Introduction

¹ Justinian, Institutes, I. 1, 4.

² See Laurent, Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité, t. III (Rome), pp. 265 et seq.; Laboulaye, L’État et ses limites, pp. 7–17; Benjamin Constant, De la Liberté des anciens comparée a celle des modernes (Cours de politique constit., t. II).

¹ Stahl, Philosophie des Rechts, II. 2d ed., p. 186.

² Thibaut, Über die Notwendigkeit eines allg. bürgerlichen Rechts für Deutschland, Heidelberg, 1814.

¹ Savigny, Beruf unserer Zeit für Gesetzgebung u. Rechtswissenschaft.

¹ Maine, Ancient Law, pp. 76, 77.

¹ Bruns, in Holtzendorff, Encycl. d. Rechtswiss., p. 81.

² Maine, Ancient Law.

³ Trendelenburg, Naturrecht, p. 3.

⁴ Holland, Jurisprudence, p. 35.

⁵ Voigt, Die Lehre vom Jus Naturale der Römer, I.

¹ Geist d. röm. Rechts, I. 1.

² Franck, Réformateurs et publicistes, 17ième siècle, 320; Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, 1901, Vol. II. pp. 167–69.

³ Bryce, op. cit., I. pp. 164–67.

Chapter I

¹ Pollock, Life of Spinoza, pp. 325–27; Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, II. p. 120 sq.

² Sextus Empiricus, Adv. Math., VII. 131, 133.

³ Clem. Alex., Strom., IV. 478b; Stobæus, Serm., III. 84; Diog. Laert., IX. 2.

⁴ Kuno Fischer, Gesch. d. neueren Philos., Einleitung, 35–38.

¹ Diog. Laert., II. 6. Ibid., II. 93.

² Xenophon, Memorabilia, IV. 4, 14; 4, 19; Plato, Republic, I. 338 C. ; Zeller, Die Philos, d. Griechen, 3. ed. I. 921–23; Ritchie, Natural Rights, 21–27.

³ Xenophon, Memorabilia, IV. 4, 19; I. 4, 8, 9, 17.

¹ Rhetoric, I. 13; Antigone of Sophocles, 454.

² Cicero, De Natura Deorum, I. 14; Diog. Laert., VII. 148.

¹ Diog. Laert., VII. 88, 128.

² Stobæus, Ecl. Eth., II. 132.

³ Diog. Laert., VII. 128.

⁴ Cicero, De Fin., III. 20, 67.

⁵ Seneca, Epist., XC.

⁶ Diog. Laert., VII. 121, 122; Cicero, De Fin., III. 20, 67; Stobæus, Ecl. Eth., II. 206.

⁷ Cicero, De Finibus, III. 19, 64; Plutarch, Moralia, I. 6.

¹ Ziegler, Die Ethik der Griechen u. Roemer, Bonn, 1881, p. 181.

² Ibid., pp. 216, 217; Marquardt, Handbuch d. roemisch. Alterthums, VII. 1, 188.

³ Cicero, De Inventione, II. 22, 65, 67; De Rep., I. 5, 12, 17; III. 7, 11; V. 3.

⁴ De Leg., I. 10, 28; 5, 16; 7, 22; De Inventione, II. 22, 65.

⁵ De Leg., I. 6, 19; 17, 46, 47; Pro Milone, 4, 10; De Rep., III.

¹ De Leg., II. 24; 5, 13.

² De Off., III. 17, 69.

³ The influence of the idea of the Law of Nature upon Roman jurisprudence is very ably discussed by Bryce in Vol. II. of his Studies in History and Jurisprudence, pp. 128–157.

⁴ Voigt, Die Lehre vom jus naturale, aequum et bonum u. jus gentium der Römer, I. pp. 236, 237; Maine, Ancient Law, pp. 56, 57.

¹ Ziegler, T., Die Ethik der Griechen und Römer, pp. 216, 217; Marquardt, Handbuch des roemischen Altertums, VIII. p. 188.

² Inst., lib. I.

³ Lib. 27 ad Sabin.; lib. 36 ad Sabin.; lib. 47 ad Edict.

⁴ Inst., I. 2, 1.

⁵ Lib. 47 ad Edict.

¹ Esprit des Lois, I. 1.

² Gaius, Institutes, 3, 119.

³ Voigt, Die Lehre v. jus naturale, aequum, bonum u. jus gentium d, Römer, I. 350.

¹ On the ancient Germans see Tacitus, Germania, esp. c. 7, 11, 12, 13, 16; Cæsar, Commentarii de bello gallico, IV; Gregory of Tours, Historiae Francorum lib. X; Fredegar, Chronicon; Beda Venerabilis, Historia eclesiastica gentis Anglorum; Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthuemer; Eichhorn, Deutsche Staats- u. Rechtsgeschichte; Waitz, Deutsche Verfassuungsgeschichte; Sickel, Der Deutsche Freistaat; Stubbs, Constitutional History of England; Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte; Thudichum, Der altdeutsche Staat; Roth, Gesch. d. Benefizialwesens; Laurent, Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité, t. V.; Laboulaye, L’État et ses limites.

