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CHAPTER 1

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25. Ibid.

CHAPTER 2

1. Sacks, Frank M., Alice H. Lichtenstein, Jason H. Y. Wu, Lawrence J. Appel, Mark A. Creager, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Michael Miller, et al. “Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association.” Circulation 136, no. 3 (July 18, 2017): e23. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510.

2. Devkota, Suzanne, Yunwei Wang, Mark W. Musch, Vanessa Leone, Hannah Fehlner-Peach, Anuradha Nadimpalli, Dionysios A. Antonopoulos, et al. “Dietary-Fat-Induced Taurocholic Acid Promotes Pathobiont Expansion and Colitis in Il10-/- Mice.” Nature 487, no. 7405 (July 5, 2012): 104–08. doi:10.1038/nature11225.

3. Hernández, Elisa Álvarez, Sabine Kahl, Anett Seelig, Paul Begovatz, Martin Irmler, Yuliya Kupriyanova, Bettina Nowotny, et al. “Acute Dietary Fat Intake Initiates Alterations in Energy Metabolism and Insulin Resistance.” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 127, no. 2 (Feb. 1, 2017): 695–708. doi:10.1172/JCI89444.

4. Devore, Elizabeth E., Meir J. Stampfer, Monique M. B. Breteler, Bernard Rosner, Jae Hee Kang, Olivia Okereke, Frank B. Hu, and Francine Grodstein. “Dietary Fat Intake and Cognitive Decline in Women With Type 2 Diabetes.” Diabetes Care 32, no. 4 (Apr. 2009): 635–40. doi:10.2337/dc08-1741.

5. Okereke, Olivia I., Bernard A. Rosner, Dae H. Kim, Jae H. Kang, Nancy R. Cook, JoAnn E. Manson, Julie E. Buring, et al. “Dietary Fat Types and 4-Year Cognitive Change in Community-Dwelling Older Women.” Annals of Neurology 72, no. 1 (July 2012): 124–34. doi:10.1002/ana.23593.

6. Brennan, Sarah F., Jayne V. Woodside, Paula M. Lunny, Chris R. Cardwell, and Marie M. Cantwell. “Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57, no. 10 (July 3, 2017): 1999–2008. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.724481.

7. Yang, Jae Jeong, Danxia Yu, Yumie Takata, Stephanie A. Smith-Warner, William Blot, Emily White, Kim Robien, et al. “Dietary Fat Intake and Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 26 (Sept. 10, 2017): 3055–64. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.73.3329.

8. Sacks et al. “Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease.”

9. Paniagua, J. A., A. Gallego de la Sacristana, I. Romero, A. Vidal-Puig, J. M. Latre, E. Sanchez, P. Perez-Martinez, et al. “Monounsaturated Fat-Rich Diet Prevents Central Body Fat Distribution and Decreases Postprandial Adiponectin Expression Induced by a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet in Insulin-Resistant Subjects.” Diabetes Care 30, no. 7 (July 2007): 1717–23. doi:10.2337/dc06-2220.

10. Mozaffarian, Dariush, and Jason H. Y. Wu. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Effects on Risk Factors, Molecular Pathways, and Clinical Events.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58, no. 20 (Nov. 8, 2011): 2047–67. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.063.

11. Lukaschek, Karoline, Clemens von Schacky, Johannes Kruse, and Karl-Heinz Ladwig. “Cognitive Impairment Is Associated With a Low Omega-3 Index in the Elderly: Results From the KORA-Age Study.” Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, no. 3–4 (2016): 236–45. doi:10.1159/000448805.

12. Pasiakos, Stefan M., Sanjiv Agarwal, Harris R. Lieberman, and Victor L. Fulgoni. “Sources and Amounts of Animal, Dairy, and Plant Protein Intake of US Adults in 2007–2010.” Nutrients 7, no. 8 (Aug. 21, 2015): 7058–69. doi:10.3390/nu7085322.

13. Le, Michael H., Pardha Devaki, Nghiem B. Ha, Dae Won Jun, Helen S. Te, Ramsey C. Cheung, and Mindie H. Nguyen. “Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk Factors for Advanced Fibrosis and Mortality in the United States.” PloS One 12, no. 3 (2017): e0173499. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173499.

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017.

15. Lee, Jane J., Alison Pedley, Udo Hoffmann, Joseph M. Massaro, and Caroline S. Fox. “Association of Changes in Abdominal Fat Quantity and Quality With Incident Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68, no. 14 (Oct. 4, 2016): 1509–21. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.067.

16. Wang, Fei, Liyuan Liu, Shude Cui, Fuguo Tian, Zhimin Fan, Cuizhi Geng, Xuchen Cao, et al. “Distinct Effects of Body Mass Index and Waist/Hip Ratio on Risk of Breast Cancer by Joint Estrogen and Progestogen Receptor Status: Results From a Case-Control Study in Northern and Eastern China and Implications for Chemoprevention.” The Oncologist 22, no. 12 (Dec. 2017): 1431–43. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0148.

17. von Hafe, Pedro, Francisco Pina, Ana Pérez, Margarida Tavares, and Henrique Barros. “Visceral Fat Accumulation as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer.” Obesity Research 12, no. 12 (Dec. 2004): 1930–35. doi:10.1038/oby.2004.242.

18. Swainson, Michelle G., Alan M. Batterham, Costas Tsakirides, Zoe H. Rutherford, and Karen Hind. “Prediction of Whole-Body Fat Percentage and Visceral Adipose Tissue Mass From Five Anthropometric Variables.” PloS One 12, no. 5 (2017): e0177175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177175.

CHAPTER 3

1. Melkani, Girish C., and Satchidananda Panda. “Time-Restricted Feeding for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Disorders.” The Journal of Physiology 595, no. 12 (June 15, 2017): 3691–3700. doi:10.1113/JP273094.

2. Hatori, Megumi, Christopher Vollmers, Amir Zarrinpar, Luciano DiTacchio, Eric A. Bushong, Shubhroz Gill, Mathias Leblanc, et al. “Time-Restricted Feeding Without Reducing Caloric Intake Prevents Metabolic Diseases in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.” Cell Metabolism 15, no. 6 (June 6, 2012): 848–60. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019.

3. Gill, Shubhroz, and Satchidananda Panda. “A Smartphone App Reveals Erratic Diurnal Eating Patterns in Humans That Can Be Modulated for Health Benefits.” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 5 (Nov. 3, 2015): 789–98. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005.

4. St-Onge, Marie-Pierre, Jamy Ard, Monica L. Baskin, Stephanie E. Chiuve, Heather M. Johnson, Penny Kris-Etherton, and Krista Varady. “Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.” Circulation 135, no. 9 (Feb. 28, 2017): e121. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000476.

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7. Nicklas, T. A., L. Myers, C. Reger, B. Beech, and G. S. Berenson. “Impact of Breakfast Consumption on Nutritional Adequacy of the Diets of Young Adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: Ethnic and Gender Contrasts.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98, no. 12 (Dec. 1998): 1432–38. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00325-3.

8. Bi, Huashan, Yong Gan, Chen Yang, Yawen Chen, Xinyue Tong, and Zuxun Lu. “Breakfast Skipping and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 16 (Nov. 2015): 3013–19. doi:10.1017/S1368980015000257.

9. Lee, Tae Sic, Jai Soon Kim, Yoo Jung Hwang, and Yon Chul Park. “Habit of Eating Breakfast Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Hypertension.” Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 6, no. 2 (Sept. 2016): 64-67. doi:10.15280/jlm.2016.6.2.64.

10. Cahill, Leah E., Stephanie E. Chiuve, Rania A. Mekary, Majken K. Jensen, Alan J. Flint, Frank B. Hu, and Eric B. Rimm. “Prospective Study of Breakfast Eating and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in a Cohort of Male US Health Professionals.” Circulation 128, no. 4 (July 23, 2013): 337–43. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001474.

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14. Farshchi, Hamid R., Moira A. Taylor, and Ian A. Macdonald. “Deleterious Effects of Omitting Breakfast on Insulin Sensitivity and Fasting Lipid Profiles in Healthy Lean Women.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, no. 2 (Feb. 2005): 388–96. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.388.

