, 155, 173
bankruptcy potential, national, 6, 48
big freedom (k’ŭn chayu), 13
bossism argument, democracy consolidation, 107–8, 113
Boyer, William W., 149
Brown, Harold, 34
Bruntland Report, 89
Buddhism transition, 120
bureaucratic organizations, developmentalist mentalité characteristics, 174–77, 183–84
Burma, North Korean attack, 40n31
Burmeister, Larry, 153
business organizations. See chaebŏl-owned companies
Caldwell, Malcolm, 202n10, n12
Cambodia, 101
CANDU reactor, 33
Carnegie, Andrew, 116
Carter, Jimmy (and administration), 21, 32–36, 111
chaebŏl-owned companies: compressed modernization perspective, 170–74; in defense industry planning, 24, 27; in democracy barrier argument, 115–16; developmentalist mentalité characteristics, 177–79; in minjung theory, 7; Second Steel Mill campaign, 53; Vietnam War impact, 75. See also Heavy and Chemical Industrialization (HCI) Plan
chaeya, in social formation debate, 7
chagŭn chayu. See small freedom
Chang Chunha, 110
Chang Kiyŏng, 56
Chang Myŏn administration, 8, 68
Ch’angbi publishing house, 86
Ch’angjak kwa pipy’
ng, 86
Chi Myŏnggwan (TK reports), 195–96, 197, 203n25, n27
Chiang Kai-shek, 77
China: economic activity, 3, 88, 117; Japanese children problem, 195; North Korea visit, 31; tributary system, 120; U.S. rapprochement, 6, 19, 78–79; Vietnam War, 77
Cho Dong Kok, 148
Ch’oe Doksin, 201
Choe Suh Myon, 192
Chŏlla Province, voting patterns, 114
Chŏn T’aeil, 133
Chŏng Kyŏng Mo, 196–97
Chŏng Yongdŏk, 174
ch’onghwa system, 99–100
Chosŏn Shipbuilding Company, 126
Chun Doo Hwan, 7, 86, 111, 116, 187
civil liberties, Freedom House survey, 4
civil participation, in bureaucratic culture, 175–76
civil society. See democracy entries; developmentalist mentalité
cold war: and anti-democratic regimes, 109, 187; peace movements, 191–92, 202n12
cold war, influence on political economy: overview, 66–67, 78–79; from Japan-South Korea normalization, 72–75; planning strategies, 67–71; Vietnam War involvement, 75–78. See also anti-communism ideology; democracy values, international solidarity movements
Collective Bargaining measure, 127
Committee to Clarify the True Facts of Anti-National Pro-Japanese Acts, 10
communism. See anti-communism ideology
compressed modernization, defined, 166, 167. See also developmentalist mentalité
Confucianism: and civil society development, 176; and democracy, 108, 112, 119; transition time, 120
congressional power, in bureaucratic culture, 175–76
constitutions: post-Park era, 116; Third Republic regime, 110, 162n1; Yusin system, 6, 15n10, 90, 127, 162n2
corruption, 107, 112–13, 176, 193
Councils for Rural Revitalization, 155–56
Critchfield, Richard, 148–49
cross-border civil society. See democracy values, international solidarity movements
cultural/social identity, compressed modernization impact, 180–83
Cumings, Bruce, 89
currency conversion plan, 69–70
Decree on Korean Agricultural Associations, 155
defense industry, expansion: overview, 19–21, 37–38, 51; mobilization strategies, 27–29, 39n20; modernization program, 29–31; nuclear/missile programs, 31–34, 40n36; planning and preparation, 21–24, 39n14; triumvirate member roles, 24–26
Demag Cranes & Components, 46–47
demobilization strategies, labor. See labor policies and relations
democracy values: Freedom House survey, 4–5, 15nn6–7; post-Park administrations, 116, 190–91, 198–99; Rhee administration, 109; time factor, 120–21. See also developmentalist mentalité
democracy values, international solidarity movements: overview, 14, 190–91, 199–202; Berlin-based activity, 197–99; London-based activity, 191–93; national security context, 187–90; Tokyo-based activity, 193–97
democracy values, Park era: overview, 12–13, 19–21; barrier arguments, 107–8, 112–19; in hierarchy of national goals, 97–99, 103; and nationalism ideology, 97–102; suppression tactics, 110–11. See also labor policies and relations
Democratic Justice Party, 146