¹ Matthew xxii. 21.

² Acts v. 29.

¹ Romans ii. 14, 15.

² Irenæus, Adv. haer., IV. 13, 1; 14, 3; 15, 1; 16, 5.

³ Tertullian, De corona mil., 4; 10; A pologia, 4; Adv. Marc., I. 23.

⁴ Ambrosius, Enarr. in Ps. civ.

¹ Chrysostom, Oratio ad pop. Antiochenum, xii. 9.

² De libero arbitrio, Ch. 6.

³ Decretum Gratiani, Ed. Friedberg, I. 1.

⁴ Decretum Gratiani, I. 8.

¹ Thomas Aquinas, Summa 1a, 2 ae, xci. 1, 2, 3, lex aeterna.

² Lex naturalis.

³ Leges humanae.

⁴ Lex divina.

⁵ Summa 1a, 2 ae, xci.

⁶ Ibid., xciv.

¹ Summa, 1a, 2 ae, xciv. 2.

² De Regimine Principum, I. 2, 3.

Chapter II

¹ Quod principi placuit, legis habet vigorem, Justinian, Institutes, I. 2, 6.

¹ Epitome philosophiae moralis, p. 97.

¹ Oldendorp, Juris naturalis, gentium et civilis eisagoge, 1539.

² Hemming, De lege naturae apodictica methodus, 1562.

³ Winkler, Principiorum juris libri quinque, 1615.

⁴ Gentilis, De jure belli libri III., 1612. Extracts from the works of the five last mentioned writers are given in Kaltenborn, Die Vorlaeufer des Hugo Grotius, and also in Hinrichs, Geschichte der Rechts- und Staatsprincipien, Vol. I.

¹ De jure belli libri III., lib. I; Hinrichs, Gesch. d. Staats- u. Rechtsprinc., Vol. I. pp. 53–60.

² Ch. 8, 16.

¹ Eccles. Pol.; Bk. I. Ch. 8.

² Ibid., Ch. 10.

³ Ibid., Ch. 9.

⁴ Ibid., Ch. 8.

⁵ Ibid.

¹ Ecclesiastical Polity, I. 10.

² Ibid.

¹ De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Paris, 1625.

¹ De Jure Belli ac Pacis, I. 1.

² Ibid., I. 1.

³ Ibid., Proleg.

¹ De Jure Belli ac Pacis, I. 8.

² Ibid,, I. 1.

³ Ibid., I. 1, 14.

¹ De Jure Belli ac Pacis, II. 2.

² Ibid., I. 2, 1.

³ Ibid. On Grotius, see Hinriehs, Gesch. d. Rechts- u. Staats-princ., pp. 60–107; Bluntschli, Gesch. d. neueren Staatswiss., 1881, pp. 88–100.

¹ De Jure Naturali et Gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum, 1640, Lib. I. cap. 7.

² Hinrichs, I. pp. 107–114; Franck, Réformateurs et publicistes de l’Europe, 17e siècle, pp. 86–113.

¹ Defence of the People of England, 1651.

² Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 1649.

³ The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth.

⁴ De Cive, I. 3; Leviathan, cap. 13.

¹ De Cive, I. 3–7.

² De Cive, I. 7.

³ De Cive, I. 12; Lev., cap. 13.

⁴ De Cive, III. 31; Lev., cap. 17.

⁵ De Cive, I. 2.

¹ De Cive, III. 1; Leviathan, cap. 15.

² De Cive, III. 7.

³ These laws are enumerated in his De Cive, III. 8–25

⁴ De Cive, III. 30.

¹ De Cive, V. 8; Leviathan, 17.

² De Cive, VI. 13; Leviathan, 18.

³ De Cive, XIII. 2; Leviathan, 30.

¹ Tractatus theologico-politicus, cap. 16.

² Tractatus politicus, cap. 2.

³ Tract. theolog.-pol., cap. 16.

⁴ Tract. pol., cap. 2.

¹ Tract. polit., cap. 1.

² Tract. theolog.-polit., cap. 16.

¹ Tract. theolog,-polit., cap. 16.

² Ibid., cap. 20.

³ Ibid., cap. 17.

⁴ Ibid., cap. 20.

⁵ Ibid., cap. 20. On Spinoza’s Political Philosophy see Pollock’s Spinoza; London, 1880.

⁶ Essais (1580), II. 12.

⁷ Politique tirée de l’Écriture sainte, I. 4.

¹ Essai philosophique sur le gouvernement civil, Ch. 2.

¹ De Jure Naturae et Gentium, II. 3, 15.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid., III. 2, 1.