15. Jakubowicz, Daniela, Julio Wainstein, Bo Ahren, Zohar Landau, Yosefa Bar-Dayan, and Oren Froy. “Fasting Until Noon Triggers Increased Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Impaired Insulin Response After Lunch and Dinner in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Diabetes Care 38, no. 10 (Oct. 2015): 1820–26. doi:10.2337/dc15-0761.

16. Chowdhury, Enhad A., Judith D. Richardson, Geoffrey D. Holman, Kostas Tsintzas, Dylan Thompson, and James A. Betts. “The Causal Role of Breakfast in Energy Balance and Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Obese Adults.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 3 (Mar. 2016): 747–56. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122044.

17. Betts, James A., Judith D. Richardson, Enhad A. Chowdhury, Geoffrey D. Holman, Kostas Tsintzas, and Dylan Thompson. “The Causal Role of Breakfast in Energy Balance and Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Lean Adults.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 2 (Aug. 2014): 539–47. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.083402.

18. Kobayashi, Fumi, Hitomi Ogata, Naomi Omi, Shoichiro Nagasaka, Sachiko Yamaguchi, Masanobu Hibi, and Kumpei Tokuyama. “Effect of Breakfast Skipping on Diurnal Variation of Energy Metabolism and Blood Glucose.” Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 8, no. 3 (May–June 2014): 201. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2013.01.001.

19. Baron, Kelly G., Kathryn J. Reid, Andrew S. Kern, and Phyllis C. Zee. “Role of Sleep Timing in Caloric Intake and BMI.” Obesity 19, no. 7 (July 2011): 1374–81. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.100.

20. Bo, Simona, Giovanni Musso, Guglielmo Beccuti, Maurizio Fadda, Debora Fedele, Roberto Gambino, Luigi Gentile, et al. “Consuming More of Daily Caloric Intake at Dinner Predisposes to Obesity. A 6-Year Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.” PloS One 9, no. 9 (2014): e108467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108467.

21. Jakubowicz, Daniela, Maayan Barnea, Julio Wainstein, and Oren Froy. “High Caloric Intake at Breakfast vs. Dinner Differentially Influences Weight Loss of Overweight and Obese Women.” Obesity 21, no. 12 (Dec. 2013): 2504–12. doi:10.1002/oby.20460.

22. Garaulet, M., P. Gómez-Abellán, J. J. Alburquerque-Béjar, Y. -C Lee, J. M. Ordovás, and F. A. J. L. Scheer. “Timing of Food Intake Predicts Weight Loss Effectiveness.” International Journal of Obesity (2005) 37, no. 4 (Apr. 2013a): 604–11. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229.

23. Leidy, Heather J., Mandi J. Bossingham, Richard D. Mattes, and Wayne W. Campbell. “Increased Dietary Protein Consumed at Breakfast Leads to an Initial and Sustained Feeling of Fullness During Energy Restriction Compared to Other Meal Times.” The British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 6 (Mar. 2009): 798–803.

24. Foley, Nicholas C., David C. Jangraw, Christopher Peck, and Jacqueline Gottlieb. “Novelty Enhances Visual Salience Independently of Reward in the Parietal Lobe.” The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 34, no. 23 (June 4, 2014): 7947–57. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4171-13.2014.

25. Pot, G. K., R. Hardy, and A. M. Stephen. “Irregular Consumption of Energy Intake in Meals Is Associated With a Higher Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults of a British Birth Cohort.” International Journal of Obesity (2005) 38, no. 12 (Dec. 2014): 1518–24. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.51.

26. Farshchi, H. R., M. A. Taylor, and I. A. Macdonald. “Regular Meal Frequency Creates More Appropriate Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profiles Compared With Irregular Meal Frequency in Healthy Lean Women.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, no. 7 (July 2004): 1071–77. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601935.

27. Farshchi, Hamid R., Moira A. Taylor, and Ian A. Macdonald. “Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Regular Meal Frequency on Dietary Thermogenesis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Fasting Lipid Profiles in Healthy Obese Women.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, no. 1 (Jan. 2005): 16–24. doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.16.

28. Longo, Valter D., and Mark P. Mattson. “Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.” Cell Metabolism 19, no. 2 (Feb. 4, 2014): 181–92. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008.

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CHAPTER 4

1. Keenan, Michael J., June Zhou, Maren Hegsted, Christine Pelkman, Holiday A. Durham, Diana B. Coulon, and Roy J. Martin. “Role of Resistant Starch in Improving Gut Health, Adiposity, and Insulin Resistance.” Advances in Nutrition 6, no. 2 (Mar. 2015): 198–205. doi:10.3945/an.114.007419.

2. Neale, Elizabeth P., Linda C. Tapsell, Allison Martin, Marijka J. Batterham, Cinthya Wibisono, and Yasmine C. Probst. “Impact of Providing Walnut Samples in a Lifestyle Intervention for Weight Loss: A Secondary Analysis of the HealthTrack Trial.” Food & Nutrition Research 61, no. 1 (2017): 1344522. doi:10.1080/16546628.2017.1344522.

3. Estruch, Ramón, Emilio Ros, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Maria-Isabel Covas, Dolores Corella, Fernando Arós, Enrique Gómez-Gracia, et al. “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease With a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Or Nuts.” The New England Journal of Medicine 378, no. 25 (June 21, 2018): e34. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800389.

4. Guasch-Ferré, Marta, Mònica Bulló, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Emilio Ros, Dolores Corella, Ramon Estruch, Montserrat Fitó, et al. “Frequency of Nut Consumption and Mortality Risk in the PREDIMED Nutrition Intervention Trial.” BMC Medicine 11, (July 16, 2013): 164. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-164.

5. Holscher, Hannah D., Heather M. Guetterman, Kelly S. Swanson, Ruopeng An, Nirupa R. Matthan, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Janet A. Novotny, and David J. Baer. “Walnut Consumption Alters the Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Microbially Derived Secondary Bile Acids, and Health Markers in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” The Journal of Nutrition 148, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 861–67. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy004.

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7. Vinjé, Sarah, Erik Stroes, Max Nieuwdorp, and Stan L. Hazen. “The Gut Microbiome as Novel Cardio-Metabolic Target: The Time Has Come!” European Heart Journal 35, no. 14 (Apr. 2014): 883–87.

8. Zhu, Weifei, Jill C. Gregory, Elin Org, Jennifer A. Buffa, Nilaksh Gupta, Zeneng Wang, Lin Li, et al. “Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis Risk.” Cell 165, no. 1 (Mar. 24, 2016): 111–24. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.011.

9. Fogelman, Alan M. “TMAO Is Both a Biomarker and a Renal Toxin.” Circulation Research 116, no. 3 (Jan. 30, 2015): 396–97. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.305680.

10. Xu, Rong, QuanQiu Wang, and Li Li. “A Genome-Wide Systems Analysis Reveals Strong Link Between Colorectal Cancer and Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), a Gut Microbial Metabolite of Dietary Meat and Fat.” BMC Genomics 16 Suppl. 7, (2015): S4. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-16-S7-S4.

11. Li, Hao, Tao Qi, Zhan-Sen Huang, Ying Ying, Yu Zhang, Bo Wang, Lei Ye, Bin Zhang, Di-Ling Chen, and Jun Chen. “Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetic Erectile Dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley Rats.” Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 37, no. 4 (Aug. 2017): 523–30. doi:10.1007/s11596-017-1767-z.

12. Reicks, Marla, Satya Jonnalagadda, Ann M. Albertson, and Nandan Joshi. “Total Dietary Fiber Intakes in the US Population Are Related to Whole Grain Consumption: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2010.” Nutrition Research 34, no. 3 (Mar. 2014): 226–34. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2014.01.002.

CHAPTER 5

1. Carrière, K., B. Khoury, M. M. Günak, and B. Knäuper. “Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 19, no. 2 (Feb. 2018): 164–77. doi:10.1111/obr.12623.

2. Dunn, C., O. Olabode-Dada, L. Whetstone, C. Thomas, and S. Aggarwal. “Mindful Eating and Weight Loss, Results From a Randomized Trial.” Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health 5, no. 3 (2018): 1152.

