Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Ahnapee Light Station, 132
Algoma North Pierhead Light, xiii, 126, 132–133, 132, 184, 193
Almquist, Arthur, 153
American Lighthouse Foundation, 190
Apostle Islands, 17, 31–34, 32, 184; Lighthouse Celebration, 34; lighthouses, 34–55; National Lakeshore, 33
architecture and design, 5–6, 8, 28, 30, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 48, 49, 52, 53, 61, 62, 66, 67, 75, 77, 81, 84, 88, 94, 97, 100, 107, 110, 113, 118, 126, 128, 132, 135, 137, 144, 147, 149, 153, 159, 162, 165, 167, 168, 172, 174, 176, 180
Arnold, Jack, 104
Ashland Breakwater Light, xiii, 30–31, 30, 192
Asylum Bay Lighthouse, xiii, 61–63, 62, 192
automation. See under lighthouses
Bailey, Justice, 117
Baileys Harbor, WI, 10, 13, 117, 120, 122
Baileys Harbor Range Lights, xiii, 107, 117, 118–123, 119, 120, 123, 184, 193
Bennett, Fred, 180
Blahnik, Joel, 99
Blahnik, Mary Ann, 99
Boston Light (MA), 5
Boyce, John, 111
Boyer Bluff light tower, xii
Braemer, Louis, 133
Bray, William, 64
Bray’s Lighthouse. See Rockwell Lighthouse
breakwater lights, 26, 30–31, 144–145, 147–148, 153–156, 165–166, 174–175, 176. See also pierhead lights
Buckstaff’s Lighthouse. See Rockwell Lighthouse
building materials: brick, 44, 61, 77, 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, 110, 113, 137, 143, 149, 162, 167, 168, 172, 180; cement, 81, 84; concrete, 28, 30, 76, 165; metal, 30, 42, 52, 53, 61, 75, 81, 84, 107, 114, 128, 132, 135, 139, 141, 144, 147, 153, 159, 163, 165, 168, 172, 174, 178; stone, 35, 48, 67, 77, 84, 104, 117, 179; stucco, 48, 66; wood, 38, 40, 61, 67, 80, 88, 107, 118, 120, 125, 126, 132, 140, 143, 147, 153, 176
Cana Island Lighthouse, ii, xiii, 15, 93, 101, 113–115, 113, 184, 193, 194
Cape Hatteras lighthouse (NC), 5
car ferries, 76, 131, 136, 144, 145
catwalks, 2, 4, 76, 126, 127, 132, 133, 136, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 151, 153, 174, 176, 178; defined, 2
Chambers, Talbot, 96
Chambers Island Lighthouse, xiii, 8, 96–99, 97, 98, 184, 192
Chequamegon Bay Breakwater Light. See Ashland Breakwater Light
Chequamegon Point Light, xiii, 52, 53–55, 54, 192
Cochems, Minnie Hesh, 95
Cochems, William, 95
Corbin, David E., 104
cost. See under lighthouses Coughlin, Peter, 101
Crump, Henry R., 45
daymarkers, 3, 37, 81, 82, 97, 107, 108, 122; defined, 2
DeDiemer, Louis, 180
DeDiemer, Mary, 180
Detroit Harbor Entrance Light, xii
Devils Island Lighthouse, xiii, 33, 33, 40–43, 41, 42, 192
displays and exhibits, 33, 40, 50, 95, 99, 102, 105, 141, 141, 145, 147, 152–153, 164, 166, 171, 181
Door County, WI, 91–93, 91; Historical Society, 101–102; Lighthouse Festival, 93, 96, 106, 108, 112, 122; lighthouses, 91, 93, 94–129; map, 92; Maritime Museum, 93, 95, 115
Dousman, John P., 84
Drew, Helen, 78
Dunlap Reef Range Lights, 125, 125
dwellings. See under keepers
Eagle Bluff Lighthouse, xiii, 8, 95, 97, 99–102, 99, 101, 184, 192
Eddystone Reef Lighthouse (England), 2
excess property. See National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act
Finch, Alfred B., 168–170, 170
Finch, Asa, 170
fires, 5, 59, 79, 80, 114, 139, 147
Fisherman’s Road Light, 58
fishing, 53, 58, 62, 75, 131, 132, 134, 140, 141, 146, 149