Democratic Labor Party, 204n37
Democratic Republican Party, 60, 71
demonstrations. See protests/demonstrations
Deng Xiao Ping, 3
Department of Reconstruction, 152
Development as Freedom (Sen), 12
developmentalist mentalité: overview, 13–14, 166–67, 183–86; in bureaucratic organizations, 174–77; in business organizations, 177–83; compressed modernization context, 168–74; social identity impact, 180–83
DFL (American Development Loan Funds), 70
DKG Group, steel investment, 45–46, 63n3
Dynamic Village Development Committee, 147
economic failure, in democracy barrier argument, 108, 117
Economic Planning Board (EPB), 5, 23, 52–53, 71
economic policy: overview, 4–6, 168–72; in civil democracy movement, 192–93; dependency theory, 192, 203n15; in hierarchy of national goals, 5–6, 97–99, 102, 103–4; sustainable perspective, 88–91. See also specific topics, e.g., defense industry, expansion; developmentalist mentalité; labor policies and relations
education centers, Saemaŭl Factory Movement, 131–32
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (and administration), 76–77
elections: in democracy barriers argument, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, 121; post-Park era, 199; Rhee administration, 109; rural sector role, 146; Yusin constitution, 6, 110
employment restrictions, steel industry, 49–50
environmental policy, 87, 88–89, 90–91
EPB (Economic Planning Board), 5, 23, 52–53, 71
Europe, democracy solidarity movements, 190, 191–93, 197–99
exclusion argument, democracy consolidation, 107–8, 114–15
Exocet missiles, 30
export-oriented industrialization. See cold war, influence on political economy; Heavy and Chemical Industrialization (HCI) Plan; labor policies and relations
Family system: as business characteristic, 178; compressed modernization impact, 182–84; in labor mobilization ideology, 130–31, 134
Federation of Korea Trade Unions (FKTU), 124–26, 132
finances/funding: currency conversion plan, 69–70; with developmentalist mentalité, 178; Four Core Factories program, 23–24; HIC plan, 28, 39n20; Military Modernization Program, 29; national crises, 4, 6, 7–8, 126–27, 172; nuclear programs, 32–33; railways, 52; with reparations payments, 48, 74; residential complex, 61; stabilization plan, 70–71; steel industry, 43, 45–46, 47–49, 57, 70
First Five Year Plan. See Five-Year Economic Development Plan, First
Five-Member Committee, 29–30, 40n25
Five-Year Economic Development Plan, First: as anti-communism, 25; initiation of, 5; in Park assessment arguments, 8–9; revision, 71; rural development, 152; self-reliance intentions, 67–68; steel industry, 45, 70; U.S. opposition, 68–71
Five-Year Economic Development Plan, Second , steel production, 46, 47
FKTU (Federation of Korea Trade Unions), 124–26, 132
Ford, Gerald (and administration), 20, 30–31, 36
Four Administration Principles, Pak T’aejun’s, 56–61
Four Freedoms, FDR’s, 102, 106n20
Four Great Core Factories, directive for, 23
Four-Member Committee, 24, 39n14
Foy, Fred, 46
France: Freedom House survey, 15n7; missile sales, 30, 31; nuclear reprocessing agreement, 31, 32–33, 40n36; steel investment, 46
Freedom House survey, 4–5, 15nn6–7
French Revolution, 187
Germany, democracy solidarity movement, 190, 197–99
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 32
Gleysteen, William H., Jr., 34, 36
GNP statistics. See Gross National Product (GNP)
Grand National Party, 8
Grass, Günter, 199
Great Britain, 46, 190, 191–93
Gross National Product (GNP): defense spending, 29; goals, 27, 71; growth rates, 3, 4t, 168; before industrialization, 28, 48; rural sector share, 146
The Guardian, 192
Gutehoffnunshütte Gruppe, 46–47
Habermas, Jürgen, 199
Han, To-hyon, 155
Hanbit Bank, 61
Hannaradang, 118
harmony goal, 99–100
Harriman, Averill, 35
Heavy and Chemical Industrialization (HCI) Plan: overview, 6–7, 11, 19–21, 37–38; legal framework, 50–51; mobilization strategies, 27–29, 39n20; and rural modernization, 161–62; triumvirate member roles, 24–26. See also chaebōl-owned companies; defense industry, expansion; POSCO