3. Dunn, Carolyn. “Study Suggests Using a Mindfulness Approach Helps Weight Loss.” Accessed July 28, 2018. www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-05/eaft-ssu051717.php.

4. Yamaji, Takayuki, Shinsuke Mikami, Hiroshi Kobatake, Koichi Tanaka, Yukihito Higashi, and Yasuki Kihara. “Abstract 20249: Slow Down, You Eat Too Fast: Fast Eating Associate With Obesity and Future Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome.” Circulation 136, no. A20249 (June 9, 2018).

5. Kokkinos, Alexander, Carel W. le Roux, Kleopatra Alexiadou, Nicholas Tentolouris, Royce P. Vincent, Despoina Kyriaki, Despoina Perrea, et al. “Eating Slowly Increases the Postprandial Response of the Anorexigenic Gut Hormones, Peptide YY and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95, no. 1 (Jan. 2010): 333–37. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1018.

6. Patel, Zara M. “The Evidence for Olfactory Training in Treating Patients With Olfactory Loss.” Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 25, no. 1 (Feb. 2017): 43–46. doi:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000328.

7. Temmel, Andreas F. P., Christian Quint, Bettina Schickinger-Fischer, Ludger Klimek, Elisabeth Stoller, and Thomas Hummel. “Characteristics of Olfactory Disorders in Relation to Major Causes of Olfactory Loss.” Archives of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery 128, no. 6 (June 2002): 635–41.

8. Schubert, Carla R., Karen J. Cruickshanks, David M. Nondahl, Barbara E. K. Klein, Ronald Klein, and Mary E. Fischer. “Association of Exercise With Lower Long-Term Risk of Olfactory Impairment in Older Adults.” JAMA Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery 139, no. 10 (Oct. 2013): 1061–66. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4759.

SECTION: AT ODDS

CHAPTERS 6–9

1. Nassauer, Sarah. “Using Scent as a Marketing Tool, Stores Hope It—and Shoppers—Will Linger.” Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2014. www.wsj.com/articles/using-scent-as-a-marketing-tool-stores-hope-it-and-shoppers-will-linger-1400627455.

2. Albrecht, Leslie. “How McDonald’s Uses Interior Design Tricks to Keep Customers Wanting More.” MarketWatch, April 30, 2018. Accessed Jul 29, 2018. www.marketwatch.com/story/how-mcdonalds-uses-interior-design-tricks-to-keep-customers-wanting-more-2018-03-23.

3. Avant, Mary. “Mind Over Matter.” QSR Magazine, June 20, 2014.

4. Bushman, Brad J., C. Nathan Dewall, Richard S. Pond, and Michael D. Hanus. “Low Glucose Relates to Greater Aggression in Married Couples.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 17 (Apr. 29, 2014): 6254–57. doi:10.1073/pnas.1400619111.

5. MacCormack, Jennifer. “Feeling ‘Hangry’: When Hunger Is Conceptualized as Emotion.” Thesis. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

6. Jenkins, David J. A., Cyril W. C. Kendall, Livia S. A. Augustin, Sandra Mitchell, Sandhya Sahye-Pudaruth, Sonia Blanco Mejia, Laura Chiavaroli, et al. “Effect of Legumes as Part of a Low Glycemic Index Diet on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Archives of Internal Medicine 172, no. 21 (Nov. 26, 2012): 1653–60. doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.70.

7. Li, Siying S., Cyril W. C. Kendall, Russell J. de Souza, Viranda H. Jayalath, Adrian I. Cozma, Vanessa Ha, Arash Mirrahimi, et al. “Dietary Pulses, Satiety and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Acute Feeding Trials.” Obesity 22, no. 8 (Aug. 2014): 1773–80. doi:10.1002/oby.20782.

8. Kristensen, Marlene D., Nathalie T. Bendsen, Sheena M. Christensen, Arne Astrup, and Anne Raben. “Meals Based on Vegetable Protein Sources (Beans and Peas) Are More Satiating Than Meals Based on Animal Protein Sources (Veal and Pork)—A Randomized Cross-Over Meal Test Study.” Food & Nutrition Research 60 (2016): 32634.

9. Carvalho, A. C., R. S. Lees, R. A. Vaillancourt, R. B. Cabral, and R. W. Colman. “Activation of the Kallikrein System in Hyperbetalipoproteinemia.” The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 91, no. 1 (Jan. 1978): 117–22.

10. Markus, C. R., G. Panhuysen, A. Tuiten, H. Koppeschaar, D. Fekkes, and M. L. Peters. “Does Carbohydrate-Rich, Protein-Poor Food Prevent a Deterioration of Mood and Cognitive Performance of Stress-Prone Subjects When Subjected to a Stressful Task?” Appetite 31, no. 1 (Aug. 1998): 49–65. doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0155.

11. Cherian, Laurel, Yamin Wang, Thomas Holland, Puja Agarwal, Neelum Aggarwal, and Martha Clare Morris. “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Associated With Lower Rates of Depression.” Abstract, AAN 70th ANNUAL MEETING (February 25, 2018).

12. “DASH-Style Diet Associated With Reduced Risk of Depression.” Accessed July 29, 2018. www.rush.edu/news/press-releases/dash-style-diet-associated-reduced-risk-depression.

13. Grosso, Giuseppe, Fabio Galvano, Stefano Marventano, Michele Malaguarnera, Claudio Bucolo, Filippo Drago, and Filippo Caraci. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression: Scientific Evidence and Biological Mechanisms.” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014 (2014): 313570. doi:10.1155/2014/313570.

14. Kimura, Kenta, Makoto Ozeki, Lekh Raj Juneja, and Hideki Ohira. “L-Theanine Reduces Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses.” Biological Psychology 74, no. 1 (Jan. 2007): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006.

15. Norton, Michael I., and Francesca Gino. “Rituals Alleviate Grieving for Loved Ones, Lovers, and Lotteries.” Journal of Experimental Psychology General 143, no. 1 (Feb. 2014): 266–72. doi:10.1037/a0031772.

SECTION: AT HOME

CHAPTERS 10–14

1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. “Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency—Why Is Sleep Important?” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Accessed July 29, 2018. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/node/4605.

2. Xie, Lulu, Hongyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Michael J. Chen, Yonghong Liao, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John O’Donnell, et al. “Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance From the Adult Brain.” Science 342, no. 6156 (Oct. 18, 2013): 373–77. doi:10.1126/science.1241224.

3. Irwin, Michael R. “Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology 66 (Jan. 3, 2015): 143–72. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115205.

4. Wilson, Stephanie J., Lisa M. Jaremka, Christopher P. Fagundes, Rebecca Andridge, Juan Peng, William B. Malarkey, Diane Habash, et al. “Shortened Sleep Fuels Inflammatory Responses to Marital Conflict: Emotion Regulation Matters.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 79, (May 2017): 74–83. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.015.

5. St-Onge, Marie-Pierre, Amy Roberts, Ari Shechter, and Arindam Roy Choudhury. “Fiber and Saturated Fat Are Associated With Sleep Arousals and Slow Wave Sleep.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12, no. 1 (Jan. 2016): 19–24. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5384.

6. St-Onge et al. “Fiber and Saturated Fat Are Associated With Sleep Arousals and Slow Wave Sleep.”

7. Hansen, Anita L., Lisbeth Dahl, Gina Olson, David Thornton, Ingvild E. Graff, Livar Frøyland, Julian F. Thayer, and Staale Pallesen. “Fish Consumption, Sleep, Daily Functioning, and Heart Rate Variability.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2014): 567–75. doi:10.5664/jcsm.3714.

8. Bravo, R., S. Matito, J. Cubero, S. D. Paredes, L. Franco, M. Rivero, A. B. Rodríguez, and C. Barriga. “Tryptophan-Enriched Cereal Intake Improves Nocturnal Sleep, Melatonin, Serotonin, and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels and Mood in Elderly Humans.” Age 35, no. 4 (Aug. 2013): 1277–85. doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9419-5.