¹ De Jure Nat. et Gent., III. 3, 9. Pufendorf’s chief work was published in 1672. It was translated into French by Barbeyrac. There were several English editions. (Second Engl. ed. pub. 1710.) Pufendorf also published an abstract of his larger work in 1673, bearing the title, On the Duty of Man and the Citizen.

² Fundamenta juris naturae et gentium, 1705, I. 6, §§ 19, 21.

¹ Fund. jur. nat. et gent., 1705, I. 6, §§ 40–43.

² Ibid., I. 5, §§ 11, 12. On Thomasius, see Stahl, Philos, des Rechts, 2 ed., pp. 179–180; Rossbach, Die Perioden der Rechts-philos., 1840, pp. 140–145; Hinrichs, Vol. III.; Bluntschli, 215–246; Hettner, Litteraturgesch. des 18. Jahrhdts., III. pp. 90–115.

¹ Warnkönig, Rechtsphilosophie, 1854, p. 60.

² In his famous work, De Legibus Naturae.

³ Ibid., 5, § 57.

⁴ Franck, Réformateurs et publicistes, 17e siècle, p. 354 et seq.; Hinrichs, I. 241 et seq.

¹ Of Civil Government, Ch. 2.

² Ibid.

¹ Of Civil Government, Ch. 3.

² Ibid., Ch. 9.

¹ Of Civil Government, Ch. 5.

² Ibid., Ch. 6.

³ Ibid., Ch. 11.

Chapter III

¹ See Chapter 13 of De Tocqueville, L’ancien régime et la révolution.

¹ Ch. 1. The first rendering has it premier domestique d’État.

¹ See Treitschke, Das politsche Königtum des Anti-Machiavell. Festrede, Preuss. Jahrb., Vol. 59, p. 341 et seq.

² Tocqueville, Ancien régime, Appendix; Philippson, Geschichte des Preussischen Staatswesens, I. Ch. 4.

¹ Haeusser, Deutsche Geschichte, I. 174 sq.

¹ On Wolff’s system see his Institutiones juris naturae et gentium, 1, 754; Bluntschli, Geschichte der neueren Staatswissenschaft, p. 248 et seq.; Hettner, Litteraturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, III. 212–248; Janet, Histoire de la science politique, Liv. IV. Ch. 3 and 8.

¹ Civilization in England, I. 518 et seq.

¹ Esprit des Lois, I. 3.

² Ibid., I. 2.

³ Ibid., I. 2.

⁴ Ibid., I. 1.

⁵ Ibid, XI. 3.

¹ Idées républicaines, Œuvres, V. 403.

² Esprit des Lois, II. and III.

³ Ibid., XI. 2.

¹ Esprit des Lois, XI. 2, 3.

² Ibid., XII. 2.

³ Ibid., XI. 6.

⁴ L’Europe et la Révolution Francaise, I. 101; Michel, H., L’Idée d’État, p. 13.

¹ Des délits et des peines, Œuvres (Didot), V. 420.

² Idées républicaines, Œuvres, V. 401, 402.

³ Ibid., V. 402.

⁴ Ibid., V. 396.

⁵ Ibid., V. 397.

¹ Traité sur la Tolérance, V. 519.

² Œuvres, V. 351.

³ Idées républicaines, Œuvres, V. 397.

⁴ Pensées sur l’administration, Œuvres, V. 351.

⁵ Questions sur les miracles, Lettre xi.

¹ Questions sur les miracles, Lettre xiii.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Idées républicaines, Œuvres, V. 396.

⁵ Œuvres, V. 463, 478–492.

¹ Traité sur la Tolérance, Œuvres, V. 520.

² Idées républicaines, Œuvres, V. 398.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Ibid.

¹ See Ch. 15 of De Tocqueville’s L’ancien régime et la révolution.

² See article on Liberté naturelle et civile in the Encyclopédie.

¹ La politique naturelle, I. 75; Le système social, II. 3.

² La politique naturelle, II. 73.

³ Le système social, 2d part, Ch. 1.

⁴ Lettres sur la Tolérance, Œuvres, II. 680–687.

¹ Lettres sur la Tolérance, Œuvres, II. 686, 687.

² Ibid., II. 786.

¹ See Hammond’s Edition of Blackstone, Preface, viii.

² Blackstone’s Commentaries, I. Ch. 1, 124.

¹ Blackstone’s Commentaries, I. Ch. 1, 124.

² Ibid., 125.

³ Ibid., 126.

¹ Blackstone’s Commentaries, I. Ch. 1, 129.

² Ibid., 129.

³ Ibid., 131.

⁴ Ibid., 135.

⁵ Ibid., 138.

⁶ Ibid., 140.

¹ Blackstone’s Commentaries, I. Ch. 1, 141, 143.

Chapter IV

¹ Fustel de Coulanges, The Ancient City, Am. ed., pp. 411, 426 et seq.; Madvig, Verfass. u. Verw. des röm. Staats, I. p. 213.