Homeland Guard, creation of, 19, 21–22, 51
Homeland Reserve Forces, abolition proposal, 100, 104
Hong Kong, worker accident rates, 172
human rights policies: and Carter administration, 33, 34, 36, 111; and national right to survival, 99–102. See also democracy entries; labor policies and relations
Hwang Kapson, 158
Hyundae Asan Corporation, 118
Hyundi, 53–54
IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), 47, 63n7
IDA (Industry Development Act), 64n11
ideological mobilization: labor force, 128–32, 139; and peasant mentalité theme, 13–14, 157–59, 160–61; Protestantism parallel, 164n27; rural development, 152, 153, 154–61; for steelmaking industry, 52, 56–57. See also anti-communism ideology; nationalism ideology
Ikeda administration, 74
import-substitution industrialization strategy, 67
income levels, pre-Park era, 5
individualism element, social identity, 181–82
Indonesia, 187
Industrial Parks Development Promotion Law, 28
industrial relations. See labor policies and relations
Industry Development Act (IDA), 64n11
institution building strategy, 44, 54, 61–63, 63n1, 65n29. See also POSCO
integrated rural development approach, 151–53
International Association of Organizations of Korean Studies, 192
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 47, 63n7
international solidarity movement. See democracy values, international solidarity movements
inward-looking industrialization strategy, 67–71
Iwanami Publishing Company, 203n27
Japan, colonial period: co-optation investigations about, 10; Pak’s education, 55; Park’s military service, 24–25; rural policies, 150–51, 154–56, 159–61; steelmaking industry, 45
Japan, post-colonial period: democracy imposition, 121; democracy solidarity movement, 190–91, 193–97; in dependency theory, 192, 203n15; Freedom House survey, 5, 15n7; as managerial model, 132; normalization process/impact, 66, 72–75; reparations, 48, 57, 73, 74; steel industry, 48–49, 57, 59; Vietnam War opposition, 202n9; worker accident rates, 172
Japan-Korea Liaison Council for Solidarity…, 193–94
Johnson, Lyndon B. (and administration), 21–22, 38n5, 46, 75–76
Kang, David, 114
Kang, Myung-koo: biographical highlights, 220; chapter by, 166–86; comments on, 13–14
Kang Yŏngt’aek, 33
Kennedy, John F. (and administration), 35, 68–69, 77, 109, 168
KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corp.), 65n29
KCIA (Korea Central Intelligence Agency), 5, 15n8, 86, 124, 188–89
Kim, Hyung-A: biographical highlights, 220; chapters by, 3–16, 19–42; comments on, 11
Kim, Young Jak: biographical highlights, 220; chapter by, 95–106; comments on, 13
Kim Chaegyu, 36
Kim Chōngnyōm, 20, 23–24, 26, 30, 53–54
Kim Dae Jung: abduction/imprisonment, 189–90, 193–94; in bossism argument, 113; at democracy celebration, 190–91; economic reforms, 4, 117; election outcomes, 110, 114, 118; opposition suppression, 116
Kim Hangyōl, 23, 51, 52–53, 64n17
Kim Il Sung, 22–23, 31, 196, 197, 198
Kim Jong Il, 118
Kim Jong Pil, 113
Kim Sinjo, 21
Kim Young Sam, 113, 116, 117, 118, 137, 191
Kimiya Tadashi: biographical highlights, 220–21; chapter by, 66–82; comments on, 11
KISA (Korea International Steel Associates), 46, 47–48, 63n7
Kissinger, Henry, 36
Koo, Hagen: biographical highlights, 221; chapter by, 122–41; comments on, 13
Koppers, 47
Korea Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), 5, 15n8, 86, 124, 188–89
The Korea Committee, London, 191–93
Korea Democracy Foundation, 190
Korea Electric Power Corp. (KEPCO), 65n29
Korea International Steel Associates (KISA), 46, 47–48, 63n7
Korea North and South (The Korea Committee), 191
Korea Tungsten, 47, 55–56, 63n6
Koreagate scandal, 36
Korean Nuclear Fuels Development Corporation, 20, 33–34
Koreanized democracy. See democracy values, Park era
Krupp, 46–47
Kwangju protests, 7, 195, 198, 203n25