9. Abbasi, Behnood, Masud Kimiagar, Khosro Sadeghniiat, Minoo M. Shirazi, Mehdi Hedayati, and Bahram Rashidkhani. “The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Primary Insomnia in Elderly: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 17, no. 12 (Dec. 2012): 1161–69.

10. St-Onge, Marie-Pierre, Anja Mikic, and Cara E. Pietrolungo. “Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality.” Advances in Nutrition 7, no. 5 (Sept. 2016): 938–49. doi:10.3945/an.116.012336.

11. Martin, Vincent T., and Brinder Vij. “Diet and Headache: Part 1.” Headache 56, no. 9 (Oct. 2016): 1543–52. doi:10.1111/head.12953.

12. Zaeem, Zoya, Lily Zhou, and Esma Dilli. “Headaches: A Review of the Role of Dietary Factors.” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 16, no. 11 (Nov. 2016): 101. doi:10.1007/s11910-016-0702-1.

13. Menon, Saras, Rodney A. Lea, Sarah Ingle, Michelle Sutherland, Shirley Wee, Larisa M. Haupt, Michelle Palmer, and Lyn R. Griffiths. “Effects of Dietary Folate Intake on Migraine Disability and Frequency.” Headache 55, no. 2 (Feb. 2015): 301–09. doi:10.1111/head.12490.

14. Lea, Rod, Natalie Colson, Sharon Quinlan, John Macmillan, and Lyn Griffiths. “The Effects of Vitamin Supplementation and MTHFR (C677T) Genotype on Homocysteine-Lowering and Migraine Disability.” Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 19, no. 6 (June 2009): 422–28. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32832af5a3.

15. Martin, Vincent T., and Brinder Vij. “Diet and Headache: Part 2.” Headache 56, no. 9 (Oct. 2016): 1553–62. doi:10.1111/head.12952.

16. Schoenen, J., J. Jacquy, and M. Lenaerts. “Effectiveness of High-Dose Riboflavin in Migraine Prophylaxis. A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Neurology 50, no. 2 (Feb. 1998): 466–70.

17. Food Composition Database: Egg, White, Raw, Fresh. Accessed July 29, 2018. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/01124?fgcd=&manu=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=default&order=asc&qlookup=egg+white&ds=&qt=&qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing=.

18. “Riboflavin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.” Accessed July 29, 2018. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/.

19. Mauskop, Alexander, and Jasmine Varughese. “Why all Migraine Patients Should Be Treated With Magnesium.” Journal of Neural Transmission 119, no. 5 (May 2012): 575–79. doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0790-2.

20. Peikert, A., C. Wilimzig, and R. Köhne-Volland. “Prophylaxis of Migraine With Oral Magnesium: Results From a Prospective, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled and Double-Blind Randomized Study.” Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 16, no. 4 (June 1996): 257–63. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1604257.x.

21. Teigen, Levi, and Christopher J. Boes. “An Evidence-Based Review of Oral Magnesium Supplementation in the Preventive Treatment of Migraine.” Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 35, no. 10 (Sept. 2015): 912–22. doi:10.1177/0333102414564891.

22. Krymchantowski, Abouch Valenty, and Carla da Cunha Jevoux. “Wine and Headache.” Headache 54, no. 6 (June 2014): 967–75. doi:10.1111/head.12365.

23. Ramsden, Christopher E., Keturah R. Faurot, Daisy Zamora, Chirayath M. Suchindran, Beth A. Macintosh, Susan Gaylord, Amit Ringel, et al. “Targeted Alteration of Dietary N-3 and N-6 Fatty Acids for the Treatment of Chronic Headaches: A Randomized Trial.” Pain 154, no. 11 (Nov. 2013): 2441–51. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.028.

24. Lea et al. “The Effects of Vitamin Supplementation and MTHFR (C677T) Genotype.”

25. van den Brink, Gijs R., Daniëlle E. M. van den Boogaardt, Sander J. H. van Deventer, and Maikel P. Peppelenbosch. “Feed a Cold, Starve a Fever?” Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9, no. 1 (Jan. 2002): 182–83.

26. Wang, Andrew, Sarah C. Huen, Harding H. Luan, Shuang Yu, Cuiling Zhang, Jean-Dominique Gallezot, Carmen J. Booth, and Ruslan Medzhitov. “Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral Inflammation.” Cell 166, no. 6 (Sept. 8, 2016): 1525.e12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.026.

27. Saketkhoo, K., A. Januszkiewicz, and M. A. Sackner. “Effects of Drinking Hot Water, Cold Water, and Chicken Soup on Nasal Mucus Velocity and Nasal Airflow Resistance.” Chest 74, no. 4 (Oct. 1978): 408–10.

28. Rennard, B. O., R. F. Ertl, G. L. Gossman, R. A. Robbins, and S. I. Rennard. “Chicken Soup Inhibits Neutrophil Chemotaxis in Vitro.” Chest 118, no. 4 (Oct. 2000): 1150–57.

29. Lavine, J. B. “Chicken Soup or Jewish Medicine.” Chest 119, no. 4 (Apr. 2001): 1295.

30. Lissiman, Elizabeth, Alice L. Bhasale, and Marc Cohen. “Garlic for the Common Cold.” The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 11 (Nov. 11, 2014): CD006206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4.

31. Chang, Jung San, Kuo Chih Wang, Chia Feng Yeh, Den En Shieh, and Lien Chai Chiang. “Fresh Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Has Anti-Viral Activity Against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Human Respiratory Tract Cell Lines.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145, no. 1 (Jan. 9, 2013): 146–51. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043.

32. Dai, Xiaoshuang, Joy M. Stanilka, Cheryl A. Rowe, Elizabethe A. Esteves, Carmelo Nieves, Samuel J. Spaiser, Mary C. Christman, et al. “Consuming Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, no. 6 (2015): 478–87. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.950391.

33. Hemilä, Harri. “Zinc Lozenges May Shorten the Duration of Colds: A Systematic Review.” The Open Respiratory Medicine Journal 5 (2011): 51–58. doi:10.2174/1874306401105010051.

34. Hemilä, Harri, and Elizabeth Chalker. “Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold.” The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1 (Jan. 31, 2013): CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4.

35. Hemilä, Harri. “Zinc Lozenges May Shorten the Duration of Colds.”

36. Veronese, Nicola, Brendon Stubbs, Marianna Noale, Marco Solmi, Claudio Luchini, Toby O. Smith, Cyrus Cooper, et al. “Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Is Associated With Lower Prevalence of Osteoarthritis: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative.” Clinical Nutrition 36, no. 6 (Dec. 2017): 1609–14. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.035.

37. Beauchamp, Gary K., Russell S. J. Keast, Diane Morel, Jianming Lin, Jana Pika, Qiang Han, Chi-Ho Lee, Amos B. Smith, and Paul A. S. Breslin. “Phytochemistry: Ibuprofen-Like Activity in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil.” Nature 437, no. 7055 (Sept. 1, 2005): 45-46. doi:10.1038/437045a.

38. Terry, Rohini, Paul Posadzki, Leala K. Watson, and Edzard Ernst. “The Use of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) for the Treatment of Pain: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.” Pain Medicine 12, no. 12 (Dec. 2011): 1808–18. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01261.x.

39. Rayati, Farshid, Fatemeh Hajmanouchehri, and Elnaz Najafi. “Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Ginger Powder and Ibuprofen in Postsurgical Pain Model: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Case-Control Clinical Trial.” Dental Research Journal 14, no. 1 (Jan–Feb, 2017): 1–7.

40. Wilson, Patrick B. “Ginger (Zingiber officinale) as an Analgesic and Ergogenic Aid in Sport: A Systemic Review.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29, no. 10 (Oct. 2015): 2980–95. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001098.

41. Bartels, E. M., V. N. Folmer, H. Bliddal, R. D. Altman, C. Juhl, S. Tarp, W. Zhang, and R. Christensen. “Efficacy and Safety of Ginger in Osteoarthritis Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 23, no. 1 (Jan. 2015): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j. joca.2014.09.024.

42. Chainani-Wu, N. “Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin: A Component of Turmeric (Curcuma longa).” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9 no. 1 (Feb. 2003): 161–68.