¹ Livy, VII. 17; IX. 33, 34; Hildenbrand, Rechts- und Staatsphilos., I. pp. 23–25; Fustel de Coulanges, Ancient City (Am. ed.), pp. 411, 426, 428, 429.

² Cic., De Lege Agr., II. 11.

³ Polyb., VI. 14.

⁴ Pro Plancio, IV.

⁵ Bruns, in Holtzendorff, Encykl. der Rechtswiss., p. 103.

⁶ Justinian’s Institutes, I. 2, §§ 4, 6.

¹ Aristotle, Rhetoric, I. 13; Plato, Republic, II.

² Laurent, Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité, IV. Ch. 3; Ritter, Geschichte der christl. Philosophie, I. pp. 7, 8.

¹ Tacitus, Germania, c. 7.

² Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, I. 151, 190.

³ Germania, c. 11; Waitz, I. 338 sq.; Eichhorn, Deutsche Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte, I. 60.

⁴ Germania, c. 7.

¹ Waitz, I. 320–321.

² Germania, c. 7.

³ Germania, c. 12; Waitz, I. 244, 250.

⁴ Schulte, Lehrb. d. deut. Reichs- u. Rechtsgesch., p. 40; Waitz, I. 356.

⁵ Fredegar, Chron., 117; Mon. Germ., SS. XV. 1; Gregory of Tours, Hist. Francor., II. 40.

⁶ Ranke, Weltgesch., V. 2, p. 35.

⁷ Mühlbacher, Deut. Gesch. im Zeitalter der Karolinger, 139a.

⁸ Greg. Tour., IV. 51.

¹ Inama-Sternegg, Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte, I. 281 et seq.

² Waitz, IV. 182 et seq.

³ Inama-Sternegg, I. 287 et seq.

¹ Savigny, Römisches Recht im Mittelalter, II. 2. Ausg. 289–291, 506; Eichhorn, Staats- u. Rechtsgeschichte, II. 238.

² Savigny, II. p. 303 et seq., 506.

¹ F. v. Bezold, Die Lehre von der Volkssouv. im Mittelalter, in Sybel’s Hist. Zeitschr., XXXVI. p. 322; Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de Lite, I. p. 365 et seq.; Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, trans, by Maitland, 1900, p. 42 sq.

¹ Otto v. Freising. Gesta Friderici, I. 28.

² Ibid.

³ Gregorovius, Geschichte d. Stadt Rom im Mittelalter, IV. 483 sq.

⁴ Otto v. Freising, Gesta Frid., II. 21.

¹ De Regimine Principum, I. c. 3.

² Ibid., I. 6; Baumann, Die Staatslehre des heil. T. v. Aquino; Dunning, Polit. Theories, p. 189 seq.

¹ See Franck, Réformateurs et publicistes; Sullivan, in Amer. Hist. Review, II. pp. 409, 593; Janet, Histoire de Ia Science Politique, I. p. 457 et seq.; Riezler, Die litterarischen Widersacher der Paepste; Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, p. 46 seq.

² De Juribus regni et imperii Romani, c. 12; Eichhorn, Deut. Staats- u. Rechtsgeschichte, III. 32.

³ Gierke, Althusius, pp. 125–126; Political Theories of the Middle Age, p. 42.

¹ Chronique du religieux de St. Denys, I. 50, in Collect. de doc. inédits sur l’histoire de France; Ranke, Franz. Gesch., I. 41.

² Gerson, Opera II. 120.

³ Ibid., 117.

⁴ See Gierke, Althusius, pp. 128–130.

¹ De conc, cathol., II. 14; Scharpff, Nic. v. Cusa, Tüb., 1871, p. 22.

² Scharpff, Nic. v. Cusa, Tüb., 1871, p. 22.

³ De conc, cathol., III. 4.

⁴ Ibid., III. 7.

¹ Scharpff, pp. 34, 41; Stumpf, Die politischen Ideen d. Nik. v. Cues, Köln, 1865; Bezold, in Sybel’s Hist. Zeitschr., XXXVI. pp. 356, 357; Gierke, Althusius, p. 126; Dunning, p. 270.

² Æn. Silv. Pice., De ortu et autoritate imperii Romani, lib. I. 1.

³ De concilio Basilensi, in Flacius Illyricus, Catalogus testium veritatis, p. 14.

¹ De conc. Bas., p. 14.

² Friedberg, Kirchenrecht, 3d ed., pp. 43, 44; Geffken, Church and State, Engl, ed., I. p. 262 et seq.; Gierke, Althusius.

¹ Journal des États generaux de France en 1484, Documents inédits sur l’Histoire de France, pp. 146–148.

Chapter V

¹ Zimmermann, Gesch. d. Bauernkriegs, I. p. 237.

² Ranke, Deutsche Gesch, im Zeitalter der Reformation, 6. Aufl., II. p. 128.