fog signals, 5, 8, 9, 18, 42, 81, 82, 84, 86, 110, 126, 133, 135, 137, 145, 155, 166, 174, 178; bells, 8, 55, 86, 174; buildings, 39, 42, 45, 52, 75–76, 76, 95, 95, 107, 110, 144, 147, 148, 160, 171; buoys, 96; cannons, 5; defined, 2; on lightships, 81; recorded, 136
Fond du Lac Lighthouse, viii, xiii, 67–69, 68, 192
Fort Niagara lighthouse (NY), 5
Fresnel lens, xiii, 7–8, 7, 9, 11, 33, 46
Friends of Plum and Pilot Islands, 107–108, 111
Friends of Rock Island, 105
Friends of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, 34
Friends of the Wind Point Lighthouse, 171–172
fuels: acetylene, 6, 35, 79, 88, 101, 114, 122, 125; batteries, 43, 97, 104, 111, 178; candles, 6; coal, 6; electricity, 6, 9, 21, 47, 114, 122, 129, 139, 141, 171, 178; kerosene, 6, 35, 62, 114, 118, 170, 180; light-emitting diodes (LED), 47, 50, 53; naphtha, 114; natural gas, 6; oil, 5, 6, 38, 40, 55, 77, 81, 95, 100, 104, 114, 120, 132, 141, 149, 162, 179; solar energy, 11, 30, 39, 43, 77, 80, 81, 97, 102, 105, 112; wood, 1, 6, 176
funding. See under lighthouses
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), 21; defined, 3
Government Lighthouse (Racine). See Root River Lighthouse
Grassy Island Range Lights, xiii, 87–90, 88, 89, 184, 192
Great Lakes, 5, 21–22, 25–26, 31, 71–75
Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association, 187
Green Bay, 73–75, 103; lighthouses, 75–90, 94–108; map, 72
Green Bay Harbor Entrance Light, xiii, 83–84, 83, 192
Green Island Lighthouse, xiii, 8, 76, 77–80, 79, 192
Hall, O. K., 45
Hamilton, Alexander, 9
Hamringa, Klaas, 44
Hansen, Ole, 132
harbors: development, 22, 28, 87, 94, 124–125, 131, 133, 134, 140, 144, 146, 149, 153, 149, 167, 168, 176
Harris, Joseph, Jr., 120
housing. See dwellings under keepers
Hoyt, Fontleroy, 151
Irvine, John, 45
island lights, 34–55, 61–63, 84–90, 96–99, 102–116, 179–181
Jacker, Edward, 39
Jacker, Francis, 39
Janda, Louis, 115
Janda, Rosie, 115
Johnson, Reynold, 162
keepers, 5, 14–18, 21, 67, 183; deaths, 79, 95, 104, 111, 133, 139, 180; duties, 11, 14, 15, 17–18, 21, 39, 110, 111, 122, 133; dwellings, vii, 5, 28, 34, 35, 35, 38, 38, 39–40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 48, 49, 51, 79, 81, 83, 86, 88, 94, 96, 97, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 110, 114, 120, 120, 136, 137, 138, 139, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171, 179, 180, 181, 182, 189, 191, 202; families, 15, 16, 17, 17, 35–36, 39, 47, 50, 53, 78–79, 79, 86–87, 87, 97, 100, 114, 120, 151, 163, 170, 180; isolation, 14, 33, 36, 39, 45–47, 83, 101, 104, 111, 174; multiple lights, 35, 37, 39, 52, 55, 96, 122, 151, 153, 155; qualifications, 15; tenure, 16, 28, 35, 48, 53, 77, 79, 86, 88, 95, 97, 100, 101, 104, 108, 110, 122, 133, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 170; uniforms, 16, 16; women, 16–17, 17, 36, 36, 67, 78, 95, 147, 151, 162–163, 163, 180. See also individual names
Kenosha, WI, 13, 175–176, 176; unnamed lighthouses, 176
Kenosha Lighthouse. See Southport (Kenosha) Lighthouse
Kenosha North Pierhead Light, xiii, 176–179, 177, 178, 180, 193
Kevich, Brana A., 156
Kevich Light, xiii, 156–158, 157, 193
Kewaunee, WI, 13, 131, 134–135, 134, 136
Kewaunee Pierhead Lighthouse, xiii, 135–136, 135, 193
Kimberly, James Cheney, 61
Kimberly, John Alfred, 61
Kimberly Point Lighthouse. See Neenah (Kimberly Point) Lighthouse
Knudsen, Martin Nicolai, 108, 111, 111, 162
Knudsen, Oscar, 113