43. Dickinson, Scott, Dale P. Hancock, Peter Petocz, Antonio Ceriello, and Jennie Brand-Miller. “High-Glycemic Index Carbohydrate Increases Nuclear Factor-kappaB Activation in Mononuclear Cells of Young, Lean Healthy Subjects.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 5 (May 2008): 1188–93. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1188.

44. Jameel, Faizan, Melinda Phang, Lisa G. Wood, and Manohar L. Garg. “Acute Effects of Feeding Fructose, Glucose and Sucrose on Blood Lipid Levels and Systemic Inflammation.” Lipids in Health and Disease 13 (Dec. 16, 2014): 195. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-195.

45. Buyken, Anette E., Victoria Flood, Marianne Empson, Elena Rochtchina, Alan W. Barclay, Jennie Brand-Miller, and Paul Mitchell. “Carbohydrate Nutrition and Inflammatory Disease Mortality in Older Adults.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92, no. 3 (Sept. 2010): 634–43. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29390.

46. Baratloo, Alireza, Alaleh Rouhipour, Mohammad Mehdi Forouzanfar, Saeed Safari, Marzieh Amiri, and Ahmed Negida. “The Role of Caffeine in Pain Management: A Brief Literature Review.” Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 6, no. 3 (June 2016): e33193. doi:10.5812/aapm.33193.

47. Vitale, Kenneth C., Shawn Hueglin, and Elizabeth Broad. “Tart Cherry Juice in Athletes: A Literature Review and Commentary.” Current Sports Medicine Reports 16, no. 4 (Jul/Aug, 2017): 230–39. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000385.

48. Whitehead, Anne, Eleanor J. Beck, Susan Tosh, and Thomas M. S. Wolever. “Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Oat β-Glucan: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 6 (Dec. 2014): 1413–21. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.086108.

49. Hu, Ming-Luen, Christophan K. Rayner, Keng-Liang Wu, Seng-Kee Chuah, Wei-Chen Tai, Yeh-Pin Chou, Yi-Chun Chiu, et al. “Effect of Ginger on Gastric Motility and Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia.” World Journal of Gastroenterology 17, no. 1 (Jan. 7, 2011): 105–10. doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i1.105.

SECTION: AT WORK

CHAPTERS 15–19

1. Micha, Renata, Peter J. Rogers, and Michael Nelson. “Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load of Breakfast Predict Cognitive Function and Mood in School Children: A Randomised Controlled Trial.” The British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 10 (Nov. 2011): 1552–61. doi:10.1017/S0007114511002303.

2. Nehlig, A. “Are We Dependent upon Coffee and Caffeine? A Review on Human and Animal Data.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23, no. 4 (Mar. 1999): 563–76.

3. Paiva, C. L. R. S., B. T. S. Beserra, C. E. G. Reis, J. G. Dorea, T. H. M. Da Costa, and A. A. Amato. “Consumption of Coffee or Caffeine and Serum Concentration of Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Oct. 2, 2017): 1–12. doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1386159.

4. Chacko, Sabu M., Priya T. Thambi, Ramadasan Kuttan, and Ikuo Nishigaki. “Beneficial Effects of Green Tea: A Literature Review.” Chinese Medicine 5 (Apr. 6, 2010): 13. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-5-13.

5. Leone, María Juliana, Diego Fernandez Slezak, Diego Golombek, and Mariano Sigman. “Time to Decide: Diurnal Variations on the Speed and Quality of Human Decisions.” Cognition 158, (Jan. 2017): 44–55. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.007.

SECTION: AT PLAY

CHAPTERS 20–24

1. McKay, Gretchen. “PNC Park Takes Crazy Foods to New Level With Cracker Jack & Mac Dog.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 2, 2016. www.post-gazette.com/life/food/2016/04/02/PNC-Park-takes-crazy-foods-to-new-level-with-Cracker-Jack-Mac-Dog/stories/201604020027.

2. Tal, Aner, Scott Zuckerman, and Brian Wansink. “Watch What You Eat: Action-Related Television Content Increases Food Intake.” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 11 (Nov. 2014): 1842–43. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4098.

3. Pase, Matthew P., Andrew B. Scholey, Andrew Pipingas, Marni Kras, Karen Nolidin, Amy Gibbs, Keith Wesnes, and Con Stough. “Cocoa Polyphenols Enhance Positive Mood States but Not Cognitive Performance: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 27, no. 5 (May 2013): 451–58. doi:10.1177/0269881112473791.

4. Bennard, Patrick, and Eric Doucet. “Acute Effects of Exercise Timing and Breakfast Meal Glycemic Index on Exercise-Induced Fat Oxidation.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 5 (Oct. 2006): 502–11. doi:10.1139/h06-027.

5. De Bock, K., E. A. Richter, A. P. Russell, B. O. Eijnde, W. Derave, M. Ramaekers, E. Koninckx, B. Léger, J. Verhaeghe, and P. Hespel. “Exercise in the Fasted State Facilitates Fibre Type-Specific Intramyocellular Lipid Breakdown and Stimulates Glycogen Resynthesis in Humans.” The Journal of Physiology 564, no. Pt. 2 (Apr. 15, 2005): 649–60. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.083170.

6. Rederstorff, M., A. Krol, and A. Lescure. “Understanding the Importance of Selenium and Selenoproteins in Muscle Function.” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS 63, no. 1 (Jan. 2006): 52–59. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5313-y.

7. Kamanna, Vaijinath S., and Moti L. Kashyap. “Mechanism of Action of Niacin.” The American Journal of Cardiology 101, no. 8A (Apr. 17, 2008): 26B. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.029.

8. Paulsen, Gøran, Kristoffer T. Cumming, Geir Holden, Jostein Hallén, Bent Ronny Rønnestad, Ole Sveen, Arne Skaug, et al. “Vitamin C and E Supplementation Hampers Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Training in Humans: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Trial.” The Journal of Physiology 592, no. 8 (Apr. 15, 2014): 1887–1901. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267419.

9. Bryer, S. C., and A. H. Goldfarb. “Effect of High Dose Vitamin C Supplementation on Muscle Soreness, Damage, Function, and Oxidative Stress to Eccentric Exercise.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16, no. 3 (June 2006): 270–80.

10. Ding, Eric L., Susan M. Hutfless, Xin Ding, and Saket Girotra. “Chocolate and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review.” Nutrition & Metabolism 3 (Jan. 3, 2006): 2. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-3-2.

SECTION: FOR WOMEN

CHAPTERS 25–28

1. Vutyavanich, T., S. Wongtra-ngan, and R. Ruangsri. “Pyridoxine for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 173, no. 3 Pt. 1 (Sept. 1995): 881–84.

2. Gaskins, Audrey J., and Jorge E. Chavarro. “Diet and Fertility: A Review.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 218, no. 4 (Apr. 2018): 379–89. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010.

3. Nehra, Deepika, Hau D. Le, Erica M. Fallon, Sarah J. Carlson, Dori Woods, Yvonne A. White, Amy H. Pan, et al. “Prolonging the Female Reproductive Lifespan and Improving Egg Quality With Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” Aging Cell 11, no. 6 (Dec. 2012): 1046–54. doi:10.1111/acel.12006.

4. Lazzarin, Natalia, Elena Vaquero, Caterina Exacoustos, Elena Bertonotti, Maria Elisabetta Romanini, and Domenico Arduini. “Low-Dose Aspirin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Uterine Artery Blood Flow Velocity in Women With Recurrent Miscarriage Due to Impaired Uterine Perfusion.” Fertility and Sterility 92, no. 1 (July 2009): 296–300. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.05.045.

5. Al-Safi, Zain A., Huayu Liu, Nichole E. Carlson, Justin Chosich, Mary Harris, Andrew P. Bradford, Celeste Robledo, et al. “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Lowers Serum FSH in Normal Weight but Not Obese Women.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 101, no. 1 (Jan. 2016): 324–33. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2913.