¹ Zimmermann, Gesch. d, Bauernkriegs, I. p. 84.

² Ranke, II. 144 et seq.; Zimmermann, I. 182.

³ Zimmermann, II. p. 374.

⁴ Ermahnung zum Friede auff die 12 Artikel der Bauerschaft in Schwaben.

⁵ Ranke, II. 149.

¹ Quoted in the art. on Luther in Bluntschli’s Deut. Staatswörterbuch.

¹ Institutio, IV., c. 20, s. 32; Kampschulte, Johann Calvin, seine Kirche u. sein Staat, I. pp. 272, 273.

¹ Ordonnances ecclesiastiques, Opera X. 17. On the democratic tendencies of Calvinism, see Buckle, Civilization in England, I. 611.

² Inst, IV., c, 12, s, 7; Kampschulte, pp. 268–270.

¹ I have never seen the word “Monarchomachists” used by English writers, though it is frequently employed by German authors. It is derived from μοηά ρχηζ, monarch, and μαχή, battle, and is a very convenient name for a group of publicists whose views are much alike.

¹ M’Crie, Life of John Knox, pp. 4–6, and Appendix, note D, pp. 384, 385.

² History of the Reformation, p. 327; M’Crie, pp. 30, 187, 435–437.

³ Baudrillart, Bodin et son temps, Paris, 1853, p. 44.

⁴ Baudrillart, p. 45; Janet, II. 46–48.

¹ Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, q. iii. p. 183.

² Ibid., q. iii. p. 170.

³ Ibid., q. iii. p. 76.

¹ Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, q. iii. p. 107.

² Ibid., p. 86.

³ Ibid., p. 109.

¹ Ch. 10.

² Ch. 13

¹ De membris ecclesiae militantis, III. VI.

² De Rege, 1599, cap. I.

¹ De Rege, pp. 17, 57.

² Ibid., p. 71.

³ Franck, Réformateurs et publicistes, pp. 71–85; Ranke, Werke, Vol. 24, pp. 228–230; Art. Mariana by Prantl in Deut. Staatswörterbuch of Bluntschli; Ranke, Die römischen Päpste, Bk. VI.

¹ Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, Bk. VIII.

² His famous De la Republique first appeared in 1576.

³ Liv. I.

⁴ Bluntschli, Geschichte der neueren Staatswiss., p. 26; Gierke, Althusius, p. 151; Baudrillart; Janet, II. 214 et seq.

¹ Preface to Politica.

² c. 18.

³ c. 1.

⁴ c. 9, § 1.

⁵ c. 9, § 19 et seq.

⁶ c. 18.

¹ c. 19.

² c. 20. See Gierke, Johannes Althusius, Breslau, 1880.

³ De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1624, I. 3, 7.

⁴ Ibid., II. 9, 8.

⁵ Ibid., I. 3, 8.

¹ De Jure Belli ac Pacis, I. 3, 8.

² Ibid., II. 9, 8.

Chapter VI

¹ Neal, History of the Puritans, II. p. 394.

² Justification of Separation.

¹ Browne, Booke which Sheweth, Def. 35; Dexter, Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years, p. 105.

² John Robinson, A Just and Necessary Apology, 1625; Hanbury, Memorials of the Independents, I. 379.

³ True and Short Declaration, 19; Dexter, pp. 105, 106.

⁴ Treatise of Reformation, Def. 4.

¹ Essays or Observations Divine and Moral, 1625, Obs. 27.

² Weingarten, H., Die Revolutionskirchen Englands, 1868, p. 28.

³ Hanbury, Memorials of the Independents, II. 15, 16.

¹ Neal, History of the Puritans, London, 1732, II. 76; Rapin, History of England, II. 178.

² Bishop Overall’s Convocation Book of 1606; Gardiner, Hist, of England, 1603–42, I. 289, 290; Green, Short History, Ch. 8, sec. 2.

¹ Laud’s Works, V. 607 sq. Gardiner, Hist, of England, IX. 144, 145.

¹ On New England Independency see Cotton Mather’s Magnalia; Dexter, Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years; Life of Vane, by Hosmer; Weingarten, Die Revolutionskirchen Englands; Masson’s Life of Milton, Vol. III.; Gardiner, History of England; Osgood, in Polit. Science Quarterly, 1891.

² Baillie, Letters and Journals, I. 311.

³ Godwin, History of the Commonwealth, II. pp. 64, 152.

⁴ Weingarten, p. 83.

⁵ Abridgment of Baxter’s Life and Times, by Calamy, I. pp. 90, 91, 100.

¹ The Utter Routing of the Whole Army of the Independents and Sectaries. Lond., 1646.

² The Leveller, in Harleian Miscellany, IV. p. 547.

³ Ibid., p. 545.

⁴ Letter to Lord Fairfax, Harl. Misc., VIII. p. 590.

⁵ Ibid., VIII. 591; Edwards, Gangraena, III. p. 20.