Kyōngsang Province, voting patterns, 114
Labor policies and relations: overview, 13, 122–24, 138–40; bipartite councils, 132–33; developmentalist mentalité consequences, 178–79; early liberal period, 124–26; mobilization strategies, 128–32, 134; repression period, 126–28; worker grievances/ conflicts, 126, 133–37. See also rural modernization
Labor-Management Council, 132–33
land reform history, 150–51, 164n20, n22
Law Concerning Special Measures…(LSMSNS), 126–27
Lee, Hoon K., 168
Lee Kuan Yew, 13
legislature, 5, 116–17, 162nn1–2, 175–76
liberal democracy values. See democracy entries
Lightning Operation, 27
Local Patriotism Movement, 52
Lockheed Corporation, 31, 40n30
London, democracy solidarity movement, 190, 191–93
LSMSNS (Law Concerning Special Measures…), 126–27
Ludz, Peter Christian, 198
MacFarquhar, Roderick, 148
Mahathir, Mohamed, 3
Malaysia, 3
martial law/emergency declarations, 5, 6, 90–91, 100, 126–27
Martyr’s Mausoleum, North Korean attack, 40n31
materialistic affluence, attitudes. See developmentalist mentalité
McCormack, Gavan: biographical highlights, 202n12, 221; chapter by, 187–204; comments on, 14
mentalité. See developmentalist mentalité’; peasant mentalité theme
mentalité, defined, 167
Mexico, worker accident rates, 172
middle class, in democracy struggle, 111
military aid, U.S., 22, 35, 36
military coups: Chun Doo-Hwan’s, 7; Park’s, 4, 5, 25, 55, 68, 86, 109
Military Modernization Program (Yulgok Operation), 19, 26, 29–31
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 152–53
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, 25, 26, 52–53
Ministry of Construction, 52
Ministry of Defense, 29–30
Ministry of Education, 86, 151–52, 153
minjung movement, 7, 15n12. See also democracy entries; labor policies and relations
missile program, 30, 31, 32, 33–34
mobilization strategies, labor. See labor policies and relations
Mongolia, 8
Moon Ikhwan, 197
More Flags Campaign, U.S., 76
Nader, Ralph, 115–16
Nam Chōnghyōn, 86
National Assembly, 5, 6, 116–17, 162nn1–2
National Cemetery, North Korean attack, 40n31
National Council for Reunification, 6, 162n2
National Defense Fund, 29
National Defense Tax, 29
National Guard, North Korea, 22–23
National Intelligence Service, 202n7
National Security Law, 15n12, 188, 197, 199, 204n37
national security theme, overview, 12–13, 19–21. See also specific topics, e.g., democracy entries; defense industry, expansion; labor policies and relations
nationalism ideology: compressed modernization impact, 182–83; consciousness phase, 96–97; and democracy values, 97–105, 120; as economic policy foundation, 67–68; for labor mobilization, 128–32; steel production, 54, 56–57
New Democratic Party, 137
New Left movement, 9–10
New Right movement, 9–10
New Village Movement, 14, 28–29, 39n21, 147–48
Nikkan Renren, 194
Nine Member Committee, 124
Nixon, Richard (and administration): China visit implications, 6, 19, 23, 78–79; military aid, 27–28, 30; troop withdrawals, 6, 23, 35, 38n1, n12; as Yusin system motivation, 110–11
normalization, Japan-South Korea, 55, 72–75, 110, 193, 194–95
North Korea: China visit, 31; and democracy solidarity movements, 193, 194–98, 200, 201–2, 202n12; in Japan-South Korea normalization process, 73–74, 75; national security approach, 22–23; provocations from, 19, 23, 29, 32, 39n22, 40n31, 105n10; Pueblo seizure, 21–22; tenancy rates, 163nn18–19
nuclear programs, 20, 31–34, 40n36
O Wōnch’ōl, 20, 23–24, 25–26, 29–30, 53–54
Oak Electronics, 126
Ogle, George E., 125–26
oil prices, 149
Ōe Kenzaburō, 193
organically unified state, developmentalist mentalité characteristics, 174–79
Our Open Party, 117
P’aengnyōng Island, North Korean attacks, 29, 39n22
Paik, Nak-Chung: biographical highlights, 221; chapter by, 85–91; comments on, 141n2
Pak Chunsik, 176
Pak Hŭibōm, 67–68
Pak Nosu (Francis Park), 189