La Coruna lighthouse (Spain), 1
Lake Michigan, 71–75; lighthouses, 73, 75–90, 94–182; map, xiii, 72
Lake Superior, 24, 25–26, 32; lighthouses, 26–55; map, xiii
Lake Winnebago, 56, 57–58, 58; lighthouses, 59–69; map, xiii
Lakeside Park Lighthouse. See Fond du Lac Lighthouse
lamps, 5, 8; Argand, 6, 6, 117, 179; defined, 3; incandescent oil vapor, 8, 48, 139; Winslow Lewis, 6, 9, 104, 179. See also lights
lanterns, 5, 8; defined, 3; styles, 8, 42, 65, 84, 117, 118, 132
La Pointe Lighthouse, xiii, 48, 51–53, 51, 52, 55, 192
Lederle, Charles, 35
lens: defined, 3; Fresnel, xiii, 7–8, 7, 9, 11, 33, 46
Lewis, Charles, 151
Lewis, Charles H., Sr., 151, 152
Lewis, Mariah Prosser, 151
Lewis, Winslow, 6
lifesaving stations, 13; Baileys Harbor, 10, 13, 122; Kenosha, 13; Kewaunee, 13, 135; Milwaukee, 13; Plum Island, 13, 107, 109; Racine, 13, 168; Sturgeon Bay, 13, 126, 128, 129, 129; Two Rivers, 13, 140
Lighthouse Act, 9
lighthouse depots, 46
Lighthouse Digest, 187–188; Doomsday List, 40, 87
Lighthouse Preservation Society, 188
lighthouse tenders, 10, 14, 43; Amaranth, 137; Dahlia, 12, 14; Hyacinth, 14, 172; Marigold, 14, 45; Sumac, 14
lighthouses, 5–6, 187–190, 192–193; administration of, 9–11, 15; automation of, 9, 11, 21, 35, 37, 39, 43, 47, 50, 52, 55, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 88, 93, 96, 97, 101, 104, 107, 111, 114, 122, 129, 133, 136, 144, 151, 152, 155, 164, 166, 171, 174; cost of, 96, 100, 117, 153, 176; definitions, 2–3, 5; destruction of, 1, 2, 59, 79, 86, 104, 111, 143, 147, 168, 174; funding, 9, 34, 37, 61, 64–66, 67–69, 77, 184; future of, 183–185; haunted, 95; history, 1–2, 5, 6–11, 21; leased, 37, 77, 101, 115, 152, 171, 184; moved, 49, 55, 76, 90, 123, 125, 132, 137, 141, 143, 147, 160; need for, 21, 30, 31–33, 42, 44, 51, 64–66, 73, 75, 82, 83, 84, 87, 96, 99, 107, 109, 113, 117, 118, 124–125, 128, 132, 134, 137, 153, 156, 159, 162, 168; organizations, 187–190; privately owned, 64, 67, 118, 145, 156–158, 171, 179; sale/transfer, 66, 77, 86, 90, 94, 97, 107–108, 112, 115, 122, 136, 141, 145, 152, 164, 168, 171, 175, 179, 181, 184–185; unnamed, 28, 59, 80, 143, 147, 149, 159, 168, 176. See also names of individual lighthouses
lights, 6–9; eclipsing, 2; fixed, 2; flashing, 2, 7, 18; incandescent, 8; isophase, 3; occulting, 3; range, 3; winter, 3, 43
lightships, 13–14; Milwaukee, 12, 165; Peshtigo Reef, 81, 81, 136
logbooks, 18, 19, 35, 39, 44, 50, 101, 114
(Long) Tail Point Light. See Tail Point Light
Luick, Ella Gertrude Richardson, 35–36, 36
Luick, Hattie Oramill Buck, 36
Manitowoc, WI, 131, 136, 143, 144, 145; unnamed lighthouses, 143
Manitowoc North Breakwater Lighthouse, xiii, 16, 144–145, 144, 193
Marinette, WI, 75
McKillop, Robert, 89
McLean, Alexander, 38
McLean, Cecelia Carlson, 38
Menominee, MI, 75
Menominee North Pier Light, xiii, 75–77, 75, 76, 192
Merrill, Emma, 180
Merrill, Joseph, 180
Merrill, Lorinda Stone, 180
Milwaukee (lightship), 12, 14, 165
Milwaukee, WI, 13, 14, 158–159, 159; Lake Park, 161–162, 162, 163; unnamed lighthouses, 159
Milwaukee Breakwater Lighthouse, xiii, 70, 145, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165–166, 165, 193
Milwaukee Pierhead Light, xiii, 159–161, 160, 165, 166, 193
museums. See displays and exhibits
Napiezinski, Joseph, 16
National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act, 31, 77, 82, 126, 136, 145, 160, 166, 178, 185