¹ Harleian Miscellany, VIII. p. 589.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Ibid., p. 590.

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ Ibid. See also Edwards, Gangraena, III. p. 194.

¹ The Leveller, Harl. Miscellany, IV. p. 543.

² Ibid.

³ The Clarke Papers, Preface, pp. 61, 63.

¹ Edwards, Gangraena, III. p. 16.

¹ Godwin, History of the Commonwealth, II. pp. 445–447.

² Rushworth, VII. 849; Godwin, Commonwealth, II. 445–451.

¹ Rushworth, VII. pp. 860, 861; Godwin, II. 449, 450.

² Borgeaud, The Rise of Modern Democracy, 1891, passim.

³ The Clarke Papers, I. p. 312.

¹ The Clarke Papers, I. pp. 263, 264.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid., p. 301.

¹ The Clarke Papers, I. p. 304.

² Ibid., p. 300.

³ Ibid., p. 318.

⁴ Ibid., pp. 322, 323.

¹ See résumé in Whitelocke, Memorials, III. 25, 26.

² The Clarke Papers, I. pp. 236, 237.

¹ Cobbett, Parliamentary History, III. p. 1284; Ranke, History of England, III. p. 8.

² Cobbett, Parliamentary History, III. 1275; Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, III. p. 561.

³ Ranke, History of England, III. p. 6.

¹ Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.

¹ Masson’s Life of Milton, III. p. 113 et seq.

¹ On Milton see Masson’s Life, esp. III., IV.; Weber, in Raumer’s Hist. Taschenbuch, Dritte Folge, 3, 4; Treitschke, Histor. u. polit. Aufsätze, I. p. 86 et seq., and in the Staatswörterbuch of Bluntschli; Bluntschli, Gesch. d. neuer. Staatswiss., pp. 105–119.

¹ In his Rights of the Colonies.

² Oceana, p. 2.

³ Ibid., p. 11.

⁴ Eccles. Pol., Bk. I.

⁵ Oceana, p. 12.

⁶ Ibid.

¹ Oceana, p. 14.

² Ibid., p. 14.

³ Ibid., p. 15.

⁴ Ibid., p. 15.

⁵ Ibid., p. 83. See the article of T. W. Dwight, in the Political Science Quarterly for 1887, for the influence of Harrington on the American colonists.

⁶ A General View of Government in Europe, p. 28; first printed in 1744, though written long before.

¹ Discourses concerning Government, Ch. 2, sec. 3.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid., Ch. 2, sec. 5.

¹ Discourses, Ch. 2, sec. 20.

² Ch. 2, sec. 31.

³ Ch. 3, sec. 4.

⁴ Ch. 3, sec. 5.

⁵ Ch. 3, sec. 20.

⁶ Ch. 3, sec. 2, 16.

¹ Hettner, Litteraturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, II.

¹ See J. Texte, J. J. Rousseau et les origines du cosmopolitisme littéraire, Paris, 1895, pp. 25, 26; Buckle, History of Civilization in England, I. Ch. 12, which contains a list of those Frenchmen who were familiar with English literature.

² Of Civil Government, Ch. 13, § 149.

¹ Of Civil Government, Ch. 13, § 155.

² Ibid., § 168.

³ Ibid., Ch. 18.

⁴ Ibid., Ch. 16.

⁵ Hutchinson, Hist. Mass., III. 103; Maine, Ancient Law, pp. 91, 92; Hallam, Literature of Europe, II. 362; Frothingham, The Rise of the Republic of the U.S., p. 165.

Chapter VII

¹ Du Contrat Social, I. 8.

¹ I. 3, 4.

² I. 4.

³ I. 4.

¹ Contrat Social, I. 6.

¹ Contrat Social, I. 6.

² I. 6.

³ 1. 7.

¹ Contrat Social, I. 7.

² I. 7.

³ I. 8.

⁴ I. 9.

¹ Contrat Social, II. 1.

² II. 2.

³ II. 3.

¹ Contrat Social, II. 2.

² III. 1.

³ III. 1.

¹ Contrat Social, III. 1.

² III. 1.

³ III, 1.

⁴ III. 15.

¹ Contrat Social, III. 13.

² III. 14.

¹ On Rousseau : Gierke, Althusius, pp. 201–5; Franck, Ref. et Publ.; Bluntschli, Gesch. d. neueren Staatswiss., pp. 334–363; Fester, Rousseau u. d. deut. Geschichtsphüosophie, 1890; Höffding, Rousseau; John Morley, Rousseau; Janet, II. 415 et seq.

Chapter VIII

¹ Douglas, Summary, I. pp. 213–215; Story, Comm. on the Const., 5th ed., I. p. 117.

² Hutchinson, Hist, of Mass., I. p. 94, note; Story, I. p. 118.

³ Story, I. 119; Pitkin, Political and Civil History of the U.S., I. 85–87; Chalmers, Opinions, I. 189, 268, 272.