Pak T’aejun: authority of, 49–50, 60; background, 55–56; company positions, 47, 63n2; finance lobbying, 48; leadership principles, 54, 56–61; Second Steel Mill campaign, 53–54, 64n21; on SIPA legislation, 63n12
Palais, James B.: biographical highlights, 221; chapter by, 107–21; comments on, 13, 121n1, 188
pamphlet story, rural modernization, 154, 164n30
Paper Horse Warrant, 49, 60, 63n9, 65n27
Park, Francis (Pak Nosu), 189
Park Chung Hee, biographical highlights, 24–25
Park era, overview: perspectives summarized, 7–12, 85–91, 95; policies and actions, 3–7. See also specific topics, e.g., democracy entries; POSCO; rural modernization
Park Geun-hye, 8
Park Syndrome, 7–9
patriotism principle, steelmaking management, 54, 56–57
peasant mentalité theme, 13–14, 157–59, 160–61
people power, emergence. See democracy values, international solidarity movements
People’s Revolutionary Party, 189, 202n7
People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy, 171
perfection principle, steelmaking management, 58–59
Pihl, Marshall, 110
Pohang Iron & Steel Co. See POSCO
political freedoms, Freedom House survey, 4, 15n6
political interference, steel industry restrictions, 47, 49, 59–60, 65n27
political parties: constitutional restrictions, 162n1; in democracy barriers argument, 107, 113, 117, 118; dissolution of, 6; labor movement, 137; National Security Law changes, 199, 204n37; rural sector role, 146
population statistics, 146, 172–73
POSCO: overview, 11–12, 43–44, 61–63; government-led development efficiencies, 49–54; historical background, 45–49; management principles, 54, 56–61
poverty and democracy, 12–13, 102
power characteristics, developmentalist mentalité, 174–76, 177–79
Presidential Guidance power, 6
presidential power, in democracy barrier argument, 116–17
Presidential Task Force on Korea, 69
press freedom, Freedom House survey, 4–5, 15n7
protectionism, 117
protests/demonstrations: in democracy solidarity movements, 193, 198; labor-led, 7, 126, 133, 136–37; against normalization, 193; student-led, 7, 110, 111, 198
Provisional Exceptional Law…, 126
pseudo-familism, in social identity, 182
Pueblo, USS, 21–22
Pusan-Masan uprising, 7
Reagan, Ronald (and administration), 7
real estate speculation, 185
Red Young Guards, 22
regionalism argument, democracy consolidation, 107–8, 114
reparations, Japanese, 48, 57, 73, 74
Report on Competitiveness on National Industries, 171–72
responsibility principle, steelmaking management, 58–59
Revolutionary Pledge, 96
Revolutionary Tribunal, 97
Rhee administration: economic policy, 67; Indochina defense proposal, 76–77; labor laws, 125; normalization negotiations, 72–73; in Park assessment arguments, 8; steel industry, 45; U.S. support factors, 109
rice production, 56, 147, 148, 149, 154, 155
Roh Moo-hyun administration, 10
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 102, 106n20
rural modernization: overview, 14, 145, 161–62; assessment measures, 148–50; female labor, 156, 165n39; history, 150–57, 159–61, 164n30; peasant mentalité theme, 157–59, 160–61; sector importance, 146–48
Rural Revitalization Agency, 154, 156–57, 164n30
Rural Revitalization Movement, colonial period, 155–56, 160
Saemaŭl Community Movement, 14, 28–29, 39n21, 147–48
Saemaŭl Factory Movement, 130–32, 134, 136, 138
Saitō Makoto, 160
Schlesinger, James, 32
Schumpeter, J., 54
Second Economic Secretariat, 24
Second Five-Year Economic Development Plan, steel production, 46, 47
Second Steel Mill, 53–54, 64n21
self-help theme. See defense industry, expansion; ideological mobilization
Sen, Amartya, 12
Seoul-Pusan highway, 22, 57, 65n25
Shin, Gi-wook, 155
shipbuilders strike, 126
Signetics Corporation, 126
Singapore, worker accident rates, 172
Singlaub, John, 35
SIPA (Steel Industry Promotion Act), 50, 64nn11–12
small freedom (chagŭn chayu), 13
Sneider, Richard, 31, 32, 33–34
social formation debate, overview, 7
social welfare principle, steelmaking management, 60–61, 65n28
social/cultural identity, compressed modernization impact, 180–83