National Lighthouse Day, 185
National Park Service Volunteer Lighthouse Keeper Program, 33, 37, 43, 49, 50
National Register of Historic Places, 29, 31, 37, 40, 43, 47, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 82, 84, 90, 96, 99, 102, 105, 108, 112, 115, 120, 123, 129, 139, 141, 153, 164, 172, 179, 180, 181, 185
Navesink Lighthouse (NJ), 8
Neenah, WI, 59
Neenah (Kimberly Point) Lighthouse, xiii, 59–61, 60, 192
New Michigan Island Lighthouse, xiii, 33, 48, 49–50, 49, 192
North Point Lighthouse Friends, Inc., 164
North Point Milwaukee Lighthouse, xiii, 7, 17, 108, 159, 161–164, 161, 163, 166, 184, 189, 193
North Point Racine Lighthouse. See Wind Point Lighthouse
Nuss, W. J., 67
Old Baileys Harbor Lighthouse, xiii, 116, 117–118, 117, 118, 193
Old Michigan Island Lighthouse, xiii, 33, 47–49, 48, 192
Old Port Washington Lighthouse, xiii, 8, 17, 77, 149–153, 150, 151, 155, 184, 193
Old Red Lighthouse. See Racine North Breakwater Light
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 161
Olson, Otto, 45
outbuildings, 5, 35, 39, 43, 45, 49, 55, 78, 88, 95, 96, 100, 102, 104, 107, 110, 113, 114, 120, 149, 168
Outer Island Lighthouse, xiii, 33, 44–47, 44, 53, 137, 192, 202
Pape, Eva, 147
Pape, Louis, 147
Pelletier, Delphius “George,” 155
Peninsula State Park, 100, 101
Peshtigo, WI, 79, 80; unnamed lighthouse, 80
Peshtigo Reef (lightship), 14, 81, 81
Peshtigo Reef Light, xiii, 81–82, 82, 84, 96, 192
Pharos of Alexandria (Egypt), 1
pierhead lights, 5–6, 22, 26–29, 75–77, 86, 126–128, 132–133, 135–136, 140–142, 143, 145, 147, 151, 153, 159–161, 168, 176–179. See also breakwater lights
Pilot Island Lighthouse, xiii, 15, 77, 106, 107, 108, 109–112, 109, 110, 112, 193
Plum Island Range Lights, xiii, 3, 106–108, 108, 192
Point Beach Light. See Rawley (Twin River) Point Lighthouse
Point Beach State Forest, 139
Port Ulao, WI, 156
Port Washington, WI, 130, 131, 149, 149, 152–153; unnamed lighthouses, 149
Port Washington Breakwater Light, xiii, 130, 152, 153–156, 154, 193
Port Washington Pierhead Light, 4, 151, 153, 155
Porte des Morts Lighthouse, 106, 106, 109–110
Pottawatomie Lighthouse, xiii, 8, 22, 77, 88, 102–106, 103, 104, 184, 192
preservation. See restoration
Putnam, George R., 11
Racine, WI, 13, 167–168, 167; unnamed lighthouses, 168
Racine Harbor Lighthouse, 168
Racine North Breakwater Light, xiii, 174–175, 175, 184, 193
Racine Point Lighthouse. See Wind Point Lighthouse
Racine Reef Lighthouse, xiii, 172–174, 173, 193
Racine South Breakwater Light, xii
radio communication, 9, 11, 21, 29, 43, 49, 52, 77, 81, 95, 96, 112, 139, 166
range lights, 3, 69, 76, 87–90, 106–108, 118–123, 125, 132, 134, 135; defined, 3
Raspberry Island Lighthouse, xiii, 33, 35, 37, 38–40, 38, 45, 192
Rawley (Twin River) Point Lighthouse, xiii, 16, 49, 137–139, 138, 193
restoration, 34, 37, 39–40, 43, 47, 48–49, 50, 55, 63, 66, 69, 90, 101–102, 105, 108, 115, 122–123, 152–153, 164, 171–172, 181, 183–184, 187–190, 189
Ridges Sanctuary, 118, 120, 122
Rock Island, 102–103; state park, 106
Rockwell, George Andrews, 64
Rockwell Lighthouse, xiii, 64–67, 64, 65, 66, 192
Root River Lighthouse, 167–168
Rowley, Peter, 137
salaries, 17, 78, 100, 133, 159
Sand Island Lighthouse, vii, xiii, 8, 33, 34–37, 34, 35, 39, 45, 191, 192
Sanderson, Clifford, 114