¹ 6 George III. Ch. 12; Pitkin’s Polit, and Civil Hist, of the U. S., I. 123.

² Burke’s Works, II. 38–45

³ Declaration of Rights by the Congress of 1774, Art. 4; Pref. to Bradford, Hist, of Mass.

¹ Story, I. 125, 126, 131; Doyle, Engl. Colonies in America, II. 48 et seq.

² Mather’s Magnalia, I. Ch. 2.

¹ Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, II. Book.

² Mather’s Magnolia, Book I.

³ Ibid., Book V.

¹ Bloudy Tenent, Hanserd Knollys Soc. Reprint, Ch. 92.

² Ibid., Ch. 120.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Ibid., Ch. 128.

⁵ See also Baxter’s Life, III. 11; Hanbury, Memorials of the Independents, III. 149; Baillie, Letters and Journal, II. 191.

⁶ Coll. Conn. Hist. Society, I. p. 20.

¹ Coll. Conn. Hist. Society, I. p. 12.

² Conn. Col. Records, I. pp. 20–25; Johnson, Hist, of Conn., p. 72 et seq.; John Fiske, Beginnings of New England; G. L. Walker, Life of Thomas Hooker.

³ Records of Rhode Island Col., I. p. 156.

¹ Penn, The People’s Ancient and Just Liberties Asserted, 1673, Sel. Works, p. 376.

² Ibid.

¹ Penn, England’s Present Interest Considered, Select Works, p. 382.

² Ibid., pp. 200, 386.

³ Ibid., i, xvi.

¹ Edition of 1772, p, 20.

² Ibid., p. 21.

³ Ibid., p. 22.

¹ Vindication, p. 25.

² Ibid., p. 28.

³ Ibid., p. 44.

¹ Vindication, p. 40.

¹ Hutchinson, History of Mass., II. p. 463; Hazen Coll., I. 404, 408, 411, 412, 414.

² Rhode Island Col. Rec., I. pp. 14, 42; Arnold, Hist, of Rhode Island, I. pp. 102, 103.

¹ See Jellinek, Die Erklaerung der Menschen- und Buergerrechte, translated by Prof. Max Farrand. It seems to me that this otherwise very valuable and suggestive little treatise, in trying to account for the democratic views of the colonists, overemphasizes the importance of the struggle for religious toleration and oversees the greater influence of Natural Law.

¹ Burke’s Works, II. 124, 125. See also Schlosser, Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, 3d. ed., III. 438 sq.

Chapter IX

¹ Adams’s Works, X. 275; Tudor, Life of Otis, p. 10.

² Adams’s Works, X. 315, 317; Minot’s Hist, of Mass., II. p. 92 sq.

¹ Rights of the British Colonies, p. 14.

² Ibid., p. 16.

³ Ibid., p. 17.

¹ Locke, Of Civil Gov., Ch. 9 and 13.

² Rights of the British Colonies, p. 38.

¹ Works, III. p. 449.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid., pp. 456–463.

¹ Wells’s Life of Samuel Adams, I. pp. 16–23.

² Ibid., p. 70.

³ Ibid., pp. 73–77; Bradford’s State Papers, p. 50.

¹ Conn. Col. Records, XII. p. 653 et seq.

² Pitkin, I. p. 237; Mass. State Papers, pp. 170–171.

³ Wells’s Life of S. Adams, pp. 500–501.

¹ Wells’s Life of Samuel Adams, I. pp. 500–508.

² Ibid., p. 509.

³ Adams’s Works, X. pp. 263, 264.

¹ Adams’s Works, I. p. 193.

¹ Hamilton’s Works, edited by Lodge, I. p. 108.

² Ibid., p. 60.

³ Ibid., p. 61.

⁴ Schlosser, Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, Dritte Aufl., III. p. 440.

¹ Cobbett, Parliam. History, XVIII. 155, 156.

² Journal of Congress.

³ Works, I. p. 160.

¹ Adams, Works, II. pp. 371–373.

² Ibid., I. p. 160.

¹ Journals of Congress.

² Bancroft, IV. p. 419.

¹ Bancroft, IV. p. 417.

² Madison’s Works, I. p. 11.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Ibid., I. p. 14.

¹ Art. I.

¹ Magna Charta, Art. 39.

² The Bill of Rights of 1689, Art. 10.

¹ Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, etc., II. pp. 1908–1909. Facsimile copy of original draft in Mason’s handwriting in Life of Mason, by Kate M. Rowland, I. pp. 240–41.

¹ Poore, I. p. 956 et seq. The constitution of Massachusetts was adopted in 1780.

² Poore, I. p. 258.

¹ Poore, II. p. 1280.

² Ibid., p, 1542.

Chapter X

¹ Ségur’s Mémoires, I. pp. 51, 52.

² Ibid., pp. 53, 69.

