Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Contributors

Dedication

Forewords

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Part 1: Characteristics of the Spine and Spinal Cord

Chapter 1: Surface Anatomy of the Back and Vertebral Levels of Clinically Important Structures

The Back

Spinal Cord Levels versus Vertebral Levels

Vertebral Levels of Structures in the Anterior Neck and Trunk

Chapter 2: General Characteristics of the Spine

Function and Development of the Spine

Curves of the Spine

Anatomy of a Typical Vertebra

Movement of the Spine

Interbody Joint and Intervertebral Disc

Clinical Implications Related to the Intervertebral Disc

Relationship of the Spinal Nerves to the Intervertebral Disc

Syndesmoses of the Spine

Vertebral Canal

Intervertebral Foramen

Advanced Diagnostic Imaging of the Spine

Chapter 3: General Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Overview of Spinal Cord Organization

External Morphology

Meninges

Internal Organization of the Spinal Cord

Arterial Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord

Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord

Chapter 4: Muscles That Influence the Spine

Six Layers of Back Muscles

Other Muscles Directly Associated with The Spine

Muscles That Indirectly Influence the Spine

Other Muscles That Have Clinical Relevance to the Back

Summary of Muscles Affecting the Spine

Chapter 5: The Cervical Region

Characteristics of the Cervical Spine as a Whole

External Aspect of the Occipital Bone

Atypical and Unique Cervical Vertebrae

Articulations of the Upper Cervical Region

Clinical Applications Related to the Atlas and Axis

Ligaments of the Cervical Region

Cervical Intervertebral Discs

Ranges of Motion of the Cervical Spine

Nerves, Vessels, Anterior Neck Muscles, and Viscera of the Cervical Region

Chapter 6: The Thoracic Region

Thoracic Curve (Kyphosis)

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae, Ribs, and Sternum

Unique Thoracic Vertebrae

Ligaments and Joints of the Thoracic Region

Ranges of Motion in the Thoracic Spine

Lateral Curvature of the Spine (Scoliosis)

Nerves, Vessels, and Viscera Related to the Thoracic Spine

Chapter 7: The Lumbar Region

Lumbar Lordosis and Characteristics of Typical Lumbar Vertebrae

Unique Aspects of the Lumbar Vertebrae

Ligaments and Intervertebral Discs of the Lumbar Region

Ranges of Motion in the Lumbar Spine

Soft Tissues of the Lumbar Region: Nerves and Vessels

Chapter 8: The Sacrum, Sacroiliac Joint, and Coccyx

The Sacrum

Sacroiliac Joint

The Coccyx

Nerves and Vessels Associated with the Sacrum and Coccyx

Part 2: Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord, Autonomic Nervous System, and Pain of Spinal Origin

Chapter 9: Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Internal Organization of the Spinal Cord

Spinal Motor Neurons and Motor Coordination

Clinical Applications

Chapter 10: Neuroanatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric Divisions

Innervation of Autonomic Effectors

Integrative Applications

Visceral Afferents

ANS and the Immune System

Neurotransmission Occurring at the Autonomic Ganglia and Neuroeffector Junctions

Control of Autonomic Efferents: Central Autonomic Network

Clinical Applications

Chapter 11: Pain of Spinal Origin

Patient Background

Perception of Pain

Pain of Somatic Origin

Somatic Referred Pain

Central Transmission of Nociception

Important Terms and General Concepts Related to Pain

Modulation of Nociception

Differentiation Between Pain of Somatic Origin and Radicular Pain

Part 3: Spinal Development, Pediatric Spine, and Microscopic Anatomy

Chapter 12: Development of the Spine and Spinal Cord

Blastocyst

Gastrulation and Development of the Notochord

Neurulation

Somite Development

Vertebral Development

Axial Muscle Development

Neural Development in the Back

Vascular Development in the Back

Chapter 13: Unique Anatomic Features of the Pediatric Spine

Importance of the Pediatric Spine

Age-Related Anatomic Changes of the Pediatric Spine

Clinically Relevant Developmental Anatomy in Children

Common Pediatric Disorders Related to the Anatomy of the Spine

Chapter 14: Microscopic Anatomy of the Zygapophysial Joints, Intervertebral Discs, and Other Major Tissues of the Back

Microscopic Anatomy of the Zygapophysial Joints

Microscopic and Molecular Structure of the Intervertebral Discs

Microscopic Anatomy of Other Major Tissues in the Back

Appendix I: Joints of the Spine

Appendix II: Terms Related to Pain

Index