Sanderson, William, 115
Sandy Hook lighthouse (NJ), 5
Sexton, Joseph, 53
Sheboygan, WI, 146, 146; unnamed lighthouse, 147
Sheboygan Breakwater Lighthouse, xiii, 147–148, 147, 193
Sheboygan North Pier Light, 147, 148
Sherwood Point Lighthouse, xiii, xiv, 81, 94–96, 94, 95, 100, 124, 136, 192
shipbuilding, 124, 131, 143, 143, 146
shipwrecks, 13, 22, 26, 33, 35, 73, 91, 107, 111, 113, 172; A. P. Nichols, 111; Ann Arbor, 136; Carl D. Bradley, 114–115; Edmund Fitzgerald, 29, 29; Evaline, 176; Frank O’Connor, 114; George Newman, 79; Le Griffon, 103; Lottie Cooper, 147; Lucerne, 52–53; Marquette, 151; Michael J. Bartelme, 114; Neuman, 168; Oak Leaf, 102; Pretoria, 45; Prussia, 35; Rouse Simmons, 142, 142; Senator, 151; Sevona, 36–37, 45; Vernon, 137; Wisconsin, 82
Sostratos, 1
Southport (Kenosha) Lighthouse, xiii, 17, 179–181, 179, 181, 184, 193
Stebbins, Georgia Green, 17, 162–163, 163
Stram, Conrad, 136
Sturgeon Bay, WI, 13, 124–125, 126, 128, 129, 129; Ship Canal, 94, 120, 124–125, 124, 126, 128
Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Lighthouse, xiii, 124, 128–129, 128, 129, 193
Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal North Pierhead Light, xiii, 2, 124, 126–128, 127, 133, 193
Superior Entry South Breakwater Light. See Wisconsin Point Light
supply depots, 46
Sweet, Alanson, 117
Tail Point Light, xiii, 84–87, 85, 86, 192
Ten Mile Light. See Green Bay Harbor Entrance Light
Thompson’s Point Lighthouse. See Rockwell Lighthouse
tours, 33, 34, 37, 39–40, 49, 50, 69, 99, 102, 105, 115, 122, 141, 164, 171, 181, 184, 186
Truedell, Fabien, 120
Twin River Point Lighthouse. See Rawley (Twin River) Point Lighthouse
Twin Rivers Light. See Rawley (Twin River) Point Lighthouse
Two Rivers, WI, 13, 131, 137, 140, 140
Two Rivers Lighthouse. See Rawley (Twin River) Point Lighthouse
Two Rivers North Pierhead Light, xiii, 140–142, 141, 184, 193
Umberham, Gustavus, 133
US Army Corps of Engineers, 28, 29, 30, 136
US Bureau of Lighthouses, 11. See also US Lighthouse Service
US Coast Guard, 21, 55, 90, 129, 141; formation, 11, 129; Light List, xii, 11, 158, 172; lighthouse maintenance, 5, 11, 30, 33–34, 77, 81, 108, 112, 115, 155, 171, 183, 184; lighthouse operation, 29, 83, 97, 111, 126, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 174; stations, 107, 126, 128, 129, 135, 168. See also US Lighthouse Service
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 107–108, 112
US Life-Saving Service, 13, 129; personnel, 13
US Lighthouse Board, 11, 15, 16, 106, 126, 183
US Lighthouse Service, 11, 16, 49, 113; personnel, 10, 77. See also US Coast Guard
US Lighthouse Society, 188
US National Park Service, 33, 37, 40, 43, 53, 152, 185; Volunteer Lighthouse Keeper Program, 33, 37, 43, 49, 50
vandalism, 48, 69, 79, 111, 183
ventilator ball, 5, 55; defined, 3
Wachter, James, 79
Williams, Lewis, 97
Wind Point Lighthouse, xiii, 168–172, 169, 175, 180, 182, 184, 186, 193
Winslow Lewis lamp, 6, 9, 104, 179
Winstanley, Henry, 2
Wisconsin Historical Society, 171, 181, 190
Wisconsin Lighthouse District, 90, 191
Wisconsin Point Light, v, xiii, 26–29, 27, 192
Wisconsin State Register of Historic Places, 30, 37, 40, 43, 47, 49, 50, 53, 61, 90, 96, 99, 102, 105, 108, 112, 115, 120, 129, 139, 153, 164, 172, 180, 181
women. See under keepers
Woolverton, Stephen, 147
Worth, Cyrus, 149