6. Robbins, Wendie A., Lin Xun, Leah Z. FitzGerald, Samantha Esguerra, Susanne M. Henning, and Catherine L. Carpenter. “Walnuts Improve Semen Quality in Men Consuming a Western-Style Diet: Randomized Control Dietary Intervention Trial.” Biology of Reproduction 87, no. 4 (Oct. 2012): 101. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.101634.

7. Attaman, Jill A., Thomas L. Toth, Jeremy Furtado, Hannia Campos, Russ Hauser, and Jorge E. Chavarro. “Dietary Fat and Semen Quality Among Men Attending a Fertility Clinic.” Human Reproduction 27, no. 5 (May 2012): 1466–74. doi:10.1093/humrep/des065.

8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A Quantitative Assessment of the Net Effects on Fetal Neurodevelopment From Eating Commercial Fish (as Measured by IQ and also by Early Age Verbal Development in Children), 2014.

9. Chavarro, J. E., J. W. Rich-Edwards, B. Rosner, and W. C. Willett. “A Prospective Study of Dairy Foods Intake and Anovulatory Infertility.” Human Reproduction 22, no. 5 (May 2007): 1340–47. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem019.

10. Choy, Christine M. Y., Christopher W. K. Lam, Lorena T. F. Cheung, Christine M. Briton-Jones, L. P. Cheung, and Christopher J. Haines. “Infertility, Blood Mercury Concentrations and Dietary Seafood Consumption: A Case-Control Study.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 109, no. 10 (Oct. 2002): 1121–25.

11. Consumer Reports. “Which Fish Are Safe for Pregnant Women?” Consumer Reports, January 27, 2017.

12. Chavarro, Jorge E., Janet W. Rich-Edwards, Bernard A. Rosner, and Walter C. Willett. “Diet and Lifestyle in the Prevention of Ovulatory Disorder Infertility.” Obstetrics and Gynecology 110, no. 5 (Nov. 2007): 1050–58. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1.

13. Hester, James M., and Francisco Diaz. “Growing Oocytes Need Zinc: Zinc Deficiency in the Preantral Ovarian Follicle.” The FASEB Journal 32, no. 1_supplement (Apr. 20, 2018): 882.1. doi:10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.882.1.

14. Duncan, Francesca E., Emily L. Que, Nan Zhang, Eve C. Feinberg, Thomas V. O’Halloran, and Teresa K. Woodruff. “The Zinc Spark Is an Inorganic Signature of Human Egg Activation.” Scientific Reports 6 (Apr. 26, 2016): 24737. doi:10.1038/srep24737.

15. Akinboro, A., M. A. Azeez, and A. A. Bakare. “Frequency of Twinning in Southwest Nigeria.” Indian Journal of Human Genetics 14, no. 2 (2008): 41–47. doi:10.4103/0971-6866.44104.

16. Chavarro et al. “Diet and Lifestyle in the Prevention of Ovulatory Disorder Infertility.”

17. Xia, Wei, Yu-Han Chiu, Paige L. Williams, Audrey J. Gaskins, Thomas L. Toth, Cigdem Tanrikut, Russ Hauser, and Jorge E. Chavarro. “Men’s Meat Intake and Treatment Outcomes Among Couples Undergoing Assisted Reproduction.” Fertility and Sterility 104, no. 4 (Oct. 2015): 972–79. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.037.

18. Weiser, Michael J., Christopher M. Butt, and M. Hasan Mohajeri. “Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition Throughout the Lifespan.” Nutrients 8, no. 2 (Feb. 17, 2016): 99. doi:10.3390/nu8020099.

19. Martin, Camilia R., Pei-Ra Ling, and George L. Blackburn. “Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula.” Nutrients 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2016): 279. doi:10.3390/nu8050279.

20. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “Frequently Asked Questions FAQ 29 Labor Delivery and Postpartum Care.” Accessed July 29, 2018. www.acog.org/-/media/For-Patients/faq029.pdf.

21. Scholey, Andrew, and Lauren Owen. “Effects of Chocolate on Cognitive Function and Mood: A Systematic Review.” Nutrition Reviews 71, no. 10 (Oct. 2013): 665–81. doi:10.1111/nure.12065.

22. Martin, Francois-Pierre J., Serge Rezzi, Emma Peré-Trepat, Beate Kamlage, Sebastiano Collino, Edgar Leibold, Jürgen Kastler, et al. “Metabolic Effects of Dark Chocolate Consumption on Energy, Gut Microbiota, and Stress-Related Metabolism in Free-Living Subjects.” Journal of Proteome Research 8, no. 12 (Dec. 2009): 5568–79. doi:10.1021/pr900607v.

23. Massolt, Elske T., Paul M. van Haard, Jens F. Rehfeld, Eduardus F. Posthuma, Eveline van der Veer, and Dave H. Schweitzer. “Appetite Suppression Through Smelling of Dark Chocolate Correlates With Changes in Ghrelin in Young Women.” Regulatory Peptides 161, no. 1–3 (Apr. 9, 2010): 81–86. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2010.01.005.

24. Zarei, Somayeh, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Yousef Javadzadeh, and Fatemeh Effati-Daryani. “Effects of Calcium-Vitamin D and Calcium-Alone on Pain Intensity and Menstrual Blood Loss in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Pain Medicine 18, no. 1 (Jan. 1, 2017): 3–13. doi:10.1093/pm/pnw121.

25. Penland, J. G., and P. E. Johnson. “Dietary Calcium and Manganese Effects on Menstrual Cycle Symptoms.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168, no. 5 (May 1993): 1417–23.

26. Walker, A. F., M. C. De Souza, M. F. Vickers, S. Abeyasekera, M. L. Collins, and L. A. Trinca. “Magnesium Supplementation Alleviates Premenstrual Symptoms of Fluid Retention.” Journal of Women’s Health 7, no. 9 (Nov. 1998): 1157–65.

27. Ebrahimi, Elham, Shiva Khayati Motlagh, Sima Nemati, and Zohreh Tavakoli. “Effects of Magnesium and Vitamin B₆ on the Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms.” Journal of Caring Sciences 1, no. 4 (Dec. 2012): 183–89. doi:10.5681/jcs.2012.026.

28. Penland and Johnson. “Dietary Calcium and Manganese Effects on Menstrual Cycle Symptoms.”

29. Chen, Chen X., Bruce Barrett, and Kristine L. Kwekkeboom. “Efficacy of Oral Ginger (Zingiber officinale) for Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2016 (2016): Article 6295737. doi:10.1155/2016/6295737.

30. Chiaffarino, F., F. Parazzini, C. La Vecchia, L. Chatenoud, E. Di Cintio, and S. Marsico. “Diet and Uterine Myomas.” Obstetrics and Gynecology 94, no. 3 (Sept. 1999): 395–98.

31. Shen, Yang, Yanting Wu, Qing Lu, and Mulan Ren. “Vegetarian Diet and Reduced Uterine Fibroids Risk: A Case-Control Study in Nanjing, China.” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 42, no. 1 (Jan. 2016): 87–94. doi:10.1111/jog.12834.

32. Atkinson, Charlotte, Johanna W. Lampe, Delia Scholes, Chu Chen, Kristiina Wähälä, and Stephen M. Schwartz. “Lignan and Isoflavone Excretion in Relation to Uterine Fibroids: A Case-Control Study of Young to Middle-Aged Women in the United States.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 3 (Sept. 2006): 587–93. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.3.587.

33. Nagata, Chisato, Kozue Nakamura, Shino Oba, Makoto Hayashi, Noriyuki Takeda, and Keigo Yasuda. “Association of Intakes of Fat, Dietary Fibre, Soya Isoflavones and Alcohol With Uterine Fibroids in Japanese Women.” The British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 10 (May 2009): 1427–31.

34. Nagata, C., N. Takatsuka, N. Kawakami, and H. Shimizu. “Soy Product Intake and Hot Flashes in Japanese Women: Results From a Community-Based Prospective Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 153, no. 8 (Apr. 15, 2001): 790–93.