Song Hogŭ, 127–28
Song Min’gyōng, 178
Song Yoch’an, 9
Sorensen, Clark W.: biographical highlights, 221; chapters by, 3–16, 145–65; comments on, 13–14
South Vietnam, 22, 31, 75–78, 101, 191, 202n9
Spain, Freedom House survey, 15n7
staff welfare principle, steelmaking management, 60–61, 65n28
state-capital collusion, in democracy barrier argument, 115–16
steel industry, generally, 45–46, 70. See also POSCO
Steel Industry Promotion Act (SIPA), 50, 64nn11–12
suffering perspective, Park era assessment, 85–91. See also democracy entries
Suh Sung, 189
Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, 5, 55, 68, 96
survival right, national, 99–102, 103–4
T’ae Wansōn, 28
tenancy rates, farmland, 150–51, 163nn18–19
textile workers, 126, 129, 136–37
Theory of Rural Development (Hawang), 158
TK reports, 195–96, 197, 203n25, n27
Tokyo, democracy solidarity movement, 190–91, 193–97
Tonga ilbo, 10
trade volume, statistics, 170
training centers, Saemaŭl Factory Movement, 131–32
trans-border civil society. See democracy values, international solidarity movements
transparency principle, steelmaking management, 59–60
trials: Nak-chung Paik’s, 86–87; Song Duyōl, 198–99
triumvirate, Park’s, 20, 24–26
troop withdrawal policies, U.S.: Carter administration, 21, 33, 34–35, 111; Ford administration, 30–31; Kennedy administration, 35; Nixon administration, 6, 23, 35, 38n1, n12
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 10, 16n25
Ugaki, Kazushige, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165n34
UIM (Urban Industrial Mission), 125–26
undongkwn, in social formation debate, 7
unification policy: and democracy solidarity movements, 191–92, 194–96, 202n12; joint communique, 89–90; in national goal hierarchy, 98–99
unions. See labor policies and relations
United States: in democracy model argument, 112, 113, 114–16; Freedom House survey, 5, 15n7; PL489 grain, 151, 164n21; as westernizing model, 183; worker accident rates, 172
United States-South Korea relations: overview, 35–36, 120; Carter administration, 21, 32–36, 111; Eisenhower administration, 76–77; Ford administration, 20, 30–32, 36; Johnson administration, 21–22, 38n5, 46, 75–76; Kennedy administration, 35, 68–69, 77, 109, 168; Reagan administration, 7; Truman administration, 109. See also cold war entries
United States-South Korea relations, Nixon administration: China visit implications, 6, 19, 78–79; defense program expansion, 27–28, 30; troop withdrawals, 6, 23, 35, 38n1, n12; as Yusin system motivation, 110–11
Urban Industrial Mission (UIM), 125–26
urbanization, 6, 110, 164n22, 172–73, 185
Uri Party, 199
Vance, Cyrus B., 22
Vessey, John, 35
Vietnam War, 22, 31, 75–78, 101, 191, 202n9
Villages (Critchfield), 148
Wada Haruki, 190, 194–95, 202n9
Washington Post, 35
watchdog system, Yulgok Operation, 29–30
water infrastructure, 52
West German consortium, steel investment, 45–46, 63n3
White Paper on South Korea’s Five Chaebl (People’s Solidarity…), 171
wig factory, worker dispute, 136–37
women: political exclusion, 114–15; rural; labor, 156, 165n39; wig factory protest, 114–15
Wonpoong Textile Company, 129
working conditions. See labor policies and relations
Y. H. Trading Company, 136–37
Yasue Ryosuke, 196, 203nn27–28
Yi Hŭiil, 53–54
Yi Kihong, 8
Yi Kwangsu, 146
Yi Yōnghŭi, 86
Yim Hyōnjin, 174
Yōngil County, POSCO construction site, 51–52
Yoon Seok-man: biographical highlights, 221; chapter by, 43–64; comments on, 11–12
Yōsu Rebellion, 25
Yu Sōkch’un, 176
Yu Wōnsik, 67–68
Yuk Yōngsu, 32
Yulgok Operation, 19, 26, 29–31
Yun Sōngman. See Yoon Seok-man
Yun Yisang, 189
Yusin system: constitution, 6, 90, 127, 162n2; motivation for, 110–11; and national survival right, 100–101; presidential power, 6, 20; repression tactics summarized, 111; rural modernization, 154. See also labor policies and relations
Zero defect principle, steelmaking management, 58–59
Zhou Enlai, 187