³ Jefferson’s Memoir, by Randolph, I. p. 56; Ségur, Mémoires, pp. 149, 165; Campan, Mémoires, I. p. 233, III. pp. 96, 116; De Staël, Considérations, I. p. 88.

⁴ Vol. I. p. 129.

¹ Intro, xxx, xxxi.

¹ Lettre i. p. 5.

² Lettre iv.

³ In his Réponse aux Conseils de la Raison.

¹ P. 1.

² Pp. 31, 32.

¹ Considerations, pp. 32–34.

¹ Considerations, p. 95.

² Ibid., pp. 212–16.

¹ Most of these are in Vol. IX. of Condorcet’s Œuvres.

² Œuvres, IX. p. 168.

³ Ibid., VI. p. 556.

¹ Philippson, Geschichte des preussischen Staatswesens, II. pp. 4–6.

² Brandes, E., Ueber einige bisherige Folgen der franz. Rev. mit Rücksicht auf Dschld., 1792.

³ Schlözer, Briefwechsel, VII. 333.

⁴ Berliner Monatsschrift, 1783.

¹ Archives parlementaires, V. 281, 282.

² Ibid., IV. 161–3.

¹ Madame de Staël, Considérations sur la Revolution Française, I. 238, 239.

Chapter XI

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 216.

² Ibid., p. 221.

¹ Mémoires, II. p. 303.

² Ibid., p. 304.

¹ Arch. Parl, VIII. pp. 221, 222.

² Mémoires, II. 305.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p, 281.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 322.

² Ibid.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 323.

² Ibid., pp. 323–325.

³ Ibid., pp. 340, 341.

¹ Jefferson’s Letter to J. Madison, Jan. 12, 1789. Memoir, ed. by Randolph, I. p. 422.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 289, 290.

² Considérations sur les causes qui ont empeché les Français de devenir libres, 1792.

³ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 256–261.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. 260, 261.

² Ibid., p. 259.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. 259, 260.

² Ibid., p. 438.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 438.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 438, 439.

² Ibid., VIII. p. 439.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 452, 453.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid., pp. 453, 454.

¹ Essai sur le Despotisme, 1775.

² Sur Moses Mendelssohn, London, 1787.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 454.

² Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, pp. 96, 97.

³ Ibid.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 458.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 458, 459.

² Ibid., p. 463.

¹ Compare Virginia Bill, Arts. I., IV.; North Carolina, III.

² Compare Vermont Bill, Preamble, Art, I.

³ Virg. Bill, II,; Vt., V.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 464.

² This is the definition given by the Marquis d’Argenson in his Considération sur le gouvernement ancien et present de la France, printed in 1764, quoted in a foot-note of the Contrat Social, IV. 8.

³ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 464.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 465, 466.

² Ibid., p. 472.

³ Ibid.

¹ North Carolina, Bill of Rights, XII.

² Ibid., XIII.

³ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 472.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 472, 477.

¹ Arch. Parl., VIII. pp. 478–80.

² Ibid., p. 480; Maryland, XXXIII, VIII.

³ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 483; Vermont, XIV.; Maryland, VIII.

⁴ Maryland, XXV.

⁵ Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 484; Vermont, IX.; Maryland, XIII.

⁶ North Carolina, XVI.

⁷ Vermont, V.; Arch. Parl., VIII. p. 487.

¹ North Carolina, IV

² Vermont Declaration, II.

Chapter XII

¹ L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution, Ch. 2.

¹ Mémoires de Bailly (Edition of Berville and Barrière), II. pp. 211, 212.

² Condorcet, Idées sur le Despotisme, Œuvres, IX. p. 168.

³ Rabaut, Précis historique de la révolution française; Réflexions politiques, 14, 15, pp. 415, 416.

¹ Burke’s Works, Edition of Little, Brown & Co., III. p. 359.

² Ibid., III. pp. 358, 359.

³ Ibid., pp. 347, 348.

⁴ Ibid., p. 450.

¹ Works, III. pp. 309–11.

² Ibid., pp. 312, 313.

¹ Works, III. p. 352.

² Ibid., p. 345.

³ Taine, La Révolution, I. pp. 273–277.

¹ La Révolution, I, 274.

² Stahl, Philosophie des Rechts, II, Ch. 17.

¹ Robespierre, Rapport sur les principes du gouvernement révolutionnaire; Buchez et Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française, XXX, pp. 459, 460.

² Buchez et Roux, op. cit., XXXI, pp. 276, 277.

³ Les Révolutions de Paris, No. 180, 15th of December, 1792.

¹ Laboulaye, L’État et ses limites, p. 32.

¹ See the excellent essay of A. L. Lowell on “Democracy and Liberty” in his Essays on Government.

¹ See Laboulaye, Histoire des États-Unis, III., Intr. pp. vii., viii.; Laurent, Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité, La Révolution Française, I. p. 103 et seq.

¹ Buckle, Hist, of Civilization in England, I. p. 438.