35. Wu, A. H., M. C. Yu, C. -C Tseng, and M. C. Pike. “Epidemiology of Soy Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk.” British Journal of Cancer 98, no. 1 (Jan. 15, 2008): 9–14. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604145.4

36. Herber-Gast, Gerrie-Cor M., and Gita D. Mishra. “Fruit, Mediterranean-Style, and High-Fat and -Sugar Diets Are Associated With the Risk of Night Sweats and Hot Flushes in Midlife: Results From a Prospective Cohort Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 1092–99. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.049965.

37. Faubion, Stephanie S., Richa Sood, Jacqueline M. Thielen, and Lynne T. Shuster. “Caffeine and Menopausal Symptoms: What Is the Association?” Menopause 22, no. 2 (Feb. 2015): 155–58. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000301.

SECTION: FOR MEN

CHAPTERS 29–31

1. Kelly, D. M. and T. H. Jones. “Testosterone and Obesity.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16, no. 7 (Jul, 2015): 581-606.

2. Cui, Xiangrong, Xuan Jing, Xueqing Wu, and Meiqin Yan. “Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Spermatozoa Function in Male Infertility Induced by Excess Weight and Obesity.” Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 5 (Nov. 2016): 4659–65. doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5840.

3. Forest, C. P., H. Padma-Nathan, and H. R. Liker. “Efficacy and Safety of Pomegranate Juice on Improvement of Erectile Dysfunction in Male Patients With Mild to Moderate Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study.” International Journal of Impotence Research 19, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 2007): 564–67. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901570.

4. Figueroa, Arturo, Alexei Wong, Salvador J. Jaime, and Joaquin U. Gonzales. “Influence of L-Citrulline and Watermelon Supplementation on Vascular Function and Exercise Performance.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 20, no. 1 (Jan. 2017): 92–98. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000340.1

5. Souli, Einat, Marcelle Machluf, Abigail Morgenstern, Edmond Sabo, and Shmuel Yannai. “Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) Exhibits Inhibitory and Preventive Effects on Prostate Tumors in Mice.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, no. 3 (Mar. 2008): 863–70. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.026.

6. Om, A. S., and K. W. Chung. “Dietary Zinc Deficiency Alters 5 Alpha-Reduction and Aromatization of Testosterone and Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Rat Liver.” The Journal of Nutrition 126, no. 4 (Apr. 1996): 842–48. doi:10.1093/jn/126.4.842.

7. Oi, Y., M. Imafuku, C. Shishido, Y. Kominato, S. Nishimura, and K. Iwai. “Garlic Supplementation Increases Testicular Testosterone and Decreases Plasma Corticosterone in Rats Fed a High Protein Diet.” The Journal of Nutrition 131, no. 8 (Aug. 2001): 2150–56. doi:10.1093/jn/131.8.2150.

8. Pilz, S., S. Frisch, H. Koertke, J. Kuhn, J. Dreier, B. Obermayer-Pietsch, E. Wehr, and A. Zittermann. “Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men.” Hormone and Metabolic Research 43, no. 3 (Mar. 2011): 223–25. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1269854.

9. Levine, Hagai, Niels Jørgensen, Anderson Martino-Andrade, Jaime Mendiola, Dan Weksler-Derri, Irina Mindlis, Rachel Pinotti, and Shanna H. Swan. “Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis.” Human Reproduction Update 23, no. 6 (Nov. 1, 2017): 646–59. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx022.

10. Salas-Huetos, Albert, Mònica Bulló, and Jordi Salas-Salvadó. “Dietary Patterns, Foods and Nutrients in Male Fertility Parameters and Fecundability: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.” Human Reproduction Update 23, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 371–89. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx006.

11. Torres, Marta, Ricardo Laguna-Barraza, Mireia Dalmases, Alexandra Calle, Eva Pericuesta, Josep M. Montserrat, Daniel Navajas, Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan, and Ramon Farré. “Male Fertility Is Reduced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Mimicking Sleep Apnea in Mice.” Sleep 37, no. 11 (Nov. 1, 2014): 1757–65. doi:10.5665/sleep.4166.

12. Sermondade, N., C. Faure, L. Fezeu, A. G. Shayeb, J. P. Bonde, T. K. Jensen, M. Van Wely, et al. “BMI in Relation to Sperm Count: An Updated Systematic Review and Collaborative Meta-Analysis.” Human Reproduction Update 19, no. 3 (May–June 2013): 221–31. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms050.

13. Esmaeili, V., A. H. Shahverdi, M. H. Moghadasian, and A. R. Alizadeh. “Dietary Fatty Acids Affect Semen Quality: A Review.” Andrology 3, no. 3 (May 2015): 450–61. doi:10.1111/andr.12024.

14. Roqueta-Rivera, Manuel, Timothy L. Abbott, Mayandi Sivaguru, Rex A. Hess, and Manabu T. Nakamura. “Deficiency in the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Pathway Results in Failure of Acrosome Biogenesis in Mice.” Biology of Reproduction 85, no. 4 (Oct. 2011): 721–32. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.089524.

15. Safarinejad, M. R. “Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Semen Profile and Enzymatic Anti-Oxidant Capacity of Seminal Plasma in Infertile Men With Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratospermia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomised Study.” Andrologia 43, no. 1 (Feb. 2011): 38–47. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01013.x.

16. Coffua, Lauren S., and Patricia A. Martin-DeLeon. “Effectiveness of a Walnut-Enriched Diet on Murine Sperm: Involvement of Reduced Peroxidative Damage.” Heliyon 3, no. 2 (Feb. 2017): e00250. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00250.

17. Robbins, Wendie A., Lin Xun, Leah Z. FitzGerald, Samantha Esguerra, Susanne M. Henning, and Catherine L. Carpenter. “Walnuts Improve Semen Quality in Men Consuming a Western-Style Diet: Randomized Control Dietary Intervention Trial.” Biology of Reproduction 87, no. 4 (Oct. 1, 2012). doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.101634.

18. Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi, Ashok Agarwal, Chloe Ong, and Pallavi Prashast. “Lycopene and Male Infertility.” Asian Journal of Andrology 16, no. 3 (2014): 420–25. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.126384.

19. Jensen, Tina K., Berit L. Heitmann, Martin Blomberg Jensen, Thorhallur I. Halldorsson, Anna-Maria Andersson, Niels E. Skakkebæk, Ulla N. Joensen, et al. “High Dietary Intake of Saturated Fat Is Associated With Reduced Semen Quality Among 701 Young Danish Men From the General Population.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 2 (Feb. 1, 2013): 411–18. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.042432.

20. Dadkhah, Hajar, Ashraf Kazemi, Mohammad-Hossien Nasr-Isfahani, and Soheila Ehsanpour. “The Relationship Between the Amount of Saturated Fat Intake and Semen Quality in Men.” Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 22, no. 1 (Jan.–Feb., 2017): 46–50. doi:10.4103/1735-9066.202067.

21. Young, S. S., B. Eskenazi, F. M. Marchetti, G. Block, and A. J. Wyrobek. “The Association of Folate, Zinc and Antioxidant Intake With Sperm Aneuploidy in Healthy Non-Smoking Men.” Human Reproduction 23, no. 5 (May 2008): 1014–22. doi:10.1093/humrep/den036.

22. Khaki, Arash, Fatemeh Fathiazad, Mohammad Nouri, Amirafshin Khaki, Navid A. Maleki, Hossein Jabbari Khamnei, and Porya Ahmadi. “Beneficial Effects of Quercetin on Sperm Parameters in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats.” Phytotherapy Research 24, no. 9 (Sept. 2010): 1285–91. doi:10.1002/ptr.3100.

23. Al-Dujaili, Emad, and Nacer Smail. “Pomegranate Juice Intake Enhances Salivary Testosterone Levels and Improves Mood and Well Being in Healthy Men and Women.” Endocrine Abstracts 28, no. P313 (Mar. 1, 2012).

24. Roehrborn, Claus G. “Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Overview.” Reviews in Urology 7 Suppl 9 (2005): S14.

25. Epstein, Mara M., Julie L. Kasperzyk, Ove Andrén, Edward L. Giovannucci, Alicja Wolk, Niclas Håkansson, Swen-Olof Andersson, et al. “Dietary Zinc and Prostate Cancer Survival in a Swedish Cohort.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93, no. 3 (Mar. 2011): 586–93. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004804.

26. Kratochvilova, Monika, Martina Raudenska, Zbynek Heger, Lukas Richtera, Natalia Cernei, Vojtech Adam, Petr Babula, et al. “Amino Acid Profiling of Zinc Resistant Prostate Cancer Cell Lines: Associations With Cancer Progression.” The Prostate 77, no. 6 (May 2017): 604–16. doi:10.1002/pros.23304.

27. Li, Jie, and Qi-Qi Mao. “Legume Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” Oncotarget 8, no. 27 (July 4, 2017): 44776. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16794.

28. Weike Wang, Meng Yang, Stacey A. Kenfield, Frank B. Hu, Meir J. Stampfer, Walter C. Willett, Charles S. Fuchs, et al. “Nut Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality.” The British Journal of Cancer 115, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 371–74. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.181.

29. Patel, Hitendra R. H., Walid Elbakbak, Amina Bouhelal, and Stig Müller. “Does Oral Lycopene Reduce Benign Prostate Enlargement/Hyperplasia (BPE/BPH)?” Oncology & Cancer Case Reports 2, no. 1 (2016): 108. doi:10.4172/occrs.1000108.

30. Allott, E. H., L. Arab, L. J. Su, L. Farnan, E. T. H. Fontham, J. L. Mohler, J. T. Bensen, and S. E. Steck. “Saturated Fat Intake and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness: Results From the Population-Based North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project.” Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 20, no. 1 (Mar. 2017): 48–54. doi:10.1038/pcan.2016.39.

31. Katz, Aaron, Mitchell Efros, Jed Kaminetsky, Kelli Herrlinger, Diana Chirouzes, and Michael Ceddia. “A Green and Black Tea Extract Benefits Urological Health in Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.” Therapeutic Advances in Urology 6, no. 3 (June 2014): 89–96. doi:10.1177/1756287214526924.

32. Beaver, Laura M., Christiane V. Löhr, John D. Clarke, Sarah T. Glasser, Greg W. Watson, Carmen P. Wong, Zhenzhen Zhang, et al. “Broccoli Sprouts Delay Prostate Cancer Formation and Decrease Prostate Cancer Severity With a Concurrent Decrease in HDAC3 Protein Expression in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) Mice.” Current Developments in Nutrition 2, no. 3 (Mar. 1, 2018). doi:10.1093/cdn/nzy002.

33. Paller, C. J., A. Pantuck, and M. A. Carducci. “A Review of Pomegranate in Prostate Cancer.” Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 20, no. 3 (Sept. 2017): 265–70. doi:10.1038/pcan.2017.19.

SECTION: AT RISK

CHAPTERS 32–40

1. “Can Cancer Be Prevented?” Accessed Aug. 1, 2018. www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/can-cancer-be-prevented.

2. Islami, Farhad, Ann Goding Sauer, Kimberly D. Miller, Rebecca L. Siegel, Stacey A. Fedewa, Eric J. Jacobs, Marjorie L. McCullough, et al. “Proportion and Number of Cancer Cases and Deaths Attributable to Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors in the United States.” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 68, no. 1 (Jan. 2018): 31–54. doi:10.3322/caac.21440.

3. John P. Pierce, Marcia L. Stefanick, Shirley W. Flatt, Loki Natarajan, Barbara Sternfeld, Lisa Madlensky, Wael K. Al-Delaimy, et al. “Greater Survival After Breast Cancer in Physically Active Women With High Vegetable-Fruit Intake Regardless of Obesity.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 17 (June 10, 2007): 2345–51. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.6819.

4. Aranow, Cynthia. “Vitamin D and the Immune System.” Journal of Investigative Medicine 59, no. 6 (Aug. 2011): 881–86. doi:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755.

5. Wolfe, Kelly L., Xinmei Kang, Xiangjiu He, Mei Dong, Qingyuan Zhang, and Rui Hai Liu. “Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Common Fruits.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 18 (Sept. 24, 2008): 8418–26. doi:10.1021/jf801381y.

6. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Non-Alcoholic Drinks and the Risk of Cancer. Continuous Update Project Report, 2018.

7. Sinha, Rashmi, Amanda J. Cross, Carrie R. Daniel, Barry I. Graubard, Jennifer W. Wu, Albert R. Hollenbeck, Marc J. Gunter, et al. “Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee and Tea Intakes and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Large Prospective Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96, no. 2 (Aug. 2012): 374–81. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031328.

8. Cassidy, Aedín, Tianyi Huang, Megan S. Rice, Eric B. Rimm, and Shelley S. Tworoger. “Intake of Dietary Flavonoids and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 5 (Nov. 2014): 1344–51. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.088708.

9. Sugimura, Takashi, Keiji Wakabayashi, Hitoshi Nakagama, and Minako Nagao. “Heterocyclic Amines: Mutagens/Carcinogens Produced During Cooking of Meat and Fish.” Cancer Science 95, no. 4 (Apr. 2004): 290–99.

10. Persson, E., G. Graziani, R. Ferracane, V. Fogliano, and K. Skog. “Influence of Antioxidants in Virgin Olive Oil on the Formation of Heterocyclic Amines in Fried Beefburgers.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 41, no. 11 (Nov. 2003): 1587–97.

11. Salmon, C. P., M. G. Knize, and J. S. Felton. “Effects of Marinating on Heterocyclic Amine Carcinogen Formation in Grilled Chicken.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 35, no. 5 (May 1997): 433–41.

12. Viegas, Olga, L. Filipe Amaro, Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira, and Olívia Pinho. “Inhibitory Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Marinades on the Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Pan-Fried Beef.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, no. 24 (June 20, 2012): 6235–40. doi:10.1021/jf302227b.

13. World Health Organization. “Q&A on the Carcinogenicity of the Consumption of Red Meat and Processed Meat.” Accessed Aug. 1, 2018. www.who.int/features/qa/cancer-red-meat/en/.

14. Richman, Erin L., Stacey A. Kenfield, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and June M. Chan. “Egg, Red Meat, and Poultry Intake and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-Specific Antigen-Era: Incidence and Survival.” Cancer Prevention Research 4, no. 12 (Dec. 2011): 2110–21. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0354.

15. Richman, Erin L., Stacey A. Kenfield, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, Steven H. Zeisel, Walter C. Willett, and June M. Chan. “Choline Intake and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer: Incidence and Survival.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96, no. 4 (Oct. 2012): 855–63. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.039784.

16. Leoncini, Emanuele, Valeria Edefonti, Mia Hashibe, Maria Parpinel, Gabriella Cadoni, Monica Ferraroni, Diego Serraino, et al. “Carotenoid Intake and Head and Neck Cancer: A Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium.” European Journal of Epidemiology 31, no. 4 (Apr. 2016): 369–83. doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0036-3.

17. Rhode, Jennifer, Sarah Fogoros, Suzanna Zick, Heather Wahl, Kent A. Griffith, Jennifer Huang, and J. Rebecca Liu. “Ginger Inhibits Cell Growth and Modulates Angiogenic Factors in Ovarian Cancer Cells.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7, (Dec. 20, 2007): 44. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-7-44.

18. Ishiguro, Kazuhiro, Takafumi Ando, Osamu Maeda, Naoki Ohmiya, Yasumasa Niwa, Kenji Kadomatsu, and Hidemi Goto. “Ginger Ingredients Reduce Viability of Gastric Cancer Cells Via Distinct Mechanisms.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 362, no. 1 (Oct. 12, 2007): 218–23. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.012.3.

19. Kunzmann, Andrew T., Helen G. Coleman, Wen-Yi Huang, Cari M. Kitahara, Marie M. Cantwell, and Sonja I. Berndt. “Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Incident and Recurrent Adenoma in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no. 4 (Oct. 2015):881–90. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.113282.

20. Toledo, Estefanía, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Carolina Donat-Vargas, Pilar Buil-Cosiales, Ramón Estruch, Emilio Ros, Dolores Corella, et al. “Mediterranean Diet and Invasive Breast Cancer Risk Among Women at High Cardiovascular Risk in the PREDIMED Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 11 (Nov. 2015): 1752–60. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4838.

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